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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-dynastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-dynastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-dynastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-dynastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liao_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liao_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Liao dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liao_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language and writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khitan people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شعب الخيتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الخيتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitans" title="Khitans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Khitans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%A1n" title="Kitán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kitán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitaylar" title="Xitaylar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xitaylar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خیتای‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خیتای‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A8-tan-l%C3%A2ng" title="Khè-tan-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khè-tan-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кидандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кидандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Кідані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кідані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кидани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кидани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan" title="Khitan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khitan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitani" title="Kitani – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kitani" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan" title="Khitan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khitan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitan" title="Kitan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kitan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%A1n" title="Kitán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kitán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4itanoj" title="Ĥitanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥitanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan" title="Khitan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khitan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مردم خیتان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم خیتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitans" title="Khitans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khitans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌺𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khie-t%C3%A2n-ng%C3%ACn" title="Khie-tân-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khie-tân-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%80" title="거란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="ख़ितानी लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख़ितानी लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Khitan" title="Orang Khitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Khitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კიდანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიდანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Қидан патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қидан патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathaini" title="Cathaini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cathaini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidaniai" title="Kidaniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kidaniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajok" title="Kitajok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kitajok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC" title="ഖിറ്റൻ വംശജർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖിറ്റൻ വംശജർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="खितान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खितान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Khitan" title="Orang Khitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Khitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Киданчууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Киданчууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitan" title="Kitan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kitan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9" title="契丹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="契丹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitanerne" title="Khitanerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khitanerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidonlar" title="Kidonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kidonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ختانی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ختانی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanowie" title="Kitanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kitanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitais" title="Quitais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quitais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кидани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кидани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khitan people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitani" title="Kitani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خیتان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خیتان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кидани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кидани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidan_(narod)" title="Kidan (narod) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kidan (narod)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaanit" title="Kitaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kitaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitaner" title="Khitaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khitaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கிதான் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிதான் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวคีตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวคีตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мардуми Хитон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мардуми Хитон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1taylar" title="Hıtaylar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hıtaylar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Кидані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кидані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Khi%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90an" title="Người Khiết Đan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Khiết Đan" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Khitan people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MongolHuntersSong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/220px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/330px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MongolHuntersSong.jpg/440px-MongolHuntersSong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="669" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Depiction of Khitans by Hugui (胡瓌, 9th/10th century), <a href="/wiki/Eagle_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle hunting">hunting with eagles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a><br /> Minorities: <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengriism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengriism">Tengriism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manchuria" title="Category:History of Manchuria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchuria" title="History of Manchuria">History of <span class="fn org label">Manchuria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/100px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/150px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/200px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient to Classical period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan (Warring States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Yan (Three Kingdoms)">Yan (Three Kingdoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Sima Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval to Early Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Xingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Ming rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Korean invasion of Manchuria">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dalian" title="Russian Dalian">Russian Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fengtian_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengtian Clique">Fengtian Clique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template talk:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Khitan people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khita-i_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khita-i_small.png/50px-Khita-i_small.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khita-i_small.png/75px-Khita-i_small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Khita-i_small.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="46" /></a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:契丹">契丹</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qìdān</span></i>) were a Mongol<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historical <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomadic people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a> who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. </p><p>As a people descended from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">proto-Mongols</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khitans spoke the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic language</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitan people founded and led the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (916–1125), which dominated a vast area of Siberia, Mongolia and Northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The Khitans of the Liao dynasty used two independent writing systems for their language: <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a>. </p><p>After the fall of the Liao dynasty in 1125 following the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)#Rise_of_the_Jin_and_fall_of_the_Liao" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen invasion</a>, many Khitans followed <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a>'s group westward to establish the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> or Western Liao dynasty, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, which lasted nearly a century before falling to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1218. Other regimes founded by the Khitans included the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a> in China, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty</a> in Persia. The modern-day <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur people</a>, a recognized minority ethnic group in Northeast China, are the genetic descendants of Khitans.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> name for China, <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>, originates from the word Khitan. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no consensus on the etymology of the name of Khitan. There are basically three speculations. Feng Jiasheng argues that it comes from the <a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> chieftains' names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20057_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20057-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao Zhenji thinks that the term originated from <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and means "a place where Xianbei had resided". <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otagi_Matsuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otagi Matsuo (page does not exist)">Otagi Matsuo</a> believes that Khitan's original name was "Xidan", which means "the people who are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Xi people</a>" or "the people who inhabit among the Xi people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20058–9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20058–9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khitans_eating,_tomb_mural,_Chifeng_city,_Inner_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/220px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/330px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg/440px-Khitans_eating%2C_tomb_mural%2C_Chifeng_city%2C_Inner_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Khitans eating. Tomb mural, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the dominance of the Khitans during the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in Manchuria and Mongolia and later the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> in Central Asia where they were seen as Chinese, the term "Khitai" came to mean "China" to people near them in Central Asia, Russia and northwestern China. The name was then introduced to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> via Islamic and Russian sources, and became "<a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>". In the modern era, words related to Khitay are still used as a <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">name for China</a> by Turkic peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and areas adjoining it, and by some Slavic peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> consider the ethnonym derived from <i>Khitay</i> as applied to them by the Uyghurs to be pejorative and the Chinese government has tried to ban its use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr201543_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr201543-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_(13969751709).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_%2813969751709%29.jpg/220px-Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_%2813969751709%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_%2813969751709%29.jpg/330px-Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_%2813969751709%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_%2813969751709%29.jpg/440px-Liao_Stone_Tomb_Mural_%2813969751709%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> tomb relief of Khitans and their baggage cart</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans" title="History of the Khitans">History of the Khitans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Khitans" title="Timeline of the Khitans">Timeline of the Khitans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_myth">Origin myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i> compiled in the 14th century, a "sacred man" (<i>shen-ren</i>) on a white horse had eight sons with a "heavenly woman" (<i>tiannü</i>) who rode in a cart pulled by a grey ox. The man came from the Tu River (Lao Ha river in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>) and the woman from the Huang River (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Xar_Moron" class="mw-redirect" title="Xar Moron">Xar Moron</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>). The pair met where the two rivers join, and the eight sons born of their union became eight tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson2012124_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2012124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-dynastic">Pre-dynastic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-dynastic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg/220px-Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg/330px-Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg/440px-Liao_Dynasty_in_1025.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in 1025</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest written reference to the Khitan is from an official history of the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei dynasty</a> dating to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a>. Most scholars believe the Khitan tribe splintered from the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, and some scholars believe they may have been a mixed group who also included former members of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> tribal confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESan2014233_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESan2014233-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201361–62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201361–62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitan shaved their heads, leaving hair on their temples which grew down to the chest, in a similar fashion to the related <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>, and Xianbei whom they are believed to be descended from.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their early history the Khitan were composed of eight tribes. Their territory was between the present-day <a href="/wiki/Xar_Moron_River" title="Xar Moron River">Xar Moron River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang, Liaoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung2013144_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung2013144-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitan's territory bordered <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a>, and the lands of the Eastern Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201238_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201238-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 6th and 9th centuries, they were successively dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitans were less politically united than the Turkic tribes, but often found themselves involved in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">power games</a> between the Turks and the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> and Tang dynasties. It is estimated the Khitans had only around 43,000 soldiers – a fraction of the Turkic Khaganates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201238_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201238-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 605, the Khitans raided the Sui dynasty, but the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> was able to convince the Turks to send 20,000 horsemen to aid Sui against the Khitans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200164_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200164-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 628, under the leadership of tribal chief Dahe Moui, the Khitan submitted to the Tang dynasty, as they had earlier submitted to the Eastern Turks. The <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> of the Eastern Turks, <a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Jiali Khan</a>, offered to exchange the rebel <a href="/wiki/Liang_Shidu" title="Liang Shidu">Liang Shidu</a> for the Khitans, but <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> would not agree to the exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung2013144_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung2013144-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Wu">Empress Wu</a>, nearly one century later, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> raided along northern China's borderlands. The Tang Empress, in what scholars consider a major strategic error, formed an ill-fated alliance with the Turkic leader <a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a> to punish the Khitan for raiding <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei province</a>. Khitan territory was much closer to northern <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> than Turkic lands, and the Turks used it to launch their own raids into Hebei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201248_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201248-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a>, the Khitan remained an intermediate power along the borderlands through the 7th and 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201239_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201239-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitans rose to prominence in a power vacuum that developed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a> takeover of the Uyghur Khaganate, and the collapse of the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201362_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201362-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liao_dynasty">Liao dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liao dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg/220px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg/330px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg/440px-%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B_%E5%82%B3%E9%99%B3%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD_%E8%83%A1%E9%A8%8E%E6%98%A5%E7%8D%B5%E5%9C%96_%E5%9C%98%E6%89%87-Nomads_hunting_with_falcons_MET_DP153514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3615" /></a><figcaption>Khitan falconers in a painting by Chen Juzhong, early 13th c.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg/440px-%E9%A8%8E%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khitans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Khitans.jpg/220px-Khitans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Khitans.jpg/330px-Khitans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Khitans.jpg/440px-Khitans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>Khitan horsemen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_circuits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liao_circuits.png/220px-Liao_circuits.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liao_circuits.png/330px-Liao_circuits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Liao_circuits.png/440px-Liao_circuits.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in 1111 AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Liao.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/220px-Western_Liao.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/330px-Western_Liao.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Western_Liao.png/440px-Western_Liao.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> empire in 1169 at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KhitanMural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/220px-KhitanMural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/330px-KhitanMural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KhitanMural.jpg/440px-KhitanMural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Mural from <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> depicting young Khitan boys and girls</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji">Abaoji</a>, who had been successful in uniting the Khitan tribes, founded the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in 907. The Liao territory included modern day northern and northeastern China, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia and Siberia. Although transition to an imperial social and political organization was a significant change for the Khitans, the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a>, origin myth, shamanic religion and nomadic <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> endured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China was in chaos after the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Wudai_Shiguo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudai Shiguo">Wudai Shiguo period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties">Five Dynasties</a> ruled northern China in rapid succession with only nominal support from the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a> of southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201363_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tang dynasty had been supported by <a href="/wiki/Shatuo_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatuo Turks">Shatuo Turks</a> until <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> murdered the last Tang emperor and founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> dynasty. The Shatuo Turks, who had been allied with the Khitans since 905, defeated the Later Liang and founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> dynasty in 923, but by 926 the former allies had grown apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 934 <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, Abaoji's son, wrote to his brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a> from the Later Tang court: "<a href="/wiki/Li_Cong_Ke" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Cong Ke">Li Cong Ke</a> has slain his <a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">liege-lord</a>, why not attack him?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201324_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201324-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 936, the Khitans supported <a href="/wiki/Shi_Jing_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Jing Tang">Shi Jing Tang</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s rebellion against the Later Tang Emperor Li Cong Ke. Shi Jing Tang became emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> dynasty and, in exchange for their support, the Khitans gained sixteen new <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)">prefectures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung201322_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung201322-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Later Jin dynasty remained a vassal of the Khitans until the death of Shi Jing Tang in 942, but when the new emperor ascended, he indicated that he would not honor his predecessor's arrangement. The Khitans launched a military invasion against the Later Jin in 944. In January 947, the Emperor of the Later Jin dynasty surrendered to the Khitans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung201323–27_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung201323–27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitan emperor left the conquered city of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> and unexpectedly died from an illness while travelling in May 947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201329–30_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201329–30-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> and the Khitans were hostile after the Khitans destroyed <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>. Goryeo would not recognize the Liao dynasty and supported the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, which had formed south of the Khitans' territory. Though the Khitans would have preferred to attack China, they invaded Goryeo in 993. Khitan forces failed to advance beyond the <a href="/wiki/Chongchon_River" title="Chongchon River">Chongchon River</a> and were persuaded to withdraw, though Khitan dissatisfaction with Goryeo's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> prompted a second invasion in 1010. This time the Khitans, led by their emperor, sacked the capital city <a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a>. A third and final invasion in 1018 was repelled by Goryeo's forces, bringing an end to 30 years of war between the rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim200557–58_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim200557–58-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liao dynasty proved to be a significant power north of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese plain">Chinese plain</a>, continuously moving south and west, gaining control over former Chinese and Turk-Uyghur territories. In 1005 <a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a> was signed, and peace remained between the Liao dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> for the next 120 years. During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Emperor Daozong of Liao</a>, corruption was a major problem and prompted dissatisfaction among many people, including the Jurchens. The Liao dynasty eventually fell to the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty,_1115%E2%80%931234" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty, 1115–1234">Jin dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> in 1125, who defeated and absorbed the Khitans to their military benefit. The Khitans considered the <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongols</a> as their last hope when the Liao dynasty was invaded by the Jin, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> Empires. </p><p>To defend against the Jurchens and Khitans, a <a href="/wiki/Long_Wall_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Wall of Korea">Long Wall</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> in 1033–1034, along with many border forts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth201086_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth201086-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the causes of the Jurchen rebellion and the fall of the Liao was the <a href="/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur#Europe" title="Droit du seigneur">custom</a> of raping married Jurchen women by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by the Khitans was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution – giving female companions, food and shelter to guests – was common among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the fall of the Liao dynasty, a number of the Khitan nobility escaped the area westwards towards <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>, establishing the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> or Western Liao dynasty. After its fall, a small part under <a href="/wiki/Buraq_Hajib" title="Buraq Hajib">Buraq Hajib</a> established a local dynasty in the southern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kirman</a>. These Khitans were absorbed by the local Turkic and Iranian populations, <a href="/wiki/Islamized" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamized">Islamized</a> and left no influence behind them. As the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a> is still almost completely unintelligible, it is difficult to create a detailed history of their movements. </p><p>During the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a> had a large impact on shifting ethnic identities in the region. Most people of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> did not retain their pre-Mongol identities after the conquests. The Khitans were scattered across Eurasia and assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the early 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2017152–181_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2017152–181-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, in 1216 the Khitans invaded Goryeo and won several battles, even reaching the gates of the capital, but were defeated by Goryeo General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Chwi-ryeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Chwi-ryeo (page does not exist)">Kim Chwi-ryeo</a> who pushed them back north to <a href="/wiki/Pyongan_Province" title="Pyongan Province">Pyongan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the remaining Khitans were finished off by Goryeo forces in 1219.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthall2013177_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthall2013177-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1984148_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984148-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/800px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/1200px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png/1600px-Rest_Stop_for_the_Khan.png 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><i>Zhuoxie tu</i>, a 10th-century painting of a rest stop for a Khitan khan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_writing_systems">Language and writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language and writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg/170px-Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg/255px-Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg/340px-Da_Jin_huang_di_dutong_jingl%C3%BCe_langjun_xingji_%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%9A%87%E5%BC%9F%E9%83%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%95%A5%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A8%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Inscription on the <i>Da Jin huangdi dutong jinglüe langjun xingji</i> stele, in both <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a> (lower right) and Chinese (lower left).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Khitan language is now extinct. Some scholars believe that Khitan is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a>, while others have suggested that it is a <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Mongolic">Para-Mongolic</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen20144_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen20144-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khitan has loanwords borrowed from the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a> language<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200334_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200334-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two writing systems for the Khitan language, known as the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">large script</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">small script</a>. These were functionally independent and appear to have been used simultaneously in the Liao dynasty. They were in use for some time after the fall of that dynasty. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on <a href="/wiki/Epitaphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitaphs">epitaphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments">monuments</a>, although other fragments sometimes surface. The Khitan scripts have not been fully <a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">deciphered</a> and more research and discoveries will be necessary for a proficient understanding of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996230–234_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996230–234-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara198719–23_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara198719–23-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nomadic Khitans originally engaged in <a href="/wiki/Stockbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbreeding">stockbreeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looting Chinese villages and towns as well as neighboring tribes was also a helpful source of <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, Chinese handicrafts, and food, especially in times of famine. Under the influence of China, and following the administrative need for a sedentary administration, the Khitans began to engage in farming, <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cultivation">cultivation</a> and the building of cities. Unlike the Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> farmers, who cultivated <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and sorghum <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, the Khitan farmers cultivated <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicled</a> millet. The ruling class of the Liao dynasty still undertook hunting campaigns in late summer in the tradition of their ancestors. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Khitans returned to a more nomadic life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/150px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/225px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg/300px-The_Fugong_Temple_Wooden_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Fogong_Temple" title="Pagoda of Fogong Temple">Pagoda of Fogong Temple</a>, built in 1056.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Khitans practiced <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> in which animals played an important role. Hunters offered a sacrifice to the spirit of the animal they were hunting and wore a pelt from the same animal during the hunt. There were festivals to mark the catching of the first fish and wild goose, and annual sacrifices of animals to the sky, earth, ancestors, mountains, rivers, and others. Every male member of the Khitan would sacrifice a white horse, white sheep, and white goose during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a Khitan nobleman died, burnt offerings were sacrificed at the full and new moons. The body was exposed for three years in the mountains, after which the bones would be cremated. The Khitan believed that the souls of the dead rested at a place called the Black Mountain, near <a href="/wiki/Rehe_Province" title="Rehe Province">Rehe Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232–33_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232–33-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khitan tents always faced east, and they revered the sun, but the moon did not have a large role in their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201234_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201234-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also practiced a form of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> where they went to war if the shoulder blade of a white sheep cracked while being heated (<a href="/wiki/Scapulimancy" title="Scapulimancy">scapulimancy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khitan women hunted, rode horses and practiced <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>. They did not practice <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a>, which started becoming popular among the Han during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. The Khitan practiced polygamy and generally preferred marriage within the tribe, but it was not unknown for an Emperor to take wives from other groups, such as the Han, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon2013272_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon2013272-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG/220px-A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG/330px-A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG/440px-A_Kara-Khitan_man.JPG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> depiction of a Kara-Khitan man, from <i><a href="/wiki/Sancai_Tuhui" title="Sancai Tuhui">Sancai Tuhui</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2015 study postulated that Khitan males may have belonged to haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)">C3c</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">N1</a>, based on the distribution of these haplogroups in modern-day Eastern and Central Asian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study published in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a> analyzed the DNA of 3 Khitan burials from <a href="/wiki/Bulgan_Province" title="Bulgan Province">Bulgan Province</a>, located in Northern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. The Khitan burials were found to be of predominantly Northeast Asian origin, with less than 10% West Eurasian ancestry. The two male specimens belonged to the <a href="/wiki/West_Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Eurasian">West Eurasian</a> paternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J2</a>. All three specimens carried maternal haplogroups associated with <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a>, including haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">A24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D4</a> and haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Y_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup Y (mtDNA)">Y1</a>. During the Khitan and Mongol empires, a male bias for East-Asian related ancestry is observed in the eastern steppe region.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two studies found evidence of Khitan mtDNA ancestry in modern-day people of the Daur ethnicity. This was one of the most significant findings of ethnic studies in China.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of 100,000 descendants are found in some <a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province, near Myanmar. These people with surnames of A., Mang and Jiang claim to be descendants of Khitans rather than Blang people or Yi people.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guard,_Fresco,_Liao_Dynasty,_Chifeng_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of a Khitan man"><img alt="Fresco of a Khitan man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/51px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/76px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg/102px-Guard%2C_Fresco%2C_Liao_Dynasty%2C_Chifeng_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of a Khitan man</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khitans holding wrapped up banners, maces, and drums"><img alt="Khitans holding wrapped up banners, maces, and drums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg/106px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg/158px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg/211px-Zhangfangshan_Liao_tomb_mural_H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="3937" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khitans holding wrapped up banners, maces, and drums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khitan mace man"><img alt="Khitan mace man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg/78px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg/117px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg/156px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3081" data-file-height="4745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khitan mace man</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halahaicheng tomb mural"><img alt="Halahaicheng tomb mural" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg/80px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg/120px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg/159px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3065" data-file-height="4609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Halahaicheng tomb mural</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halahaicheng tomb mural"><img alt="Halahaicheng tomb mural" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg/78px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg/117px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg/156px-Halahaichang_Liao_tomb_mural_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3049" data-file-height="4689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Halahaicheng tomb mural</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking,_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cooks"><img alt="Cooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooking%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/91px-Cooking%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooking%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/136px-Cooking%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooking%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/181px-Cooking%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cooks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Going_out,_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mural from tomb in Aohan, Liao dynasty"><img alt="Mural from tomb in Aohan, Liao dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Going_out%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/120px-Going_out%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Going_out%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/180px-Going_out%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Going_out%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/240px-Going_out%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mural from tomb in Aohan, Liao dynasty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_leading,_mural(part)_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hairstyle"><img alt="Hairstyle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/85px-Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/128px-Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/171px-Horse_leading%2C_mural%28part%29_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hairstyle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_drinks,_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aohan tomb of men preparing drinks"><img alt="Aohan tomb of men preparing drinks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Preparing_drinks%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/92px-Preparing_drinks%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Preparing_drinks%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/138px-Preparing_drinks%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Preparing_drinks%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/184px-Preparing_drinks%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aohan tomb of men preparing drinks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_for_hunting,_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan,_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hunters"><img alt="Hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/98px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/148px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg/197px-Preparing_for_hunting%2C_mural_from_Tomb_in_Aohan%2C_Liao_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hunters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_(14153112351).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khitan women, painted on wood."><img alt="Khitan women, painted on wood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_%2814153112351%29.jpg/80px-Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_%2814153112351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_%2814153112351%29.jpg/120px-Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_%2814153112351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_%2814153112351%29.jpg/160px-Liao_Painted_Wood_Panel_%2814153112351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khitan women, painted on wood.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_(%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women"><img alt="Women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/120px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/180px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/240px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%84%E9%8C%A6%E5%9C%97%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_(%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women"><img alt="Women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/120px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/180px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/240px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_(%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman"><img alt="Woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_%28%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%29.jpg/70px-Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_%28%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_%28%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%29.jpg/105px-Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_%28%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_%28%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%29.jpg/140px-Liao_Dynasty_Fresco_of_a_Woman_from_Pao-shan_Tomb_%28%E5%AF%B6%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Liao dynasty funerary mask and crown"><img alt="Liao dynasty funerary mask and crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG/90px-Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG/135px-Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG/180px-Mus%C3%A9e_Cernuschi_-_gilded_head.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Funerary_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary mask">funerary mask</a> and crown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the Yixian glazed pottery luohans at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, created in the 12th century during the Liao dynasty."><img alt="One of the Yixian glazed pottery luohans at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, created in the 12th century during the Liao dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/102px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/154px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg/205px-LiaoDynastySancaiLuohanCirca1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the <a href="/wiki/Yixian_glazed_pottery_luohans" title="Yixian glazed pottery luohans">Yixian glazed pottery luohans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, created in the 12th century during the Liao dynasty.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans" title="History of the Khitans">History of the Khitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Khitan_rulers" title="List of Khitan rulers">List of Khitan rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao dynasty)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol mythology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIver_B._Neumann,_Einar_Wigen2018" class="citation book cs1">Iver B. Neumann, Einar Wigen (2018). <i>The Steppe Tradition in International Relations: Russians, ..</i>. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steppe+Tradition+in+International+Relations%3A+Russians%2C+...&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Iver+B.+Neumann%2C+Einar+Wigen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiasociety.org/education/chinas-liao-dynasty">"China's Liao Dynasty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Society" title="Asia Society">Asia Society</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Society&rft.atitle=China%27s+Liao+Dynasty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Feducation%2Fchinas-liao-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Elina-Qian (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/19205">Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan</a></i>. University of Helsinki. p. 99. quote: "According to Gai Zhiyong's study, Jishou is identical with Qishou, the earliest ancestor of the Khitan; and Shihuai is identical to Tanshihuai, the Xianbei supreme chief in the period of the Eastern Han (25–220). Therefore, from the sentence "His ancestor was Jish[ou] who was derived from Shihuai" in the above inscription, it can be simply seen that the Khitan originated from the Xianbei. Since the excavated inscription on memorial tablet can be regarded as a firsthand historical source, this piece of information is quite reliable."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janhunen, Juha (2006). "Para-Mongolic". In Janhunen, Juha (ed.). <i>The Mongolic Languages</i>. Routledge. p. 393 of pp. 391–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Jinhui2001" class="citation news cs1">Li Jinhui (2 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/16896.htm">"DNA Match Solves Ancient Mystery"</a>. <i>china.org.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=DNA+Match+Solves+Ancient+Mystery&rft.date=2001-08-02&rft.au=Li+Jinhui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2001%2FAug%2F16896.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20057-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20057_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20058–9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20058–9_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr201543-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr201543_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarr2015">Starr 2015</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2012124-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson2012124_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayson2012">Grayson 2012</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESan2014233-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESan2014233_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSan2014">San 2014</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201361–62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201361–62_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_C._TwitchettHerbert_FrankeJohn_King_Fairbank1994" class="citation book cs1">Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA818"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.au=Denis+C.+Twitchett&rft.au=Herbert+Franke&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC%26pg%3DPA818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung2013144-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung2013144_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung2013144_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHung2013">Hung 2013</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201238-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201238_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201238_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2017153_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2017">Biran 2017</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200164-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200164_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2001">Cohen 2001</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201248-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201248_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff201239-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff201239_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201362-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201362_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201363-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201363_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMote200312–13_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201324-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201324_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudbridge2013">Dudbridge 2013</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung201322-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung201322_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHung2013">Hung 2013</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung201323–27-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHung201323–27_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHung2013">Hung 2013</a>, pp. 23–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201329–30-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudbridge201329–30_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudbridge2013">Dudbridge 2013</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim200557–58-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim200557–58_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth201086-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth201086_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeth2010">Seth 2010</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman1995" class="citation book cs1">Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdYGiGan4o8C&pg=PA27"><i>China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History</i></a> (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791422739" title="Special:BookSources/0791422739"><bdi>0791422739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Under+Jurchen+Rule%3A+Essays+on+Chin+Intellectual+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0791422739&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Hoyt+Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdYGiGan4o8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanciotti1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQAqAAAAYAAJ&q=%22guest+prostitution+means+that+the+host+provides%22"><i>La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana</i></a>. Civiltà veneziana: Studi (in Italian). Vol. 36. Fondazione "Giorgio Cini". L. S. Olschki. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8822229398" title="Special:BookSources/8822229398"><bdi>8822229398</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0069-438X">0069-438X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+donna+nella+Cina+imperiale+e+nella+Cina+repubblicana&rft.series=Civilt%C3%A0+veneziana%3A+Studi&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=L.+S.+Olschki&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0069-438X&rft.isbn=8822229398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQAqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522guest%2Bprostitution%2Bmeans%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bhost%2Bprovides%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranke1983" class="citation book cs1">Franke, Herbert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onbiqV5iqVAC&pg=PA136">"FIVE Sung Embassies: Some General Observations"</a>. In Rossabi, Moris (ed.). <i>China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</i> (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520043839" title="Special:BookSources/0520043839"><bdi>0520043839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FIVE+Sung+Embassies%3A+Some+General+Observations&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0520043839&rft.aulast=Franke&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonbiqV5iqVAC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanciotti1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQAqAAAAYAAJ&q=%22particularly+of+the+upper+classes%22"><i>La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana</i></a>. Civiltà veneziana: Studi (in Italian). Vol. 36. Fondazione "Giorgio Cini". L. S. Olschki. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8822229398" title="Special:BookSources/8822229398"><bdi>8822229398</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0069-438X">0069-438X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+donna+nella+Cina+imperiale+e+nella+Cina+repubblicana&rft.series=Civilt%C3%A0+veneziana%3A+Studi&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=L.+S.+Olschki&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0069-438X&rft.isbn=8822229398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQAqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522particularly%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bupper%2Bclasses%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToh2005" class="citation book cs1">Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA34"><i>Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics</i></a>. Aetas Manjurica. Vol. 10. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34, 35, 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3447051965" title="Special:BookSources/3447051965"><bdi>3447051965</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0931-282X">0931-282X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+a+Genealogy+of+the+Niohuru+Clan%3A+With+Introductory+Remarks+on+Manchu+Onomastics&rft.series=Aetas+Manjurica&rft.pages=34%2C+35%2C+36&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0931-282X&rft.isbn=3447051965&rft.aulast=Toh&rft.aufirst=Hoong+Teik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSNMGosP0cAC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToh2005" class="citation book cs1">Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA31"><i>Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics</i></a>. Aetas Manjurica. Vol. 10. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3447051965" title="Special:BookSources/3447051965"><bdi>3447051965</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0931-282X">0931-282X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+a+Genealogy+of+the+Niohuru+Clan%3A+With+Introductory+Remarks+on+Manchu+Onomastics&rft.series=Aetas+Manjurica&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0931-282X&rft.isbn=3447051965&rft.aulast=Toh&rft.aufirst=Hoong+Teik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSNMGosP0cAC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2017152–181-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2017152–181_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2017">Biran 2017</a>, pp. 152–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0010816">"Kim Chwi-ryeo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=Kim+Chwi-ryeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FIndex%3Fcontents_id%3DE0010816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%BD%E5%8F%B2103%E5%8D%B7"><bdi lang="zh">高麗史</bdi></a> [<i>Goryeosa (History of Goryeo)</i>] (in Literary Chinese). Vol. 103<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 2016. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe116">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe116</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldick2012">Baldick 2012</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232–33-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201232–33_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldick2012">Baldick 2012</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick201234-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick201234_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldick2012">Baldick 2012</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon2013272-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon2013272_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2013">McMahon 2013</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettHerbert_FrankeJohn_King_Fairbank1978" class="citation book cs1">Twitchett, Denis C.; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1978). <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and..</i>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and...&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis+C.&rft.au=Herbert+Franke&rft.au=John+King+Fairbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalaresquePouletCussat-BlancGerard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Balaresque, Patricia; Poulet, Nicolas; Cussat-Blanc, Sylvain; Gerard, Patrice; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Heyer, Evelyne; Jobling, Mark A (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4430317">"Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>23</b> (10): 1413–1422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.285">10.1038/ejhg.2014.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4430317">4430317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25585703">25585703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+descent+clusters+and+male+differential+reproductive+success%3A+young+lineage+expansions+dominate+Asian+pastoral+nomadic+populations&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1413-1422&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4430317%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25585703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.285&rft.aulast=Balaresque&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Poulet%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Cussat-Blanc%2C+Sylvain&rft.au=Gerard%2C+Patrice&rft.au=Quintana-Murci%2C+Lluis&rft.au=Heyer%2C+Evelyne&rft.au=Jobling%2C+Mark+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4430317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span> ""The signal of expansion spreads from East to West (from Mongolia to the Caspian Sea), as DC1 has its source in Inner Mongolia (hgC3[xC3c]), DC8 in the Oroqen (hgC3c) and DC10 in the Hezhe (hgN1)." [...] "Interestingly, the westward directions of expansions DC8 and DC10, their potential sources in northeast China, their geographic extents from China to Karakalpakia, and also the Altai-speaking populations associated with them, could also indicate involvement of the Imperial or elite lineages associated with the Khitan Empire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ke&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Shevan&rft.au=Taylor%2C+William+Timothy+Treal&rft.au=Miller%2C+Bryan+K.&rft.au=Bemmann%2C+Jan+H.&rft.au=Stahl%2C+Raphaela&rft.au=Chiovelli%2C+Chelsea&rft.au=Knolle%2C+Florian&rft.au=Ulziibayar%2C+Sodnom&rft.au=Khatanbaatar%2C+Dorjpurev&rft.au=Erdenebaatar%2C+Diimaajav&rft.au=Erdenebat%2C+Ulambayar&rft.au=Ochir%2C+Ayudai&rft.au=Ankhsanaa%2C+Ganbold&rft.au=Vanchigdash%2C+Chuluunkhuu&rft.au=Ochir%2C+Battuga&rft.au=Munkhbayar%2C+Chuluunbat&rft.au=Tumen%2C+Dashzeveg&rft.au=Kovalev%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Kradin%2C+Nikolay&rft.au=Bazarov%2C+Bilikto+A.&rft.au=Miyagashev%2C+Denis+A.&rft.au=Konovalov%2C+Prokopiy+B.&rft.au=Zhambaltarova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Miller%2C+Alicia+Ventresca&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Schiffels%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Erdene%2C+Myagmar&rft.au=Hendy%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Warinner%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span> "Our study includes three Khitan individuals (ZAA003, ZAA005, ULA001) from Bulgan province, all of whom have a strongly eastern Eurasian genetic profile (Figure 2), with <10% west Eurasian ancestry (Figures 3F and and4B;4B; Table S5I). This may reflect the northeastern Asian origin of the Mongolic-speaking Khitan, but a larger sample size is required to adequately characterize the genetic profile of Khitan populations within Mongolia." Haplogroup information found in Table S2, S2C_SexHaplogroups, Supplementary Materials.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangYuShiLi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chi-Zao; Yu, Xue-Er; Shi, Mei-Sen; Li, Hui; Ma, Shu-Hua (18 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9118598">"Whole mitochondrial genome analysis of the Daur ethnic minority from Hulunbuir in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China"</a>. <i>BMC Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-022-02019-4">10.1186/s12862-022-02019-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2730-7182">2730-7182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9118598">9118598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35585500">35585500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Whole+mitochondrial+genome+analysis+of+the+Daur+ethnic+minority+from+Hulunbuir+in+the+Inner+Mongolia+Autonomous+Region+of+China&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9118598%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2730-7182&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35585500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-022-02019-4&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chi-Zao&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xue-Er&rft.au=Shi%2C+Mei-Sen&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rft.au=Ma%2C+Shu-Hua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9118598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span>"Two early genetic studies established a certain genetic relationship between the modern Daur group and the ancient Khitan, which is one of the most significant findings of ethnic studies in China [15, 16]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Jinhui2001" class="citation web cs1">Li Jinhui (8 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/16896.htm">"DNA Match Solves Ancient Mystery"</a>. <i>China.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China.org.cn&rft.atitle=DNA+Match+Solves+Ancient+Mystery&rft.date=2001-02-08&rft.au=Li+Jinhui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2001%2FAug%2F16896.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitan_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, E. N. (2014). <i>Food and Environment in Early and Medieval China</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9009-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-9009-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Environment+in+Early+and+Medieval+China&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9009-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=E.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2012" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Julian (2012). <i>Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7165-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7165-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-7165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+and+Shaman%3A+Ancient+Religions+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7165-5&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2017" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824847890/9780824847890-010/9780824847890-010.xml?rskey=cGiomf&result=20">"7. The Mongols and Nomadic Identity: The Case of the Kitans in China"</a>. <i>Nomads as Agents of Cultural ChangeThe Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors</i>. Berlin, Boston: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4789-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-4789-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+The+Mongols+and+Nomadic+Identity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Kitans+in+China&rft.btitle=Nomads+as+Agents+of+Cultural+ChangeThe+Mongols+and+Their+Eurasian+Predecessors&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-4789-0&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbooks%2F9780824847890%2F9780824847890-010%2F9780824847890-010.xml%3Frskey%3DcGiomf%26result%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2001" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (2001). <i>East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50251-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 230–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=230-234&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudbridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Dudbridge, Glen (2013). <i>A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880-956)</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164967-7"><bdi>978-0-19-164967-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Five+Dynasties+China%3A+From+the+Memoirs+of+Wang+Renyu+%28880-956%29&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-164967-7&rft.aulast=Dudbridge&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthall2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2013). <i>Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. Vol. I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-60651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-60651-2"><bdi>978-1-133-60651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Modern+East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-133-60651-2&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kara, György (1987). "On the Khitan Writing Systems". <i>Mongolian Studies</i>: 19–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolian+Studies&rft.atitle=On+the+Khitan+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHung2013" class="citation book cs1">Hung, Hing Ming (2013). <i>Li Shi Min, Founding the Tang Dynasty: The Strategies that Made China the Greatest Empire in Asia</i>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-980-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-980-3"><bdi>978-0-87586-980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Li+Shi+Min%2C+Founding+the+Tang+Dynasty%3A+The+Strategies+that+Made+China+the+Greatest+Empire+in+Asia&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-980-3&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Hing+Ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2012" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, James H. (2012). <i>Myths and Legends from Korea: An Annotated Compendium of Ancient and Modern Materials</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60289-4"><bdi>978-1-136-60289-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+from+Korea%3A+An+Annotated+Compendium+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Materials&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-60289-4&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2014" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2014). <i>Mongolian</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027238252" title="Special:BookSources/9789027238252"><bdi>9789027238252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789027238252&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). <i>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06722-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06722-6"><bdi>978-1-107-06722-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns%2C+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06722-6&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hyun+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (2005). <i>The History of Korea</i>. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067461576X" title="Special:BookSources/067461576X"><bdi>067461576X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=067461576X&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2015" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, John (2015). <i>World Monarchies and Dynasties</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45157-0"><bdi>978-1-317-45157-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Monarchies+and+Dynasties&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45157-0&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2013" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Keith (2013). <i>Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2290-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-2290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Shall+Not+Rule%3A+Imperial+Wives+and+Concubines+in+China+from+Han+to+Liao&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2290-8&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote2003" class="citation book cs1">Mote, Frederick W. (2003). <i>Imperial China 900-1800</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01212-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900-1800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01212-7&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan2014" class="citation book cs1">San, Tan Koon (2014). <i>Dynastic China: An Elementary History</i>. The Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9541-88-5"><bdi>978-983-9541-88-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+China%3A+An+Elementary+History&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-983-9541-88-5&rft.aulast=San&rft.aufirst=Tan+Koon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2010" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2010). <i>A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6717-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6717-7&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). <i>Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800</i>. Oxford Studies in Early Empires. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580-800&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Early+Empires&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2015). <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45137-2"><bdi>978-1-317-45137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45137-2&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2005" class="citation web cs1">Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/19205">"Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+development+of+the+pre-dynastic+Khitan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Elina-Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F19205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhitan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other webpages</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222022150/http://www.republicanchina.org/Khitan.html">Khitans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=khitans">Khitans</a> on scholar.google.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/08/23/arts/the-khitans-from-mongolic-tribe-to-rulers-of-an-empire/#.UReZ7fKjap0">Exhibition of Khitan artifacts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frauenadler.com/mongol-tents-part-1-the-khitans/">Khitan gers</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liao_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Liao dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liao_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Liao dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liao_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liao dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liao_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Goryeo–Khitan War">Goryeo–Khitan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">First conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">Second conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_conflict_in_the_Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War">Third conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khitan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelü clan">Yelü clan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Liao dynasty">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_for_Yel%C3%BC_Yanning" title="Memorial for Yelü Yanning">Memorial for Yelü Yanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Liao_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linhuangfu" title="Linhuangfu">Shangjing Linhuangfu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage" title="Liao dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded. navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">Modern clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonos_tribe" title="Chonos tribe">Chonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katagans" title="Katagans">Katagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkhonud" title="Olkhonud">Olkhonud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southern_Mongols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Southern Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyot</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a> (<i>Yunnan Mongol</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei">Donghu and Xianbei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a><br /> <sup>*</sup>Mongolized ethnic groups.<sup>**</sup>Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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