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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_rusa_en_Manchuria" title="Invasión rusa en Manchuria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión rusa en Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_russe_de_la_Mandchourie" title="Invasion russe de la Mandchourie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion russe de la Mandchourie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Manchuria_oleh_Rusia" title="Invasi Manchuria oleh Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Manchuria oleh Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_inv%C4%81zija_Mand%C5%BE%C5%ABrij%C4%81" title="Krievijas invāzija Mandžūrijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas invāzija Mandžūrijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyjski_podb%C3%B3j_Mand%C5%BCurii" title="Rosyjski podbój Mandżurii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosyjski podbój Mandżurii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_russa_da_Manch%C3%BAria" title="Invasão russa da Manchúria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão russa da Manchúria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Разгром ихэтуаней в Южной Маньчжурии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разгром ихэтуаней в Южной Маньчжурии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1900 military conflict in East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Soviet invasion of Manchuria at the end of World War II, see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>. For the earlier Russian annexation of parts of Manchuria, see <a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Special:EditPage/Russian invasion of Manchuria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russian+invasion+of+Manchuria%22">"Russian invasion of Manchuria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russian+invasion+of+Manchuria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russian+invasion+of+Manchuria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russian+invasion+of+Manchuria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russian+invasion+of+Manchuria%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russian+invasion+of+Manchuria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Russian invasion of Manchuria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif/220px-Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif/330px-Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif/440px-Russian_troops_storming_Beijing_gates_1900.gif 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="473" /></a></span><br />Russian cannons firing at <a href="/wiki/Category:Gates_of_Beijing" title="Category:Gates of Beijing">Beijing gates</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peking_(1900)" title="Battle of Peking (1900)">Battle of Peking</a>, 14 August 1900</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June – November 1900</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Russian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yihetuan_flag.png/15px-Yihetuan_flag.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yihetuan_flag.png/23px-Yihetuan_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yihetuan_flag.png/30px-Yihetuan_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boxers_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxers (group)">Yìhéquán (Boxers)</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Ivanovich_Alekseyev" title="Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev">Yevgeni Alekseyev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dyean_Subotich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyean Subotich">Dyean Subotich</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tserpitsky" title="Konstantin Tserpitsky">Konstantin Tserpitsky</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Mishchenko" title="Pavel Mishchenko">Pavel Mishchenko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Orlov_(military_writer)" title="Nikolay Orlov (military writer)">Nikolay Orlov</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoushan_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoushan (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shoushan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%B1%B1_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:寿山 (清朝)">zh</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_Chonghuan#Legacy" title="Yuan Chonghuan">a descendant of Yuan Chonghuan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 58,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023721_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023721-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-100,000 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a><sup id="cite_ref-km_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-km-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Manchu Bannermen</a>, Boxers, <a href="/wiki/Honghuzi" title="Honghuzi">Honghuzi</a> bandits</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 242 killed, 1,283 wounded <span style="font-size:85%;">(per Russian sources)</span><sup id="cite_ref-km_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-km-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown, at least in the thousands<sup id="cite_ref-km_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-km-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_massacre" title="Taiyuan massacre">Taiyuan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin" title="Battle of Tientsin">Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beicang" title="Battle of Beicang">Beicang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaselee_Expedition" title="Gaselee Expedition">2nd intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangcun" title="Battle of Yangcun">Yangcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peking_(1900)" title="Battle of Peking (1900)">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beitang" title="Battle of Beitang">Beitang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhaiguan_(1900)" title="Battle of Shanhaiguan (1900)">Shanhaiguan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchuria</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> colonial campaigns</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> pre-18th century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Siberia (1580–late 17th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Manchuria (1652–1689)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 18th-20th century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bekovich-Cherkassky#Khivan_disaster" title="Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky">Khivan campaign of 1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Caucasus/northern Persia (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Caucasus (1800–1864)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Turkestan (1839–1895)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1839" title="Khivan campaign of 1839">Khivan campaign of 1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchuria (1899–1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Manchuria and Korea (1904–05)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_involvement_in_the_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persia (1908–11)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Russian invasion of Manchuria</b> or <b>Chines expedition</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Китайская экспедиция</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023719_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023719-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895) when concerns regarding <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>'s defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and Japan's brief occupation of <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a>, caused the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to speed up their long held designs for <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">imperial expansion</a> across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. </p><p>In the five years preceding the invasion, the Russian Empire established a network of leased territories in Manchuria. This began with the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a> in 1895. From 1898, after which Russia received <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Lease_of_the_Liaotung_Peninsula" title="Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula">Liaotung from Japan</a>, it built and operated the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> (CER). As with all other major powers in China, Russia demanded <a href="/wiki/Foreign_concessions_in_China" title="Foreign concessions in China">concessions</a> along with the railroad, enforced through <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>. </p><p>With the building of a southern branch of the CER (later the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria Railway</a>), Mukden (now known as <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>) became a Russian stronghold. During the Boxer Rebellion, the Russian military temporarily evacuated from and immediately reoccupied Mukden.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Century_Co_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Century_Co-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian Empire's full invasion of Manchuria occurred concurrent with its participation against the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. The pretext of the invasion was the defense of the railroad against Boxer rebels. </p><p>Russia became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Nation_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Nation Alliance">Eight Nation Alliance</a> due to its presence in the foreign legations. Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> formed part of the relief forces during the <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Expedition" title="Seymour Expedition">Seymour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaselee_Expedition" title="Gaselee Expedition">Gaselee</a> expeditions while Russian forces were also present inside the legations during the sieges in Beijing and Tianjin. These forces operated separately from those involved in the invasion of Manchuria, with the entire Manchuria operation exclusively directed by Russians. </p><p>The invasion concluded with the full occupation of Manchuria by Russia, causing tensions that led to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png/300px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png/450px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png/600px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_1900_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Campaigns of Russian troops in China, 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russians invaded Manchuria during the rebellion, which was defended by Manchu bannermen. The bannermen were annihilated as they fought to the death against the Russians, each falling one at a time against a five pronged Russian invasion. The Russian anthropologist <a href="/wiki/S._M._Shirokogoroff" title="S. M. Shirokogoroff">Sergei Mikhailovich Shirokogorov</a> reported that the Russians killed many of the Manchus, thousands of them fled south. The Cossacks looted their villages and property and then burnt them down.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchuria was completely occupied after the fierce fighting that occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick_Converse_Beach,_George_Edwin_Rines_1912_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Converse_Beach,_George_Edwin_Rines_1912-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boxers_attacks_on_Chinese_Eastern_Railway">Boxers attacks on Chinese Eastern Railway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boxers attacks on Chinese Eastern Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Boxers attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a></b> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> took place in 1900. In response Russia invaded Manchuria. </p><p>Chinese Imperial troops engaged in attacks against Russians, in one incident, Chinese troops killed a cossack.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 15 Russian casualties occurred when Chinese cavalry attacked the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boxers destroyed railways and cut lines for telegraphs. The Yen-t'ai coal mines were burned by Chinese forces.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese used arson to destroy a bridge carrying a railway and a barracks in the 27th of July.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boxers destroyed railways in Manchuria in a strategic manoeuvre to halt enemy soldiers from moving. Imperial edicts were posted which called for attacks against the Russians, the stations of the South Manchuria Railway came under Boxer control. </p><p>With the building of the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway" title="South Manchuria Railway">South Manchuria Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Mukden</a> became a Russian stronghold, which occupied it after the Boxer Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Century_Co_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Century_Co-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Russia invaded with regular troops, the railway came under Russian control again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence_of_Yingkou">Defence of Yingkou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defence of Yingkou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Yingkou</b> was a battle where Chinese forces battled against the invading Russian army in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. Unlike the battles in <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, battles between Chinese and foreigners in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> were exclusively between Chinese and Russians. The Russians were the sole force attacking <a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a>, at the time one of the main sea ports of Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yingkou was divided into a foreign settlement and a Chinese city. Mishchenko had to engage his reserved troops to win the fight. When the Russians seized the city, a number of Boxers and Chinese Imperial troops managed to pull off an evacuation. A combination of a moat, precipitation, and mud hampered the movement of Russian troops and their guns.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Pai-t'ou-tzu"><span id="Battle_of_Pai-t.27ou-tzu"></span>Battle of Pai-t'ou-tzu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Pai-t'ou-tzu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Pai-t'ou-tzu</b> (<i>Pinyin</i>: Baitouzi) was an engagement during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> between regular Chinese Imperial forces and an outpost of Russian infantry located in Chinese territory. Even before the Boxer rising against foreign influence, an outpost of Russian troops had been located across the Chinese border near the village of Pai-t'ou-tzu, which lay close to <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a>. It was garrisoned by 204 Russian troops under Colonel Mishchenko. When hostilities began, the Chinese authorities advanced a guarantee of safe passage in exchange for his retreat to the south of Liaoyang. This was declined, and instead Mishchenko called for more Russian troops to reinforce his position.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Russian position could be reinforced, fighting broke out. During the opening stages of the ensuing battle, Chinese guns bombarded the Russian right and front flanks, resulting in 14 Russian deaths and 5 wounded. Firing from long range at high trajectories, the Chinese artillery hit their marks, but at closer range proved inaccurate. Chinese regular infantry armed with rifles advanced, crawling under cover artillery fire towards the Russian defense perimeter of about 350 square feet. When the Russian fire slackened the Chinese troops renewed their attack. Chinese forces alternated between advance and retreat until the Russian position was over-run. Losses on both sides are uncertain but the Russian detachment may have been wiped out.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles_on_Amur_River">Battles on Amur River</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battles on Amur River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/300px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/450px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/600px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Defence of <a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg/300px-Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg/450px-Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg/600px-Firing_upon_the_Russian_Men-of-War_in_Amur_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5981" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Fighting for control over the Amur River</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Battles on the Amur River</b> were border clashes between Chinese Imperial Army troops along with Boxers against Russian forces who aimed for control over the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> River for navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese summoned all available men to fight, and the Chinese forces and garrisons gathered artillery and bombarded Russian troops and towns across the Amur. Despite the Cossacks repulsing Chinese army crossings into Russia, the Chinese army troops increased the amount of artillery and kept up the bombardment. In revenge for the attacks on Chinese villages, Boxer troops burned Russian towns and almost annihilated a Russian force at <a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian governor K. N. Gribsky ordered Cossacks to destroy all Chinese posts on Amur river, and Cossacks completed the order during July. On July 20, Russian forces (including 16 infantry companies, a hundred Cossacks and 16 cannons) crossed the Amur near Blagoveshchensk with support from the steamers <i>Selenga</i> and <i>Sungari</i>. On July 20, Russian troops captured <a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Saghalien</a>; on July 22, <a href="/wiki/Aigun" title="Aigun">Aigun</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> After the victory over the Chinese forces, the general-governor of Amur Region, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Grodekov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Grodekov (page does not exist)">Nikolai Grodekov</a>, decided to annex the right bank of the Amur River, and sent a telegram to <a href="/wiki/St._Peterburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peterburg">St. Peterburg</a>, but Russian Minister of War <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kuropatkin" title="Aleksey Kuropatkin">Aleksey Kuropatkin</a> forbade such an action:</p><blockquote><p>Because of restoring the good relation with China in the nearest future, His Majesty decided not to annex any part of China</p></blockquote><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_invasion_of_Northern_and_Central_Manchuria">Russian invasion of Northern and Central Manchuria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Northern and Central Manchuria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Crushing of Boxers in Northern and Central Manchuria</b> was the invasion of the 100,000 strong Russian Army of Manchuria. These events form part of the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. </p><p>On June 29 (1900), the first Russian force—two rifle regiments and some Cossacks from <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>—crossed the Chinese border, followed by units from <a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Nikolsk-Ussuriski</a>, and other towns.<sup id="cite_ref-km_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-km-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign in Manchuria was conducted by both the regular Imperial army, including Manchu Bannermen and Imperial Chinese troops, and the Boxers. </p><p>The Russians invaded Manchuria during the rebellion, which was defended by Manchu bannermen. The bannermen were annihilated as they fought to the death against the Russians, each falling one at a time against a five pronged Russian invasion. The Russians killed many of the Manchus, thousands of them fled south. The Russian Cossacks looted some of their villages and property and then burnt them to ashes, but as revenge, the Chinese Boxers and Imperial army came to a large Russian village and killed many civilians and looted and burnt all their houses as revenge and killed many Russian defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchuria was partially occupied after the fierce fighting that occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick_Converse_Beach,_George_Edwin_Rines_1912_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Converse_Beach,_George_Edwin_Rines_1912-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By November 1900 most of Manchuria was secured by the Russian forces. War Minister General Kuropatkin reported that Russian losses were 22 officers and 220 men killed, along with 60 officers and 1223 men wounded. No records exist for Chinese losses, but estimates put them at much higher than Russian casualties. Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Linevich" title="Nikolai Linevich">Nikolai Linevich</a>, for example, gave orders to destroy towns and execute Chinese in retaliation for attacks on the Russian railway in Manchuria. This policy was later changed and at least eight Cossacks were executed by hanging by a military court for crimes against civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-km_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-km-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Manchu Bannermen</a> supported the Boxers and shared their anti-foreign sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Germany_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of Germany to China">German Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Ketteler" title="Clemens von Ketteler">Clemens von Ketteler</a> was assassinated by a Manchu.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchu bannermen had been devastated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1895 and Banner armies were destroyed while resisting the invasion. In the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Crossley" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Crossley">Pamela Crossley</a>, their living conditions went "from desperate poverty to true misery."<sup id="cite_ref-google3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When thousands of Manchus fled south from <a href="/wiki/Aigun" title="Aigun">Aigun</a> during the fighting in 1900, their cattle and horses were stolen by Russian Cossacks who then burned their villages and homes to ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while resisting the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQiM2pF5PDR8CpgPA72_72]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQiM2pF5PDR8CpgPA72_72]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchu banner garrisons were annihilated on 5 roads by Russians as they suffered most of the casualties. Manchu Shoufu killed himself during the battle of Peking and the Manchu Lao She's father was killed by western soldiers in the battle as the Manchu banner armies of the Center Division of the Guards Army, Tiger Spirit Division and Peking Field force in the Metropolitan banners were slaughtered by the western soldiers. Baron von Ketteler, the German diplomat was murdered by Captain Enhai, a Manchu from the Tiger Spirit Division of Aisin Gioro Zaiyi, Prince Duan and the Inner city Legation Quarters and Catholic cathedral were both attacked by Manchu bannermen. Manchu bannermen were slaughtered by the Eight Nation Alliance all over Manchuria and Beijing because most of the Manchu bannermen supported the Boxers in the Boxer rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Manchu_clans" title="List of Manchu clans">clan system of the Manchus</a> in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1956110_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956110-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 1,266 households including 900 <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a> and 4,500 Manchus in <a href="/wiki/Sixty-Four_Villages_East_of_the_River" title="Sixty-Four Villages East of the River">Sixty-Four Villages East of the River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a> until the <a href="/wiki/1900_Amur_anti-Chinese_pogroms" title="1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms">1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms</a> committed by Russian Cossack soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a> advised the Tsar to withdraw Russian forces from Manchuria, but Kuropatkin advocated for a continued Russian presence in Manchuria. The Russians tried to secure agreements favorable to themselves in exchange for withdrawal, but China refused.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Honghuzi continued to plague Manchuria despite multiple attempts aiming for their eradication and mass killings directed at them by Cossack forces. They were enlisted by the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War to attack the Russians on their rear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Japanese_War">Russo-Japanese War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russo-Japanese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <p>Japan was angered that Russia had not withdrawn according to the treaty it signed in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> in which it promised to withdraw from Manchuria. This became an official casus belli of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> five years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixty-Four_Villages_East_of_the_River" title="Sixty-Four Villages East of the River">Sixty-Four Villages East of the River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Korean invasion of Manchuria">Korean invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68<i>, a publication from 1904, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68<i>, by Making of America Project, a publication from 1904, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events<i>, a publication from 1901, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Egorshina, O.; Petrova, A. (2023). <bdi lang="ru">История русской армии</bdi> [<i>The history of the Russian Army</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2"><bdi>978-5-699-42397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Edition+of+the+Russian+Imperial+Library&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-699-42397-2&rft.aulast=Egorshina&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Petrova%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023721-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023721_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023">Egorshina & Petrova 2023</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-km-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-km_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-km_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-km_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-km_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-km_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronin, Alexander (7 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/17953">Война с Желтороссией</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i>. Retrieved 6 July 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes2014" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (June 6, 2014). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZmHCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1003-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1003-8"><bdi>978-1-4728-1003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+1904%E2%80%931905&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1003-8&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZmHCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023719-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023719_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023">Egorshina & Petrova 2023</a>, p. 719.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Century_Co-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Century_Co_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Century_Co_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93gAAAAAYAAJ&q=mukden+russians+day+before+formally"><i>The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68</i></a>. NEW YORK: The Century Co. 1904. p. 581<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century+illustrated+monthly+magazine%2C+Volume+68&rft.place=NEW+YORK&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=The+Century+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93gAAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmukden%2Brussians%2Bday%2Bbefore%2Bformally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span>(Original from Harvard University)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_of_America_Project_1904_581_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaking_of_America_Project1904" class="citation book cs1">Making of America Project (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOfUAAAAMAAJ&q=russians+mukden+formally"><i>The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68</i></a>. NEW YORK: Scribner & Co. p. 581<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century%3A+a+popular+quarterly%2C+Volume+68&rft.place=NEW+YORK&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Making+of+America+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOfUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drussians%2Bmukden%2Bformally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span>(Original from the University of Michigan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2001" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&q=manchus+took+part+metropolitan+banners+peking+field+force+tiger+spirit+division+center+division"><i>Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928</i></a> (reprint, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98040-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98040-0"><bdi>0-295-98040-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBcTAQAAIAAJ&q=Gunfire+chased+them+away+and+they+were+pursued.+Regular+Chinese+troops+fired+at+a+unit+of+Cossacks.+One+Russian+and+two+horse+fell+dead"><i>Imperialism</i></a>. Nova History Publications. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-664-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-664-X"><bdi>1-59033-664-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBcTAQAAIAAJ&q=some+Boxers+and+soldiers+escaped+and+the+Russians+took+the+Chinese+City+of+Ying-+k-ou.+Going+back+to+the+settlement+the+Russian+soldiers+had+to+cross+the+fortress+moat+and+endure+driving+rain+and+mud.+The+gun+had+to+be+dragged+by+hand"><i>Imperialism</i></a>. Nova History Publications. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-664-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-664-X"><bdi>1-59033-664-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rhoads (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&q=manchus+took+part+metropolitan+banners+peking+field+force+tiger+spirit+division+center+division"><i>Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98040-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98040-0"><bdi>0-295-98040-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+%26+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861-1928&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-295-98040-0&rft.au=Edward+J.+M.+Rhoads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiM2pF5PDR8C%26q%3Dmanchus%2Btook%2Bpart%2Bmetropolitan%2Bbanners%2Bpeking%2Bfield%2Bforce%2Btiger%2Bspirit%2Bdivision%2Bcenter%2Bdivision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirokogorov1924" class="citation book cs1">Shirokogorov, Sergey (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZERxAAAAMAAJ&q=ashes+homes+cossacks+burnt"><i>Social organization of the Manchus: A study of the Manchu clan organization</i></a>. Royal Asiatic Society. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+organization+of+the+Manchus%3A+A+study+of+the+Manchu+clan+organization&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Shirokogorov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZERxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dashes%2Bhomes%2Bcossacks%2Bburnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orphanwarriorsth00cros_0/page/174">Crossley 1990</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Many+Manchus,+particularly+in+Beijing+and+Manchuria,+took+part+in+the+conflict%22&pg=PA72">Rhoads 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbtzm6b.6">p. 72</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_M.H.2011" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, M.H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA80"><i>Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295804125" title="Special:BookSources/9780295804125"><bdi>9780295804125</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+Being+Chinese%3A+Minority+Education+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Southwest+China&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780295804125&rft.au=Hansen%2C+M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtgq1miGno-4C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZERxAAAAMAAJ&q=ashes+homes+cossacks+burnt">Shirokogorov 1924</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1956" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Yin-t'ang (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvI4AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Russians+inadvertently+contributed+to+the+destruction+of+the+Manchu+clan+system+during+the+rape+of+the+Aigun+district"><i>A Regional handbook on Northeast China</i></a>. University of Washington. Seattle, Washington: The Institute. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30731011">30731011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Regional+handbook+on+Northeast+China&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=The+Institute&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30731011&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Yin-t%27ang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvI4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BRussians%2Binadvertently%2Bcontributed%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bdestruction%2Bof%2Bthe%2BManchu%2Bclan%2Bsystem%2Bduring%2Bthe%2Brape%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAigun%2Bdistrict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQiM2pF5PDR8CpgPA72_72]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQiM2pF5PDR8CpgPA72_72]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2017">Rhoads 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA72">72</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2017" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ&dq=cossacks+manchu+cattle++horses&pg=PA72"><i>Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928</i></a>. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295997483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295997483"><bdi>978-0295997483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861-1928&rft.series=Studies+on+Ethnic+Groups+in+China&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0295997483&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXQkDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcossacks%2Bmanchu%2Bcattle%2B%2Bhorses%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1956110-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1956110_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1956">Chang 1956</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俄罗斯帝国总参谋部. 《亚洲地理、地形和统计材料汇编》. 俄罗斯帝国: 圣彼得堡. 1886年: 第三十一卷·第185页（俄语）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2020" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Andrew (March 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/world/europe/russia-china-border.html">"On Russia-China Border, Selective Memory of Massacre Works for Both Sides"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Russia-China+Border%2C+Selective+Memory+of+Massacre+Works+for+Both+Sides&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-china-border.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1996" class="citation book cs1">March, G. Patrick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq18znjAE5YC&q=manchuria+russia+czar+advisors&pg=PA180"><i>Eastern destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95566-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95566-4"><bdi>0-275-95566-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+destiny%3A+Russia+in+Asia+and+the+North+Pacific&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-275-95566-4&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=G.+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNq18znjAE5YC%26q%3Dmanchuria%2Brussia%2Bczar%2Badvisors%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwood1986" class="citation book cs1">Westwood, J. N. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6tl49QUU3QC&q=manchuria+russia+czar+advisors&pg=PA20"><i>Russia against Japan, 1904-1905: a new look at the Russo-Japanese War</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-191-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-191-5"><bdi>0-88706-191-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+against+Japan%2C+1904-1905%3A+a+new+look+at+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-88706-191-5&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6tl49QUU3QC%26q%3Dmanchuria%2Brussia%2Bczar%2Badvisors%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+invasion+of+Manchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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