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拉丁语发音 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>元音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-元音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关元音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-單元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>單元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-長元音的表示" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#長元音的表示"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>長元音的表示</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-長元音的表示-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-半元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#半元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>半元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-半元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雙元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雙元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>雙元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雙元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辅音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辅音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>辅音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辅音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>重音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-重音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关重音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-重音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音節的劃分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音節的劃分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>音節的劃分</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音節的劃分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音節的長短" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音節的長短"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>音節的長短</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音節的長短-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重音規則" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重音規則"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>重音規則</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重音規則-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教会式发音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教会式发音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>教会式发音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-教会式发音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关教会式发音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-教会式发音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辅音_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辅音_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>辅音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辅音_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通用式发音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通用式发音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>通用式发音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通用式发音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">拉丁语发音</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。14种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تلفظ رومي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفظ رومي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distagadur_al_latin" title="Distagadur al latin – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Distagadur al latin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinische_Aussprache" title="Lateinische Aussprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lateinische Aussprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Latin phonology and orthography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciaci%C3%B3n_y_ortograf%C3%ADa_del_lat%C3%ADn" title="Pronunciación y ortografía del latín – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pronunciación y ortografía del latín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis_latinskog_jezika" title="Pravopis latinskog jezika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravopis latinskog jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittura_e_pronuncia_del_latino" title="Scrittura e pronuncia del latino – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scrittura e pronuncia del latino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronuntiatus_Latinus" title="Pronuntiatus Latinus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pronuntiatus Latinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_kalbos_fonologija" title="Lotynų kalbos fonologija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotynų kalbos fonologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitspraak_van_het_Latijn" title="Uitspraak van het Latijn – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitspraak van het Latijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латинское произношение и орфография – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латинское произношение и орфография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgovori_latinskog_jezika" title="Izgovori latinskog jezika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izgovori latinskog jezika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Изговори латинског језика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изговори латинског језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">古典拉丁语</a>的日常口语已经消亡,所以<b>拉丁语发音</b>实际是今日诵读拉丁文文獻材料时的发音。 </p><p>拉丁语发音大致分为<b>古典式、教会式</b>、<b>通用式</b>三种风格;古典式大多指<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="重建 (語言學)">重構</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和</a>末期(西元前一世紀)發音,重構的根据包括古羅馬語法學家(如<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89" title="昆提利安">昆提利安</a>)的著作或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="历史比较语言学">與同時代語言的比较</a>(如<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>);教会式是現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>的发音(拉丁语仍然是梵蒂冈的官方语言);通用式是對不同国家與不同学術領域多種歧異發音的統稱。為了系統化的說明,本條目以<b>古典式</b>為主,並分節敘述其餘兩者與古典式的不同。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元音"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>元音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下的說明,以公元前一世紀左右的發音和拼寫為準:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="單元音"><span id=".E5.96.AE.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>單元音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:單元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th>古代拼寫(現代拼寫) <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a> </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="央元音">央</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">後</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉元音">閉</a> </th> <td><span lang="la"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58909830">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .nocaps{text-transform:lowercase}</style><span class="smallcaps">ꟾ</span></span>(ī) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/</span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v́</span></span>(ū) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">uː</a>/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉元音">次閉</a> </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">i</span></span>(i) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉前不圓唇元音">ɪ</a>/</span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v</span></span>(u) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉後圓唇元音">ʊ</a>/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a> </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">é</span></span>(ē) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">eː</a>/</span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ó</span></span>(ō) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">oː</a>/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開元音">半開</a> </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">e</span></span>(e) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛ</a>/</span> </p> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">o</span></span>(o) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔ</a>/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開元音">開</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">á</span></span>(ā) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">aː</a>/</span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">a</span></span>(a) <p><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/</span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>拉丁语的單元音有长短之分;一般來說,<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">a</span></span>(a)<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/</span> 以外,短元音的舌位都比對應長元音的偏下,嘴巴也開的比較大。 </p><p>另外,拉丁字母<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">y</span></span>(y)表示的<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a>/</span>,都是音譯自<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>(或更早的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>)的<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">υ</span>),並非本土發音,所以上表並沒有列入;甚至這些<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">y</span></span>(y)會被非正式地拼寫成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v</span></span>(u),如來自於<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a> <span lang="grc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">κρυπτή</span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/krypˈte/</span>「墓穴」的 <span lang="la">crypta</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ˈkryp.ta/</span>,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">共和</a>時期的碑文上寫成 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">crvpta</span></span> 。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>古典式發音對應表(單元音) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">元音 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="美国英语">美式英語</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">a</span></span>(a) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/</span> </td> <td>a </td> <td>ㄚ </td> <td>無精確對應 <p>(<span lang="en">f<b>a</b>ther</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開後不圓唇元音">ɑ</a>/</span> 舌位過於偏後) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">e</span></span>(e) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛ</a>/</span> </td> <td>ê </td> <td>ㄝ </td> <td><span lang="en">b<b>e</b>d</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">é</span></span>(ē) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">eː</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">無精確對應 <p>(因 ㄟ、 ei <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">eɪ̯</a>/</span> 後面滑向 <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉前不圓唇元音">ɪ</a>/</span>) </p> </td> <td>無精確對應 <p>(因 <span lang="en">th<b>ey</b></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">eɪ̯</a>/</span> 後面滑向 <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉前不圓唇元音">ɪ</a>/</span>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">i</span></span>(i) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉前不圓唇元音">ɪ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">無精確對應 <p>(i、ㄧ<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a>/</span> 舌位過高) </p> </td> <td><span lang="en">s<b>i</b>t</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ꟾ</span></span>(ī) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/</span> </td> <td>i (拉長) </td> <td>ㄧ (拉長) </td> <td><span lang="en">s<b>ee</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">o</span></span>(o) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔ</a>/</span> </td> <td>o </td> <td>ㄛ </td> <td><span lang="en">l<b>aw</b></span>(縮短) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ó</span></span>(ō) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">oː</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">某些情況的o、ㄛ,如 <p>「窩」(w<b>ō</b>, ㄨ<b>ㄛ</b>),注意要拉長 </p> </td> <td><span lang="en">h<b>o</b>rse</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v</span></span>(u) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉後圓唇元音">ʊ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">無精確對應 <p>(u、ㄨ<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a>/</span> 舌位過高) </p> </td> <td><span lang="en">p<b>u</b>t</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v́</span></span>(ū) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">uː</a>/</span> </td> <td>u(拉長) </td> <td>ㄨ(拉長) </td> <td><span lang="en">l<b>o</b>se</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">y</span></span>(y) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a>/</span> </td> <td>ü </td> <td>ㄩ </td> <td rowspan="2">無相近發音 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ý</span></span>(ý) <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">yː</a>/</span> </td> <td>ü(拉長) </td> <td>ㄩ(拉長) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="長元音的表示"><span id=".E9.95.B7.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E7.9A.84.E8.A1.A8.E7.A4.BA"></span>長元音的表示</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:長元音的表示"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然现代拼寫統一采用<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="長音符號">長音符號</a>來表示長元音(如ā、ē、ī、ō、ū),但最早的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%94%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古體拉丁語">古拉丁語</a>(公元前二世前)完全沒有注意到長短如何表示的問題。之後在作家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿基乌斯">阿基乌斯</a>(前170年—前86年)的影響下,拉丁文開始用雙字母來標示長元音(這很有可能是模仿<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D#奧斯坎字母" title="古意大利字母">奧斯坎字母</a>的拼寫習慣),如 pāstōrēs (pāstor 「牧羊人」的主格<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B8_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="複數 (語法)">複數</a>) 被拼為 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">paastores</span></span>;但從來沒有 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ii</span></span> 或 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">oo</span></span> 的紀錄(可能是因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D#奧斯坎字母" title="古意大利字母">奧斯坎字母</a>沒有<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">o</span></span>)。其中,<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">vv</span></span> 表示現代拼寫 ū 的習慣,甚至延續到公元前75年之後(特別是第四變格的名詞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%95%B8_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="單數 (語法)">單數</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">属格</a>如 lacūs 「水池」 被寫為 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">lacvvs</span></span>)。 </p><p>但公元前75年以後(<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">共和</a>晚期),羅馬人開始在 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">a, e, o, v</span></span> 上標註<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="尖音符">尖音符</a>(<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">apex</span></span>)來表示長元音(也就是 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">á, é, ó, v́</span></span>),實際上的寫法如下圖般多變: </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apices-collage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Apices-collage.svg/220px-Apices-collage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Apices-collage.svg/330px-Apices-collage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Apices-collage.svg/440px-Apices-collage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </p><p>至於長音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/</span>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿基乌斯">阿基乌斯</a>推薦以<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ei</span></span>拼寫(因為此時<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ei</span></span>原來的發音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">ɛi̯</a>/</span>已經演變成<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/</span>),這個習慣保留到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">帝國</a>時期;但稍早從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%9F%BA%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89" title="卢基乌斯·科尔内利乌斯·苏拉">苏拉</a>當政的時代(公元前80年左右)開始,羅馬人也採用拉高的 <span lang="la">ꟾ</span> (<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">i longvm</span></span>, 「長i」)表示長音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/</span>,如下圖碑文(公元1~2世紀)第三行的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">órnáment<b>I</b>s</span>: </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg/289px-Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg/433px-Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg/578px-Scriptura_con_apices_Nimes_1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2558" /></a></span> </p><p>統一起見,本條目以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="尖音符">尖音符</a>搭配<span lang="la">ꟾ</span> 標註長元音,並輔以現代拼寫。雖然现代偶爾使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="短音符">短音符</a>來強調短元音(如ă、ĕ、ĭ、ŏ、ŭ),但表示上並非必須,因此本條目為求簡潔也不標示短音符。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="半元音"><span id=".E5.8D.8A.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>半元音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:半元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雙元音"><span id=".E9.9B.99.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>雙元音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:雙元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>古典式發音對應表(雙元音) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>拼寫 </th> <th>發音 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>對應 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="美国英语">美式英语</a>對應 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ae</span></span> (ae) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">aɪ̯</a>/</span> </td> <td>ai、ㄞ </td> <td><span lang="en">f<b>i</b>ght</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">av</span></span> (au) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">aʊ̯</a>/</span> </td> <td>與 ao、ㄠ <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">ɑʊ̯</a>/</span> 相近但不同 </td> <td><span lang="en">l<b>ou</b>d</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">oe</span></span> (oe) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">ɔɪ̯</a>/</span> </td> <td>和o+i 即 ㄛ+ 一 相近 </td> <td><span lang="en">b<b>oy</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">vi</span></span> (ui) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">ʊ̯ɪ</a>/</span> </td> <td>和u+i 即ㄨ+ 一 相近 </td> <td>無直接對應 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ev</span></span> (eu) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">ɛʊ̯</a>/</span> </td> <td>和ê+u 即ㄝ+ ㄨ 相近 </td> <td>無直接對應 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ei</span></span> (ei) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛɪ/</span> </td> <td>和 ei 即 ㄟ 相近 </td> <td><span lang="en">d<b>ei</b>gn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ov</span></span> (ou) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oʊ/</span> </td> <td>ou、ㄡ </td> <td><span lang="en">g<b>o</b></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ae</span></span> (ae)拼法最早可以追溯到公元前二世紀左右,但在更早的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%94%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古體拉丁語">古拉丁語</a>被拼為<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ai</span></span> (ai),且在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>都被音譯成<span lang="grc">αι</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">ai̯</a>/</span>,所以能大致確定其讀音為 <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">aɪ̯</a>/</span> ;類似的,<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">av</span></span> (au) 被音譯成 <span lang="grc">αυ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">au̯</a>/</span>、<span lang="grc">αο</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ao/</span>、<span lang="grc">αου</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/au/</span>,所以讀音應該是<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">aʊ̯</a>/</span> 。但需特別注意,<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">陰性</a>名詞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="屈折变化">变化</a>字尾 -<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ae</span></span> / -<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ai</span></span> 事實上是來自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%94%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古體拉丁語">古拉丁語</a>的-āī,也就是由兩個長元音合併而成的「假」雙元音。 </p><p>但 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ae</span></span> 和 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">av</span></span> 在共和國時代末期的鄉村中,逐漸變得像 <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">eː</a>/</span> 和 <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">oː</a>/</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但這個過程在公元3世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="通俗拉丁語">通俗拉丁語</a>之前似乎仍未完成,某些學者認為這個音變在公元5世紀成為正規發音。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>現代為了區別單元音與雙元音,有時會採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="分音符">分音符</a>(¨)來表示某元音独立发音,如:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">aloé</span> (aloē)「芦荟」寫為 aloë̄。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="辅音"><span id=".E8.BE.85.E9.9F.B3"></span>辅音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:辅音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下的說明,以公元前一世紀左右的發音為準:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">  </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙唇音">雙唇音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬顎音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎音">軟顎音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%;"> <th>普通 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="唇音化">唇音化</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <th style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left;">濁音 </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">b</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">d</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">g</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left;">清不送气 </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">p</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a>/</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">t</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a>/</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">c</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a>/</span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">qv</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="唇音化">kʷ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left;">清送气 </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ph</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">th</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">tʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ch</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <th style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left;">濁音 </th> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">z</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left;">清音 </th> <td>  </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">f</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a>/</span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">s</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">h</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">m</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">n</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a>/</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a>/</span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">顫音</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="閃音">閃音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">r</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a>/</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">l</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">i</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ol><li>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%94%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="古體拉丁語">古拉丁語</a>中,字母 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">k</span></span> 常用來表示 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">a</span></span> 前的 /k/,但後來大多被 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">c</span></span> 所取代。</li> <li><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">n</span></span> 在軟顎音前被<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="同化 (語言學)">同化</a>為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span> ,如 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">qvꟾnqve</span></span> (quīnque) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/'kʷiŋkʷe/</span>;類似的, <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">g</span></span> 在 <span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">n</span></span> 前也可能被同化成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span>。</li></ol> <p>古典式發音對應表(辅音) </p> <ul><li>B : <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/</span>,浊音。如英语obey的b、法语和西语的b、日语ば行辅音、吴语婆被步白的声母b等。</li> <li>C : <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a>/</span>,不送气清音。如普通话轻声以外的g、國語ㄍ、英语sky的k、法语calais的c、西语cabra的c等。</li> <li>CH : <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a>/</span>,送气清音,用來轉寫<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>的<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">χ</span>)。如普通话k、國語ㄎ、英语can的c、德语k等。</li> <li>D : [d],浊音。如英语feed的d、法语d、西语d、日语だ行辅音、吴语台动定毒的声母d等。</li> <li>F : [f]。如普通话等的f、國語ㄈ。</li> <li>G : [g],浊音。如英语dog的g、法语gauche的g、西语gasto的g、日语が行辅音的非鼻浊音、吴语中浊音声母g等。在N前读软腭鼻音ng、國語ㄥ的尾音,例如AGNVS<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">['aŋnus]</span>。</li> <li>H : [h]。如英语、德语的h,日语はい的辅音,粤语、吴语、闽南语、客家话等的声母h,为呼气音。类似于普通话的h/ㄏ,但不同。</li> <li>I : 作辅音时,为[j],如英语yes的y。</li> <li>K : [k],同C。</li> <li>L : [l]。如英语l的读法。不在词尾时,亦如普通话等的l、國語ㄌ。</li> <li>M : [m]。如普通话等的m、國語ㄇ。在词末不闭口而使之前的元音鼻化,如法语一般。</li> <li>N : [n]。如普通话等的n、國語ㄋ。在g之前读软腭鼻音ng。</li> <li>P : [p],不送气清音。如普通话轻声以外的b、國語ㄅ、英语speak的p、法语和西语的p等。</li> <li>PH : [pʰ],送气清音,用來轉寫<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>的<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">φ</span>)。如普通话p、國語ㄆ、英语point的p、德语p等。</li> <li>QV : [kʷ],不送气。圆唇的C,类似英语square的qu、粤语广州话“广(gwong)”“瓜(gwaa)”的声母gw。在i e前颚化为[kᶣ]。</li> <li>R,RH : [r],颤音。如意大利语的r、西班牙语的rr、俄语的р等。</li> <li>S : [s]。如普通话的s、國語ㄙ、英语sea的s等。</li> <li>T : [t],不送气清音。如普通话轻声以外的d、國語ㄉ、英语step的t、法语te的t、西班牙语tabla的t等。</li> <li>TH : [tʰ],送气清音,用來轉寫<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>的<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">θ</span>)。如普通话t、國語ㄊ、英语toy的t、德语Tasche的t等。</li> <li>V : 作辅音时,为[w]。如英语west的w。</li> <li>X : [ks]。同CS。如英语six的x。</li> <li>Z : [z],用來轉寫<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>的<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">ζ</span>)。</li></ul> <p>两个连续辅音读成双辅音或长辅音,例如ANNVS /an:us/。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重音"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>重音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:重音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>拉丁语單词的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="重音">重音</a>位置,與音節的長短息息相相關。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音節的劃分"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E7.AF.80.E7.9A.84.E5.8A.83.E5.88.86"></span>音節的劃分</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:音節的劃分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>拉丁語單字有幾個元音,就有幾個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a>;單字劃分成音節時有以下的規律:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="双元音">双元音</a>,相鄰的元音字母要劃分開來。如<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">dea</span></span>(dea)「女神」要劃分成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">de-a</span></span>。</li> <li>若某辅音字母夾在兩元音中間,則劃分給後面的音節。如<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">amꟾcvs</span></span>(amīcus)「友善的」要劃分成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">a-mꟾ-cvs</span></span>(a-mī-cus)</li> <li>若兩元音間不只一個辅音字母,除了最後一個辅音字母以外,都劃分給前面的音節。如<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">cónsv́mptvs</span></span>(cōnsūmptus)「已被消耗的」要劃分成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">cón-sv́mp-tvs</span></span>(cōn-sūmp-tus)</li></ul> <p>但注意在音節的畫分上: </p> <ul><li>塞音字母(<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">p, b, t, d, c, g</span></span>)+ 流音字母(<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">l, r</span></span>)(被稱為<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">correptió attica</span></span>「雅典縮短」)</li> <li>源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>的送氣音(<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ch, ph, th</span></span>)</li> <li><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">qv</span></span>(qu)</li></ul> <p>通常被視為<b>單一辅音字母</b>來劃分音節,如 </p> <ul><li><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">patráre</span></span>「完成」(patrāre)要劃分成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">pa-trá-re</span></span>(pa-trā-re)</li> <li><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">architectvs</span></span>「建築師」(architectus)要劃分成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">ar-chi-tec-tvs</span></span>(ar-chi-tec-tus),這個字事實上直接源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a><span lang="grc">ἀρχιτέκτων</span>「主建造者」。</li> <li><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">loqváx</span></span>「話多的」(loquāx)要劃分成<span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">lo-qváx</span></span>(lo-quāx)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音節的長短"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E7.AF.80.E7.9A.84.E9.95.B7.E7.9F.AD"></span>音節的長短</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:音節的長短"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所謂的長音節意思是: </p> <ul><li>天然為長的音節:內含長元音或雙元音的音節。</li> <li>憑藉位置為長的音節:內含短元音且以辅音結尾的音節。</li></ul> <p>除以上二種情況,其他音節都是短音節。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重音規則"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E9.9F.B3.E8.A6.8F.E5.89.87"></span>重音規則</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:重音規則"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>單音節的單字沒有重音。</li> <li>雙音節的單字,重音落在首音節。</li> <li>三音節或三個以上音節的單字,若倒數第二音節為長,則重音落在倒數第二音節;否則落在倒數第三音節。</li></ul> <p>關於非中文的音節術語,可以參考<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD#音節的術語" title="古希腊语">音節術語</a>一節。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教会式发音"><span id=".E6.95.99.E4.BC.9A.E5.BC.8F.E5.8F.91.E9.9F.B3"></span>教会式发音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:教会式发音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音_2"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3_2"></span>元音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>单元音:Y读[i],即与 I 相同。 </p><p>双元音:AE 与 OE 均读为 [e:],即同长音E。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辅音_2"><span id=".E8.BE.85.E9.9F.B3_2"></span>辅音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:辅音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C在AE、OE、E、I、Y前读软音[tʃ],如英语church的ch或意大利语ciao的ci。</li> <li>G在AE、OE、E、I、Y前读软音[dʒ],如英语object的j或意大利语buongiorno的gi。</li> <li>H:除了在MIHI和NIHIL中读[k](同C),其余一律不发音。然而,视地方差异,也有些地方依然全发音。</li> <li>S在元音间读浊音[z]。</li> <li>SC在AE、OE、E、I、Y前读[ʃ],如英语shy的sh、法语chaud的ch或意大利语scia的sci。</li> <li>TI:若前非S、X、T且后跟元音,读[tsi]。</li> <li>V:若在NG/Q/S和元音之间,仍读[w]。作元音时,读[u]。其馀皆读[v]。然而,与古典拼写不同,只在读[v]时拼成V,读[u]或[w]时则拼作U。</li> <li>TH同T。</li> <li>PH同F。</li> <li>CH同K。</li> <li>GN读硬颚鼻音[ɲ],如法语agneau的gn、葡萄牙语NH、西班牙语Ñ、意大利语signora的gn。</li> <li>X:读[ks]。其中的S音可与在AE、OE、E、I、Y前软化的C合成[ʃ](遵循SC的规律),如EXCELSIS /ekʃelsis/。在特定词末及某些长元音前读[gz],如REX /regz/。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="通用式发音"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E7.94.A8.E5.BC.8F.E5.8F.91.E9.9F.B3"></span>通用式发音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:通用式发音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-Latin">en:Neo-Latin § Pronunciation</a></div> <p>通用式大体上参照教会式并受各自母语影响,其中欧洲大陆的植物学界内部较为统一(基本上是教会式),并影响到其他国家的植物学界(包括英国、美国和东亚的中国和日本),而英美的法律界和微生物界多用拉丁借词和习语,鲜有长篇大论,故更偏好按英语的读音规则拼读,比如将<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%92%92" title="尤利烏斯·凱撒">Caesar</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="凯撒">凯撒</a>)读成 <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA-EN" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA-EN">[ˈsi:zə]</a>,这种风格藉助英语而影响颇大。 </p><p>通用式是拉丁语在罗马帝国灭亡后,在欧洲各国通用的发音风格。具体又分德语式、法语式和意大利语式,分别模仿三种语文的拼读规则。区别主要表现在字母 C 和 G 在前元音(front vowel)前是否发软音,以及如何发音。以 C 的发音为例: </p> <ul><li>德式:CA、CO、CU 读 [kʰa]、[kʰo]、[kʰu],而 CE、CI 读舌尖清塞擦音 [tsʰe]、[tsʰi](皆送气)。</li> <li>法式:CA、CO、CU 读[ka]、[ko]、[ku],而 CE、CI 读舌尖清擦音 [se]、[si]。</li> <li>意式:CA、CO、CU 读[ka]、[ko]、[ku],而 CE、CI 读舌叶清塞擦音 [tʃe]、[tʃi]。</li></ul> <p>G的情况不太一样:德式不发软音,只发硬音(不送气);法式为舌叶浊擦音[ʒ];意式发舌叶浊塞擦音[dʒ]。 </p><p>此外,S在古典音(仿古式)中永远发清音,在通用式中,按所在国本国语言的规則来读(比如在德国,因为德语的 s 在元音前永远发浊音,所以德国式的拉丁语读法也遵照此规則,在法语里,<span lang="en">s</span> 在元音间读浊音,故此读拉丁文亦加遵照。)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>参看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:参看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="拉丁语语法">拉丁语语法</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Allen, W. Sidney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2">Vox Latina: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin (2e)</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1978. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521379366" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521379366"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0521379366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=W.+Sidney&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Vox+Latina%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Latin+%282e%29&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521379366&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attested by Varro, <i>De lingua Latina</i>, book VII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clackson & Horrocks, pp. 273-274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Allen, W. Sidney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2">Vox Latina: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin (2e)</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1978. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521379366" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521379366"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0521379366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=W.+Sidney&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Vox+Latina%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Latin+%282e%29&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521379366&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wheelock, Frederic M. 韋洛克拉丁語教程(Wheelock's Latin 6e). 由張, 卜天翻译. 世界图书出版公司. 2009: 54–55. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787506293105" title="Special:网络书源/9787506293105"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787506293105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Frederic+M.&rft.aulast=Wheelock&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B%28Wheelock%27s+Latin+6e%29&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787506293105&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em;"> <dl><dd><cite id="CITEREFAlkireRosen2010" class="citation book">Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancelanguages0000alki">Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521889155" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521889155"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0521889155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Carol&rft.aufirst=Ti&rft.aulast=Alkire&rft.btitle=Romance+Languages%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521889155&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancelanguages0000alki&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFAllen1978" class="citation book">Allen, William Sidney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2">Vox Latina—a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin</a> 2nd. Cambridge University Press. 1978 [1965]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-37936-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-37936-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-37936-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=William+Sidney&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Vox+Latina%E2%80%94a+Guide+to+the+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Latin&rft.date=1978&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-37936-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFAllen1987" class="citation book">Allen, William Sidney. Vox Graeca: The Pronunciation of Classical Greek. Cambridge University Press. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521335553" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521335553"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0521335553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=William+Sidney&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Vox+Graeca%3A+The+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Greek&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521335553&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFAllenGreenough2001" class="citation book">Allen, Joseph A.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_B._Greenough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James B. Greenough(页面不存在)">Greenough, James B.</a> Mahoney, Anne , 编. New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Newburyport, Massachusetts: R. Pullins Company. 2001 [1903]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-58510-042-0" title="Special:网络书源/1-58510-042-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-58510-042-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Greenough%2C+James+B.&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=New+Latin+Grammar+for+Schools+and+Colleges&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-58510-042-0&rft.place=Newburyport%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=R.+Pullins+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFBrittain1955" class="citation book">Brittain, Frederick. Latin in Church. The History of its Pronunciation 2nd. Mowbray. 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.aulast=Brittain&rft.btitle=Latin+in+Church.+The+History+of+its+Pronunciation&rft.date=1955&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Mowbray&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFClacksonHorrocks2007" class="citation book">Clackson, James; Horrocks, Geoffrey. The Blackwell History of the Latin Language. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-6209-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-6209-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4051-6209-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Horrocks%2C+Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+History+of+the+Latin+Language&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6209-8&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFClackson2008" class="citation book">Clackson, James. Latin. Roger D. Woodward (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge">The Ancient Languages of Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-68495-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-68495-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-68495-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Latin&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68495-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00roge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1939" class="citation journal">Gilbert, Allan H. Mock Accents in Renaissance and Modern Latin. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. June 1939, <b>54</b> (2): 608–610. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F458579"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/458579</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Mock+Accents+in+Renaissance+and+Modern+Latin&rft.aufirst=Allan+H&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.date=1939-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.pages=608-610&rft.volume=54&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F458579&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFHayes1995" class="citation book">Hayes, Bruce. Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. University of Chicago. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780226321042" title="Special:网络书源/9780226321042"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780226321042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.btitle=Metrical+stress+theory%3A+principles+and+case+studies&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226321042&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite class="citation book">Levy, Harry L. A Latin Reader for Colleges. University of Chicago Pressref=harv. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Harry+L.&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Reader+for+Colleges&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Pressref%3Dharv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1987" class="citation book">Lloyd, Paul M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromlatintospani0000lloy">From Latin to Spanish</a>. Diane Publishing. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87169-173-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87169-173-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-87169-173-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.btitle=From+Latin+to+Spanish&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-173-6&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromlatintospani0000lloy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite class="citation book">Neidermann, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prcisdephont00nied">Précis de phonétique historique du latin</a> 2. Paris. 1945 [1906].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.aulast=Neidermann&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9cis+de+phon%C3%A9tique+historique+du+latin&rft.date=1945&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprcisdephont00nied&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFMcCullagh2011" class="citation book">McCullagh, Matthew. The Sounds of Latin: Phonology. James Clackson (编). A Companion to the Latin Language. Blackwell Publishing. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1405186056" title="Special:网络书源/978-1405186056"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1405186056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=The+Sounds+of+Latin%3A+Phonology&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=McCullagh&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Latin+Language&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1405186056&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFPekkanen1999" class="citation book">Pekkanen, Tuomo. Ars grammatica—Latinan kielioppi 3rd-6th. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/951-570-022-1" title="Special:网络书源/951-570-022-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 951-570-022-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到芬兰语及拉丁语网页">(芬兰语及拉丁语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Tuomo&rft.aulast=Pekkanen&rft.btitle=Ars+grammatica%E2%80%94Latinan+kielioppi&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=3rd-6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=951-570-022-1&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Helsinki+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_X1903" class="citation web">Pope Pius X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adoremus.org/MotuProprio.html">Tra le Sollecitudini</a>. Rome, Italy: Adoremus. November 22, 1903 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182241/http://www.adoremus.org/MotuProprio.html">存档</a>于2012-07-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Pope+Pius+X&rft.btitle=Tra+le+Sollecitudini&rft.date=1903-11-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Adoremus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adoremus.org%2FMotuProprio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFPope1952" class="citation book">Pope, M. K. From Latin to Modern French with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman revised. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1952 [1934].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.btitle=From+Latin+to+Modern+French+with+especial+consideration+of+Anglo-Norman&rft.date=1952&rft.edition=revised&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFSihler1995" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Sihler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Sihler(页面不存在)">Sihler, Andrew L.</a> New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-508345-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-508345-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-508345-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.aulast=Sihler&rft.btitle=New+Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-508345-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book">Smith, Jane Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phoneticsphilolo0000stua">Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic</a>. Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-925773-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-925773-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-925773-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Jane+Stuart&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=Phonetics+and+Philology%3A+Sound+Change+in+Italic&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-925773-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphoneticsphilolo0000stua&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd> <dd><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant1920" class="citation book">Sturtevant, Edgar Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pronunciationgr00sturgoog">The pronunciation of Greek and Latin</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Howard&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.btitle=The+pronunciation+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.date=1920&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpronunciationgr00sturgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWard1962" class="citation journal">Ward, Ralf L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-world_1962-06_55_9/page/273">Evidence For The Pronunciation Of Latin</a>. The Classical World. June 1962, <b>55</b> (9): 273–275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4344896"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 4344896</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4344896"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/4344896</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Evidence+For+The+Pronunciation+Of+Latin&rft.aufirst=Ralf+L.&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.date=1962-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.pages=273-275&rft.volume=55&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4344896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_classical-world_1962-06_55_9%2Fpage%2F273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4344896&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWingo1972" class="citation book">Wingo, E. Otha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinpunctuation0000wing">Latin Punctuation in the Classical Age</a>. De Gruyter Mouton. 1972. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9027923233" title="Special:网络书源/978-9027923233"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-9027923233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=E.+Otha&rft.aulast=Wingo&rft.btitle=Latin+Punctuation+in+the+Classical+Age&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9027923233&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinpunctuation0000wing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://la.raycui.com/">http://la.raycui.com/</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210224050126/http://la.raycui.com/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>): Classical and ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation with audio examples</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09019a.htm?title=">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1910 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-11-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211204944/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09019a.htm?title=">存档</a>于2020-02-11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Latin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09019a.htm%3Ftitle%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lord, Frances Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7528?title=">The Roman Pronunciation of Latin: Why we use it and how to use it</a>. Gutenberg Project. 2007 [1894] <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-11-18</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927035644/http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7528?title=">存档</a>于2007-09-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Frances+Ellen&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Pronunciation+of+Latin%3A+Why+we+use+it+and+how+to+use+it&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Gutenberg+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F7528%3Ftitle%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加利西亞語音系(页面不存在)">加利西亞語</a></li> <li>德語 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="標準德語音系">標準</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯恩德語音系(页面不存在)">伯恩</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%B2%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯尼茲方言音系(页面不存在)">肯尼茲方言</a></li></ul></li> <li>希臘語 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="現代希臘語音系(页面不存在)">現代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="古希臘語音系">古</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AB%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庫德語音系(页面不存在)">庫德語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉特加萊語音系(页面不存在)">拉特加萊語</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">拉丁語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉脫維亞語音系(页面不存在)">拉脫維亞語</a></li> <li>林堡語 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E8%92%99%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈蒙方言音系(页面不存在)">哈蒙</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="立陶宛語音系">立陶宛語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧森堡語音系(页面不存在)">盧森堡語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬其頓語音系(页面不存在)">馬其頓語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%B0%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬爾地夫語音系(页面不存在)">馬爾地夫語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬拉提語音系(页面不存在)">馬拉提語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊爾語音系(页面不存在)">尼泊爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挪威語音系(页面不存在)">挪威語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧克語音系(页面不存在)">奧克語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐利亞語音系(页面不存在)">歐利亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古撒克遜語音系(页面不存在)">古撒克遜語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%96%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普什圖語音系(页面不存在)">普什圖語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="波斯語音系">波斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波蘭語音系(页面不存在)">波蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙語音系(页面不存在)">葡萄牙語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="原始印歐語音系">原始印歐語</a></li> <li>利普里安語 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科隆語音系(页面不存在)">科隆語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="羅馬尼亞語音系">羅馬尼亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="俄語音系">俄語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇格蘭人的語音歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇格蘭人的語音歷史(页面不存在)">蘇格蘭語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of Scots</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇格蘭蓋爾語音系(页面不存在)">蘇格蘭蓋爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E-%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語音系(页面不存在)">塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛伐克語音系(页面不存在)">斯洛伐克語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛維尼亞語音系(页面不存在)">斯洛維尼亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索馬利亞語音系(页面不存在)">索馬利亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞索托語音系(页面不存在)">塞索托語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙語音系(页面不存在)">西班牙語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙語方言與變體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spanish dialects and varieties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%88%87%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙語方言與變體(页面不存在)">西班牙語方言與變體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish dialects and varieties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spanish dialects and varieties</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="瑞典語音系">瑞典語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上索布語音系(页面不存在)">上索布語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏克蘭語音系(页面不存在)">烏克蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威爾斯語音系(页面不存在)">威爾斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西菲士蘭語音系(页面不存在)">西菲士蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%B7%92%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意第緒語音系(页面不存在)">意第緒語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉語系">烏拉語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛沙尼亞語音系(页面不存在)">愛沙尼亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬蘭語音系(页面不存在)">芬蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匈牙利語音系(页面不存在)">匈牙利語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%9D%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="亞非語系">亞非語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>阿拉伯語 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="阿拉伯語音系">標準</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及阿拉伯語音系(页面不存在)">埃及</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E5%BF%97%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢志阿拉伯語音系(页面不存在)">漢志</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黎凡特阿拉伯語音系(页面不存在)">黎凡特</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突尼西亞阿拉伯語音系(页面不存在)">突尼西亞</a></li></ul></li> <li>希伯來語 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" title="現代希伯來語">現代</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%AB%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧羅莫語音系(页面不存在)">奧羅莫語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="漢藏語系">漢藏語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="緬甸語音系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Burmese phonology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緬甸語音系(页面不存在)">緬甸語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_phonology" class="extiw" title="en:Burmese phonology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Burmese phonology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>漢語上古至中古 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="上古漢語音系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Chinese phonology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="上古汉语音系">上古</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" class="extiw" title="en:Old Chinese phonology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Chinese phonology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="先秦音系">先秦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="漢代音系">漢代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="魏晉音系">魏晉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="隋唐音系">隋唐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="五代音系">五代</a></li></ul></li> <li>漢語-官话方言 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%B4%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="宋代汴洛语音">宋代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="近代汉语">早期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="元代音系">元代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%88%9D%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="明初官话音系">明初</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="明清官話音系">明清</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="現代標準漢語音系">現代</a></li></ul></li> <li>漢語-其他方言 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="粵語音系">粵語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="閩南語音系">閩南語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="潮州话音系学">潮州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%AD%A6" title="汉语音韵学">歷史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="藏語音系">藏語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞齊語音系(页面不存在)">亞齊語</a></li> <li>台灣南島語言 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="阿美語音系">阿美語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="泰雅語音系">泰雅語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B3%BD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="巴賽語音系">巴賽語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="布農語音系">布農語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%92%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="鄒語音系">鄒語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%87%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="魯凱語音系">魯凱語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%B0%BE%E5%A3%9F%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="虎尾壟語音系">費佛朗語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E9%AD%AF%E5%93%87%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="拉阿魯哇語音系">拉阿魯哇語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%82%A3%E5%8D%A1%E9%82%A3%E5%AF%8C%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="卡那卡那富語音系">卡那卡那富語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%93%88%E5%B7%AB%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="噶哈巫語音系">噶哈巫語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E7%91%AA%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="噶瑪蘭語音系">噶瑪蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%B0%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="巴宰語音系">巴宰語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="排灣語音系">排灣語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="卑南語音系">卑南語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%A5%87%E8%90%8A%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="撒奇萊雅語音系">撒奇萊雅語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%A4%8F%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="賽夏語音系">賽夏語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="賽德克語音系">賽德克語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="西拉雅語音系">西拉雅語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%82%9F%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="達悟語音系">達悟語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="邵語音系">邵語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="賽德克語音系">太魯閣語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夏威夷語音系(页面不存在)">夏威夷語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬來語音系(页面不存在)">馬來語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毛利語音系(页面不存在)">毛利語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%A5%BF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="他加祿語音系(页面不存在)">他加祿語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他語系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布哈茲語音系(页面不存在)">阿布哈茲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%95%99%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="阿留特語音系">阿留特語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國手語音系(页面不存在)">美國手語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%A5%87%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="楚科奇語音系">楚科奇語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界語音系(页面不存在)">世界語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%90%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因紐特語音系(页面不存在)">因紐特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="日語音系">日語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%A5%A7%E7%93%A6%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基奧瓦語音系(页面不存在)">基奧瓦語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="朝鲜语音系">韓語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉爾吉斯語音系(页面不存在)">吉爾吉斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="邏輯語音系">邏輯語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%BB%E8%96%A9%E8%AB%B8%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麻薩諸塞語音系(页面不存在)">麻薩諸塞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E8%8D%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納瓦荷語音系(页面不存在)">納瓦荷語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E5%8F%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐及布威語音系(页面不存在)">歐及布威語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渥太華語音系(页面不存在)">渥太華語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坦米爾語音系(页面不存在)">坦米爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%8B%99%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔務斯語音系(页面不存在)">塔務斯語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤比克語音系(页面不存在)">尤比克語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖尼語音系(页面不存在)">祖尼語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="土耳其語音系">土耳其語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維吾爾語音系(页面不存在)">維吾爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="越南語音系">越南語</a></li></ul> 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