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</a> <ul id="toc-Dorsal_ocelli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stemmata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stemmata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stemmata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stemmata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetic controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocel_(anatomia)" title="Ocel (anatomia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocel (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkt%C3%B8je" title="Punktøje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punktøje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocellus" title="Ocellus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ocellus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_simple" title="Ojo simple – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ojo simple" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چشم ساده در بی‌مهرگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم ساده در بی‌مهرگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelle_(%C5%93il)" title="Ocelle (œil) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ocelle (œil)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollo_simple" title="Ollo simple – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ollo simple" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_sederhana_(invertebrata)" title="Mata sederhana (invertebrata) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata sederhana (invertebrata)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocello" title="Ocello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ocello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="עינית (בעלי חיים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עינית (בעלי חיים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ഓസെല്ലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസെല്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocellus" title="Ocellus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ocellus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkt%C3%B8ye" title="Punktøye – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punktøye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCttoog" title="Lüttoog – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lüttoog" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przyoczko" title="Przyoczko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przyoczko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Simple eye without retina</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ocellus" redirects here. For the light-sensitive structure in dinoflagellates, see <a href="/wiki/Ocelloid" title="Ocelloid">Ocelloid</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ocellus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ocellus (disambiguation)">Ocellus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ocellation" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">Oscillation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ocelli" redirects here. For the eye-like marking, see <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polistes_ocelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Polistes_ocelli.jpg/220px-Polistes_ocelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Polistes_ocelli.jpg/330px-Polistes_ocelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Polistes_ocelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Head of <i><a href="/wiki/Polistes" title="Polistes">Polistes</a></i> with two compound eyes and three ocelli (<i>circled</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>simple eye</b> or <b>ocellus</b> (sometimes called a <b>pigment pit</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> or an optical arrangement which has a single lens without the sort of elaborate <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> that occurs in most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. These eyes are called "simple" to distinguish them from "<a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>", which have multiple lenses. They are not necessarily simple in the sense of being uncomplicated or basic. </p><p>The structure of an animal's eye is determined by the environment in which it lives, and the behavioural tasks it must fulfill to survive. <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> differ widely in the habitats in which they live, as well as their visual requirements for finding food or <a href="/wiki/Conspecifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecifics">conspecifics</a>, and avoiding predators. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">an enormous variety of eye types are found in arthropods</a> to overcome visual problems or limitations. </p><p>Use of the term <i>simple eye</i> is flexible, and must be interpreted in proper context; for example, the eyes of most large animals are <i><a href="/wiki/Eye#Types" title="Eye">camera eyes</a></i> and are sometimes considered "simple" because a single lens collects and focuses an entire image onto the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> (analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>). By other criteria, the presence of a complex retina distinguishes the vertebrate camera eye from the simple <b>stemma</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">ommatidia</a></b> which make up compound eyes. Additionally, not all invertebrate ocelli and ommatidium have simple <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a>. Many have various forms of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinula (page does not exist)">retinula</a></i> (a retina-like cluster of photoreceptor cells), including the ommatidia of most insects and the central eyes of <a href="/wiki/Solifugae" title="Solifugae">camel spiders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">Jumping spiders</a> and some other predatory <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> with seemingly simple eyes also emulate retinal vision in various ways. Many <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> have unambiguously compound eyes consisting of multiple lenses (up to tens of thousands), but achieve an effect similar to that of a camera eye, in that each ommatidium lens focuses light onto a number of neighbouring retinulae. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ocelli_or_eye_spots">Ocelli or eye spots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ocelli or eye spots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">sea stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">ribbonworms</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have the simplest "eyes" – <a href="/wiki/Pigment_spot_ocellus" title="Pigment spot ocellus"><i>pigment spot ocelli</i></a> – which have randomly distributed pigment, and which have no other structure (such as a <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a>). The apparent "eye color" in these animals is red or black.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain groups such as <a href="/wiki/Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a> have more complex eyes, including some with a distinct retina, lens, and cornea.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> also have ocelli, either at the tips or bases of their tentacles.<sup id="cite_ref-ocelli_2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocelli_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other gastropods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Strombidae" title="Strombidae">Strombidae</a>, have much more sophisticated eyes. <a href="/wiki/Giant_clam" title="Giant clam">Giant clams</a> have ocelli that allow light to penetrate their <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simple_eyes_in_arthropods">Simple eyes in arthropods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple eyes in arthropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spider_eyes">Spider eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spider eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spider_vision" title="Spider vision">Spider vision</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clynotis_severus,_AF_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Clynotis_severus%2C_AF_2.jpg/220px-Clynotis_severus%2C_AF_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Clynotis_severus%2C_AF_2.jpg/330px-Clynotis_severus%2C_AF_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Clynotis_severus%2C_AF_2.jpg/440px-Clynotis_severus%2C_AF_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Jumping_spider" title="Jumping spider">jumping spider</a>'s main ocelli (center pair) are very acute. The outer pair are "secondary eyes" and other pairs of secondary eyes are on the sides and top of its head.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasp_ocelli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Wasp_ocelli.JPG/220px-Wasp_ocelli.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Wasp_ocelli.JPG/330px-Wasp_ocelli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Wasp_ocelli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Head of a <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a> with three <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> ocelli (centre), and the upper part of its <a href="/wiki/Compound_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound eyes">compound eyes</a> (left and right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Spiders do not have compound eyes, but instead have several pairs of simple eyes with each pair adapted for a specific task or tasks. The principal and secondary eyes in spiders are arranged in four, or occasionally fewer, pairs. Only the principal eyes have moveable retinas. The secondary eyes have a reflector at the back of the eyes. The light-sensitive part of the receptor cells is next to this, so they get direct and reflected light. In hunting or jumping spiders, for example, a forward-facing pair possesses the best resolution (and even some telescopic ability) to help spot prey from a distance. <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">Nocturnal</a> spiders' eyes are very sensitive in low light levels and are large to capture more light, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f/0.58</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asianopis_subrufa" title="Asianopis subrufa">rufous net-casting spider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dorsal_ocelli">Dorsal ocelli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dorsal ocelli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "ocellus" (plural ocelli) is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oculus" class="extiw" title="wikt:oculus">oculus</a></i></span></i> (eye), and literally means "little eye". In insects, two distinct ocellus types exist:<sup id="cite_ref-Bitsch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitsch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> (top-most) ocelli, and lateral ocelli (often referred to as ocelli and <a href="#Stemmata">stemmata</a>, respectively), most insects have dorsal ocelli while stemmata are found in the larvae of some insect orders. Despite the shared name, they are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals may also be referred to as ocelli, but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of insect dorsal ocelli. </p><p>Dorsal ocelli are light-sensitive organs found on the dorsal surface or frontal surface of the head of many insects, including <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawfly" title="Sawfly">sawflies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> (flies), <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damselfly" title="Damselfly">damselflies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mantodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantodea">Mantodea</a> (mantises). These ocelli coexist with compound eyes; thus, most insects possess two anatomically separate and functionally different visual pathways. </p><p>The number, forms, and functions of the dorsal ocelli vary markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wasps, dragonflies and locusts) where they are typically found as a triplet. Two ocelli are directed to either side of the head, while a central (median) ocellus is directed forwards. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), the median ocellus is absent. The sideways-facing ocelli can be called "lateral ocelli", referring to their direction and position in the triplet, however this is not to be confused with the stemmata of some insect larvae, which are also known as lateral ocelli. </p><p>A dorsal ocellus consists of a lens element (<a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a>) and a layer of photoreceptors (<a href="/wiki/Rod_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod cells">rod cells</a>). The ocellar lens may be strongly curved or flat. The photoreceptor layer may also be separated from the lens by a clear <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous humour">vitreous humour</a>. The number of photoreceptors also varies widely, but may number in the hundreds or thousands for well-developed ocelli. In bees, locusts, and dragonflies, the lens is strongly curved; while in cockroaches it is flat. Locusts possess vitreous humour while blowflies and dragonflies do not. </p><p>Two somewhat unusual features of ocelli are particularly notable and generally common between insect orders. </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Refractive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractive power">refractive power</a> of the lens is not typically sufficient to form an image on the photoreceptor layer, essentially it is out of focus.</li> <li>Dorsal ocelli ubiquitously have massive convergence ratios from first-order (photoreceptor) to second-order neurons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <p>These two factors have led to the conclusion that, with some exceptions in predatory insects, the ocelli are incapable of perceiving proper images and are thus solely suitable for light-metering functions. Given the large aperture and low <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number"><i>f</i>-number</a> of the lens, as well as high convergence ratios and synaptic gains (amplification of photoreceptor signals), the ocelli are generally considered to be far more sensitive to light than the compound eyes. Additionally, given the relatively simple neural arrangement of the eye (small number of <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a> between detector and <a href="/wiki/Effector_cell" title="Effector cell">effector</a>), as well as the extremely large diameter of some ocellar <a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a> (often the largest diameter neurons in the animal's nervous system), the ocelli are typically considered to be "faster" than the compound eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One common theory of ocellar function in flying insects holds that they are used to assist in maintaining flight stability. Given their underfocused nature, wide <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">fields of view</a>, and high light-collecting ability, the ocelli are superbly adapted for measuring changes in the perceived brightness of the external world as an insect rolls or pitches around its body axis during flight. Locusts<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dragonflies<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in tethered flight have been observed to try and "correct" their flight posture based on changes in light. Other theories of ocellar function have ranged from roles as light adaptors or global excitatory organs to polarization sensors and <a href="/wiki/Circadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian">circadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrainers</a>. </p><p>Recent studies have shown the ocelli of some insects (most notably the dragonfly, but also some wasps) are capable of "form vision" similar to camera eyes, as the ocellar lens forms an image within, or close to, the photoreceptor layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Warrant_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warrant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dragonflies it has been demonstrated that the receptive fields of both the photoreceptors<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second-order neurons<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be quite restricted. Further research has demonstrated these eyes not only resolve spatial details of the world, but also perceive motion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-order neurons in the dragonfly median ocellus respond more strongly to upwards-moving bars and gratings than to downwards-moving bars and gratings, but this effect is only present when <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light is used in the stimulus; when ultraviolet light is absent, no directional response is observed. Dragonfly ocelli are especially highly developed and specialised visual organs, which may support the exceptional acrobatic abilities of these animals. </p><p>Research on the ocelli is of high interest to designers of small <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>. Designers of these craft face many of the same challenges that insects face in maintaining stability in a three-dimensional world. Engineers are increasingly taking inspiration from insects to overcome these challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stemmata">Stemmata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stemmata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_(24437675476).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_%2824437675476%29.jpg/220px-Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_%2824437675476%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_%2824437675476%29.jpg/330px-Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_%2824437675476%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_%2824437675476%29.jpg/440px-Small_Magpie_larva_-_Anania_hortulata_%2824437675476%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Moth larva about to moult; the new stemmata are visible behind the old head capsule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg/220px-Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg/330px-Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg/440px-Sawfly_Larva_treegrow_annotated_with_anatomical_terms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>An example of a sawfly larva. It has just a single pair of stemmata, and they are set higher on its head than the position of stemmata on the heads of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopteran</a> larvae.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acherontia_atropos_larva,_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Acherontia_atropos_larva%2C_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg/220px-Acherontia_atropos_larva%2C_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Acherontia_atropos_larva%2C_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg/330px-Acherontia_atropos_larva%2C_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Acherontia_atropos_larva%2C_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg/440px-Acherontia_atropos_larva%2C_anterior_ventral_aspect_IMG_8967s_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>The larva of one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Acherontia_(moth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acherontia (moth)">Acherontia</a></i> species shown here, is typical of the order Lepidoptera. The head of the larva bears more than one pair of stemmata, all of which are set low down and are far more widely placed than the mouthparts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stemmata (singular stemma) are a class of simple eyes. Many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Holometabolous" class="mw-redirect" title="Holometabolous">holometabolous</a> larvae bear no other form of eyes until they enter their final stage of growth. Adults of several orders of <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a> also have stemmata, and never develop compound eyes at all. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thysanura" title="Thysanura">Thysanura</a>. Some other <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>, such as some <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a>, rarely have any eyes other than stemmata at any stage of their lives (exceptions include the large and well-developed compound eyes of the house centipedes, <a href="/wiki/Scutigera" title="Scutigera">Scutigera</a><sup id="cite_ref-Müller_2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Behind each lens of a typical functional stemma lies a single cluster of photoreceptor cells, termed a retinula. The lens is <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Types_of_simple_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">biconvex</a>, and the body of the stemma has a vitreous or crystalline core. </p><p>Although stemmata are simple eyes, some kinds (such as those of the larvae of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> and especially those of <a href="/wiki/Tenthredinidae" title="Tenthredinidae">Tenthredinidae</a>, a family of sawflies) are only "simple" in that they represent immature or embryonic forms of the compound eyes of the adult. They can possess a considerable degree of acuity and sensitivity, and can detect polarized light.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_1974_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_1974-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be optimized for light sensitivity, as opposed to detailed image formation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupal</a> stage, such stemmata develop into fully fledged compound eyes. One feature offering a clue to their <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogenetic</a> role is their lateral position on the head; ocelli, that in other ways resemble stemmata, tend to be borne in sites median to the compound eyes, or nearly so. Among some researchers, this distinction has led to the use of the term "lateral ocelli" for stemmata.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitsch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitsch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg/220px-Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg/330px-Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg/440px-Scolopendra_subspinipes_mutilans_DSC_1429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scolopendra" title="Scolopendra">Scolopendra</a> species (<a href="/wiki/Chilopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilopoda">Chilopoda</a>) with stemmata incompletely aggregated into compound eyes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_controls">Genetic controls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of genetic pathways are responsible for the occurrence and positioning of the ocelli. The gene <a href="/wiki/Orthodenticle" title="Orthodenticle">orthodenticle</a> is allelic to ocelliless, a mutation that stops ocelli from being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Drosophila</i>, the rhodopsin Rh2 is only expressed in simple eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While (in <i>Drosophila</i> at least) the genes eyeless and <a href="/wiki/Dachshund_(gene)" title="Dachshund (gene)">dachshund</a> are both expressed in the compound eye but not the simple eye, no reported 'developmental' genes are uniquely expressed in the simple eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Epidermal growth factor receptor (<i>Egfr</i>) promotes the expression of orthodenticle and possibly eyes absent (<i>Eya</i>) and as such is essential for simple eye formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedrich2006_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">Mollusc eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelloid" title="Ocelloid">Ocelloid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83088-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Vision&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83088-1&rft.aulast=Warrant&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Dan-Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780521830881%26ss%3Dfro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+eye+in+invertebrates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_eye_in_invertebrates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2006" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, John R. (5 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716084622/http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/photo.html">"Photoreceptors"</a>. Department of Entomology. <i>cals.ncsu.edu</i>. Ent 425 (General Entomology) course tutorial. <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/photo.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cals.ncsu.edu&rft.atitle=Photoreceptors&rft.date=2006-03-05&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cals.ncsu.edu%2Fcourse%2Fent425%2Ftutorial%2Fphoto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+eye+in+invertebrates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Vision in fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_vision" title="Mammalian vision">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_vision" title="Equine vision">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy#Vision" title="Dog anatomy">dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses#Sight" title="Cat senses">cats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish surveying its world"><img alt="Fish surveying its world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/140px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/210px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/280px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eyes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_eye" title="Eagle eye">Eagle eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">Eye shine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">Mammalian eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">Mollusc eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod eye">gastropod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holochroal_eye" title="Holochroal eye">Holochroal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizochroal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizochroal eye">Schizochroal eye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Evolution of color vision in primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coloration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">coincident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness_in_animals" title="Blindness in animals">Blindness in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocular_deprivation" title="Monocular deprivation">Monocular deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">Ommatidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_(bone)" title="Palpebral (bone)">Palpebral (bone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopupil" title="Pseudopupil">Pseudopupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalium" title="Rhopalium">Rhopalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" 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