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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-compound_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-compound_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Non-compound eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-compound_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pit_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pit eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spherical_lens_eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spherical_lens_eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Spherical lens eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spherical_lens_eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Multiple lenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refractive_cornea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refractive_cornea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Refractive cornea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refractive_cornea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflector_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflector_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Reflector eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflector_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compound eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apposition_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apposition_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Apposition eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apposition_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superposition_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superposition_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Superposition eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superposition_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parabolic_superposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parabolic_superposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Parabolic superposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parabolic_superposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Nutrients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_life_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_life_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relationship to life requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_life_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_acuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_acuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Visual acuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_acuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Colour perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rods_and_cones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rods_and_cones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rods and cones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rods_and_cones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pigmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eye</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 213 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-213" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">213 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog" title="Oog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auge" title="Auge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Auge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_(%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D)" title="አይን (ሥነ አካል) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይን (ሥነ አካል)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96" title="आँख – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आँख" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92age" title="Ēage – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēage" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="عين (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uello" title="Uello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90_(%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%A2_%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܥܝܢܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܢܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C4%BEiu" title="Ocľiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ocľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81" title="চকু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চকু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCeyu" title="Güeyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Güeyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockicikw" title="Ockicikw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ockicikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesa" title="Tesa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayra" title="Nayra – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nayra" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z" title="Göz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%B2" title="گؤز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyingakan" title="Panyingakan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Panyingakan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%96" title="চোখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চোখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CC%8Dk-chiu" title="Ba̍k-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ba̍k-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99" title="Күҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вока – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF" title="आँखि – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आँखि" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae" title="Ae – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ae" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="མིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagad" title="Lagad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lagad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нюдэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нюдэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull" title="Ull – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ull" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%C3%A7" title="Куç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziso" title="Ziso – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ziso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiso" title="Jiso – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Jiso" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygad" title="Llygad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nini" title="Nini – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nini" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98je" title="Øje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Calbmi" title="Čalbmi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čalbmi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aag" title="Aag – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Aag" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auge" title="Auge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B" title="आँखो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आँखो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silm" title="Silm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Μάτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%C4%87" title="Òć – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Òć" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo" title="Ojo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulo" title="Okulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begi" title="Begi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Begi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85" title="چشم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankhi" title="Aankhi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aankhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyga" title="Eyga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eyga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92il" title="Œil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Each" title="Each – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Each" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAil" title="Súil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooill" title="Sooill – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sooill" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9il" title="Sùil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sùil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollo" title="Ollo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ollo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%9B" title="眼睛 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="眼睛" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%96" title="આંખ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આંખ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollo" title="Dollo – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dollo" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%BB" title="Mu̍k-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mu̍k-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%88_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" title="눈 (해부학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="눈 (해부학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B9%D6%84" title="Աչք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աչք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96" title="आँख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आँख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C4%8Dko" title="Wóčko – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wóčko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulo" title="Okulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Okulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ny%C3%A1" title="Ányá – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ányá" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculo" title="Oculo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oculo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocul" title="Ocul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ocul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%94%A8" title="ᐃᔨ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᔨ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Цæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilihlo" title="Ilihlo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ilihlo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhio" title="Occhio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occhio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="עין (בעלי חיים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עין (בעלי חיים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Ɛsɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Кёз – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кёз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თვალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თვალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%DA%86%DA%BE" title="أچھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="أچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Көз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagas" title="Lagas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lagas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicho" title="Jicho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jicho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je" title="Je – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Je" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Көз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B9%D0%BD%D0%B7%D3%93" title="Сӹнзӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сӹнзӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uedl" title="Uedl – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Uedl" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF_(%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85)" title="Я (чурх) – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Я (чурх)" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2" title="ຕາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus" title="Oculus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oculus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acs" title="Acs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Acs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(S%C3%ABnnesorgan)" title="A (Sënnesorgan) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="A (Sënnesorgan)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akis" title="Akis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oug" title="Oug – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oug" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C7%90so" title="Lǐso – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lǐso" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oio" title="Oio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanla" title="kanla – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kanla" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeugg" title="Oeugg – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oeugg" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szem" title="Szem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso" title="Maso – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maso" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D" title="കണ്ണ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കണ്ണ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="डोळा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डोळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D)" title="თოლი (ორგანო) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თოლი (ორგანო)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4" title="چش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato" title="Mato – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mato" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%95%CC%A4k-ci%C5%AD" title="Mĕ̤k-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mĕ̤k-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Нүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="မျက်လုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျက်လုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtelolotl" title="Ixtelolotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ixtelolotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog_(anatomie)" title="Oog (anatomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oog (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oge" title="Oge – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oge" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="आँखा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आँखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE" title="目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uocchie" title="Uocchie – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Uocchie" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B3" title="БӀаьрг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БӀаьрг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uug" title="Uug – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uug" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ye" title="Øye – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%BB" title="Uû – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Uû" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A8lh" title="Uèlh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uèlh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BF" title="ଆଖି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଖି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBz" title="Koʻz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਅੱਖ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="اکھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اکھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87" title="سترگه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سترگه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80" title="ភ្នែក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្នែក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euj" title="Euj – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Euj" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog" title="Oog – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oog" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Ομάτ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ομάτ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olho" title="Olho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oohr" title="Oohr – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Oohr" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochi" title="Ochi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ochi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egl" title="Egl – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Egl" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awi" title="Ñawi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Глаз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Харах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mata" title="mata – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mata" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="अक्षि – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अक्षि" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱢᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ee" title="Ee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doriq" title="Doriq – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Doriq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syri" title="Syri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Syri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhiu" title="Occhiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Occhiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83" title="ඇස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" title="Eye – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eye" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="اک – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اک" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Alypje" title="Ślypje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ślypje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indho" title="Indho – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Indho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="چاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko" title="Oko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panon" title="Panon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silm%C3%A4" title="Silmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ga" title="Öga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="கண் (உடல் உறுப்பு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண் (உடல் உறுப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD" title="Tiṭṭ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tiṭṭ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%AD" title="Tiṭ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiṭ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7" title="Күз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/roziq" title="roziq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="roziq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81" title="కన్ను – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కన్ను" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="ตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC" title="Чашм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чашм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಣ್ಣ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಣ್ಣ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z" title="Göz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6z" title="Göz – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Göz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniwa" title="Aniwa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Aniwa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswa_a%CC%B1li" title="Tswa a̱li – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tswa a̱li" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Око" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="آنکھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آنکھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D8%B2" title="كۆز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da" title="Da – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Da" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocio" title="Ocio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ocio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt" title="Mắt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log" title="Log – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Log" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silm" title="Silm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Silm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouy" title="Ouy – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ouy" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27u" title="O'u – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="O'u" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE" title="目 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="目" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A1" title="Matá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Matá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABt" title="Bët – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bët" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="眼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92" title="אויג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BA" title="Ojú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ojú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="眼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1m" title="Çım – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%97s" title="Akės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Akės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="眼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simalolong" title="Simalolong – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Simalolong" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato" title="Mato – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mato" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAk%C3%BAn" title="Núkún – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Núkún" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyes&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyes">Eyes</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organ that detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the organ present in many organisms. For the human organ specifically, see <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Human eye</a>. For the letter, see <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>. For the pupil, see <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a>. For the region of a cyclone, see <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">Eye (cyclone)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eye_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eye (disambiguation)">Eye (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eyeball", "Eyes", and "Ocular" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eyeball_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eyeball (disambiguation)">Eyeball (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eyes (disambiguation)">Eyes (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocular_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ocular (disambiguation)">Ocular (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Eye</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Krilleyekils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Krilleyekils.jpg/250px-Krilleyekils.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Krilleyekils.jpg/375px-Krilleyekils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Krilleyekils.jpg/500px-Krilleyekils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1505" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/250px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/375px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/500px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="423" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram of a <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>oculus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.2.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A15.2.00.001</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.007%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.007</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=113">113</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6734">6734</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7364" class="extiw" title="d:Q7364">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>eye</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">sensory organ</a> that allows an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> to perceive <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual</a> information. It detects <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a> (neurones). It is part of an organism's <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. </p><p>In higher organisms, the eye is a complex <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> system that collects light from the surrounding environment, regulates its intensity through a <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focuses</a> it through an adjustable assembly of <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lenses</a> to form an <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">image</a>, converts this image into a set of electrical signals, and transmits these signals to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> through neural pathways that connect the eye via the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> and other areas of the brain. </p><p>Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, classified into <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> and non-compound eyes. Compound eyes are made up of multiple small visual units, and are common on <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. Non-compound eyes have a single lens and focus light onto the retina to form a single image. This type of eye is common in mammals, including humans. </p><p>The simplest eyes are pit eyes. They are eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angle of light that enters and affects the eye-spot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eyes enable several photo response functions that are independent of vision. In an organism that has more complex eyes, retinal <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">photosensitive ganglion cells</a> send signals along the <a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">retinohypothalamic tract</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nuclei</a> to effect circadian adjustment and to the <a href="/wiki/Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">pretectal area</a> to control the <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex" title="Pupillary light reflex">pupillary light reflex</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg/170px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg/255px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg/340px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Eye of a <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye,_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/220px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/330px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg/440px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Human eye</a>, a refractive <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> type eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>Complex eyes distinguish shapes and <a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">colours</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual</a> fields of many organisms, especially predators, involve large areas of <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> for <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a>. In other organisms, particularly prey animals, eyes are located to maximise the field of view, such as in <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, which have <a href="/wiki/Monocular_vision" title="Monocular vision">monocular vision</a>. </p><p>The first proto-eyes evolved among animals <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=600">600</a> million years ago</span> about the time of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last common ancestor of animals possessed the biochemical toolkit necessary for vision, and more advanced eyes have evolved in 96% of animal species in six of the ~35<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> main <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, the eye allows light to enter and project onto a light-sensitive layer of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> (for colour) and the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> (for low-light contrasts) in the retina detect and convert light into neural signals which are transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> to produce vision. Such eyes are typically spheroid, filled with the <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> gel-like <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous humour">vitreous humour</a>, possess a focusing <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a>, and often an <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>. Muscles around the iris change the size of the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a>, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reducing aberrations when there is enough light.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eyes of most <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> have fixed lens shapes, and focusing is achieved by telescoping the lens in a similar manner to that of a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The compound eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> are composed of many simple facets which, depending on anatomical detail, may give either a single pixelated image or multiple images per eye. Each sensor has its own lens and photosensitive cell(s). Some eyes have up to 28,000 such sensors arranged hexagonally, which can give a full 360° field of vision. Compound eyes are very sensitive to motion. Some arthropods, including many <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a>, have compound eyes of only a few facets, each with a retina capable of creating an image. With each eye producing a different image, a fused, high-resolution image is produced in the brain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg/240px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg/360px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg/480px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4182" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>The eyes of a mantis shrimp (here <i><a href="/wiki/Odontodactylus_scyllarus" title="Odontodactylus scyllarus">Odontodactylus scyllarus</a></i>) are considered the most complex in the whole animal kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a> has the world's most complex colour vision system. It has detailed <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperspectral">hyperspectral</a> colour vision.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a>, now extinct, had unique compound eyes. Clear <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> crystals formed the lenses of their eyes. They differ in this from most other arthropods, which have soft eyes. The number of lenses in such an eye varied widely; some trilobites had only one while others had thousands of lenses per eye. </p><p>In contrast to compound eyes, simple eyes have a single lens. <a href="/wiki/Jumping_spider" title="Jumping spider">Jumping spiders</a> have one pair of large simple eyes with a narrow <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>, augmented by an array of smaller eyes for <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">peripheral vision</a>. Some insect <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, have a type of simple eye (<a href="/wiki/Stemmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stemmata">stemmata</a>) which usually provides only a rough image, but (as in <a href="/wiki/Sawfly" title="Sawfly">sawfly</a> larvae) can possess resolving powers of 4 degrees of arc, be polarization-sensitive, and capable of increasing its absolute sensitivity at night by a factor of 1,000 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_1974_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_1974-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ocellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocellus">Ocelli</a>, some of the simplest eyes, are found in animals such as some of the <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive">photosensitive</a> cells but no lens or other means of projecting an image onto those cells. They can distinguish between light and dark but no more, enabling them to avoid direct <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. In organisms dwelling near <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">deep-sea vents</a>, compound eyes are adapted to see the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infra-red light</a> produced by the hot vents, allowing the creatures to avoid being boiled alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>There are ten different eye layouts. Eye types can be categorised into "simple eyes", with one concave photoreceptive surface, and "compound eyes", which comprise a number of individual lenses laid out on a convex surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Simple" does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Indeed, any eye type can be adapted for almost any behaviour or environment. The only limitations specific to eye types are that of resolution—the physics of <a href="/wiki/Compound_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound eyes">compound eyes</a> prevents them from achieving a resolution better than 1°. Also, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Superposition_eyes">superposition eyes</a> can achieve greater sensitivity than <a href="/wiki/Apposition_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Apposition eye">apposition eyes</a>, so are better suited to dark-dwelling creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyes also fall into two groups on the basis of their photoreceptor's cellular construction, with the photoreceptor cells either being ciliated (as in the vertebrates) or <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdomeric">rhabdomeric</a>. These two groups are not monophyletic; the <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> also possess ciliated cells, <sup id="cite_ref-Kozmik2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozmik2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zhukov2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhukov2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> possess both.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some organisms have <a href="/wiki/Photosensitivity" title="Photosensitivity">photosensitive</a> cells that do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or <a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">dark</a>, which is sufficient for the <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrainment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>. These are not considered eyes because they lack enough structure to be considered an organ, and do not produce an image.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every technological method of capturing an optical image that humans commonly use occurs in nature, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-compound_eyes">Non-compound eyes</h3></div> <p>Simple eyes are rather ubiquitous, and lens-bearing eyes have evolved at least seven times in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubozoa">Cubozoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title=""seven times" doesn't appear; arthropods not included (June 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pit_eyes">Pit eyes</h4></div> <p>Pit eyes, also known as <a href="/wiki/Simple_eyes_in_invertebrates#Stemmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple eyes in invertebrates">stemmata</a>, are eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eye-spot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Found in about 85% of phyla, these basic forms were probably the precursors to more advanced types of "simple eyes". They are small, comprising up to about 100 cells covering about 100 μm.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The directionality can be improved by reducing the size of the aperture, by incorporating a reflective layer behind the receptor cells, or by filling the pit with a refractile material.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crotalinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalinae">Pit vipers</a> have developed pits that function as eyes by sensing thermal infra-red radiation, in addition to their optical wavelength eyes like those of other vertebrates (see <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">infrared sensing in snakes</a>). However, pit organs are fitted with receptors rather different from photoreceptors, namely a specific <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">transient receptor potential channel</a> (TRP channels) called <a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">TRPV1</a>. The main difference is that photoreceptors are <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G-protein coupled receptors</a> but TRP are <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spherical_lens_eye">Spherical lens eye</h4></div> <p>The resolution of pit eyes can be greatly improved by incorporating a material with a higher <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> to form a lens, which may greatly reduce the blur radius encountered—hence increasing the resolution obtainable.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most basic form, seen in some gastropods and annelids, consists of a lens of one refractive index. A far sharper image can be obtained using materials with a high refractive index, decreasing to the edges; this decreases the focal length and thus allows a sharp image to form on the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also allows a larger aperture for a given sharpness of image, allowing more light to enter the lens; and a flatter lens, reducing <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a non-homogeneous lens is necessary for the focal length to drop from about 4 times the lens radius, to 2.5 radii.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So-called under-focused lens eyes, found in gastropods and polychaete worms, have eyes that are intermediate between lens-less cup eyes and real camera eyes. Also <a href="/wiki/Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a> have eyes with a spherical lens, cornea and retina, but the vision is blurry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heterogeneous eyes have evolved at least nine times: four or more times in <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs_of_gastropods" title="Sensory organs of gastropods">gastropods</a>, once in the <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, once in the <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, once in the <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once in the <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>, which have <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Speiser2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speiser2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No extant aquatic organisms possess homogeneous lenses; presumably the evolutionary pressure for a heterogeneous lens is great enough for this stage to be quickly "outgrown".<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This eye creates an image that is sharp enough that motion of the eye can cause significant blurring. To minimise the effect of eye motion while the animal moves, most such eyes have stabilising eye muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ocellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocellus">ocelli</a> of insects bear a simple lens, but their focal point usually lies behind the retina; consequently, those can not form a sharp image. Ocelli (pit-type eyes of arthropods) blur the image across the whole retina, and are consequently excellent at responding to rapid changes in light intensity across the whole visual field; this fast response is further accelerated by the large nerve bundles which rush the information to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1978_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing the image would also cause the sun's image to be focused on a few receptors, with the possibility of damage under the intense light; shielding the receptors would block out some light and thus reduce their sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1978_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fast response has led to suggestions that the ocelli of insects are used mainly in flight, because they can be used to detect sudden changes in which way is up (because light, especially UV light which is absorbed by vegetation, usually comes from above).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1978_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1978-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_lenses">Multiple lenses</h4></div> <p>Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pontella" title="Pontella">Pontella</a></i> has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Another copepod, <i><a href="/wiki/Copilia" title="Copilia">Copilia</a></i>, has two lenses in each eye, arranged like those in a telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such arrangements are rare and poorly understood, but represent an alternative construction. </p><p>Multiple lenses are seen in some hunters such as eagles and jumping spiders, which have a refractive cornea: these have a negative lens, enlarging the observed image by up to 50% over the receptor cells, thus increasing their optical resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refractive_cornea">Refractive cornea</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye,_lateral_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg/220px-Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg/330px-Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg/440px-Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>A refractive cornea type eye of a human. The cornea is the clear domed part covering the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">anterior chamber of the eye</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">eyes of most mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_vision#Anatomy_of_the_eye" title="Bird vision">birds</a>, reptiles, and most other terrestrial vertebrates (along with spiders and some insect larvae) the vitreous fluid has a higher refractive index than the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the lens is not spherical. Spherical lenses produce spherical aberration. In refractive corneas, the lens tissue is corrected with inhomogeneous lens material (see <a href="/wiki/Luneburg_lens" title="Luneburg lens">Luneburg lens</a>), or with an aspheric shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flattening the lens has a disadvantage; the quality of vision is diminished away from the main line of focus. Thus, animals that have evolved with a wide field-of-view often have eyes that make use of an inhomogeneous lens.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned above, a refractive cornea is only useful out of water. In water, there is little difference in refractive index between the vitreous fluid and the surrounding water. Hence creatures that have returned to the water—penguins and seals, for example—lose their highly curved cornea and return to lens-based vision. An alternative solution, borne by some divers, is to have a very strongly focusing cornea.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closed_human_eye,_superior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg/220px-Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg/330px-Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg/440px-Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">eyelashes</a> are a unique characteristic of most mammalian eyes, both of which are evolutionary features to protect the eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>A unique feature of most mammal eyes is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelids</a> which wipe the eye and spread <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a> across the cornea to prevent dehydration. These eyelids are also supplemented by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">eyelashes</a>, multiple rows of highly innervated and sensitive hairs which grow from the eyelid margins to protect the eye from fine particles and small irritants such as insects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflector_eyes">Reflector eyes</h4></div> <p>An alternative to a lens is to line the inside of the eye with "mirrors", and reflect the image to focus at a central point.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of these eyes means that if one were to peer into the pupil of an eye, one would see the same image that the organism would see, reflected back out.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many small organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>, copepods and <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a> use such organs, but these are too small to produce usable images.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some larger organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>, also use reflector eyes. The scallop <i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_(bivalve)" title="Pecten (bivalve)">Pecten</a></i> has up to 100 millimetre-scale reflector eyes fringing the edge of its shell. It detects moving objects as they pass successive lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is at least one vertebrate, the <a href="/wiki/Brownsnout_spookfish" title="Brownsnout spookfish">spookfish</a>, whose eyes include reflective optics for focusing of light. Each of the two eyes of a spookfish collects light from both above and below; the light coming from above is focused by a lens, while that coming from below, by a curved mirror composed of many layers of small reflective plates made of <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner_et_al_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner_et_al-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_eyes">Compound eyes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FLY_EYE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FLY_EYE.jpg/220px-FLY_EYE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FLY_EYE.jpg/330px-FLY_EYE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FLY_EYE.jpg/440px-FLY_EYE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An image of a house fly compound eye surface by using <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg/200px-Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg/300px-Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg/400px-Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of the compound eye of an insect</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg/220px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg/330px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg/440px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Arthropods such as this <a href="/wiki/Calliphora_vomitoria" title="Calliphora vomitoria">blue bottle fly</a> have compound eyes.</figcaption></figure> <p>A compound eye may consist of thousands of individual photoreceptor units or ommatidia (<a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">ommatidium</a>, singular). The image perceived is a combination of inputs from the numerous ommatidia (individual "eye units"), which are located on a convex surface, thus pointing in slightly different directions. Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a very large view angle, and can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarisation</a> of light.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the individual lenses are so small, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> impose a limit on the possible resolution that can be obtained (assuming that they do not function as <a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">phased arrays</a>). This can only be countered by increasing lens size and number. To see with a resolution comparable to our simple eyes, humans would require very large compound eyes, around 11 metres (36 ft) in radius.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compound eyes are common in arthropods, annelids and some bivalved molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compound eyes in arthropods grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apposition_eyes">Apposition eyes</h4></div> <p>Apposition eyes are the most common form of eyes and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eyes. They are found in all <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> groups, although they may have evolved more than once within this phylum.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Annelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelids">annelids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a> also have apposition eyes. They are also possessed by <i><a href="/wiki/Limulus" title="Limulus">Limulus</a></i>, the horseshoe crab, and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Some caterpillars appear to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion.) </p><p>Apposition eyes work by gathering a number of images, one from each eye, and combining them in the brain, with each eye typically contributing a single point of information. The typical apposition eye has a lens focusing light from one direction on the rhabdom, while light from other directions is absorbed by the dark wall of the <a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">ommatidium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superposition_eyes">Superposition eyes</h4></div> <p>The second type is named the superposition eye. The superposition eye is divided into three types: </p> <ul><li>refracting,</li> <li>reflecting and</li> <li>parabolic superposition</li></ul> <p>The refracting superposition eye has a gap between the lens and the rhabdom, and no side wall. Each lens takes light at an angle to its axis and reflects it to the same angle on the other side. The result is an image at half the radius of the eye, which is where the tips of the rhabdoms are. This type of compound eye, for which a minimal size exists below which effective superposition cannot occur,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is normally found in nocturnal insects, because it can create images up to 1000 times brighter than equivalent apposition eyes, though at the cost of reduced resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the parabolic superposition compound eye type, seen in arthropods such as <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>, the parabolic surfaces of the inside of each facet focus light from a reflector to a sensor array. Long-bodied <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapod crustaceans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> are alone in having reflecting superposition eyes, which also have a transparent gap but use corner <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> instead of lenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parabolic_superposition">Parabolic superposition</h4></div> <p>This eye type functions by refracting light, then using a parabolic mirror to focus the image; it combines features of superposition and apposition eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> <p>Another kind of compound eye, found in males of Order <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a>, employs a series of simple eyes—eyes having one opening that provides light for an entire image-forming retina. Several of these <i>eyelets</i> together form the strepsipteran compound eye, which is similar to the 'schizochroal' compound eyes of some <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because each eyelet is a simple eye, it produces an inverted image; those images are combined in the brain to form one unified image. Because the aperture of an eyelet is larger than the facets of a compound eye, this arrangement allows vision under low light levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Good fliers such as flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects such as <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">praying mantis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, have specialised zones of <a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">ommatidia</a> organised into a <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a> area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone, the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution. The black spot that can be seen on the compound eyes of such insects, which always seems to look directly at the observer, is called a <a href="/wiki/Pseudopupil" title="Pseudopupil">pseudopupil</a>. This occurs because the <a href="/wiki/Ommatidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ommatidia">ommatidia</a> which one observes "head-on" (along their <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">optical axes</a>) absorb the <a href="/wiki/Incident_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident light">incident light</a>, while those to one side reflect it.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeil_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeil-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some exceptions from the types mentioned above. Some insects have a so-called single lens compound eye, a transitional type which is something between a superposition type of the multi-lens compound eye and the single lens eye found in animals with simple eyes. Then there is the <a href="/wiki/Mysid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysid">mysid</a> shrimp, <i>Dioptromysis paucispinosa</i>. The shrimp has an eye of the refracting superposition type, in the rear behind this in each eye there is a single large facet that is three times in diameter the others in the eye and behind this is an enlarged crystalline cone. This projects an upright image on a specialised retina. The resulting eye is a mixture of a simple eye within a compound eye. </p><p>Another version is a compound eye often referred to as "pseudofaceted", as seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Scutigera" title="Scutigera">Scutigera</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous <a href="/wiki/Ommatidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ommatidia">ommatidia</a> on each side of the head, organised in a way that resembles a true compound eye. </p><p>The body of <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiocoma_wendtii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiocoma wendtii">Ophiocoma wendtii</a></i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Brittle_star" title="Brittle star">brittle star</a>, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>. The tube feet of sea urchins contain photoreceptor proteins, which together act as a compound eye; they lack screening pigments, but can detect the directionality of light by the shadow cast by its opaque body.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullrich-Luter2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullrich-Luter2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h4></div> <p>The <b>ciliary body</b> is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer, the ciliary epithelium. The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina. The outer layer is highly pigmented, continuous with the retinal pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. </p><p>The <b>vitreous</b> is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluronic acid</a>), no blood vessels, and 98–99% of its volume is water (as opposed to 75% in the cornea) with salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibres with the <a href="/wiki/Mucopolysaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucopolysaccharide">mucopolysaccharide</a> hyaluronic acid, and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts. Amazingly, with so little solid matter, it tautly holds the eye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg/330px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg/495px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg/660px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">mollusc eye</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Photoreception is <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetically</a> very old, with various theories of phylogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Autrum1979_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autrum1979-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common origin (<a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a>) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact. This is based upon the shared genetic features of all eyes; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some 650-600 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">PAX6</a> gene is considered a key factor in this. The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an "arms race"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among all species that did not flee the photopic environment. Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel (except those of groups, such as the vertebrates, that were only forced into the photopic environment at a late stage). </p><p>Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements. For example, the eye of a <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> has much greater visual acuity than a <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a>, and in some cases can detect <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and molluscs are examples of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>, despite their distant common ancestry. Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod eye</a>, but this is not the case, as the reversed roles of their respective ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and different lens crystallins show.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very earliest "eyes", called eye-spots, were simple patches of <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptor protein</a> in unicellular animals. In multicellular beings, multicellular eyespots evolved, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness: they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the light source.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through gradual change, the eye-spots of species living in well-lit environments depressed into a shallow "cup" shape. The ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source. The pit deepened over time, the opening diminished in size, and the number of photoreceptor cells increased, forming an effective <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole camera</a> that was capable of dimly distinguishing shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-ee_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ee-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, thought to be the protovertebrate,<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were evidently pushed to very deep, dark waters, where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators, and where it is advantageous to have a convex eye-spot, which gathers more light than a flat or concave one. This would have led to a somewhat different evolutionary trajectory for the vertebrate eye than for other animal eyes. </p><p>The thin overgrowth of transparent cells over the eye's aperture, originally formed to prevent damage to the eyespot, allowed the segregated contents of the eye chamber to specialise into a transparent humour that optimised colour filtering, blocked harmful radiation, improved the eye's <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, and allowed functionality outside of water. The transparent protective cells eventually split into two layers, with circulatory fluid in between that allowed wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution, and the thickness of the transparent layer gradually increased, in most species with the transparent <a href="/wiki/Crystallin" title="Crystallin">crystallin</a> protein.<sup id="cite_ref-lenses_come_from_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenses_come_from-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gap between tissue layers naturally formed a biconvex shape, an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index. Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens: the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a>. Separation of the forward layer again formed a humour, the <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">aqueous humour</a>. This increased refractive power and again eased circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-lenses_come_from_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenses_come_from-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_life_requirements">Relationship to life requirements</h3></div> <p>Eyes are generally adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them. For instance, the distribution of photoreceptors tends to match the area in which the highest acuity is required, with horizon-scanning organisms, such as those that live on the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> plains, having a horizontal line of high-density ganglia, while tree-dwelling creatures which require good all-round vision tend to have a symmetrical distribution of ganglia, with acuity decreasing outwards from the centre. </p><p>Of course, for most eye types, it is impossible to diverge from a spherical form, so only the density of optical receptors can be altered. In organisms with compound eyes, it is the number of ommatidia rather than ganglia that reflects the region of highest data acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1992_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup> Optical superposition eyes are constrained to a spherical shape, but other forms of compound eyes may deform to a shape where more ommatidia are aligned to, say, the horizon, without altering the size or density of individual ommatidia.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyes of horizon-scanning organisms have stalks so they can be easily aligned to the horizon when this is inclined, for example, if the animal is on a slope.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeil_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeil-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extension of this concept is that the eyes of predators typically have a zone of very acute vision at their centre, to assist in the identification of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In deep water organisms, it may not be the centre of the eye that is enlarged. The <a href="/wiki/Hyperiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperiid">hyperiid</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">amphipods</a> are deep water animals that feed on organisms above them. Their eyes are almost divided into two, with the upper region thought to be involved in detecting the silhouettes of potential prey—or predators—against the faint light of the sky above. Accordingly, deeper water hyperiids, where the light against which the silhouettes must be compared is dimmer, have larger "upper-eyes", and may lose the lower portion of their eyes altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the giant Antarctic isopod <a href="/wiki/Glyptonotus_antarcticus" title="Glyptonotus antarcticus">Glyptonotus</a> a small ventral compound eye is physically completely separated from the much larger dorsal compound eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow1982_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow1982-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depth perception can be enhanced by having eyes which are enlarged in one direction; distorting the eye slightly allows the distance to the object to be estimated with a high degree of accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acuity is higher among male organisms that mate in mid-air, as they need to be able to spot and assess potential mates against a very large backdrop.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the eyes of organisms which operate in low light levels, such as around dawn and dusk or in deep water, tend to be larger to increase the amount of light that can be captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not only the shape of the eye that may be affected by lifestyle. Eyes can be the most visible parts of organisms, and this can act as a pressure on organisms to have more transparent eyes at the cost of function.<sup id="cite_ref-Land1989_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Land1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eyes may be mounted on stalks to provide better all-round vision, by lifting them above an organism's carapace; this also allows them to track predators or prey without moving the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronin2008_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_acuity">Visual acuity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawk_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hawk_eye.jpg/220px-Hawk_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hawk_eye.jpg/330px-Hawk_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hawk_eye.jpg/440px-Hawk_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>The eye of a <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">Visual acuity</a>, or resolving power, is "the ability to distinguish fine detail" and is the property of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone cells">cone cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p28_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p28-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often measured in <i>cycles per <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree</a></i> (CPD), which measures an <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">angular resolution</a>, or how much an eye can differentiate one object from another in terms of visual angles. Resolution in CPD can be measured by bar charts of different numbers of white/black stripe cycles. For example, if each pattern is 1.75 cm wide and is placed at 1 m distance from the eye, it will subtend an angle of 1 degree, so the number of white/black bar pairs on the pattern will be a measure of the cycles per degree of that pattern. The highest such number that the eye can resolve as stripes, or distinguish from a grey block, is then the measurement of visual acuity of the eye. </p><p>For a human eye with excellent acuity, the maximum theoretical resolution is 50 CPD<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.2 <a href="/wiki/Arcminute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminute">arcminute</a> per line pair, or a 0.35 mm line pair, at 1 m). A rat can resolve only about 1 to 2 CPD.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A horse has higher acuity through most of the visual field of its eyes than a human has, but does not match the high acuity of the human eye's central <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spherical aberration limits the resolution of a 7 mm pupil to about 3 arcminutes per line pair. At a pupil diameter of 3 mm, the spherical aberration is greatly reduced, resulting in an improved resolution of approximately 1.7 arcminutes per line pair.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resolution of 2 arcminutes per line pair, equivalent to a 1 arcminute gap in an <a href="/wiki/Optotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Optotype">optotype</a>, corresponds to 20/20 (<a href="/wiki/Normal_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal vision">normal vision</a>) in humans. </p><p>However, in the compound eye, the resolution is related to the size of individual ommatidia and the distance between neighbouring ommatidia. Physically these cannot be reduced in size to achieve the acuity seen with single lensed eyes as in mammals. Compound eyes have a much lower acuity than vertebrate eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_perception">Colour perception</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision">Colour vision</a></div> <p>"Colour vision is the faculty of the organism to distinguish lights of different spectral qualities."<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p161_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p161-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All organisms are restricted to a small range of electromagnetic spectrum; this varies from creature to creature, but is mainly between wavelengths of 400 and 700 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald1982_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald1982-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a rather small section of the electromagnetic spectrum, probably reflecting the submarine evolution of the organ: water blocks out all but two small windows of the EM spectrum, and there has been no evolutionary pressure among land animals to broaden this range.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald1997_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald1997-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most sensitive pigment, <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>, has a peak response at 500 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small changes to the genes coding for this protein can tweak the peak response by a few nm;<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pigments in the lens can also filter incoming light, changing the peak response.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many organisms are unable to discriminate between colours, seeing instead in shades of grey; colour vision necessitates a range of pigment cells which are primarily sensitive to smaller ranges of the spectrum. In primates, geckos, and other organisms, these take the form of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a>, from which the more sensitive <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if organisms are physically capable of discriminating different colours, this does not necessarily mean that they can perceive the different colours; only with behavioural tests can this be deduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most organisms with colour vision can detect ultraviolet light. This high energy light can be damaging to receptor cells. With a few exceptions (snakes, placental mammals), most organisms avoid these effects by having absorbent oil droplets around their cone cells. The alternative, developed by organisms that had lost these oil droplets in the course of evolution, is to make the lens impervious to UV light—this precludes the possibility of any UV light being detected, as it does not even reach the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rods_and_cones">Rods and cones</h3></div> <p>The retina contains two major types of light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</a> used for vision: the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>. </p><p>Rods cannot distinguish colours, but are responsible for low-light (<a href="/wiki/Scotopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotopic">scotopic</a>) monochrome (<a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>) vision; they work well in dim light as they contain a pigment, rhodopsin (visual purple), which is sensitive at low light intensity, but saturates at higher (<a href="/wiki/Photopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopic">photopic</a>) intensities. Rods are distributed throughout the retina but there are none at the <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a> and none at the <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">blind spot</a>. Rod density is greater in the peripheral retina than in the central retina. </p><p>Cones are responsible for <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">colour vision</a>. They require brighter light to function than rods require. In humans, there are three types of cones, maximally sensitive to long-wavelength, medium-wavelength, and short-wavelength light (often referred to as red, green, and blue, respectively, though the sensitivity peaks are not actually at these colours). The colour seen is the combined effect of <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> to, and <a href="/wiki/Stimulus%E2%80%93response_model" title="Stimulus–response model">responses</a> from, these three types of cone cells. Cones are mostly concentrated in and near the fovea. Only a few are present at the sides of the retina. Objects are seen most sharply in focus when their images fall on the fovea, as when one looks at an object directly. Cone cells and rods are connected through intermediate cells in the retina to nerve fibres of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a>. When rods and cones are stimulated by light, they connect through adjoining cells within the retina to send an electrical signal to the optic nerve fibres. The optic nerves send off impulses through these fibres to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pigmentation">Pigmentation</h2></div> <p>The pigment molecules used in the eye are various, but can be used to define the evolutionary distance between different groups, and can also be an aid in determining which are closely related—although problems of convergence do exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith1990_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsins</a> are the pigments involved in photoreception. Other pigments, such as <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>, are used to shield the photoreceptor cells from light leaking in from the sides. The opsin protein group evolved long before the last common ancestor of animals, and has continued to diversify since.<sup id="cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frentiu2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of opsin involved in vision; c-opsins, which are associated with ciliary-type photoreceptor cells, and r-opsins, associated with rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eyes of vertebrates usually contain ciliary cells with c-opsins, and (bilaterian) invertebrates have rhabdomeric cells in the eye with r-opsins. However, some <i>ganglion</i> cells of vertebrates express r-opsins, suggesting that their <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> used this pigment in vision, and that remnants survive in the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, c-opsins have been found to be expressed in the <i>brain</i> of some invertebrates. They may have been expressed in ciliary cells of larval eyes, which were subsequently <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resorb" class="extiw" title="wikt:resorb">resorbed</a> into the brain on metamorphosis to the adult form.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C-opsins are also found in some derived bilaterian-invertebrate eyes, such as the pallial eyes of the bivalve molluscs; however, the lateral eyes (which were presumably the ancestral type for this group, if eyes evolved once there) always use r-opsins.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, which are an outgroup to the taxa mentioned above, express c-opsins—but r-opsins are yet to be found in this group.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidentally, the melanin produced in the cnidaria is produced in the same fashion as that in vertebrates, suggesting the common descent of this pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The structures of the eye labelled"><img alt="The structures of the eye labelled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png/120px-Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png/180px-Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png/240px-Three_Main_Layers_of_the_Eye.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The structures of the eye labelled</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled"><img alt="Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg/117px-Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg/176px-Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg/235px-Three_Internal_chambers_of_the_Eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(vertebrate_eye)" title="Accommodation (vertebrate eye)">Accommodation (vertebrate eye)</a> (focusing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">Adaptation (eye)</a> (night vision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_lens" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_theory_(vision)" title="Emission theory (vision)">Emission theory (vision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">Eye color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_development" title="Eye development">Eye development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_injury" title="Eye injury">Eye injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement" title="Eye movement">Eye movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)" title="Lens (vertebrate anatomy)">Lens (vertebrate anatomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">Nictitating membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit (anatomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">Tapetum lucidum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">Tears</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no universal consensus on the precise total number of phyla Animalia; the stated figure varies slightly from author to author.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Land1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Land1992_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandFernald1992" class="citation journal cs1">Land, M.F.; Fernald, R.D. (1992). "The evolution of eyes". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Neuroscience" title="Annual Review of Neuroscience">Annual Review of Neuroscience</a></i>. <b>15</b>: 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245">10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-006X">0147-006X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1575438">1575438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+eyes&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0147-006X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1575438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.15.030192.000245&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=M.F.&rft.au=Fernald%2C+R.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitmeyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Breitmeyer, Bruno (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blindspotsmanywa0000brei"><i>Blindspots: The Many Ways We Cannot See</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blindspotsmanywa0000brei/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539426-9"><bdi>978-0-19-539426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blindspots%3A+The+Many+Ways+We+Cannot+See&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539426-9&rft.aulast=Breitmeyer&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblindspotsmanywa0000brei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNairne2005" class="citation book cs1">Nairne, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MqkLT-Q0oUC&pg=PA146"><i>Psychology</i></a>. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-03150-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-03150-5"><bdi>978-0-495-03150-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61361417">61361417</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117104216/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MqkLT-Q0oUC&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The eyes of hyperiid amphipods: relations of optical structure to depth". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology A</i>. <b>164</b> (6): 751–762. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00616747">10.1007/BF00616747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23819801">23819801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=The+eyes+of+hyperiid+amphipods%3A+relations+of+optical+structure+to+depth&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=751-762&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00616747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23819801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Land%2C+M.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-Rochow1982-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow1982_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Rochow1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (1982). "The divided eye of the isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus: effects of unilateral dark adaptation and temperature elevation". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. B 215 (1201): 433–450. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982RSPSB.215..433M">1982RSPSB.215..433M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1982.0052">10.1098/rspb.1982.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85297324">85297324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+divided+eye+of+the+isopod+Glyptonotus+antarcticus%3A+effects+of+unilateral+dark+adaptation+and+temperature+elevation&rft.volume=B+215&rft.issue=1201&rft.pages=433-450&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85297324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1982.0052&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982RSPSB.215..433M&rft.aulast=Meyer-Rochow&rft.aufirst=Victor+Benno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p28-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p28_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliKlyne1985">Ali & Klyne 1985</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss,_John_C.2006" class="citation book cs1">Russ, John C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs2AM2cWl1AC&pg=PT110"><i>The Image Processing Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-7254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-7254-4"><bdi>978-0-8493-7254-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156223054">156223054</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117104217/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs2AM2cWl1AC&pg=PT110">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>. <q>The upper limit (finest detail) visible with the human eye is about 50 cycles per degree,... (Fifth Edition, 2007, Page 94)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+Processing+Handbook&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156223054&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-7254-4&rft.au=Russ%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs2AM2cWl1AC%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaassen,_Curtis_D.2001" class="citation book cs1">Klaassen, Curtis D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G16riRjvmykC&pg=PA574"><i>Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134721-1"><bdi>978-0-07-134721-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47965382">47965382</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117104218/https://books.google.com/books?id=G16riRjvmykC&pg=PA574">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Retina+of+the+Human+Eye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fvision%2Fretina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer,_Robert_E.Tadic-Galeb,_BiljanaPlympton,_Rick2000" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Robert E.; Tadic-Galeb, Biljana; Plympton, Rick (2000). Steve Chapman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=byx2Ne9cD1IC&pg=PA164"><i>Optical System Design</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134916-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-134916-1"><bdi>978-0-07-134916-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247851267">247851267</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117104217/https://books.google.com/books?id=byx2Ne9cD1IC&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+System+Design&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247851267&rft.isbn=978-0-07-134916-1&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Tadic-Galeb%2C+Biljana&rft.au=Plympton%2C+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbyx2Ne9cD1IC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_H.B.1952" class="citation journal cs1">Barlow, H.B. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/29/4/667.full.pdf+html">"The size of ommatidia in apposition eyes"</a>. <i>J Exp Biol</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 667–674. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.29.4.667">10.1242/jeb.29.4.667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831132021/http://jeb.biologists.org/content/29/4/667.full.pdf+html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Biol&rft.atitle=The+size+of+ommatidia+in+apposition+eyes&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667-674&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.29.4.667&rft.au=Barlow%2C+H.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F29%2F4%2F667.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985p161-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985p161_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAliKlyne1985">Ali & Klyne 1985</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald1982-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald1982_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_Horace_BasilMollon,_J.D.1982" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Horace Basil; Mollon, J.D. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/senses0000barl"><i>The Senses</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/senses0000barl/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24474-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24474-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24474-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Senses&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24474-9&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Horace+Basil&rft.au=Mollon%2C+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsenses0000barl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald1997-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald1997_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernald,_Russell_D.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fernald, Russell D. 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"Optimization, Constraint, and History in the Evolution of Eyes". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Review_of_Biology" title="The Quarterly Review of Biology">The Quarterly Review of Biology</a></i>. <b>65</b> (3): 281–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F416840">10.1086/416840</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2832368">2832368</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2146698">2146698</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24535762">24535762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Optimization%2C+Constraint%2C+and+History+in+the+Evolution+of+Eyes&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-322&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2146698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24535762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2832368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F416840&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+T.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frentiu2008-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frentiu2008_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrentiu,_Francesca_D.Adriana_D._Briscoe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Frentiu, Francesca D.; Adriana D. Briscoe (2008). "A butterfly eye's view of birds". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>30</b> (11–12): 1151–1162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20828">10.1002/bies.20828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18937365">18937365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34409725">34409725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=A+butterfly+eye%27s+view+of+birds&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=1151-1162&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34409725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18937365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20828&rft.au=Frentiu%2C+Francesca+D.&rft.au=Adriana+D.+Briscoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2008_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilssonArendt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nilsson, E.; Arendt, D. (Dec 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.025">"Eye Evolution: the Blurry Beginning"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (23): R1096–R1098. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18R1096N">2008CBio...18R1096N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.025">10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19081043">19081043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11554469">11554469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Eye+Evolution%3A+the+Blurry+Beginning&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=R1096-R1098&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11554469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19081043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CBio...18R1096N&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Arendt%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.10.025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliKlyne1985" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Mohamed Ather; Klyne, M.A. (1985). <i>Vision in Vertebrates</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Plenum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenum Press">Plenum Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-42065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-42065-8"><bdi>978-0-306-42065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+in+Vertebrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-306-42065-8&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Ather&rft.au=Klyne%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong,_Ed2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Yong" title="Ed Yong">Yong, Ed</a> (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114205934/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/evolution-of-eyes-text">"Inside the Eye: Nature's Most Exquisite Creation"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/evolution-of-eyes-text">the original</a> on January 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Eye%3A+Nature%27s+Most+Exquisite+Creation&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.au=Yong%2C+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fevolution-of-eyes-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eyes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eyes">Eyes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.html">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lensshopper.com/eye-anatomy.asp">Anatomy of the eye – flash animated interactive.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/">Webvision. The organisation of the retina and visual system.</a> An in-depth treatment of retinal function, open to all but geared most towards graduate students.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2001/03/28_wers1.html">Eye strips images of all but bare essentials before sending visual information to the brain, UC Berkeley research shows</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcleral_layer" title="Episcleral layer">Episcleral layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Limbus</a></li> <li><i>layers</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_layer" title="Bowman's layer">Bowman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua%27s_layer" title="Dua's layer">Dua's layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemet%27s_membrane" title="Descemet's membrane">Descemet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">Endothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina"><img alt="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/300px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/400px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" usemap="#ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f" resource="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f"><area href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="50,21,7" alt="1: posterior segment" title="1: posterior segment" /><area href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" shape="circle" coords="38,30,7" alt="2: ora serrata" title="2: ora serrata" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" shape="circle" coords="28,40,7" alt="3: ciliary muscle" title="3: ciliary muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" shape="circle" coords="20,53,7" alt="4: ciliary zonules" title="4: ciliary zonules" /><area href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" shape="circle" coords="12,66,7" alt="5: Schlemm's canal" title="5: Schlemm's canal" /><area href="/wiki/Pupil" shape="circle" coords="9,80,7" alt="6: pupil" title="6: pupil" /><area href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="7,96,7" alt="7: anterior chamber" title="7: anterior chamber" /><area href="/wiki/Cornea" shape="circle" coords="7,111,7" alt="8: cornea" title="8: cornea" /><area href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" shape="circle" coords="9,125,7" alt="9: iris" title="9: iris" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_cortex" shape="circle" coords="15,139,7" alt="10: lens cortex" title="10: lens cortex" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_nucleus" shape="circle" coords="22,152,7" alt="11: lens nucleus" title="11: lens nucleus" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" shape="circle" coords="30,163,7" alt="12: ciliary process" title="12: ciliary process" /><area href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" shape="circle" coords="41,173,7" alt="13: conjunctiva" title="13: conjunctiva" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" shape="circle" coords="133,189,7" alt="14: inferior oblique muscule" title="14: inferior oblique muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="147,182,7" alt="15: inferior rectus muscule" title="15: inferior rectus muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="160,174,7" alt="16: medial rectus muscle" title="16: medial rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retinal_arteries_and_veins" shape="circle" coords="171,163,7" alt="17: retinal arteries and veins" title="17: retinal arteries and veins" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_disc" shape="circle" coords="180,152,7" alt="18: optic disc" title="18: optic disc" /><area href="/wiki/Dura_mater" shape="circle" coords="187,139,7" alt="19: dura mater" title="19: dura mater" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" shape="circle" coords="191,125,7" alt="20: central retinal artery" title="20: central retinal artery" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" shape="circle" coords="188,66,7" alt="21: central retinal vein" title="21: central retinal vein" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" shape="circle" coords="182,53,7" alt="22: optic nerve" title="22: optic nerve" /><area href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" shape="circle" coords="174,41,7" alt="23: vorticose vein" title="23: vorticose vein" /><area href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" shape="circle" coords="162,30,7" alt="24: bulbar sheath" title="24: bulbar sheath" /><area href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" shape="circle" coords="151,22,7" alt="25: macula" title="25: macula" /><area href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" shape="circle" coords="136,13,7" alt="26: fovea" title="26: fovea" /><area href="/wiki/Sclera" shape="circle" coords="121,8,7" alt="27: sclera" title="27: sclera" /><area href="/wiki/Choroid" shape="circle" coords="107,7,7" alt="28: choroid" title="28: choroid" /><area href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="93,7,7" alt="29: superior rectus muscle" title="29: superior rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retina" shape="circle" coords="79,8,7" alt="30: retina" title="30: retina" /></map><figcaption>1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea / vascular <br />tunic</a> (middle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_lamina_of_choroid" title="Capillary lamina of choroid">Capillary lamina of choroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruch%27s_membrane" title="Bruch's membrane">Bruch's membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattler%27s_layer" title="Sattler's layer">Sattler's layer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">Ciliary processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plicata" title="Pars plicata">Pars plicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plana" title="Pars plana">Pars plana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">Iris dilator muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">Iris sphincter muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_limiting_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner limiting membrane">Inner limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber layer">Nerve fiber layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">Ganglion cell layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">Inner plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">Inner nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">Outer plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_nuclear_layer" title="Outer nuclear layer">Outer nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_limiting_membrane" title="External limiting membrane">External limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_of_rods_and_cones" title="Layer of rods and cones">Layer of rods and cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a>) → (<a href="/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell" title="Retina horizontal cell">Horizontal cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">Bipolar cell</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cell" title="Amacrine cell">Amacrine cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retina ganglion cell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midget_cell" title="Midget cell">Midget cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasol_cell" title="Parasol cell">Parasol cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">Bistratified cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_retinal_ganglion_cells" title="Giant retinal ganglion cells">Giant retina ganglion cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>) → <i>Diencephalon</i>: <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perifovea" title="Perifovea">Perifoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafovea" title="Parafovea">Parafoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foveal_avascular_zone" title="Foveal avascular zone">Foveal avascular zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveola" title="Foveola">Foveola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_cup_(anatomical)" title="Optic cup (anatomical)">Optic cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical regions <br />of the eye</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Anterior segment of eyeball">Anterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tunic">Fibrous tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">Anterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">Posterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_lens" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Posterior segment of eyeball">Posterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_chamber" title="Vitreous chamber">Vitreous chamber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte" title="Corneal keratocyte">Keratocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_immune_system" title="Ocular immune system">Ocular immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography#Ophthalmology" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></li> <li><i>Physiological Optics</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7364#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7364#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Auge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122841-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85046642">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938400h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938400h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567549">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="oči"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115639&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525876">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565350605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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