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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 New cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 New radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_lifestyles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_lifestyles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Changing lifestyles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_lifestyles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergent_middle-class_drug_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergent_middle-class_drug_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Emergent middle-class drug culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergent_middle-class_drug_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Regions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Western Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social and political movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_political_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and political movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_racial_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_racial_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ethnic and racial movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_racial_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Free Speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 New Left </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Anti-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Anti-nuclear </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_school_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_school_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Free school movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_school_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Environmentalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producerist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producerist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Producerist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producerist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Gay liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mod_subculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mod_subculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mod subculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mod_subculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Hippies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marijuana,_LSD,_and_other_recreational_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marijuana,_LSD,_and_other_recreational_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Marijuana, LSD, and other recreational drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marijuana,_LSD,_and_other_recreational_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychedelic_research_and_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelic_research_and_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Psychedelic research and experimentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelic_research_and_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ken_Kesey_and_the_Merry_Pranksters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ken_Kesey_and_the_Merry_Pranksters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ken_Kesey_and_the_Merry_Pranksters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_psychedelics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_psychedelics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Other psychedelics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_psychedelics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sexual revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Alternative media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_disc_sports_(Frisbee)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_disc_sports_(Frisbee)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Alternative disc sports (Frisbee) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_disc_sports_(Frisbee)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avant-garde_art_and_anti-art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avant-garde_art_and_anti-art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Avant-garde art and anti-art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avant-garde_art_and_anti-art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_spirituality_and_the_occult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_spirituality_and_the_occult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Religion, spirituality and the occult </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_spirituality_and_the_occult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca_and_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca_and_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.1 Wicca and paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca_and_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippie_"high_priests"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippie_"high_priests""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.2 Hippie "high priests" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippie_"high_priests"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discordianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discordianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.3 Discordianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discordianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hare_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hare_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11.4 Hare Krishna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hare_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Key figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Counterculture of the 1960s</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="ثقافة الستينات المضادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة الستينات المضادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracultura_na_d%C3%A9cada_de_1960" title="Contracultura na década de 1960 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contracultura na década de 1960" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="১৯৬০-এর দশকের প্রতিসংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৬০-এর দশকের প্রতিসংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_1960-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Контракултура на 1960-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Контракултура на 1960-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrakultura_60._let" title="Kontrakultura 60. let – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kontrakultura 60. let" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungdomsopr%C3%B8ret" title="Ungdomsoprøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ungdomsoprøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1960" title="Αντικουλτούρα της δεκαετίας του 1960 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντικουλτούρα της δεκαετίας του 1960" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracultura_en_la_d%C3%A9cada_de_1960" title="Contracultura en la década de 1960 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contracultura en la década de 1960" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADkulturo_de_la_1960-aj_jaroj" title="Kontraŭkulturo de la 1960-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭkulturo de la 1960-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B6%DB%B0" title="پادفرهنگ دهه ۱۹۶۰ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادفرهنگ دهه ۱۹۶۰" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-culture_des_ann%C3%A9es_1960" title="Contre-culture des années 1960 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contre-culture des années 1960" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anti-establishment cultural phenomenon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Counterculture of the 1960s</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peace_symbol.svg/160px-Peace_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peace_symbol.svg/240px-Peace_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peace_symbol.svg/320px-Peace_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols#Peace_symbol" title="Peace symbols">peace sign</a> (or peace symbol), designed and first used in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>, later became associated with elements of the 1960s counterculture.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Early 1960s to early 1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">Cultural movements <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">Hippie movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">Hippie trail</a>) <a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Communes</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a> <a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging Sixties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swinging_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinging London">Swinging London</a>) <a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Rise of the music festival</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Wave_movements" title="List of New Wave movements">New Wave movements</a> <a href="/wiki/Progg" title="Progg">Progg</a> Protest movements <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a>) <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Movement">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a>) <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_renaissance" title="Māori renaissance">Māori renaissance</a>) <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_movement" title="Asian American movement">Asian American movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican Movement">Nuyorican Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a> <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Left_in_Japan" title="New Left in Japan">Japan</a>), (<a href="/wiki/K-Gruppen" title="K-Gruppen">West Germany</a>) Environmentalism</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" title="Cloward–Piven strategy">Cloward–Piven strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brinton" title="Sam Brinton">Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haben_Girma" title="Haben Girma">Girma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jenkins" title="Andrea Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Mahogany" title="Honey Mahogany">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Kate_Dale" title="Laura Kate Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre#MoveOn_and_political_commentary" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Kasparian" title="Ana Kasparian">Kasparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kulinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Marsh" title="Jeffrey Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn" title="Zoë Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Sarkeesian" title="Anita Sarkeesian">Sarkeesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_DiAngelo" title="Robin DiAngelo">DiAngelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Lee (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Lee" title="Summer Lee">Lee (Summer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mottley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pocan" title="Mark Pocan">Pocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JB_Pritzker" title="JB Pritzker">Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau (Justin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau (Pierre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Fragility" title="White Fragility">White Fragility</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Racism" title="Nice Racism">Nice Racism</a> (2021)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Media" title="Crooked Media">Crooked Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Wiki">Rational Wiki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #800080; border-bottom:1px solid #800080; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The counterculture of the 1960s was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> cultural phenomenon and political movement that developed in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> during the mid-20th century. It began in the early 1960s, and continued through the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-rebelsgone?-3">[3]</a> It is often synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a> and with the various <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social changes</a> of the decade. The effects of the movement<a href="#cite_note-rebelsgone?-3">[3]</a> have been ongoing to the present day. The aggregate movement gained momentum as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States had made significant progress, such as the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, and with the intensification of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> that same year, it became <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> to some.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As the movement progressed, widespread <a href="/wiki/Social_tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Social tension">social tensions</a> also developed concerning other issues, and tended to flow along generational lines regarding <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">respect for the individual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional modes of authority</a>, rights of <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a>, end of racial segregation, experimentation with <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a>, and differing interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a>. Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As the era unfolded, what emerged were new cultural forms and a dynamic <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> that celebrated experimentation, individuality,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> modern incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a>, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">alternative lifestyles</a>. This embrace of experimentation is particularly notable in the works of popular musical acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, as well as of <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a> filmmakers, whose works became far less restricted by censorship. Within and across many disciplines, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers helped define the counterculture movement. Everyday <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_fashion" title="1960s in fashion">fashion</a> experienced a decline of the suit and especially of the wearing of hats; other changes included the normalisation of long hair worn down for women (as well as many men at the time),<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> the popularization of traditional African, Indian and Middle Eastern styles of dress (including the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Natural_hair_movement" title="Natural hair movement">natural hair</a> for those of <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African</a> descent), the invention and popularization of the <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirt</a> which raised hemlines above the knees, as well as the development of distinguished, youth-led <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">fashion subcultures</a>. Styles based around <a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">jeans</a>, for both men and women, became an important fashion movement that has continued up to the present day. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> movements of previous eras. The <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_baby_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II baby boom">post-World War II baby boom</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2011-08-11-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> generated an unprecedented number of potentially disaffected youth as prospective participants in a rethinking of the direction of the United States and other <a href="/wiki/Democratic_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic societies">democratic societies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yale-New_Haven_Teachers_Institute-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-war</a> affluence allowed much of the counterculture generation to move beyond the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression-era</a> parents.<a href="#cite_note-KidnerBucur2007-13">[13]</a> The era was also notable in that a significant portion of the array of behaviors and "causes" within the larger movement were quickly assimilated within mainstream society, particularly in the US, even though counterculture participants numbered in the clear minority within their respective national populations.<a href="#cite_note-RubinCasper2013-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kimball2013-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_1960s_counterculture" title="Timeline of 1960s counterculture">Timeline of 1960s counterculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_geopolitics">Post-war geopolitics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-war geopolitics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/220px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/330px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/440px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption>Underwater atomic test "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Baker</a>", <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a>, Pacific Ocean, 1946</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">capitalist states</a> involved espionage and preparation for war between powerful nations,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2009-08-05-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Central_Intelligence_Agency_(US)-17">[17]</a> along with political and military interference by powerful states in the internal affairs of less powerful nations. Poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with and distrust of post-war governments.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Examples included harsh responses from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) towards popular <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> uprisings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> in 1968; and the botched US <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1961. In the US, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s initial deception<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> over the nature of the <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a> resulted in the government being caught in a blatant lie at the highest levels, and contributed to a backdrop of growing distrust of authority among many who came of age during the period.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_State-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines.<a href="#cite_note-Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty_Organization-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty_Organization_(Unknown)-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Internal political disagreements concerning <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Obligations_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty Obligations of the United States">treaty obligations</a> in Southeast Asia (<a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a>), especially in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and debate as to how other communist <a href="/wiki/Insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgencies">insurgencies</a> should be challenged, also created a rift of dissent within the establishment.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a> also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism.<a href="#cite_note-Fawcett2012-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech and actions on the part of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_(unknown)-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of US President John F. Kennedy</a> in November 1963, and the attendant <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">theories</a> concerning the event, led to further diminished trust in government, including among younger people.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center_for_People_&_The_Press_2013-10-18-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Archives_(US)-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues_and_calls_to_action">Social issues and calls to action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social issues and calls to action">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarioSavio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MarioSavio.JPG/170px-MarioSavio.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MarioSavio.JPG/255px-MarioSavio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/MarioSavio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Free Speech activist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Savio" title="Mario Savio">Mario Savio</a> on the steps of Sproul Hall, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, 1966</figcaption></figure> Many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. One was a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent movement</a> in the United States seeking to resolve constitutional <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> illegalities, especially regarding general <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, longstanding <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchisement</a> of Black people in the South by white-dominated <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state government</a>, and ongoing <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racial discrimination</a> in jobs, housing, and access to public places in both the North and the South. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their basic constitutional rights, especially <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Many counterculture activists became aware of the plight of the poor, and <a href="/wiki/Community_organizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Community organizer">community organizers</a> fought for the funding of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">anti-poverty programs</a>, particularly in the South and within <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">inner city</a> areas in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Environmentalism grew from a greater understanding of the ongoing damage caused by industrialization, resultant pollution, and the misguided use of chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> in well-meaning efforts to improve the quality of life for the rapidly growing population.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-38">[38]</a> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> played key roles in developing a new awareness among the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">global population</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">fragility of our planet</a>, despite resistance from elements of the establishment in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The need to address minority rights of women, gay people, the disabled, and many other neglected constituencies within the larger population came to the forefront as an increasing number of primarily younger people broke free from the constraints of 1950s orthodoxy and struggled to create a more inclusive and tolerant social landscape.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The availability of new and more effective forms of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> was a key underpinning of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>. The notion of "recreational sex" without the threat of unwanted pregnancy radically changed the social dynamic and permitted both women and men much greater freedom in the selection of sexual lifestyles outside the confines of traditional marriage.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children born out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites and from 25% to 66% for African-Americans.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergent_media">Emergent media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergent media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>King's "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech, given in front of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> during the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> For those born after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the emergence of television as a source of entertainment and information—as well as the associated massive expansion of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> afforded by post-war affluence and encouraged by TV advertising—were key components in creating disillusionment for some younger people and in the formulation of new social behaviours, even as <a href="/wiki/Ad_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad agencies">ad agencies</a> heavily courted the "hip" youth market.<a href="#cite_note-Frank1998-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-AndersonHerr2007-45">[45]</a> In the US, nearly <a href="/wiki/Real-time_communication" title="Real-time communication">real-time</a> <a href="/wiki/TV_news" class="mw-redirect" title="TV news">TV news coverage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> era's 1963 <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Campaign">Birmingham Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Sunday (1965)">"Bloody Sunday"</a> event of the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>, and graphic news footage from Vietnam brought horrifying, moving images of the bloody reality of armed conflict into living rooms for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_cinema">New cinema</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New cinema">edit</a>]</div> The breakdown of enforcement of the US <a href="/wiki/Hays_Code" title="Hays Code">Hays Code</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Public_Radio_(US)-47">[47]</a> concerning censorship in motion picture production, the use of new forms of artistic expression in European and Asian cinema, and the advent of modern production values heralded a new era of <a href="/wiki/Art-house" class="mw-redirect" title="Art-house">art-house</a>, pornographic, and mainstream film production, distribution, and exhibition. The end of censorship resulted in a complete reformation of the western film industry. With new-found artistic freedom, a generation of exceptionally talented <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Wave</a> film makers working across all genres brought realistic depictions of previously prohibited subject matter to neighborhood theater screens for the first time, even as <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> film studios were still considered a part of the establishment by some elements of the counterculture. Successful 1960s new films of the New Hollywood were <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde_(film)" title="Bonnie and Clyde (film)">Bonnie and Clyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Graduate" title="The Graduate">The Graduate</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a>. Other examples of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">hippie modernist cinema</a> includes experimental short films made by figures like <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Belson" title="Jordan Belson">Jordan Belson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Conner" title="Bruce Conner">Bruce Conner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">concert film</a> <a href="/wiki/Gimme_Shelter_(1970_film)" title="Gimme Shelter (1970 film)">Gimme Shelter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium_Cool" title="Medium Cool">Medium Cool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabriskie_Point_(film)" title="Zabriskie Point (film)">Zabriskie Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punishment_Park" title="Punishment Park">Punishment Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_radio">New radio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New radio">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_watching_television_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/220px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/330px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Family_watching_television_1958.jpg/440px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>A family watches television, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1958</figcaption></figure> By the later 1960s, previously under-regarded <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM radio</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM radio</a> as the focal point for the ongoing explosion of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> music, and became the nexus of youth-oriented news and advertising for the counterculture generation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Communications_Commission_(US)-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_lifestyles">Changing lifestyles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Changing lifestyles">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Communes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collectives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intentional_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional communities">intentional communities</a> regained popularity during this era.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Early communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Hog_Farm" title="Hog Farm">Hog Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarry_Hill_Creative_Center" title="Quarry Hill Creative Center">Quarry Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a> in the US were established as straightforward <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_land_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Back to the land movement">agrarian</a> attempts to return to the land and live free of interference from outside influences. As the era progressed, many people established and populated new communities in response to not only disillusionment with standard community forms, but also dissatisfaction with certain elements of the counterculture itself. Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international <a href="/wiki/Green_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Politics">Green Movement</a>. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> practices and increased <a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">human potential</a> helped to shift views on organized religion during the era. In 1957, 69% of US residents polled by <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Generation_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Gap">Generation Gap</a>", or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A large measure of the generational chasm of the 1960s and early 1970s was born of rapidly evolving fashion and hairstyle trends that were readily adopted by the young, but often misunderstood and ridiculed by the old. These included the wearing of very long hair by men,<a href="#cite_note-Macan1996-56">[56]</a> the wearing of natural or "<a href="/wiki/Afro" title="Afro">Afro</a>" hairstyles by Black people, the donning of revealing clothing by women in public, and the mainstreaming of the psychedelic clothing and regalia of the short-lived hippie culture. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of <a href="/wiki/T-shirts" class="mw-redirect" title="T-shirts">T-shirts</a> (often <a href="/wiki/Tie-dyed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie-dyed">tie-dyed</a>, or emblazoned with political or advertising statements), and <a href="/wiki/Levi%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi's">Levi Strauss-branded</a> blue denim jeans<a href="#cite_note-CunninghamLab1991-57">[57]</a> became the enduring uniform of the generation, as daily wearing of suits along with traditional <a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a> declined in use. The fashion dominance of the counterculture effectively ended with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk Rock</a> eras in the later 1970s, even as the global popularity of T-shirts, denim jeans, and casual clothing in general have continued to grow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergent_middle-class_drug_culture">Emergent middle-class drug culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emergent middle-class drug culture">edit</a>]</div> In the western world, the ongoing criminal legal status of the recreational drug industry was instrumental in the formation of an anti-establishment social dynamic by some of those coming of age during the counterculture era. The explosion of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> use during the era, in large part by students on fast-expanding college campuses,<a href="#cite_note-The_Nation_1966-01-31-58">[58]</a> created an attendant need for increasing numbers of people to conduct their personal affairs in secret in the procurement and use of banned substances. The <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">classification of marijuana as a narcotic</a>, and the attachment of severe criminal penalties for its use, drove the act of smoking marijuana, and experimentation with substances in general, deep underground. Many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Frontline-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg/170px-Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg/255px-Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg/340px-Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4942" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war protesters</figcaption></figure> The confrontations between college students (and other activists) and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era. Many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_police-related_slang_terms" title="List of police-related slang terms">fuzz</a>" and "pig" as derogatory <a href="/wiki/Epithets" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithets">epithets</a> for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon. The distrust of police was based not only on fear of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> during political protests, but also on generalized police corruption—especially police manufacture of false evidence, and outright entrapment, in drug cases. In the US, the social tension between elements of the counterculture and law enforcement reached the breaking point in many notable cases, including: the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a> in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> in Chicago,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> the arrest and imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(poet)" title="John Sinclair (poet)">John Sinclair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a> in Kent, Ohio, where National Guardsman acted as surrogates for police.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Police malfeasance was also an ongoing issue in the UK during the era.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis1999-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div> The Vietnam War, and the protracted national divide between supporters and opponents of the war, were arguably the most important factors contributing to the rise of the larger counterculture movement. The widely accepted assertion that anti-war opinion was held only among the young is a myth,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> but enormous war protests consisting of thousands of mostly younger people in every major US city, and elsewhere across the Western world, effectively united millions against the war, and against the war policy that prevailed under five US congresses and during two presidential administrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Western Europe">edit</a>]</div> The counterculture movement took hold in Western Europe, with London, Amsterdam, Paris, Rome and Milan, Copenhagen and West Berlin rivaling San Francisco and New York as counterculture centers.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Londons_Carnaby_Street,_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Londons_Carnaby_Street%2C_1966.jpg/220px-Londons_Carnaby_Street%2C_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Londons_Carnaby_Street%2C_1966.jpg/330px-Londons_Carnaby_Street%2C_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Londons_Carnaby_Street%2C_1966.jpg/440px-Londons_Carnaby_Street%2C_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption> Carnaby Street, London, 1966</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/UK_Underground" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Underground">UK Underground</a> was a movement linked to the growing subculture in the US and associated with the hippie phenomenon, generating its own magazines and newspapers, fashion, music groups, and clubs. Underground figure <a href="/wiki/Barry_Miles" title="Barry Miles">Barry Miles</a> said, "The underground was a catch-all sobriquet for a community of like-minded anti-establishment, anti-war, pro-rock'n'roll individuals, most of whom had a common interest in recreational drugs. They saw peace, exploring a widened area of consciousness, love and sexual experimentation as more worthy of their attention than entering the rat race. The straight, consumerist lifestyle was not to their liking, but they did not object to others living it. But at that time the middle classes still felt they had the right to impose their values on everyone else, which resulted in conflict."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a> was a counterculture movement that focused on "provocative direct action ('pranks' and 'happenings') to arouse society from political and social indifference".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In France, the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">General Strike</a> centered in Paris in May 1968 united French students, and nearly toppled the government.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a> or K1 was a commune in West Berlin known for its bizarre staged events that fluctuated between satire and <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">provocation</a>. These events served as inspiration for the "<a href="/wiki/Sponti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponti">Sponti</a>" movement and other leftist groups. In the late summer of 1968, the commune moved into a deserted factory on Stephanstraße to reorient. This second phase of Kommune 1 was characterized by sex, music and drugs. Soon, the commune was receiving visitors from all over the world, including <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke1969-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni%C4%8Dka" title="Mánička">Mánička</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> term used for young people with long hair, usually males, in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> through the 1960s and 1970s. Long hair for males during this time was considered an expression of political and social attitudes in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">communist Czechoslovakia</a>. From the mid-1960s, the long-haired and "untidy" persons (so called máničky or vlasatci (in English: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mops" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mops">Mops</a>) were banned from entering pubs, cinema halls, theatres and using public transportation in several Czech cities and towns.<a href="#cite_note-Pokorná-78">[78]</a> In 1964, the public transportation regulations in <a href="/wiki/Most_(city)" title="Most (city)">Most</a> and <a href="/wiki/Litv%C3%ADnov" title="Litvínov">Litvínov</a> excluded long-haired máničky as displeasure-evoking persons. Two years later, the municipal council in <a href="/wiki/Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Poděbrady">Poděbrady</a> banned máničky from entering cultural institutions in the town.<a href="#cite_note-Pokorná-78">[78]</a> In August 1966, <a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a> informed that máničky in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> were banned from visiting restaurants of the I. and II. price category.<a href="#cite_note-Pokorná-78">[78]</a> In 1966, during a big campaign coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>, around 4,000 young males were forced to cut their hair, often in the cells with the assistance of the state police.<a href="#cite_note-radioprague-79">[79]</a> On August 19, 1966, during a "safety intervention" organized by the state police, 140 long-haired people were arrested. As a response, the "community of long-haired" organized a protest in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. More than 100 people cheered slogans such as "Give us back our hair!" or "Away with hairdressers!". The state police arrested the organizers and several participants of the meeting. Some of them were given prison sentences.<a href="#cite_note-Pokorná-78">[78]</a> According to the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Mlad%C3%A1_fronta_Dnes" title="Mladá fronta Dnes">Mladá fronta Dnes</a>, the Czechoslovak Ministry of Interior in 1966 even compiled a detailed map of the frequency of occurrence of long-haired males in Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In August 1969, during the first anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia</a>, the long-haired youth were one of the most active voices in the state protesting against the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Pokorná-78">[78]</a> Youth protesters have been labeled as "vagabonds" and "slackers" by the official <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Normalization (Czechoslovakia)">normalized</a> press.<a href="#cite_note-Pokorná-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oz-31-cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oz-31-cover.jpg/220px-Oz-31-cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oz-31-cover.jpg/330px-Oz-31-cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Oz-31-cover.jpg/440px-Oz-31-cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oz_(magazine)" title="Oz (magazine)">Oz</a> number 31 cover</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oz_(magazine)" title="Oz (magazine)">Oz</a> magazine was first published as a satirical humour magazine between 1963 and 1969 in Sydney, and, in its second and better known incarnation, became a "psychedelic hippy" magazine from 1967 to 1973 in London. Strongly identified as part of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground press</a>, it was the subject of two celebrated <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> trials, one in Australia in 1964 and the other in the United Kingdom in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre2006-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Digger_(alternative_magazine)" title="The Digger (alternative magazine)">The Digger</a> was published monthly between 1972 and 1975 and served as a national outlet for many movements within Australia's counterculture with notable contributors—including second-wave feminists <a href="/wiki/Anne_Summers" title="Anne Summers">Anne Summers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Garner" title="Helen Garner">Helen Garner</a>; Californian cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Ron_Cobb" title="Ron Cobb">Ron Cobb</a>'s observations during a year-long stay in the country; Aboriginal activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheryl_Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheryl Buchanan (page does not exist)">Cheryl Buchanan</a> (who was active in the 1972 setup of the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy" title="Aboriginal Tent Embassy">Aboriginal Tent Embassy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and later partner of poet and activist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Fogarty" title="Lionel Fogarty">Lionel Fogarty</a><a href="#cite_note-cordite-84">[84]</a>) and radical scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Roberts_(environmentalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Roberts (environmentalist) (page does not exist)">Alan Roberts</a> (1925–2017<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>—and ongoing coverage of cultural trailblazers such as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Performing_Group" title="Australian Performing Group">Australian Performing Group</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Pram_Factory" title="Pram Factory">Pram Factory</a>), and emerging Australian filmmakers. The Digger was produced by an evolving collective, many of whom had previously produced counterculture newspapers Revolution and <a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a>, and all three of these magazines were co-founded by publisher/editor <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Frazer" title="Phillip Frazer">Phillip Frazer</a>, who launched Australia's legendary pop music paper <a href="/wiki/Go-Set" title="Go-Set">Go-Set</a> in 1966, when he was himself a teenager. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/La_Onda_Chicana" class="mw-redirect" title="La Onda Chicana">La Onda Chicana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican rock">Mexican rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_balsa" title="La balsa">La balsa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_68" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico 68">Mexico 68</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/220px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/330px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/440px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Three radical icons of the sixties. Encounter between <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_%22Che%22_Guevara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto "Che" Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a> in Cuba, in 1960.</figcaption></figure> In Mexico, rock music was tied into the youth revolt of the 1960s. Mexico City, as well as northern cities such as <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo" title="Nuevo Laredo">Nuevo Laredo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>, were exposed to US music. Many Mexican rock stars became involved in the counterculture. The three-day <a href="/wiki/Festival_Rock_y_Ruedas_de_Av%C3%A1ndaro" title="Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro">Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro</a>, held in 1971, was organized in the valley of Avándaro near the city of <a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a>, a town neighboring Mexico City, and became known as "The Mexican Woodstock". Nudity, drug use, and the presence of the US flag scandalized conservative Mexican society to such an extent that the government clamped down on rock and roll performances for the rest of the decade. The festival, marketed as proof of Mexico's modernization, was never expected to attract the masses it did, and the government had to evacuate stranded attendees en masse at the end. This occurred during the era of President <a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a>, an extremely repressive era in Mexican history. Anything that could be connected to the counterculture or student protests was prohibited from being broadcast on public airwaves, with the government fearing a repeat of the <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">student protests</a> of 1968. Few bands survived the prohibition, though the ones that did, like Three Souls in My Mind (now <a href="/wiki/El_Tri_(band)" title="El Tri (band)">El Tri</a>), remained popular due in part to their adoption of Spanish for their lyrics, but mostly as a result of a dedicated underground following. While Mexican rock groups were eventually able to perform publicly by the mid-1980s, the ban prohibiting tours of Mexico by foreign acts lasted until 1989.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cordobazo" title="Cordobazo">Cordobazo</a> was a civil uprising in the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba, Argentina</a>, in the end of May 1969, during the military dictatorship of General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a>, which occurred a few days after the <a href="/wiki/Rosariazo" title="Rosariazo">Rosariazo</a>, and a year after the French <a href="/wiki/May_%2768" class="mw-redirect" title="May '68">May '68</a>. Contrary to previous protests, the Cordobazo did not correspond to previous struggles, headed by <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> workers' leaders, but associated students and workers in the same struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bermand-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_movements">Social and political movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social and political movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_1960s_counterculture" title="Timeline of 1960s counterculture">Timeline of 1960s counterculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_racial_movements">Ethnic and racial movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ethnic and racial movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_movement" title="Asian American movement">Asian American movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_movement" title="Nuyorican movement">Nuyorican movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dialoguero" title="Dialoguero">Dialoguero</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Aoki_at_a_Panther_Rally_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Activist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aoki" title="Richard Aoki">Richard Aoki</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a> rally</figcaption></figure> The civil rights movement, a key element of the larger counterculture movement, involved the use of applied <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> to assure that equal rights guaranteed under the <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a> would apply to all citizens. Many states illegally denied many of these rights to African-Americans, and this was partially successfully addressed in the early and mid-1960s in several major nonviolent movements.<a href="#cite_note-HillBuckler2010-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawson2010-89">[89]</a> The Chicano Movement of the 1960s, also called the Chicano civil rights movement, was a civil rights movement extending the Mexican-American civil rights movement of the 1960s with the stated goal of achieving <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a> empowerment. The American Indian Movement (or AIM) is a Native American <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots movement</a> that was founded in July 1968 in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A.I.M. was initially formed in urban areas to address systemic issues of poverty and police brutality against Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-CointelPro-91">[91]</a> A.I.M. soon widened its focus from urban issues to include many Indigenous Tribal issues that Native American groups have faced due to <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a> of the Americas, such as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">treaty rights</a>, high rates of unemployment, education, cultural continuity, and preservation of Indigenous cultures.<a href="#cite_note-CointelPro-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[92]</a> The Asian American movement was a <a href="/wiki/Sociopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopolitical">sociopolitical</a> movement in which the widespread grassroots effort of Asian Americans affected racial, social and political change in the US, reaching its peak in the late 1960s to mid-1970s. During this period Asian Americans promoted <a href="/wiki/Antiwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiwar">antiwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> activism, directly opposing what was viewed as an unjust Vietnam war. The American Asian Movement differs from previous Asian American activism due to its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a> and its solidarity with US and international <a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third World movements</a>. The Nuyorican movement is a cultural and intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> or of Puerto Rican descent, who live in or near New York City, and either call themselves or are known as <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyoricans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-K-93">[93]</a> It originated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Loisaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Loisaida">Loisaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> as a means to validate Puerto Rican experience in the United States, particularly for poor and working-class people who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a>, ostracism, and discrimination. Young Cuban exiles in the United States would develop interests in Cuban identity, and politics.<a href="#cite_note-mirrors-94">[94]</a> This younger generation had experienced the United States during the rising <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-war movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">feminist movement</a> of the 1960s, causing them to be influenced by radicals that encouraged political introspection, and social justice. Figures like <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> were also heavily praised among American student radicals at the time. These factors helped push some young Cubans into advocating for different degrees of rapprochement with Cuba.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Those most likely to become more radical were Cubans who were more culturally isolated from being outside the Cuban enclave of Miami.<a href="#cite_note-counter-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Speech">Free Speech</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Free Speech">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></div> Much of the 1960s counterculture originated on college campuses. The 1964 Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley, which had its roots in the Civil Rights Movement of the southern United States, was one early example. At Berkeley a group of students began to identify themselves as having interests as a class that were at odds with the interests and practices of the university and its corporate sponsors. Other rebellious young people, who were not students, also contributed to the Free Speech Movement.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Left">New Left</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Left">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></div> The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in the Western world. They differed from earlier leftist movements that had been more oriented towards <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour</a> activism, and instead adopted social activism. The American "New Left" is associated with college campus mass protests and radical leftist movements. The British "New Left" was an intellectually driven movement that attempted to correct the perceived errors of "<a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a>" parties in the post–World War II period. The movements began to wind down in the 1970s, when activists either committed themselves to party projects, developed <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> organizations, moved into <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative lifestyles">alternative lifestyles</a>, or became politically inactive.<a href="#cite_note-Marcuse2004-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Almeida2012-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan2012-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton,_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/220px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/330px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg/440px-Herbert_Marcuse_in_Newton%2C_Massachusetts_1955.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, was an influential <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> thinker on the radical student movements of the era<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and philosopher of the New Left.<a href="#cite_note-kellner12-101">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> The emergence of the New Left in the 1950s and 1960s led to a revival of interest in <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The New Left's critique of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a>'s authoritarianism was associated with a strong interest in personal liberty, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> (see the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>) and led to a rediscovery of older socialist traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>. The New Left also led to a revival of anarchism. Journals like Radical America and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(anarchists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mask (anarchists)">Black Mask</a> in America, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(political_group)" title="Big Flame (political group)">Big Flame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a>, succeeded by The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> in the UK, introduced a range of left libertarian ideas to a new generation. <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">participatory economics</a> (parecon), and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a> emerged from this. A surge of popular interest in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> occurred in western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and anarchists actively participated in the <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">late 1960s students and workers revolts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> During the IX Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Anarchist_Federation" title="Italian Anarchist Federation">Italian Anarchist Federation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a> in 1965, a group decided to split off from this organization and created the Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica. In the 1970s, it was mostly composed of "veteran individualist anarchists with a <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">pacifism</a> orientation, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">naturism</a>, etc, ...".<a href="#cite_note-almeralia.com-109">[109]</a> In 1968, in <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, Italy the <a href="/wiki/International_of_Anarchist_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International of Anarchist Federations">International of Anarchist Federations</a> was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(France)" title="Anarchist Federation (France)">France</a>, the Italian and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Anarchist_Federation" title="Iberian Anarchist Federation">Iberian Anarchist Federation</a> as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> During the events of <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a> the anarchist groups active in France were <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Anarchiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Anarchiste">Fédération Anarchiste</a>, Mouvement communiste libertaire, Union fédérale des anarchistes, Alliance ouvrière anarchiste, Union des groupes anarchistes communistes, Noir et Rouge, <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_du_travail" title="Confédération nationale du travail">Confédération nationale du travail</a>, Union anarcho-syndicaliste, Organisation révolutionnaire anarchiste, Cahiers socialistes libertaires, À contre-courant, La Révolution prolétarienne, and the publications close to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Émile Armand</a>. The New Left in the United States also included anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">countercultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a>-related radical groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a> who were led by <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">The Diggers</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers">Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers</a>. By late 1966, <a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">the Diggers</a> opened <a href="/wiki/Free_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Free stores">free stores</a> which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<a href="#cite_note-Lytle_2006_213215-113">[113]</a> The Diggers took their name from the original <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">English Diggers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a><a href="#cite_note-Digger_Archives-114">[114]</a> and sought to create a mini-society free of money and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American_Experience_doc-115">[115]</a> On the other hand, the Yippies employed theatrical gestures, such as advancing a pig ("<a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a> the Immortal") as a candidate for president in 1968, to mock the social status quo.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> They have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian and anarchist<a href="#cite_note-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128-117">[117]</a> youth movement of "symbolic politics".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Since they were well known for street theater and politically themed pranks, many of the "old school" <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> either ignored or denounced them. According to <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>, "The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-war">Anti-war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EugeneMcCarthy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EugeneMcCarthy.jpg/170px-EugeneMcCarthy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EugeneMcCarthy.jpg/255px-EugeneMcCarthy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EugeneMcCarthy.jpg/340px-EugeneMcCarthy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a>, anti-war candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nomination for the US presidency in 1968</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Opposition to the Vietnam War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Day_Committee" title="Vietnam Day Committee">Vietnam Day Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War" title="Vietnam Veterans Against the War">Vietnam Veterans Against the War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_nuclear-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand's nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free zone</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London in 1958,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> in an act of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, 60,000–100,000 protesters made up of students and <a href="/wiki/Pacifists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifists">pacifists</a> converged in what was to become the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">ban the Bomb</a>" demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> began in 1964 on United States college campuses. Student activism became a dominant theme among the baby boomers, growing to include many other demographic groups. Exemptions and deferments for the middle and upper classes resulted in the induction of a disproportionate number of poor, working-class, and minority registrants. Countercultural books such as <a href="/wiki/MacBird" class="mw-redirect" title="MacBird">MacBird</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Garson" title="Barbara Garson">Barbara Garson</a> and much of the counterculture music encouraged a spirit of non-conformism and anti-establishmentarianism. By 1968, the year after a large march <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">to the United Nations</a> in New York City and a large protest at the <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Pentagon</a> were undertaken, a majority of people in the country opposed the war.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-nuclear">Anti-nuclear</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anti-nuclear">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_anti-nuclear_movement" title="History of the anti-nuclear movement">History of the anti-nuclear movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Musicians_United_for_Safe_Energy" title="Musicians United for Safe Energy">Musicians United for Safe Energy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallout_shelter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fallout_shelter.jpg/170px-Fallout_shelter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Fallout_shelter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>A sign pointing to an old fallout shelter in New York City</figcaption></figure> The application of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technology</a>, both as a source of energy and as an instrument of war, has been controversial.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-contr-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-eleven-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Scientists and diplomats have debated the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> policy since before the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing">atomic bombing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-brow-128">[128]</a> The public became concerned about <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> from about 1954, following extensive nuclear testing in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>. In 1961 and 1962, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, about 50,000 women brought together by <a href="/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a> marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dagmar2011-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 1963, many countries ratified the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> which prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing.<a href="#cite_note-rudig2-131">[131]</a> Some local opposition to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> emerged in the early 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-well-132">[132]</a> and in the late 1960s some members of the scientific community began to express their concerns.<a href="#cite_note-rudig-133">[133]</a> In the early 1970s, there were large protests about a proposed nuclear power plant in <a href="/wiki/Wyhl" title="Wyhl">Wyhl</a>, Germany. The project was cancelled in 1975 and <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> success at Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Nuclear power became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-jimfalk-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism">Feminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Feminism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></div> The role of women as full-time homemakers in industrial society was challenged in 1963, when US feminist <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a>, giving momentum to the women's movement and influencing what many called <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a>. Other activists, such as <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>, either organized, influenced, or educated many of a younger generation of women to endorse and expand feminist thought. Feminism gained further currency within the protest movements of the late 1960s, as women in movements such as <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> rebelled against the "support" role they believed they had been consigned to within the male-dominated New Left, as well as against perceived manifestations and statements of <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> within some radical groups. The 1970 pamphlet Women and Their Bodies, soon expanded into the 1971 book <a href="/wiki/Our_Bodies,_Ourselves" title="Our Bodies, Ourselves">Our Bodies, Ourselves</a>, was particularly influential in bringing about the new feminist consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_school_movement">Free school movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Free school movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmentalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WEC-69F-C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WEC-69F-C.jpg/170px-WEC-69F-C.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WEC-69F-C.jpg/255px-WEC-69F-C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WEC-69F-C.jpg/340px-WEC-69F-C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="3983" /></a><figcaption>The cover of an early <a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog" title="Whole Earth Catalog">Whole Earth Catalog</a> shows the Earth as seen by astronauts traveling back from the Moon.</figcaption></figure> The 1960s counterculture embraced a <a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">back-to-the-land</a> ethic, and communes of the era often relocated to the country from cities. Influential books of the 1960s included <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a>. Counterculture environmentalists were quick to grasp the implications of Ehrlich's writings on <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, the Hubbert "<a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>" prediction, and more general concerns over pollution, <a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">litter</a>, the environmental effects of the Vietnam War, automobile-dependent lifestyles, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>. More broadly they saw that the dilemmas of energy and resource allocation would have implications for geo-politics, lifestyle, environment, and other dimensions of modern life. The "back to nature" theme was already prevalent in the counterculture by the time of the 1969 Woodstock festival, while the first <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> in 1970 was significant in bringing environmental concerns to the forefront of youth culture. At the start of the 1970s, counterculture-oriented publications like the <a href="/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog" title="Whole Earth Catalog">Whole Earth Catalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mother_Earth_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mother Earth News">The Mother Earth News</a> were popular, out of which emerged a <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Back to the land">back to the land</a> movement. The 1960s and early 1970s counterculture were early adopters of practices such as recycling and <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> long before they became mainstream. The counterculture interest in ecology progressed well into the 1970s: particularly influential were New Left eco-anarchist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mander" title="Jerry Mander">Jerry Mander</a>'s criticism of the effects of television on society, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ecotopia" title="Ecotopia">Ecotopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abbey" title="Edward Abbey">Edward Abbey</a>'s fiction and non-fiction writings, and <a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a>'s economics book <a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a>. Also in these years environmentalist global organizations arose, as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> (WWF). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producerist">Producerist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Producerist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Farmers_Organization" title="National Farmers Organization">National Farmers Organization</a></div> The National Farmers Organization (NFO) is a <a href="/wiki/Producerism" title="Producerism">producerist</a> movement founded in 1955. It became notorious for being associated with <a href="/wiki/Property_crime#Vandalism" title="Property crime">property violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimidation#United_States" title="Intimidation">threats</a> committed without official approval of the organization, from a 1964 incident when two members were crushed under the rear wheels of a cattle truck, for orchestrating the withholding of commodities, and for opposition to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">co-ops</a> unwilling to withhold. During withholding protests, farmers would purposely destroy food or wastefully slaughter their animals in an attempt to raise prices and gain media exposure. The NFO failed to persuade the US government to establish a <a href="/wiki/Market_Sharing_Quota" title="Market Sharing Quota">quota system</a> as is currently practiced today in the <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada#Supply_management" title="Dairy farming in Canada">milk</a>, cheese, eggs and poultry <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a> programs in Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_liberation">Gay liberation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gay liberation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a> were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>, a gay bar in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> neighborhood of New York City. This is frequently cited as the first instance in US history when people in the gay community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted them, and became the defining event that marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights movement">gay rights movement</a> in the United States and around the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mod_subculture">Mod subculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mod subculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod (subculture)</a></div> Mod is a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> that began in London and spread throughout Great Britain and elsewhere, eventually influencing fashions and trends in other countries,<a href="#cite_note-Men'_s_Clothes_pg._82-88-137">[137]</a> and continues today on a smaller scale. Focused on music and fashion, the subculture has its roots in a small group of stylish London-based young men in the late 1950s who were termed modernists because they listened to <a href="/wiki/Modern_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern jazz">modern jazz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Elements of the mod subculture include fashion (often tailor-made suits); music (including <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, rhythm and blues, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, jazz, and later splintering off into rock and <a href="/wiki/Freakbeat" title="Freakbeat">freakbeat</a> after the peak Mod era); and motor scooters (usually <a href="/wiki/Lambretta" title="Lambretta">Lambretta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vespa" title="Vespa">Vespa</a>). The original mod scene was associated with <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>-fuelled all-night dancing at clubs.<a href="#cite_note-medicine-139">[139]</a> During the early to mid-1960s, as mod grew and spread throughout the UK, certain elements of the mod scene became engaged in well-publicised <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">clashes</a> with members of rival subculture, <a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">rockers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mods_and_rockers" title="Mods and rockers">mods and rockers</a> conflict led sociologist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(sociologist)" title="Stanley Cohen (sociologist)">Stanley Cohen</a> to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>" in his study about the two <a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">youth subcultures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Moral_Panics-140">[140]</a> which examined media coverage of the mod and rocker riots in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-British_Film_Commission_BFC-141">[141]</a> By 1965, conflicts between mods and rockers began to subside and mods increasingly gravitated towards <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelia</a>. London became synonymous with fashion, music, and pop culture in these years, a period often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Swinging_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinging London">Swinging London</a>". During this time, mod fashions spread to other countries and became popular in the United States and elsewhere—with mod now viewed less as an isolated subculture, but emblematic of the larger youth culture of the era. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippies">Hippies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hippies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">History of the hippie movement</a></div> After the January 14, 1967, <a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a> in San Francisco organized by artist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bowen_(artist)" title="Michael Bowen (artist)">Michael Bowen</a>, the media's attention on culture was fully activated.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Scott_McKenzie" title="Scott McKenzie">Scott McKenzie</a>'s rendition of the song "<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_(Be_Sure_to_Wear_Flowers_in_Your_Hair)" title="San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)">San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)</a>" brought as many as 100,000 young people from all over the world to celebrate San Francisco's "<a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a>". While the song had originally been written by <a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(musician)" title="John Phillips (musician)">John Phillips</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas" title="The Mamas & the Papas">The Mamas & the Papas</a> to promote the June 1967 <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Pop Festival">Monterey Pop Festival</a>, it became an instant hit worldwide (#4 in the United States, No. 1 in Europe) and quickly transcended its original purpose. San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Flower_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower children">flower children</a>, also called "hippies" by local newspaper columnist <a href="/wiki/Herb_Caen" title="Herb Caen">Herb Caen</a>, adopted new styles of dress, experimented with <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a>, lived communally and developed a vibrant music scene. When people returned home from "The Summer of Love" these styles and behaviors spread quickly from San Francisco and Berkeley to many US and Canadian cities and European capitals. Some hippies formed <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communes</a> to live as far outside of the established system as possible. This aspect of the counterculture rejected active political engagement with the mainstream and, following the dictate of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Turn_on,_tune_in,_drop_out" title="Turn on, tune in, drop out">Turn on, tune in, drop out</a>", hoped to change society by <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out" title="Dropping out">dropping out</a> of it. Looking back on his own life (as a Harvard professor) prior to 1960, Leary interpreted it to have been that of "an anonymous institutional employee who drove to work each morning in a long line of commuter cars and drove home each night and drank martinis ... like several million middle-class, liberal, intellectual robots." As members of the hippie movement grew older and moderated their lives and their views, and especially after US involvement in the Vietnam War ended in the mid-1970s, the counterculture was largely absorbed by the mainstream, leaving a lasting impact on philosophy, morality, music, art, alternative health and diet, lifestyle and fashion. In addition to a new style of clothing, philosophy, art, music and various views on anti-war, and anti-establishment, some hippies decided to turn away from modern society and re-settle on ranches, or communes. The very first of communes in the United States was on a seven-acre tract of land in southeastern Colorado, named <a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a>. According to Timothy Miller,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <blockquote>"Drop City brought together most of the themes that had been developing in other recent communities-anarchy, pacifism, sexual freedom, rural isolation, interest in drugs, art-and wrapped them flamboyantly into a commune not quite like any that had gone before"</blockquote> Many of the inhabitants practiced acts like reusing trash and recycled materials to build <a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">geodesic</a> domes for shelter and other various purposes, using various drugs like marijuana and LSD, and creating various pieces of <a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a>. After the initial success of Drop City, visitors would take the idea of communes and spread them. Another commune called "The Ranch" was very similar to the culture of Drop City, as well as new concepts like giving children of the commune extensive freedoms known as "children's rights".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> There were many hippie communes in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, including <a href="/wiki/New_Buffalo_(commune)" title="New Buffalo (commune)">New Buffalo</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawapa" title="Tawapa">Tawapa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marijuana,_LSD,_and_other_recreational_drugs">Marijuana, LSD, and other recreational drugs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Marijuana, LSD, and other recreational drugs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="History of lysergic acid diethylamide">History of lysergic acid diethylamide</a></div> During the 1960s, this second group of casual <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD) users evolved and expanded into a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> that extolled the mystical and religious symbolism often engendered by the drug's powerful effects, and advocated its use as a method of expanding <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>. The personalities associated with the subculture, gurus such as Timothy Leary and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> musicians such as the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">the Doors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, soon attracted a great deal of publicity, generating further interest in LSD. The popularization of LSD outside of the medical world was hastened when individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> participated in drug trials and liked what they saw. Tom Wolfe wrote a widely read account of these early days of LSD's entrance into the non-academic world in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Kool_Aid_Acid_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test">The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test</a>, which documented the cross-country, acid-fueled voyage of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters on the psychedelic bus Furthur and the Pranksters' later "Acid Test" LSD parties. In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Sandoz" title="Sandoz">Sandoz</a> laboratories stopped its still legal shipments of LSD to the United States for research and psychiatric use, after a request from the US government concerned about its use. By April 1966, LSD use had become so widespread that <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine warned about its dangers.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In December 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation film</a> <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_Generation" title="Hallucination Generation">Hallucination Generation</a> was released.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Trip_(1967_film)" title="The Trip (1967 film)">The Trip</a> in 1967 and <a href="/wiki/Psych-Out" title="Psych-Out">Psych-Out</a> in 1968. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychedelic_research_and_experimentation">Psychedelic research and experimentation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Psychedelic research and experimentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fungi_in_art" title="Fungi in art">Fungi in art</a></div>As most research on psychedelics began in the 1940s and 1950s, heavy experimentation made its effect in the 1960s during this era of change and movement. Researchers were gaining acknowledgment and popularity with their promotion of psychedelia. This really anchored the change that counterculture instigators and followers began. Most research was conducted at top collegiate institutes, such as <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> and his Harvard research team had hopes for potential changes in society. Their research began with <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> mushrooms and was called the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Psilocybin_Project" title="Harvard Psilocybin Project">Harvard Psilocybin Project</a>. In one study known as the <a href="/wiki/Concord_Prison_Experiment" title="Concord Prison Experiment">Concord Prison Experiment</a>, Leary investigated the potential for psilocybin to reduce <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> in criminals being released from prison. After the research sessions, Leary did a follow-up. He found that "75% of the turned on prisoners who were released had stayed out of jail."<a href="#cite_note-Lattin-148">[148]</a> He believed he had solved the nation's crime problem. But with many officials skeptical, this breakthrough was not promoted. Because of the personal experiences with these drugs, Leary and his many outstanding colleagues, including <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Doors_of_Perception" title="The Doors of Perception">The Doors of Perception</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a> (The Joyous Cosmology), believed that these were the mechanisms that could bring peace to not only the nation but the world. As their research continued the media followed them and published their work and documented their behavior, the trend of this counterculture drug experimentation began.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Leary made attempts to bring more organized awareness to people interested in the study of psychedelics. He confronted the Senate committee in Washington and recommended for colleges to authorize the conduction of laboratory courses in psychedelics. He noted that these courses would "end the indiscriminate use of LSD and would be the most popular and productive courses ever offered".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Although these men were seeking an ultimate enlightenment, reality eventually proved that the potential they thought was there could not be reached, at least in this time. The change they sought for the world had not been permitted by the political systems of all the nations these men pursued their research in. Ram Dass states, "Tim and I actually had a chart on the wall about how soon everyone would be enlightened ... We found out that real change is harder. We downplayed the fact that the psychedelic experience isn't for everyone."<a href="#cite_note-Lattin-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ken_Kesey_and_the_Merry_Pranksters">Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Merry_Pranksters" title="Merry Pranksters">Merry Pranksters</a> helped shape the developing character of the 1960s counterculture when they embarked on a cross-country voyage during the summer of 1964 in a psychedelic <a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school bus</a> named <a href="/wiki/Furthur_(bus)" title="Furthur (bus)">Furthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Beginning in 1959, Kesey had volunteered as a research subject for medical trials financed by the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Project_MKULTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKULTRA">MK ULTRA</a> project. These trials tested the effects of LSD, psilocybin, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, and other psychedelic drugs. After the medical trials, Kesey continued experimenting on his own, and involved many close friends; collectively they became known as the "Merry Pranksters". The Pranksters visited Harvard LSD proponent Timothy Leary at his <a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_New_York" title="Millbrook, New York">Millbrook, New York</a>, retreat, and experimentation with LSD and other psychedelic drugs, primarily as a means for internal reflection and personal growth, became a constant during the Prankster trip. The Pranksters created a direct link between the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> and the 1960s psychedelic scene; the bus was driven by Beat icon <a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a>, Beat poet <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> was on board for a time, and they dropped in on Cassady's friend, Beat author <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>—though Kerouac declined to participate in the Prankster scene. After the Pranksters returned to California, they popularized the use of LSD at so-called "<a href="/wiki/Acid_Tests" title="Acid Tests">Acid Tests</a>", which initially were held at Kesey's home in <a href="/wiki/La_Honda,_California" title="La Honda, California">La Honda, California</a>, and then at many other West Coast venues. The cross country trip and Prankster experiments were documented in <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Kool_Aid_Acid_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test">The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test</a>, a masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_psychedelics">Other psychedelics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other psychedelics">edit</a>]</div> Experimentation with LSD, DMT, <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a>, and other psychedelic drugs became a major component of 1960s counterculture, influencing philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">art</a>, music and styles of dress. <a href="/wiki/Jim_DeRogatis" title="Jim DeRogatis">Jim DeRogatis</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a>, a small cactus containing the psychedelic <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, was widely available in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, a countercultural hub in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_revolution">Sexual revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sexual revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div> The sexual revolution (also known as a time of "sexual liberation") was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationships</a> throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">the pill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Public nudity">public nudity</a>, the normalization of <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a>, homosexuality and alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_media">Alternative media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Alternative media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Underground_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground newspapers">Underground newspapers</a> sprang up in most cities and college towns, serving to define and communicate the range of phenomena that defined the counterculture: radical political opposition to "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a>", colorful experimental (and often explicitly drug-influenced) approaches to art, music and cinema, and uninhibited indulgence in sex and drugs as a symbol of freedom. The papers also often included comic strips, from which the <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comix</a> were an outgrowth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_disc_sports_(Frisbee)">Alternative disc sports (Frisbee)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Alternative disc sports (Frisbee)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flying_disc_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying disc games">Flying disc games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg/220px-Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg/330px-Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg/440px-Ken_Westerfield_Santa_Cruz_Ca._1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Frisbee</a> and alternative 1960s <a href="/wiki/Flying_disc_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying disc games">disc sports</a> icon <a href="/wiki/Ken_Westerfield" title="Ken Westerfield">Ken Westerfield</a></figcaption></figure> As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. The forms of escape and resistance manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a <a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Frisbee</a>. From hippies tossing the <a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Frisbee</a> at festivals and concerts came today's popular disc sports.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Disc sports such as <a href="/wiki/Flying_disc_freestyle" title="Flying disc freestyle">disc freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_disc_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Double disc court">double disc court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guts_(flying_disc_game)" title="Guts (flying disc game)">disc guts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disc_golf" title="Disc golf">disc golf</a> became this sport's first events.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avant-garde_art_and_anti-art">Avant-garde art and anti-art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Avant-garde art and anti-art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> was a restricted group of international revolutionaries founded in 1957, and which had its peak in its influence on the unprecedented <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strikes">wildcat strikes</a> of <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968 in France</a>. With their ideas rooted in <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and the 20th-century European artistic <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-gardes</a>, they advocated experiences of life being alternative to those admitted by the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist order</a>, for the fulfillment of human primitive desires and the pursuing of a superior passional quality. For this purpose they suggested and experimented with the construction of situations, namely the setting up of environments favorable for the fulfillment of such desires. Using methods drawn from the arts, they developed a series of experimental fields of study for the construction of such situations, like <a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">unitary urbanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">psychogeography</a>. They fought against the main obstacle on the fulfillment of such superior passional living, identified by them in <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">advanced capitalism</a>. Their theoretical work peaked on the highly influential book <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>. Debord argued in 1967 that spectacular features like mass media and advertising have a central role in an advanced capitalist society, which is to show a fake reality to mask the real capitalist degradation of human life. <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a> which takes the field of "everyday life" as the ground upon which communication and participation can occur, or, as is more commonly the case, be perverted and abstracted into pseudo-forms. <a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a> (a name taken from a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word meaning "to flow") is an international network of artists, composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media and disciplines in the 1960s. They have been active in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise music</a>, visual art, literature, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, architecture, and design. Fluxus is often described as <a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">intermedia</a>, a term coined by Fluxus artist <a href="/wiki/Dick_Higgins" title="Dick Higgins">Dick Higgins</a> in a famous 1966 essay. Fluxus encouraged a "<a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-it-yourself">do-it-yourself</a>" aesthetic, and valued simplicity over complexity. Like <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> before it, Fluxus included a strong current of anti-commercialism and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">anti-art</a> sensibility, disparaging the conventional market-driven art world in favor of an artist-centered creative practice. As Fluxus artist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filliou" title="Robert Filliou">Robert Filliou</a> wrote, however, Fluxus differed from Dada in its richer set of aspirations, and the positive social and communitarian aspirations of Fluxus far outweighed the anti-art tendency that also marked the group. In the 1960s, the Dada-influenced <a href="/wiki/Art_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Art group">art group</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(anarchists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mask (anarchists)">Black Mask</a> declared that revolutionary art should be "an integral part of life, as in <a href="/wiki/Urgesellschaft" title="Urgesellschaft">primitive society</a>, and not an appendage to wealth."<a href="#cite_note-Ben_Morea:_art_and_anarchism-160">[160]</a> Black Mask disrupted cultural events in New York by giving made up flyers of art events to the homeless with the lure of free drinks.<a href="#cite_note-The_Assault_on_Culture_1-161">[161]</a> After, the <a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers">Motherfuckers</a> grew out of a combination of Black Mask and another group called Angry Arts. <a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers">Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers</a> (often referred to as simply "the Motherfuckers", or UAW/MF) was an anarchist <a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">affinity group</a> based in New York City. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States_in_the_1960s" title="Music history of the United States in the 1960s">Music history of the United States in the 1960s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1960s)" title="Music of the United Kingdom (1960s)">Music of the United Kingdom (1960s)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_music" title="1960s in music">1960s in music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:345px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The 60s were a leap in human consciousness. <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a>, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a>, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></cite></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s early career as a <a href="/wiki/Protest_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest singer">protest singer</a> had been inspired by his hero <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dogget2007-163">[163]</a>: 25  and his iconic lyrics and protest anthems helped propel the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk Revival</a> of the 1960s, which was arguably the first major sub-movement of the Counterculture. Although Dylan was first popular for his protest music, the song <a href="/wiki/Mr._Tambourine_Man" title="Mr. Tambourine Man">Mr. Tambourine Man</a> saw a stylistic shift in Dylan's work, from topical to abstract and imaginative, included some of the first uses of surrealistic imagery in popular music and has been viewed as a call to drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>' 1966 album <a href="/wiki/Pet_Sounds" title="Pet Sounds">Pet Sounds</a> served as a major source of inspiration for other contemporary acts, most notably directly inspiring the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The single "<a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations" title="Good Vibrations">Good Vibrations</a>" soared to number one globally, completely changing the perception of what a record could be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_37-164">[164]</a> It was during this period that the highly anticipated album <a href="/wiki/Smile_(The_Beach_Boys_album)" title="Smile (The Beach Boys album)">Smile</a> was to be released. However, the project collapsed and The Beach Boys released a stripped down and reimagined version called <a href="/wiki/Smiley_Smile" title="Smiley Smile">Smiley Smile</a>, which failed to make a big commercial impact but was also highly influential, most notably on <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a>. The Beatles went on to become the most prominent commercial exponents of the "psychedelic revolution" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles_album)" title="Revolver (Beatles album)">Revolver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour" title="Magical Mystery Tour">Magical Mystery Tour</a>) in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png/220px-Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png/330px-Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png/440px-Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_in_Fenklup.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimi Hendrix Experience">Jimi Hendrix Experience</a> performs for the Dutch television show Fenklup in March 1967.</figcaption></figure> Detroit's <a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a> also came out of the underground rock music scene of the late 1960s. They introduced a more aggressive evolution of <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> which was often fused with sociopolitical and countercultural lyrics of the era, such as in the song "Motor City Is Burning" (a <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a> cover adapting the story of the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Race_Riot_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Race Riot (1943)">Detroit Race Riot</a> of 1943 to the Detroit riot of 1967). MC5 had ties to radical leftist organizations such as "<a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers">Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers</a>" and <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(poet)" title="John Sinclair (poet)">John Sinclair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dogget2007-163">[163]</a>: 117  Another hotbed of the 1960s counterculture was <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, with two of the era's legendary music venues-the <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Gas_Company" title="Vulcan Gas Company">Vulcan Gas Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armadillo_World_Headquarters" title="Armadillo World Headquarters">Armadillo World Headquarters</a>-and musical talent like <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/13th_Floor_Elevators" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Floor Elevators">13th Floor Elevators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva%27s_Headband" title="Shiva's Headband">Shiva's Headband</a>, the Conqueroo, and, later, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a>. Austin was also home to a large New Left activist movement, one of the earliest underground papers, <a href="/wiki/The_Rag" title="The Rag">The Rag</a>, and cutting edge graphic artists like <a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Furry_Freak_Brothers" title="The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers">Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers</a> creator <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shelton" title="Gilbert Shelton">Gilbert Shelton</a>, underground comix pioneer <a href="/wiki/Jaxon_(cartoonist)" title="Jaxon (cartoonist)">Jack Jackson</a> (Jaxon), and surrealist armadillo artist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Franklin_(artist)" title="Jim Franklin (artist)">Jim Franklin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG/230px-Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG/345px-Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG/460px-Woodstock_redmond_stage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A small part of the crowd of 400,000, after the rain, <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a>, New York, August 1969</figcaption></figure> The 1960s was also an era of <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festivals</a>, which played an important role in spreading the counterculture across the US.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Pop Festival">Monterey Pop Festival</a>, which launched Hendrix's career in the US, was one of the first of these festivals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The 1969 <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock Festival</a> in New York state became a symbol of the movement,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> although the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival drew a larger crowd.<a href="#cite_note-Dogget2007-163">[163]</a>: 58  Some believe the era came to an abrupt end with the infamous <a href="/wiki/Altamont_Free_Concert" title="Altamont Free Concert">Altamont Free Concert</a> held by <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, in which heavy-handed security from the <a href="/wiki/Hells_Angels" title="Hells Angels">Hells Angels</a> resulted in the stabbing of an audience member, apparently in self-defense, as the show descended into chaos.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg/220px-The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg/330px-The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg/440px-The_Doors_in_Copenhagen_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a> performing for <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Denmark" title="Television in Denmark">Danish television</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> The 1960s saw the protest song gain a sense of political self-importance, with Phil Ochs's "<a href="/wiki/I_Ain%27t_Marching_Anymore" class="mw-redirect" title="I Ain't Marching Anymore">I Ain't Marching Anymore</a>" and Country Joe and the Fish's "<a href="/wiki/I-Feel-Like-I%27m-Fixin%27-to-Die-Rag" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die-Rag">I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die-Rag</a>" among the many anti-war anthems that were important to the era.<a href="#cite_note-Dogget2007-163">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodstock_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Woodstock_poster.jpg/220px-Woodstock_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Woodstock_poster.jpg/330px-Woodstock_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Woodstock_poster.jpg/440px-Woodstock_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5052" data-file-height="6991" /></a><figcaption>Promotional poster for the <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a> music festival, 1969</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> is an approach to <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music that was first developed in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the music produced by free jazz composers varied widely, the common feature was a dissatisfaction with the limitations of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">modal jazz</a>, which had developed in the 1940s and 1950s. Each in their own way, free jazz musicians attempted to alter, extend, or break down the conventions of jazz, often by discarding hitherto invariable features of jazz, such as fixed <a href="/wiki/Chord_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord change">chord changes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempos</a>. While usually considered experimental and avant-garde, free jazz has also oppositely been conceived as an attempt to return jazz to its "primitive", often religious roots, and emphasis on collective improv. Free jazz is strongly associated with the 1950s innovations of <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Taylor" title="Cecil Taylor">Cecil Taylor</a> and the later works of saxophonist <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>. Other important pioneers included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ayler" title="Albert Ayler">Albert Ayler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archie_Shepp" title="Archie Shepp">Archie Shepp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Maneri" title="Joe Maneri">Joe Maneri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ra" title="Sun Ra">Sun Ra</a>. Although today "free jazz" is the generally used term, many other terms were used to describe the loosely defined movement, including "avant-garde", "energy music" and "The New Thing". During its early and mid-60s heyday, much free jazz was released by established labels such as Prestige, Blue Note and Impulse, as well as independents such as <a href="/wiki/ESP_Disk" class="mw-redirect" title="ESP Disk">ESP Disk</a> and BYG Actuel. <a href="/wiki/Free_improv" class="mw-redirect" title="Free improv">Free improv</a> or free music is <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised music</a> without any rules beyond the logic or inclination of the musician(s) involved. The term can refer to both a technique (employed by any musician in any genre) and as a recognizable genre in its own right. Free improvisation as a genre of music, developed in the US and Europe in the mid- to late 1960s, largely as an outgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_music" title="Contemporary music">modern classical</a> musics. None of its primary exponents can be said to be famous within the mainstream; however, in experimental circles, a number of free musicians are well known, including saxophonists <a href="/wiki/Evan_Parker" title="Evan Parker">Evan Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Braxton" title="Anthony Braxton">Anthony Braxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Br%C3%B6tzmann" title="Peter Brötzmann">Peter Brötzmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Zorn" title="John Zorn">John Zorn</a>, drummer Christian Lillinger, trombonist <a href="/wiki/George_E._Lewis" title="George E. Lewis">George E. Lewis</a>, guitarists <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bailey_(guitarist)" title="Derek Bailey (guitarist)">Derek Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kaiser_(musician)" title="Henry Kaiser (musician)">Henry Kaiser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Frith" title="Fred Frith">Fred Frith</a> and the improvising groups The <a href="/wiki/Art_Ensemble_of_Chicago" title="Art Ensemble of Chicago">Art Ensemble of Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/AMM_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMM (group)">AMM</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1968_Chicago.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1968_Chicago.gif/188px-1968_Chicago.gif" decoding="async" width="188" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1968_Chicago.gif/282px-1968_Chicago.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1968_Chicago.gif/376px-1968_Chicago.gif 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="538" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>" protest chant from the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> was sampled on <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>'s debut studio album <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority_(album)" title="Chicago Transit Authority (album)">Chicago Transit Authority</a> in 1969.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic Guide">AllMusic Guide</a> states that "until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The term, "<a href="/wiki/Jazz-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz-rock">jazz-rock</a>" (or "jazz/rock") is often used as a synonym for the term "<a href="/wiki/Fusion_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion jazz">jazz fusion</a>". However, some make a distinction between the two terms. <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Spirits" title="The Free Spirits">The Free Spirits</a> have sometimes been cited as the earliest jazz-rock band.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> During the late 1960s, at the same time that jazz musicians were experimenting with rock rhythms and electric instruments, rock groups such as <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> were "beginning to incorporate elements of jazz into their music" by "experimenting with extended free-form improvisation". Other "groups such as <a href="/wiki/Blood,_Sweat_%26_Tears" title="Blood, Sweat & Tears">Blood, Sweat & Tears</a> directly borrowed harmonic, melodic, rhythmic and instrumentational elements from the jazz tradition".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The rock groups that drew on jazz ideas (like <a href="/wiki/Soft_Machine" title="Soft Machine">Soft Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colosseum_(band)" title="Colosseum (band)">Colosseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(band)" title="Caravan (band)">Caravan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(band)" title="Nucleus (band)">Nucleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(band)" title="Spirit (band)">Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>) turned the blend of the two styles with electric instruments.<a href="#cite_note-tesser-174">[174]</a> Since rock often emphasized directness and simplicity over virtuosity, jazz-rock generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late 1960s and early 70s: psychedelia, progressive rock, and the singer-songwriter movement.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>' <a href="/wiki/Bitches_Brew" title="Bitches Brew">Bitches Brew</a> sessions, recorded in August 1969 and released the following year, mostly abandoned jazz's usual swing beat in favor of a rock-style <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">backbeat</a> anchored by electric bass grooves. The recording "mixed free jazz blowing by a large ensemble with electronic keyboards and guitar, plus a dense mix of percussion."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Davis also drew on the rock influence by playing his trumpet through electronic effects and pedals. While the album gave Davis a <a href="/wiki/Gold_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold record">gold record</a>, the use of electric instruments and rock beats created a great deal of consternation among some more conservative jazz critics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_film" title="1960s in film">1960s in film</a></div> The counterculture was not only affected by cinema, but was also instrumental in the provision of era-relevant content and talent for the film industry. <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde_(film)" title="Bonnie and Clyde (film)">Bonnie and Clyde</a> struck a chord with the youth as "the alienation of the young in the 1960s was comparable to the director's image of the 1930s."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Films of this time also focused on the changes happening in the world. A sign of this was the visibility that the hippie subculture gained in various mainstream and underground media. <a href="/wiki/Hippie_exploitation_films" title="Hippie exploitation films">Hippie exploitation films</a> are 1960s <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation films">exploitation films</a> about the hippie counterculture<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> with stereotypical situations associated with the movement such as <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> and <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> use, sex and wild psychedelic parties. Examples include <a href="/wiki/The_Love-ins" class="mw-redirect" title="The Love-ins">The Love-ins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psych-Out" title="Psych-Out">Psych-Out</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trip_(1967_film)" title="The Trip (1967 film)">The Trip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wild_in_the_Streets" title="Wild in the Streets">Wild in the Streets</a>. The musical play <a href="/wiki/Hair_(musical)" title="Hair (musical)">Hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_(film)" title="Hair (film)">soon to be adapted into film by</a> <a href="/wiki/Milos_Forman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milos Forman">Milos Forman</a> a decade later, shocked stage audiences with full-frontal nudity. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a>'s "Road Trip" adventure <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a> (1969) became accepted as one of the landmark films of the era.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_Cool" title="Medium Cool">Medium Cool</a> portrayed the 1968 Democratic Convention alongside the 1968 Chicago police riots.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Inaugurated by the <a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">1969 release</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a>, the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Erotic_art" title="Erotic art">adult erotic films</a> being publicly discussed by celebrities (like <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Carson" title="Johnny Carson">Johnny Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>),<a href="#cite_note-TM-20050329-181">[181]</a> and taken seriously by critics (like <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>),<a href="#cite_note-RE-19730613-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-RE-19761124-183">[183]</a> a development referred to, by Ralph Blumenthal of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, as "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">porno chic</a>", and later known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a>, began, for the first time, in modern American culture.<a href="#cite_note-TM-20050329-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-19730121-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> According to award-winning author <a href="/wiki/Toni_Bentley" title="Toni Bentley">Toni Bentley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a>'s 1976 film <a href="/wiki/The_Opening_of_Misty_Beethoven" title="The Opening of Misty Beethoven">The Opening of Misty Beethoven</a>, based on the play <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> (and its derivative, <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a>), is considered the "crown jewel" of this '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-PB-201406-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-TB-201406-187">[187]</a> In France the <a href="/wiki/French_new_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="French new wave">New Wave</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Blanket_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanket term">blanket term</a> coined by critics for a group of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">French filmmakers</a> of the late 1950s and 1960s, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Neorealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neorealism">Italian Neorealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">classical Hollywood cinema</a>. Although never a formally organized movement, the New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejection of classical cinematic form and their spirit of youthful <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and is an example of <a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a>. Many also engaged in their work with the social and political upheavals of the era, making their radical experiments with editing, visual style and narrative part of a general break with the conservative paradigm. The Left Bank, or Rive Gauche, group is a contingent of filmmakers associated with the French New Wave, first identified as such by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roud" title="Richard Roud">Richard Roud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hfa-188">[188]</a> The corresponding "right bank" group comprises the more famous and financially successful New Wave directors associated with <a href="/wiki/Cahiers_du_cin%C3%A9ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahiers du cinéma">Cahiers du cinéma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>).<a href="#cite_note-hfa-188">[188]</a> Left Bank directors include <a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Chris Marker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hfa-188">[188]</a> Roud described a distinctive "fondness for a kind of <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemian</a> life and an impatience with the conformity of the Right Bank, a high degree of involvement in literature and the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a>, and a consequent interest in <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental filmmaking</a>", as well as an identification with the political <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hfa-188">[188]</a> Other film "new waves" from around the world associated with the 1960s are <a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a>, Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a>. During the 1960s, the term "<a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art film</a>" began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the US, the term is often defined very broadly, to include foreign-language (non-English) <a href="/wiki/Auteur_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteur theory">"auteur"</a> films, <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental films</a>, documentaries and short films. In the 1960s "art film" became a euphemism in the US for racy Italian and French <a href="/wiki/B-movies" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movies">B-movies</a>. By the 1970s, the term was used to describe <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">sexually explicit</a> European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film <a href="/wiki/I_Am_Curious_(Yellow)" title="I Am Curious (Yellow)">I Am Curious (Yellow)</a>. The 1960s was an important period in art film; the release of a number of groundbreaking films giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a> which had countercultural traits in filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc">Counterculture technology prodigy and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs' 2005 Commencement Address at Stanford University</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cultural historians—such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roszak_(scholar)" title="Theodore Roszak (scholar)">Theodore Roszak</a> in his 1986 essay "From Satori to Silicon Valley" and John Markoff in his book <a href="/wiki/What_the_Dormouse_Said" title="What the Dormouse Said">What the Dormouse Said</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> have pointed out that many of the early pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computing">personal computing</a> emerged from within the West Coast counterculture. Many early computing and networking pioneers, after discovering <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> and roaming the campuses of UC Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT in the late 1960s and early 1970s, would emerge from this caste of social "misfits" to shape the modern world of technology, especially in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_spirituality_and_the_occult">Religion, spirituality and the occult</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Religion, spirituality and the occult">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_age" class="mw-redirect" title="New age">New age</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></div> Many hippies rejected mainstream organized religion in favor of a more personal spiritual experience, often drawing on indigenous and folk beliefs. If they adhered to mainstream faiths, hippies were likely to embrace <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Restorationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationist">restorationist</a> Christianity of the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Movement">Jesus Movement</a>. In Hippies and American Values Timothy Miller described the hippie culture as essentially a "religious movement" whose goal was to transcend the limitations of mainstream religious institutions: <blockquote>Like many dissenting religions, the hippies were enormously hostile to the religious institutions of the dominant culture, and they tried to find new and adequate ways to do the tasks the dominant religions failed to perform.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca_and_paganism">Wicca and paganism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Wicca and paganism">edit</a>]</div> Some hippies embraced <a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-paganism">neo-paganism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. Wicca is a witchcraft religion which became more prominent beginning in 1951, with the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> and then others such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Williamson" title="Cecil Williamson">Cecil Williamson</a> began publicising their own versions of the Craft. Gardner and others never used the term "Wicca" as a religious identifier, simply referring to the "witch cult", "witchcraft", and the "Old Religion". However, Gardner did refer to witches as "the Wica".<a href="#cite_note-WitchcraftToday-191">[191]</a> During the 1960s, the name of the religion normalised to "Wicca".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999vii-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Gardner's tradition, later termed <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerianism</a>, soon became the dominant form in England and spread to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Following Gardner's death in 1964, the Craft continued to grow unabated despite <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> and negative portrayals in British tabloids, with new traditions being propagated by figures like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a> and most importantly <a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a>, which was predominantly based upon Gardnerian Wicca, albeit with an emphasis placed on <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, spread quickly and gained much media attention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hippie_"high_priests"">Hippie "high priests"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hippie "high priests"">edit</a>]</div> In his seminal, contemporaneous work, The Hippie Trip, author <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Yablonsky" title="Lewis Yablonsky">Lewis Yablonsky</a> notes that those who were most respected in hippie settings were the spiritual leaders, the so-called "high priests" who emerged during that era.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> One such hippie "high priest" was San Francisco State College instructor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin" title="Stephen Gaskin">Stephen Gaskin</a>. Beginning in 1966, Gaskin's "Monday Night Class" eventually outgrew the lecture hall, and attracted 1,500 hippie followers in an open discussion of spiritual values, drawing from Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu teachings. In 1970, Gaskin founded a Tennessee community called <a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)" title="The Farm (Tennessee)">The Farm</a>, and he still lists his religion as "Hippie".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg/220px-John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg/330px-John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg/440px-John_Lennon_performing_Give_Peace_a_Chance_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Recording "<a href="/wiki/Give_Peace_a_Chance" title="Give Peace a Chance">Give Peace a Chance</a>". Left to right: Rosemary Leary (face not visible), <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Smothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Smothers">Tommy Smothers</a> (with back to camera), <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a>, Judy Marcioni and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(composer_/_pianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Williams (composer / pianist)">Paul Williams</a>, June 1, 1969.</figcaption></figure> Timothy Leary was an American psychologist and writer, known for his advocacy of psychedelic drugs. On September 19, 1966, Leary founded the <a href="/wiki/League_for_Spiritual_Discovery" title="League for Spiritual Discovery">League for Spiritual Discovery</a>, a religion declaring LSD as its holy sacrament, in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents based on a "freedom of religion" argument. <a href="/wiki/The_Psychedelic_Experience" title="The Psychedelic Experience">The Psychedelic Experience</a> was the inspiration for John Lennon's song "<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows" title="Tomorrow Never Knows">Tomorrow Never Knows</a>" in The Beatles' album <a href="/wiki/Revolver_(The_Beatles_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolver (The Beatles album)">Revolver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sante-197">[197]</a> He published a pamphlet in 1967 called Start Your Own Religion to encourage just that (see below under "writings") and was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 <a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a> a gathering of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a> in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park" title="Golden Gate Park">Golden Gate Park</a> In speaking to the group, he coined the famous phrase "<a href="/wiki/Turn_on,_tune_in,_drop_out" title="Turn on, tune in, drop out">Turn on, tune in, drop out</a>".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discordianism">Discordianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Discordianism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Principia_Discordia" title="Principia Discordia">Principia Discordia</a> is the founding text of <a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a> written by Greg Hill (<a href="/wiki/Malaclypse_the_Younger" title="Malaclypse the Younger">Malaclypse the Younger</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Wendell_Thornley" title="Kerry Wendell Thornley">Kerry Wendell Thornley</a> (Lord Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst). It was originally published under the title "Principia Discordia or How The West Was Lost" in a limited edition of five copies in 1965. The title, literally meaning "Discordant Principles", is in keeping with the tendency of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> to prefer hypotactic grammatical arrangements. In English, one would expect the title to be "Principles of Discord".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hare_Krishna">Hare Krishna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Hare Krishna">edit</a>]</div> When recruiting for the Hare Krishna movement in the United States The <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON) deliberately devised strategies to align the movement's practices and belief system with the 1960s American counterculture to attract the interest of new recruits. ISKCON established its first temple in New York City in 1966. Most of its members were young people who identified with counter culture. Many had been involved in protest groups and joined ISKCON from other political or religious movements. One survey of ISKCON members in Berkeley and Los Angeles found that most members opposed the Vietnam War, held very negative views on the United States government, educational system and consumer culture.<a href="#cite_note-rochford-200">[200]</a> Members running for political office under instructions from <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> campaigned on presenting Krishna as a solution to America's ongoing moral deterioration. Although the movement was not successful in American politics the campaigns enhanced Krishna's public image as being aligned with the political movements of the counterculture activists and youth. Prabhupada stopped financing candidates in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-rochford-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_legacy">Criticism and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Criticism and legacy">edit</a>]</div> The lasting impact (including unintended consequences), creative output, and general legacy of the counterculture era continue to be actively discussed, debated, despised and celebrated. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/program/american-history-tv/1960s-era-counterculture/344481">2014: 1960s-era counterculture university professors and authors Alice Echols and David Farber discuss the content and legacy of the counterculture</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Even the notions of when the counterculture subsumed the Beat Generation, when it gave way to the successor generation, and what happened in between are open for debate. According to notable UK Underground and counterculture author Barry Miles,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <blockquote>It seemed to me that the Seventies was when most of the things that people attribute to the sixties really happened: this was the age of extremes, people took more drugs, had longer hair, weirder clothes, had more sex, protested more violently and encountered more opposition from the establishment. It was the era of sex and drugs and rock'n'roll, as <a href="/wiki/Ian_Dury" title="Ian Dury">Ian Dury</a> said. The countercultural explosion of the 1960s really only involved a few thousand people in the UK and perhaps ten times that in the USA—largely because of opposition to the Vietnam war, whereas in the Seventies the ideas had spread out across the world.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaBnIzY3R00">1968: "Beat" author Jack Kerouac, an early critic of the hippies and the larger counterculture, debates with sociologist Lewis Yablonksy, musician Ed Sanders, and conservative commentator William F. Buckley, Jr. on US TV's Firing Line</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> teaching unit on the counterculture era notes: "Although historians disagree over the influence of the counterculture on American politics and society, most describe the counterculture in similar terms. Virtually all authors—for example, on the right, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slouching_Towards_Gomorrah" title="Slouching Towards Gomorrah">Slouching Toward Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline</a> (New York: Regan Books,1996) and, on the left, <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Todd Gitlin</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Sixties:_Years_of_Hope,_Days_of_Rage" title="The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage">The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage</a> (New York: Bantam Books, 1987)—characterize the counterculture as self-indulgent, childish, irrational, narcissistic, and even dangerous. Even so, many liberal and leftist historians find constructive elements in it, while those on the right tend not to."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg/220px-Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg/330px-Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg/440px-Sterling_Hall_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The plaque honoring the victims of the August 1970 <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Hall_bombing" title="Sterling Hall bombing">Sterling Hall bombing</a>, University of Wisconsin, Madison</figcaption></figure> Actor <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> equated aspects of 1960s social programs with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, "I know all about that. In the late Twenties, when I was a sophomore at USC, I was a socialist myself—but not when I left. The average college kid idealistically wishes everybody could have ice cream and cake for every meal. But as he gets older and gives more thought to his and his fellow man's responsibilities, he finds that it can't work out that way—that some people just won't carry their load ... I believe in welfare—a welfare work program. I don't think a fella should be able to sit on his backside and receive welfare. I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim."<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg/220px-Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg/330px-Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg/440px-Names_of_Vietnam_Veterans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A small segment of the "Wall" at the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a> listing the names of the nearly 60,000 American war dead</figcaption></figure> Former liberal Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who later became a conservative Governor of California and 40th President of the US, remarked about one group of protesters carrying signs, "The last bunch of pickets were carrying signs that said 'Make love, not war.' The only trouble was they didn't look capable of doing either."<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The "generation gap" between the affluent young and their often poverty-scarred parents was a critical component of 1960s culture. In an interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> during the 1968 US presidential campaign, soon-to-be First Lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> exposed the generational chasm in worldview between Steinem, 20 years her junior, and herself after Steinem probed Mrs. Nixon as to her youth, role models, and lifestyle. A hardscrabble child of the Great Depression, Pat Nixon told Steinem, "I never had time to think about things like that, who I wanted to be, or who I admired, or to have ideas. I never had time to dream about being anyone else. I had to work. I haven't just sat back and thought of myself or my ideas or what I wanted to do ... I've kept working. I don't have time to worry about who I admire or who I identify with. I never had it easy. I'm not at all like you ... all those people who had it easy."<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In economic terms, it has been contended that the counterculture really only amounted to creating new marketing segments for the "hip" crowd.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Even before the counterculture movement reached its peak of influence, the concept of the adoption of socially-responsible policies by establishment corporations was discussed by economist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1962): "Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundation of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible. This is a fundamentally subversive doctrine. If businessmen do have a social responsibility other than making maximum profits for stockholders, how are they to know what it is? Can self-selected private individuals decide what the social interest is?"<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVlj6lu4EOQ">2014-06-14: Stanford Professor Fred Turner discusses 1960s counterculture and urges Class of '14 to embrace technology and politics to improve society.</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2003, author and former Free Speech activist <a href="/wiki/Greil_Marcus" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a> was quoted, "What happened four decades ago is history. It's not just a blip in the history of trends. Whoever shows up at a march against war in Iraq, it always takes place with a memory of the efficacy and joy and gratification of similar protests that took place in years before ... It doesn't matter that there is no counterculture, because counterculture of the past gives people a sense that their own difference matters."<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> When asked about the prospects of the counterculture movement moving forward in the digital age, former Grateful Dead lyricist and self-styled "cyberlibertarian" <a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a> said, "I started out as a teenage beatnik and then became a hippie and then became a cyberpunk. And now I'm still a member of the counterculture, but I don't know what to call that. And I'd been inclined to think that that was a good thing, because once the counterculture in America gets a name then the media can coopt it, and the advertising industry can turn it into a marketing foil. But you know, right now I'm not sure that it is a good thing, because we don't have any flag to rally around. Without a name there may be no coherent movement."<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> During the era, conservative students objected to the counterculture and found ways to celebrate their conservative ideals by reading books like <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>'s A Study of Communism, joining student organizations like the <a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a>, and organizing <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Greek events</a> which reinforced gender norms.<a href="#cite_note-rollandiamondanotherside-211">[211]</a> Free speech advocate and social anthropologist Jentri Anders observed that a number of freedoms were endorsed within a countercultural community in which she lived and studied: "freedom to explore one's potential, freedom to create one's Self, freedom of personal expression, freedom from scheduling, freedom from rigidly defined roles and hierarchical statuses". Additionally, Anders believed some in the counterculture wished to modify children's education so that it did not discourage, but rather encouraged, "aesthetic sense, love of nature, passion for music, desire for reflection, or strongly marked independence."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zV3qLXhmSLQ">2009: Peter Coyote on the legacy of the counterculture (excerpt)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2007, Merry Prankster <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Adams">Carolyn "Mountain Girl" Garcia</a> commented, "I see remnants of that movement everywhere. It's sort of like the nuts in Ben and Jerry's ice cream—it's so thoroughly mixed in, we sort of expect it. The nice thing is that eccentricity is no longer so foreign. We've embraced diversity in a lot of ways in this country. I do think it's done us a tremendous service."<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The 1990 Oscar-nominated documentary film <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_in_the_Sixties" title="Berkeley in the Sixties">Berkeley in the Sixties</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> highlighted what <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman" title="Owen Gleiberman">Owen Gleiberman</a> from <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a> noted: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The film doesn't shrink from saying that many of the '60s social-protest movements went too far. It demonstrates that by the end of the decade, protest had become a narcotic in itself.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></blockquote> An art exhibition (that originated at the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a> in 2015<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> before expanding it to California) called Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Uptopia reframes a more radically meditative story of the counterculture that contrasts to the popular perception for said era.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Research has shown that African American protestors experienced harsher policing compared to their white counterparts when engaged in activism during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Films like <a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Secaucus_7" title="Return of the Secaucus 7">Return of the Secaucus 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Chill_(film)" title="The Big Chill (film)">The Big Chill</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> tackled life of the idealistic Boomers from the countercultural 1960s to their older selfs in the 80s alongside the TV series <a href="/wiki/Thirtysomething" title="Thirtysomething">thirtysomething</a>.<a href="#cite_note-museum-222">[222]</a> That generation's <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> for said decade was also criticized as well.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panos_Cosmatos" title="Panos Cosmatos">Panos Cosmatos</a>, director of the 2010 film <a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Rainbow" title="Beyond the Black Rainbow">Beyond the Black Rainbow</a>, admits a dislike for <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomer">Baby Boomers</a>' spiritual ideals, an issue he addresses in Beyond the Black Rainbow. For him, the Boomers' search for alternative belief systems made them dabble in the dark side of <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultism</a>, which in turn corrupted their quest for spiritual enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-TURNSTYLE-225">[225]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic drugs">psychedelic drugs</a> for mind-expansion purposes is also explored,<a href="#cite_note-twitch-226">[226]</a> although Cosmatos' take on it is "dark and disturbing", a "brand of psychedelia that stands in direct opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Flower_child" title="Flower child">flower child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">magic mushroom</a> peace trip" wrote a reviewer.<a href="#cite_note-fantasticreview-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/UGO_Networks" title="UGO Networks">UGO Networks</a>'s Jordan Hoffman noted both elements, stating in his review that in the movie some "up-to-no-good <a href="/wiki/New_age" class="mw-redirect" title="New age">new age</a> scientists have let their experiments with consciousness-altering drugs mutate a young woman"<a href="#cite_note-ugo-228">[228]</a> – in this case, Elena. Cosmatos explains why Dr. Arboria's mission to create a superior human ultimately failed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I look at Arboria as kind of naïve. He had the best of intentions of wanting to expand human consciousness, but I think his ego got in the way of that and ultimately it turned into a poisonous, destructive thing. Because Arboria is trying to control consciousness and control the mind. There is a moment of truth in the film where the whole thing starts to disintegrate because it stops being about their humanity and becomes about an unattainable goal. That is the "Black Rainbow": trying to achieve some kind of unattainable state that is ultimately, probably destructive.<a href="#cite_note-cool-229">[229]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> film critic Hauke Lehmann,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> C. H. Newell writing at Father Son Holy Gore,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> and Mike Lesuer of Flood Magazine<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> summarize Cosmatos's message with both Beyond the Black Rainbow and his next film <a href="/wiki/Mandy_(2018_film)" title="Mandy (2018 film)">Mandy</a> as that the progressive social, political, and cultural utopias of the 1960s (as represented by Dr. Arboria and his original plans with his institute) went wrong because they weren't prepared yet for what lay beyond <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Doors_of_Perception" title="The Doors of Perception">doors of perception</a>, thus inviting the counter-movement in the form of the conservative, right-wing 1980s (represented by Barry). Likewise, Simon Abrams and Steven Boone of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood Reporter">Hollywood Reporter</a> also note Cosmatos's harsh criticisms of the American conservative right of the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> For this reason Lehmann, in his aforementioned Cinema essay, calls Beyond the Black Rainbow an "even more advanced version" of the social and political themes found in <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_(film)" title="Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)">Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_figures">Key figures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Key figures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg/220px-Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg/330px-Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg/440px-Jerry_Rubin_-_Spectrum_13Mar1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a>, University at Buffalo, March 10, 1970</figcaption></figure> The following people are well known for their involvement in 1960s era counterculture. Some are key incidental or contextual figures, such as Beat Generation figures who also participated directly in the later counterculture era. The primary area(s) of each figure's notability are indicated, per these figures' Wikipedia pages. This section is not intended be exhaustive, but rather a representative cross section of individuals active within the larger movement. Although many of the people listed are known for civil rights activism, some figures whose primary notability was within the realm of the Civil Rights Movement are listed elsewhere. This section is not intended to create associations between any of the listed figures beyond what is documented elsewhere. (see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_Left#Key_figures" title="New Left">Key figures of the New Left</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_1960s_counterculture" title="Timeline of 1960s counterculture">Timeline of 1960s counterculture</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a> (1941–2020) (poet, writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> (1942–2016) (athlete, activist, <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a> (1909–1972) (author, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Richard Alpert</a> (1931–2019) (professor, spiritual teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a> (born 1944) (activist, professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> (born 1941) (musician, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey" title="David Bailey">David Bailey</a> (born 1938) (photographer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Banks" title="Dennis Banks">Dennis Banks</a> (1937–2017) (activist, teacher, and author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Barger" title="Sonny Barger">Sonny Barger</a> (1938–2022) (Hells Angel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syd_Barrett" title="Syd Barrett">Syd Barrett</a> (1946–2006) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowart" title="Walter Bowart">Walter Bowart</a> (1939–2007) (newspaper publisher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a> (born 1938) (environmentalist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a> (1925–1966) (comedian, social critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Burdon" title="Eric Burdon">Eric Burdon</a> (born 1941) (singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> (1914–1997) (author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cairns" title="Jim Cairns">Jim Cairns</a> (1914–2003) (anti-war politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a> (1937–2008) (comedian, social critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> (1907–1964) (author, environmentalist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Cassady" title="Neal Cassady">Neal Cassady</a> (1926–1968) (Merry Prankster, literary inspiration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a> (1927–1993) (labor leader, community organizer, and activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheech_%26_Chong" title="Cheech & Chong">Cheech & Chong</a> (comedians, social critics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a> (1901–1974) (writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coyote" title="Peter Coyote">Peter Coyote</a> (born 1941) (<a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Digger</a>, actor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crosby" title="David Crosby">David Crosby</a> (1941–2023) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Robert Crumb</a> (born 1943) (<a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comix</a> artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dellinger" title="David Dellinger">David Dellinger</a> (1915–2004) (pacifist, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> (born 1944) (communist, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennie_Davis" title="Rennie Davis">Rennie Davis</a> (born 1941) (activist, community organizer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_de_Antonio" title="Emile de Antonio">Emile de Antonio</a> (1919–1989) (documentary filmmaker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a> (born 1942) (activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> (born 1941) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (1931–2023) (whistleblower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mar%C3%ADa_Esteves" title="Sandra María Esteves">Sandra María Esteves</a> (born 1948) (poet and graphic artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fass" title="Bob Fass">Bob Fass</a> (1933–2021) (radio host)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> (1921–2006) (feminist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (born 1937) (actress, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonda" title="Peter Fonda">Peter Fonda</a> (1940–2019) (actor, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> (1926–1984) (philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, scientist, anthropologist, political activist, literary critic)<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Garcia" title="Jerry Garcia">Jerry Garcia</a> (1942–1995) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin" title="Stephen Gaskin">Stephen Gaskin</a> (1935–2014) (author, activist, hippie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> (1926–1997) (beat poet, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Quant" title="Mary Quant">Mary Quant</a> (1930–2023) (fashion designer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Todd Gitlin</a> (1943–2022) (activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a> (1932–2017) (comedian, social critic, author, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Goodman (writer)">Paul Goodman</a> (1911–1972) (novelist, playwright, poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavy_Gravy" title="Wavy Gravy">Wavy Gravy</a> (born 1936) (hippie, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a> (1931–1991) (concert promoter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> (born 1939) (feminist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> (1928–1967) (Marxist guerilla, revolutionary symbol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Haber" title="Alan Haber">Alan Haber</a> (born 1936) (activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a> (1939–2016) (activist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a> (1926–2017) (publisher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chet_Helms" title="Chet Helms">Chet Helms</a> (1942–2005) (music manager, concert/event promoter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> (1942–1970) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a> (1936–1989) (Yippie, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkins_(political_activist)" title="John Hopkins (political activist)">John 'Hoppy' Hopkins</a> (1937–2015) (publisher, activist, photographer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a> (1936–2010) (actor, director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a> (born 1930) (labor leader and activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuji_Ichioka" title="Yuji Ichioka">Yuji Ichioka</a> (1936–2002) (historian and activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> (born 1943) (singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a> (1942–1969) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a> (1943–1970) (singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> (1922–1969) (author, early counterculture critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Kesey" title="Ken Kesey">Ken Kesey</a> (1935–2001) (author, Merry Prankster)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Kochiyama" title="Yuri Kochiyama">Yuri Kochiyama</a> (1921–2014) (activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krassner" title="Paul Krassner">Paul Krassner</a> (1932–2019) (author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kunstler" title="William Kunstler">William Kunstler</a> (1919–1995) (attorney, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> (1920–1996) (professor, LSD advocate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> (1940–1980) and <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> (born 1933) (musicians, artists, activists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1923–2007) (journalist, author, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> (1934–2017) (conspirator to mass murder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> (1916–2005) (anti-war politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> (born 1942) (Musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McClure" title="Michael McClure">Michael McClure</a> (1932–2020) (poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_McKenna" title="Terence McKenna">Terence McKenna</a> (1946–2000) (author, Marijuana, Psilocybin, DMT advocate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a> (1939–2012) (activist, actor, writer and musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Papoleto_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Jesús Papoleto Meléndez">Jesús Papoleto Meléndez</a> (born 1950) (poet, playwright, teacher, and activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Miles" title="Barry Miles">Barry Miles</a> (born 1943) (author, impresario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair" title="Madalyn Murray O'Hair">Madalyn Murray O'Hair</a> (1919–1995) (atheist, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a> (1943–1971) (singer, songwriter, poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (born 1934) (consumer advocate, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nash" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a> (born 1942) (musician, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> (1925–2008) (actor, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (born 1937) (screenwriter, actor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a> (1940–1976) (protest/topical singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(musician)" title="John Phillips (musician)">John Phillips</a> (1935–2001) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pietri" title="Pedro Pietri">Pedro Pietri</a> (1944–2004) (poet and playwright)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pi%C3%B1ero" title="Miguel Piñero">Miguel Piñero</a> (1946–1988) (playwright, actor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> (1940–2005) (comedian, social critic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a> (born 1943) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimbo_Rivas" title="Bimbo Rivas">Bimbo Rivas</a> (1939–1992) (actor, community activist, director, playwright, poet, and teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a> (1938–1994) (Yippie, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rudd" title="Mark Rudd">Mark Rudd</a> (born 1947) (activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Ed Sanders</a> (born 1939) (musician, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Savio" title="Mario Savio">Mario Savio</a> (1942–1996) (free speech/student rights activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> (born 1932) (professor, free speech advocate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> (1919–2014) (musician, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(poet)" title="John Sinclair (poet)">John Sinclair</a> (1941–2024) (poet, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Slick" title="Grace Slick">Grace Slick</a> (born 1939) (singer, artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> (born 1930) (poet, writer, environmentalist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Stills" title="Stephen Stills">Stephen Stills</a> (born 1945) (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothers_Brothers" title="Smothers Brothers">Smothers Brothers</a> (musicians, TV performers, activists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owsley_Stanley" title="Owsley Stanley">Owsley Stanley</a> (1935–2011) (drug culture chemist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> (born 1934) (feminist, publisher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a> (1937–2005) (journalist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twiggy" title="Twiggy">Twiggy</a> (born 1949) (model, actress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> (1922–2007) (author, pacifist, humanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> (1928–1987) (artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Weinglass" title="Leonard Weinglass">Leonard Weinglass</a> (1933–2011) (attorney)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a> (1915–1973) (philosopher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> (born 1945) (musician, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton" title="Jean Shrimpton">Jean Shrimpton</a> (born 1942) (supermodel, actress)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/48px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/64px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_Culture" title="Bomb Culture">Bomb Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_scene" title="Freak scene">Freak scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_related_to_the_hippie_subculture" title="List of films related to the hippie subculture">List of films related to the hippie subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underground_newspapers_of_the_1960s_counterculture" title="List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture">List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love-in" title="Love-in">Love-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-conformists_of_the_1930s" title="Non-conformists of the 1930s">Non-conformists of the 1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_1960s_counterculture" title="Timeline of 1960s counterculture">Timeline of 1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9-y%C3%A9" title="Yé-yé">Yé-yé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jampec" title="Jampec">Jampec</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiungman1991" class="citation book cs1">Liungman, Carl (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00liun/page/253">Dictionary of Symbols</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb00liun/page/253">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-610-5"><bdi>978-0-87436-610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Symbols&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-610-5&rft.aulast=Liungman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofsymb00liun%2Fpage%2F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2008" class="citation news cs1">Westcott, Kathryn (March 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7292252.stm">"World's best-known protest symbol turns 50"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved June 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+best-known+protest+symbol+turns+50&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F7292252.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebelsgone?-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rebelsgone?_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebelsgone?_3-1">b</a> "<a href="//archive.org/details/cubanc_000104" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cubanc 000104">Where Have All the Rebels Gone?</a>" Ep. 125 of Assignment America. Buffalo, NY: <a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">WNET</a>. 1975. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_75-39k3jf98">Transcript available</a> via <a href="/wiki/American_Archive_of_Public_Broadcasting" title="American Archive of Public Broadcasting">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/E._D._Hirsch" title="E. D. Hirsch">Hirsch, Eric D.</a> 1993. The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65597-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65597-9">978-0-395-65597-9</a>. p. 419. "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s ... fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Terry H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195074093">The Movement and the Sixties</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510457-8"><bdi>978-0-19-510457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movement+and+the+Sixties&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510457-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Terry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195074093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis1973" class="citation book cs1">Landis, Judson R., ed. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/currentperspecti0000land/page/2">Current Perspectives on Social Problems</a> (3rd ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/currentperspecti0000land/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-00289-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-00289-3"><bdi>978-0-534-00289-3</bdi></a>. <q>Culture is the "social heritage" of society. It includes the complex set of learned and shared beliefs, customs, skills, habits, traditions, and knowledge common to the members of society. Within a culture, there may be subcultures made up of specific groups that are somewhat separate from the rest of society because of distinct traits, beliefs, or interests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Perspectives+on+Social+Problems&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-534-00289-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurrentperspecti0000land%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/POLSC301-9.1.3-Counterculture.pdf">Counterculture</a>." POLSC301. <a href="/wiki/Saylor_Academy" title="Saylor Academy">Saylor Academy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecollector.com/hippie-counterculture-movement-1960s-1970s/">"The Counterculture Hippie Movement of the 1960s and 1970s"</a>. TheCollector. September 15, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCollector&rft.atitle=The+Counterculture+Hippie+Movement+of+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecollector.com%2Fhippie-counterculture-movement-1960s-1970s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarwood1986" class="citation book cs1">Yarwood, Doreen (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000yarw_i6a3">The encyclopedia of world costume</a>. Internet Archive. New York : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-61943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-61943-8"><bdi>978-0-517-61943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+world+costume&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Bonanza+Books+%3A+Distributed+by+Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-517-61943-8&rft.aulast=Yarwood&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000yarw_i6a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_2011-08-11-10"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2011-08-11_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/2011/08/11/pf/recession_birth_rate/chart-birth-rate-2.top.gif">"Birth Rate Chart"</a> (GIF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1979/2/79.02.03.x.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2014. <q>This unit focuses on student protest in the 60s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale-New+Haven+Teachers+Institute%3A+Curriculum+Unit+79.02.03&rft.atitle=Student+Protest+in+the+1960s&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Churney&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fynhti%2Fcurriculum%2Funits%2F1979%2F2%2F79.02.03.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KidnerBucur2007-13"><a href="#cite_ref-KidnerBucur2007_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_KidnerMaria_BucurRalph_MathisenSally_McKee2007" class="citation book cs1">Frank Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore Weeks (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIMSNu5OFHoC&pg=PA831">Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, Volume II: Since 1550</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 831–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00481-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00481-2"><bdi>978-0-618-00481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Europe%3A+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1550&rft.pages=831-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00481-2&rft.au=Frank+Kidner&rft.au=Maria+Bucur&rft.au=Ralph+Mathisen&rft.au=Sally+McKee&rft.au=Theodore+Weeks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIMSNu5OFHoC%26pg%3DPA831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RubinCasper2013-14"><a href="#cite_ref-RubinCasper2013_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Shelley_RubinScott_E._Casper2013" class="citation book cs1">Joan Shelley Rubin; Scott E. 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BBC. UK. <q>The world of espionage lies at the heart of the mythology of the Cold War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=How+vital+were+Cold+War+spies%3F&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.aulast=Corera&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8184338.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central_Intelligence_Agency_(US)-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Central_Intelligence_Agency_(US)_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501021750/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/intelligence-in-recent-public-literature.html">"Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials That Shaped American Politics"</a>. June 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/intelligence-in-recent-public-literature.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2013. <q>This is a review of the book of same name by John Ehrman, a winner of Studies in Intelligence Annual awards. 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Retrieved July 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1967+Executive+Sessions+of+the+Senate+Foreign+Relations+Committee&rft.pub=Fas.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fcongress%2F2007_hr%2F1967executive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">Kennan, George F.</a> 1951. American Diplomacy, 1900–1950, (Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures). 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Penguin Group US. pp. 294–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-61352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-61352-8"><bdi>978-1-101-61352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+Me%2C+I+Know+What+I%27m+Doing%3A+100+More+Mistakes+That+Lost+Elections%2C+Ended+Empires%2C+and+Made+the+World+What+It+Is+Today&rft.pages=294-&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+US&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-61352-8&rft.au=Bill+Fawcett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6tVsSHyLbAC%26pg%3DPT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607061839/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol46no1/pdf/v46i1a06p.pdf">"Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved April 18, 2014. <q>Learning from the past</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Deception+in+the+Cuban+Missile+Crisis&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol46no1%2Farticle06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_(unknown)-31"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_(unknown)_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs" class="citation news cs1">Dobbs, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/cuban_missile_crisis/index.html">"Cuban Missile Crisis"</a>. 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For party analysis, selected datasets obtained from searches of the iPOLL Databank provided by the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October+18%2C+2013+Public+Trust+in+Government%3A+1958%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Pew+Charitable+Trusts&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-press.org%2F2013%2F10%2F18%2Ftrust-in-government-interactive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015958/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/program/pt.html">"American Experience | Oswald's Ghost"</a>. PBS. November 22, 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/program/pt.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience+%26%23124%3B+Oswald%27s+Ghost&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1963-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Foswald%2Fprogram%2Fpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Archives_(US)-34"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Archives_(US)_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/">"Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy"</a>. www.archives.gov. US Government. Retrieved April 18, 2014. <q>JFK Assassination Records</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+President%27s+Commission+on+the+Assassination+of+President+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Fwarren-commission-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Stephens" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth Stephens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927070543/http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/FSM/chron.html">"Free Speech Movement Chronology"</a>. Bancroft.berkeley.edu. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/tcn/valocchi.htm">the original</a> on August 21, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Community+Organizing&rft.pub=Trincoll.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trincoll.edu%2Fdepts%2Ftcn%2Fvalocchi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1964" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Lillian (1964). Our Faces, Our Words (1st (pbk) ed.). New York: Norton & Co. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393002515" title="Special:BookSources/9780393002515"><bdi>9780393002515</bdi></a>. <q>But there is something beyond rights, something not more important but more desperately urgent: bodily need. There are millions of Negroes in such desperate need in every town and country and city that talk of "rights" leaves them dull and dazed. The young protesters who come, in large part, from middle-class families have stumbled on this: to their stunned amazement they have found a primitive misery which pushes the phrase "civil rights" out of their vocabulary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Faces%2C+Our+Words&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=1st+%28pbk%29&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780393002515&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-38"><a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220064433/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldgrgraph.php">"International Data Base World Population Growth Rates: 1950–2050"</a>. US Department of Commerce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldgrgraph.php">the original</a> on February 20, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014. <q>The world population growth rate rose from about 1.5 percent per year from 1950 to 1951, to a peak of over 2 percent in the early 1960s due to reductions in mortality. Growth rates thereafter started to decline due to rising age at marriage as well as increasing availability and use of effective contraceptive methods. Note that changes in population growth have not always been steady. A dip in the growth rate from 1959 to 1960, for instance, was due to the Great Leap Forward in China. During that time, both natural disasters and decreased agricultural output in the wake of massive social reorganization caused China's death rate to rise sharply and its fertility rate to fall by almost half</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Data+Base+World+Population+Growth+Rates%3A+1950%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fidb%2Fworldgrgraph.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir" class="citation web cs1">Muir, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/pesthist.htm">"History of Pesticide Use"</a>. oregonstate.edu. Oregon State College. Retrieved July 7, 2014. <q>Then, things began to temper the enthusiasm for pesticides. Notable among these was the publication of Rachel Carson's best selling book "Silent Spring," which was published in 1962. She (a scientist) issued grave warnings about pesticides, and predicted massive destruction of the planet's fragile ecosystems unless more was done to halt what she called the "rain of chemicals." In retrospect, this book really launched the environmental movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oregonstate.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+Pesticide+Use&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.oregonstate.edu%2F~muirp%2Fpesthist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Skrentny, John. 2002. The Minority Rights Revolution. 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Retrieved June 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience+%26%23124%3B+The+Pill&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusick1999" class="citation web cs1">Musick, Kelly (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/99-09.pdf">"Determinants of Planned and Unplanned Childbearing among Unmarried Women in the United States"</a> (PDF). wisconsin.edu. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 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University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofcoolbu00fran/page/132">132</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26012-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26012-9"><bdi>978-0-226-26012-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Cool%3A+Business+Culture%2C+Counterculture%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Hip+Consumerism&rft.pages=132-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-26012-9&rft.au=Thomas+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquestofcoolbu00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonHerr2007-45"><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonHerr2007_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_L._AndersonKathryn_G._Herr2007" class="citation book cs1">Gary L. Anderson; Kathryn G. Herr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fy11AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1010">Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 1010–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6565-0"><bdi>978-1-4522-6565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Activism+and+Social+Justice&rft.pages=1010-&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6565-0&rft.au=Gary+L.+Anderson&rft.au=Kathryn+G.+Herr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfy11AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulbert1988" class="citation journal cs1">Culbert, David (January 1988). "Television's Vietnam and historical revisionism in the United States". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 8 (3): 253–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439688800260371">10.1080/01439688800260371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-9685">0143-9685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=Television%27s+Vietnam+and+historical+revisionism+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439688800260371&rft.issn=0143-9685&rft.aulast=Culbert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Public_Radio_(US)-47"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Public_Radio_(US)_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondello2008" class="citation web cs1">Mondello, Bob (August 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93301189">"Remembering Hollywood's Hays Code, 40 Years On"</a>. npr.org. Retrieved April 18, 2014. <q>It took just two years ... for Midnight Cowboy to be re-rated from X to R, without a single frame being altered. Community standards had changed—as they invariably do</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Hollywood%27s+Hays+Code%2C+40+Years+On&rft.pub=npr.org&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Mondello&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D93301189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bampfa.org/program/hippie-modernism-cinema-and-counterculture">"Hippie Modernism: Cinema and Counterculture, 1964–1974"</a>. BAMPFA. November 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BAMPFA&rft.atitle=Hippie+Modernism%3A+Cinema+and+Counterculture%2C+1964%E2%80%931974&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbampfa.org%2Fprogram%2Fhippie-modernism-cinema-and-counterculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bampfa.org/event/theater-2-hippie-modernism-shorts">"Theater 2 Hippie Modernism Shorts"</a>. BAMPFA. February 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BAMPFA&rft.atitle=Theater+2+Hippie+Modernism+Shorts&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbampfa.org%2Fevent%2Ftheater-2-hippie-modernism-shorts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eastbayexpress.com/hippie-modernism-the-struggle-for-utopia-at-the-berkeley-art-museum-2-1/">"Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia At The Berkeley Art Museum"</a>. February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hippie+Modernism%3A+The+Struggle+for+Utopia+At+The+Berkeley+Art+Museum&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feastbayexpress.com%2Fhippie-modernism-the-struggle-for-utopia-at-the-berkeley-art-museum-2-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sterling, Christopher & Keith, Michael (2008). Sounds of Change: A History of FM Broadcasting in America. UNC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3215-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3215-8">978-0-8078-3215-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal_Communications_Commission_(US)-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Communications_Commission_(US)_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/omd/history/radio/quality.html">"The Quality that Made Radio Popular"</a>. US FCC. Retrieved April 18, 2014. <q>It was not until the 1960s ... that the quality advantage of FM combined with stereo was enjoyed by most Americans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quality+that+Made+Radio+Popular&rft.pub=US+FCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Fomd%2Fhistory%2Fradio%2Fquality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/57h.asp">"Flower Power"</a>. ushistory.org. ushistory.org/Independence Hall Association. 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014. <q>Like the utopian societies of the 1840s, over 2000 rural communes formed during these turbulent times. Completely rejecting the capitalist system, many communes rotated duties, made their own laws, and elected their own leaders. Some were philosophically based, but others were influenced by new religions. Earth-centered religions, astrological beliefs, and Eastern faiths proliferated across American campuses. Some scholars labeled this trend as the Third Great Awakening.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ushistory.org&rft.atitle=Flower+Power&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F57h.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/103459/Questions-Answers-About-Americans-Religion.aspx#">"Questions and Answers About Americans' Religion"</a>. Gallup.com. December 24, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers+About+Americans%27+Religion&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F103459%2FQuestions-Answers-About-Americans-Religion.aspx%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/1960s/videos/ask-steve-generation-gap#ask-steve-hippie-vs-yippie">"Ask Steve: Generation Gap (Video)"</a>. history.com. History Channel/A&E. Retrieved May 1, 2014. <q>Explore the existence of the generation gap that took place in the 1960s through this Ask Steve video. Steve Gillon explains there was even a larger gap between the Baby Boomers themselves than the Baby Boomers and the Greatest Generation. The massive Baby Boomers Generation was born between 1946 and 1964, consisting of nearly 78 million people. The Baby Boomers were coming of age in the 1960s, and held different cultural values than the Greatest Generation. The Greatest Generation lived in a time of self-denial, while the Baby Boomers were always seeking immediate gratification. However, the Baby Boomers were more divided amongst themselves. Not all of them were considered hippies and protesters. In fact, people under the age of 28 supported the Vietnam War in greater numbers than their parents. These divisions continue to play out today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Ask+Steve%3A+Generation+Gap+%28Video%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2F1960s%2Fvideos%2Fask-steve-generation-gap%23ask-steve-hippie-vs-yippie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macan1996-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Macan1996_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Macan1996" class="citation book cs1">Edward Macan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b98dJ3cYAksC&pg=PT127">Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988009-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988009-6"><bdi>978-0-19-988009-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocking+the+Classics%3A+English+Progressive+Rock+and+the+Counterculture&rft.pages=127-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988009-6&rft.au=Edward+Macan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db98dJ3cYAksC%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CunninghamLab1991-57"><a href="#cite_ref-CunninghamLab1991_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Anne_CunninghamSusan_Voso_Lab1991" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Anne Cunningham; Susan Voso Lab (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dresspopularcult00essa">Dress and Popular Culture</a>. Popular Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dresspopularcult00essa/page/31">31</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-507-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-507-5"><bdi>978-0-87972-507-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dress+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=31-&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-507-5&rft.au=Patricia+Anne+Cunningham&rft.au=Susan+Voso+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdresspopularcult00essa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation_1966-01-31-58"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation_1966-01-31_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanPowelson1966" class="citation news cs1">Freedman, Mervin B.; Powelson, Harvey (January 31, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenation.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/drugsoncampus1966.pdf">"Drugs on Campus: Turned On & Tuned Out"</a> (PDF). The Nation. New York: Nation Co. LP. pp. 125–127. <q>Within the last five years the ingestion of various drugs has become widespread on the American campus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Drugs+on+Campus%3A+Turned+On+%26+Tuned+Out&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1966-01-31&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Mervin+B.&rft.au=Powelson%2C+Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenation.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpdf%2Fdrugsoncampus1966.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS_Frontline-59"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_Frontline_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/buyers/socialhistory.html">"A Social History of America's Most Popular Drugs"</a>. PBS.org [Frontline]. Retrieved April 23, 2014. <q>from 1951 to 1956 stricter sentencing laws set mandatory minimum sentences for drug-related offenses. In the 1950s the beatniks appropriated the use of marijuana from the black hepsters and the drug moved into middle-class white America in the 1960s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+America%27s+Most+Popular+Drugs&rft.pub=PBS.org+%5BFrontline%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fdrugs%2Fbuyers%2Fsocialhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/6331/Decades-Drug-Use-Data-From-60s-70s.aspx">"Decades of Drug Use: Data From the '60s and '70s"</a>. Gallup.com. July 2, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decades+of+Drug+Use%3A+Data+From+the+%2760s+and+%2770s&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft.date=2002-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F6331%2FDecades-Drug-Use-Data-From-60s-70s.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/1968/timeline">"1968: Columbia in Crisis"</a>. columbia.edu. Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved May 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=1968%3A+Columbia+in+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.cul.columbia.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2F1968%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifner2008" class="citation news cs1">Kifner, John (April 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/nyregion/28columbia.html">"Columbia's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+Radicals+of+1968+Hold+a+Bittersweet+Reunion&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F28%2Fnyregion%2F28columbia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia1968.com/history/photos/">"Columbia 1968: History"</a>. columbia1968.com. 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New York: New American Library/Signet. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bossrichardjdale00royk/page/175">175–188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boss%3A+Richard+J.+Daley+of+Chicago&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=175-188&rft.pub=New+American+Library%2FSignet&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Royko&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago_Tribune-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_Tribune_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-democraticconvention-story,0,7359012.story">"The 1968 Democratic National Convention: At the height of a stormy year, Chicago streets become nightly battle zones"</a>. chicagotribune.com. 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Wakefield Press. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-697-4"><bdi>978-1-86254-697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomorrow+Is+Today%3A+Australia+in+the+Psychedelic+Era%2C+1966%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86254-697-4&rft.au=Iain+McIntyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGiu7Typ4iQC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317141354/http://indigenousrights.net.au/subsection.asp?ssID=45">"Australia Day under a beach umbrella"</a>. 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Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21514-6"><bdi>978-0-520-21514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refried+Elvis%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Mexican+Counterculture&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21514-6&rft.aulast=Zolov&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frefriedelvisrise0000zolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bermand-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Bermand_87-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuevomundo.revues.org//index35983.html">Carmen Bernand, « D'une rive à l'autre », Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos, Materiales de seminarios, 2008 (Latin-Americanist Review</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/EHESS" class="mw-redirect" title="EHESS">EHESS</a>), Put on line on June 15, 2008. 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University of Michigan Press. pp. 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472027293" title="Special:BookSources/9780472027293"><bdi>9780472027293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+Mirrors%3A+Cuban+Exile+Politics+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780472027293&rft.aulast=de+los+Angeles+Torres&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJZFDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpedro%2520pan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-counter-95"><a href="#cite_ref-counter_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArboleya2000" class="citation book cs1">Arboleya, Jesus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kr_qEEfEf24C&dq=areito+joven+cuba&pg=PA321">The Cuban Counterrevolution</a>. Ohio Center for International Studies. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896802148" title="Special:BookSources/9780896802148"><bdi>9780896802148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+Counterrevolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pub=Ohio+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780896802148&rft.aulast=Arboleya&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkr_qEEfEf24C%26dq%3Dareito%2Bjoven%2Bcuba%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsm-a.org/">"Free Speech Movement Archives Home Page – events from 1964 and beyond"</a>. FSM-A. Retrieved June 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Speech+Movement+Archives+Home+Page+%E2%80%93+events+from+1964+and+beyond&rft.pub=FSM-A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsm-a.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcuse2004-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Marcuse2004_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Marcuse2004" class="citation book cs1">Herbert Marcuse (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML6GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">The New Left and the 1960s: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse</a>. Routledge. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77459-3"><bdi>978-1-134-77459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left+and+the+1960s%3A+Collected+Papers+of+Herbert+Marcuse&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-77459-3&rft.au=Herbert+Marcuse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML6GAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almeida2012-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Almeida2012_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitri_Almeida2012" class="citation book cs1">Dimitri Almeida (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC&pg=PA53">The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 53–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34039-0"><bdi>978-1-136-34039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+European+Integration+on+Political+Parties%3A+Beyond+the+Permissive+Consensus&rft.pages=53-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-34039-0&rft.au=Dimitri+Almeida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoD7bKbo0FYEC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan2012-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan2012_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Buchanan2012" class="citation book cs1">Tom Buchanan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAHcBeZhm6UC&pg=PA102">Europe's Troubled Peace: 1945 to the Present</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65578-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65578-8"><bdi>978-0-470-65578-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Troubled+Peace%3A+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65578-8&rft.au=Tom+Buchanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAHcBeZhm6UC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> "During the 1960s, Marcuse achieved world renown as 'the guru of the New Left,' publishing many articles and giving lectures and advice to student radicals all over the world. He travelled widely and his work was often discussed in the mass media, becoming one of the few American intellectuals to gain such attention. Never surrendering his revolutionary vision and commitments, Marcuse continued to his death to defend the Marxian theory and libertarian socialism." Douglas Kellner <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/english/dab/illuminations/kell12.html">"Marcuse, Herbert"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207123630/http://www.uta.edu/english/dab/illuminations/kell12.html">Archived</a> February 7, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kellner12-101"><a href="#cite_ref-kellner12_101-0">^</a> Douglas Kellner <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell12.htm">Herbert arcuse</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a>, Economic Justice and Democracy: From Competition to Cooperation Part II <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93344-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93344-7">0-415-93344-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/">The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy</a>. Inclusivedemocracy.org. Retrieved on December 28, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1985">Thomas 1985</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Patten1968" class="citation web cs1">John Patten (October 28, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120204/http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckhs">""These groups had their roots in the anarchist resurgence of the nineteen sixties. Young militants finding their way to anarchism, often from the anti-bomb and anti-Vietnam war movements, linked up with an earlier generation of activists, largely outside the ossified structures of 'official' anarchism. Anarchist tactics embraced demonstrations, direct action such as industrial militancy and squatting, protest bombings like those of the First of May Group and Angry Brigade – and a spree of publishing activity." "Islands of Anarchy: Simian, Cienfuegos, Refract and their support network" by John Patten"</a>. Katesharpleylibrary.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/dnckhs">the original</a> on June 4, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22These+groups+had+their+roots+in+the+anarchist+resurgence+of+the+nineteen+sixties.+Young+militants+finding+their+way+to+anarchism%2C+often+from+the+anti-bomb+and+anti-Vietnam+war+movements%2C+linked+up+with+an+earlier+generation+of+activists%2C+largely+outside+the+ossified+structures+of+%27official%27+anarchism.+Anarchist+tactics+embraced+demonstrations%2C+direct+action+such+as+industrial+militancy+and+squatting%2C+protest+bombings+like+those+of+the+First+of+May+Group+and+Angry+Brigade+%E2%80%93+and+a+spree+of+publishing+activity.%22+%22Islands+of+Anarchy%3A+Simian%2C+Cienfuegos%2C+Refract+and+their+support+network%22+by+John+Patten&rft.pub=Katesharpleylibrary.net&rft.date=1968-10-28&rft.au=John+Patten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katesharpleylibrary.net%2Fdnckhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "Farrell provides a detailed history of the Catholic Workers and their founders Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. He explains that their pacifism, anarchism, and commitment to the downtrodden were one of the important models and inspirations for the 60s. As Farrell puts it, 'Catholic Workers identified the issues of the sixties before the Sixties began, and they offered models of protest long before the protest decade.'" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/268">"The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism" by James J. Farrell</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "While not always formally recognized, much of the protest of the sixties was anarchist. Within the nascent women's movement, anarchist principles became so widespread that a political science professor denounced what she saw as '<a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Structurelessness" title="The Tyranny of Structurelessness">The Tyranny of Structurelessness</a>.' Several groups have called themselves 'Amazon Anarchists.' After the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Rebellion">Stonewall Rebellion</a>, the New York <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> based their organization in part on a reading of <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>'s anarchist writings." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Anarchism.pdf">"Anarchism" by Charley Shively in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality</a>. p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "Within the movements of the sixties there was much more receptivity to anarchism-in-fact than had existed in the movements of the thirties ... But the movements of the sixties were driven by concerns that were more compatible with an expressive style of politics, with hostility to authority in general and state power in particular ... By the late sixties, political protest was intertwined with cultural radicalism based on a critique of all authority and all hierarchies of power. Anarchism circulated within the movement along with other radical ideologies. The influence of anarchism was strongest among radical feminists, in the commune movement, and probably in the Weather Underground and elsewhere in the violent fringe of the anti-war movement." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/0901epstein.htm">"Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement" by Barbara Epstein</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-almeralia.com-109"><a href="#cite_ref-almeralia.com_109-0">^</a> "Los anarco-individualistas, G.I.A ... Una escisión de la FAI producida en el IX Congreso (Carrara, 1965) se pr odujo cuando un sector de anarquistas de tendencia humanista rechazan la interpretación que ellos juzgan disciplinaria del pacto asociativo" clásico, y crean los GIA (Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica) . Esta pequeña federación de grupos, hoy nutrida sobre todo de veteranos anarco-individualistas de orientación pacifista, naturista, etcétera defiende la autonomía personal y rechaza a rajatabla toda forma de intervención en los procesos del sistema, como sería por ejemplo el sindicalismo. Su portavoz es L'Internazionale con sede en Ancona. La escisión de los GIA prefiguraba, en sentido contrario, el gran debate que pronto había de comenzar en el seno del movimiento<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eljorobado.enlucha.info/bicicleta/bicicleta/ciclo/01/17.htm">"El movimiento libertario en Italia" by Bicicleta. Revista de Comunicacciones Libertarias Year 1 No. Noviembre, 1 1977</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054206/http://eljorobado.enlucha.info/bicicleta/bicicleta/ciclo/01/17.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php">London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968</a> International Institute of Social History, Accessed January 19, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980206152015/http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/ifa-hist-short.html">Short history of the IAF-IFA</a> A-infos news project, Accessed January 19, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Campbell_McMillianPaul_Buhle2003" class="citation book cs1">John Campbell McMillian; Paul Buhle (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_Ohks41z2IC&pg=PA112">The new left revisited</a>. Temple University Press. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-976-0"><bdi>978-1-56639-976-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+left+revisited&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-976-0&rft.au=John+Campbell+McMillian&rft.au=Paul+Buhle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_Ohks41z2IC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lytle_2006_213215-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Lytle_2006_213215_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLytle2006">Lytle 2006</a>, pp. 213, 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-Digger_Archives-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Digger_Archives_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggers.org/overview.htm">"Overview: who were (are) the Diggers?"</a>. The Digger Archives. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digger+Archives&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+who+were+%28are%29+the+Diggers%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diggers.org%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Experience_doc-115"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Experience_doc_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gail_Dolgin" title="Gail Dolgin">Gail Dolgin</a>; Vicente Franco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325104758/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html">American Experience: The Summer of Love</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html">the original</a> on March 25, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience%3A+The+Summer+of+Love&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Flove%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holloway, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101355/pg_2">"Yippies"</a>. St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yippies&rft.btitle=St.+James+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_g1epc%2Fis_tov%2Fai_2419101355%2Fpg_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128_117-0">^</a> Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture, p. 128. Perigee Books, 1980. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin1993" class="citation book cs1">Gitlin, Todd (1993). <a href="/wiki/The_Sixties:_Years_of_Hope,_Days_of_Rage" title="The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage">The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage</a>. New York. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtiesyearshope00gitl/page/n282">286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553372120" title="Special:BookSources/9780553372120"><bdi>9780553372120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties%3A+Years+of+Hope%2C+Days+of+Rage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780553372120&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/popup?id=3321269&contentIndex=1&page=9&start=false">"1969: Height of the Hippies – ABC News"</a>. Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved October 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1969%3A+Height+of+the+Hippies+%E2%80%93+ABC+News&rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2Fpopup%3Fid%3D3321269%26contentIndex%3D1%26page%3D9%26start%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/berkshire/3592623.stm">"Why I'm back to ban the bomb"</a>. BBC News. April 11, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+I%27m+back+to+ban+the+bomb&rft.date=2004-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fberkshire%2F3592623.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/18/newsid_2909000/2909881.stm">"1960: Thousands protest against H-bomb"</a>. BBC News. April 18, 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1960%3A+Thousands+protest+against+H-bomb&rft.date=1960-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F18%2Fnewsid_2909000%2F2909881.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallupNewport2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallup, Alec; Newport, Frank (August 2006). <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2005</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 315–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5258-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallup+Poll%3A+Public+Opinion+2005&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5258-6&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft.au=Newport%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/sunday-dialogue-nuclear-energy-pro-and-con.html">"Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con"</a>. 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[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/09/01/magictrip">"The harsh reality behind the Merry Pranksters 'Magic Trip'"</a>. MPR News. 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DeRogatis, Turn On Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock, Milwaukie, MI: Hal Leonard, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-05548-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-05548-8">0-634-05548-8</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709181001/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR9913.aspx">"Abc-Clio"</a>. Greenwood.com. 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Waltham, Mass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3838311951" title="Special:BookSources/978-3838311951"><bdi>978-3838311951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countercultural+Sports+in+America%3A+The+History+and+Meaning+of+Ultimate+Frisbee&rft.pub=Waltham%2C+Mass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3838311951&rft.au=Jordan+Holtzman-Conston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wfdf.org/">"World Flying Disc Federation"</a>. WFDF Official Website. Retrieved October 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WFDF+Official+Website&rft.atitle=World+Flying+Disc+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwfdf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095944/http://wfdf.org/history-stats/history-of-fyling-disc">"World Flying Disc Federation"</a>. History of the Flying Disc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wfdf.org/history-stats/history-of-fyling-disc">the original</a> on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Flying+Disc&rft.atitle=World+Flying+Disc+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwfdf.org%2Fhistory-stats%2Fhistory-of-fyling-disc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben_Morea:_art_and_anarchism-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Ben_Morea:_art_and_anarchism_160-0">^</a> Hinderer, Eve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/001031print.html">Ben Morea: art and anarchism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425191200/http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/001031print.html">Archived</a> April 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Assault_on_Culture_1-161"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Assault_on_Culture_1_161-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Home" title="Stewart Home">Stewart Home</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stewarthomesociety.org/sp/assault.htm">"The Assault on Culture: Utopian currents from Lettrisme to Class War"</a>. Introduction to the Lithuanian edition. Ist ed., Aporia Press and Unpopular Books, London, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948518-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948518-88-1">978-0-948518-88-1</a>. "In the sixties Black Mask disrupted reified cultural events in New York by making up flyers giving the dates, times and location of art events and giving these out to the homeless with the lure of the free drink that was on offer to the bourgeoisie rather than the lumpen proletariat; I reused the ruse just as effectively in London in the 1990s to disrupt literary events." </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puntodigital.com/carlos-santana-im-immortal/224228/">Carlos Santana: I'm Immortal</a> interview by Punto Digital, October 13, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dogget2007-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dogget2007_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dogget2007_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dogget2007_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dogget2007_163-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDogget2007" class="citation book cs1">Dogget, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emI9LXJ47KUC&pg=PP1">There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture</a>. Canongate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847676450" title="Special:BookSources/9781847676450"><bdi>9781847676450</bdi></a>. 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Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. November 1, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6595610/1_sgt_peppers_lonely_hearts_club_band">the original</a> on March 16, 2006. 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Like the Dew: A Journal of Southern Culture and Politics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/">the original</a> on December 19, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Like+the+Dew%3A+A+Journal+of+Southern+Culture+and+Politics&rft.atitle=We+Can+All+Join+In%3A+How+Rock+Festivals+Helped+Change+America&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft.aulast=Mankin&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flikethedew.com%2F2012%2F03%2F04%2Fwe-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/films/720-monterey-pop">"Monterey Pop"</a>. 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Retrieved April 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foucalt+News&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichel-foucault.com%2F2011%2F02%2F04%2Fthe-velvet-underground-1960s-counterculture-and-michel-foucault-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=40">"The Acid Test: Psychedelics and a sub-culture emerge in San Francisco"</a> (audio). <a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=The+Acid+Test%3A+Psychedelics+and+a+sub-culture+emerge+in+San+Francisco&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1999" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt">The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820744-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41452625">41452625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41452625&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820744-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofmoonhis00hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle2006" class="citation cs2">Lytle, Mark H. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasuncivilw00lytl">America's Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era from Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517496-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517496-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Uncivil+Wars%3A+The+Sixties+Era+from+Elvis+to+the+Fall+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517496-0&rft.aulast=Lytle&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasuncivilw00lytl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (1985). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5"><bdi>978-0-7102-0685-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Anarchists&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0685-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315063443/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html">"The 1960s: A Bibliography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1960s%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+Library&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.iastate.edu%2F~rjackson%2Fwebbibl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemke-Santangelo2009" class="citation book cs1">Lemke-Santangelo, Gretchen (2009). Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1633-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+Aquarius%3A+Women+of+the+Sixties+Counterculture&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1633-6&rft.aulast=Lemke-Santangelo&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Reich" title="Charles A. Reich">Reich, Charles A.</a> (1995) [1970]. <a href="/wiki/The_Greening_of_America" title="The Greening of America">The Greening of America</a> (25th anniversary ed.). <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-88636-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-88636-6"><bdi>978-0-517-88636-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greening+of+America&rft.edition=25th+anniversary&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-517-88636-6&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Roche, Nancy McGuire, "The Spectacle of Gender: Representations of Women in British and American Cinema of the Nineteen-Sixties" (PhD dissertation. Middle Tennessee State University, 2011). DA3464539.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszak1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roszak_(scholar)" title="Theodore Roszak (scholar)">Roszak, Theodore</a> (1968). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_a_Counter_Culture" title="The Making of a Counter Culture">The Making of a Counter Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Counter+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Roszak&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Street, Joe, "Dirty Harry's San Francisco", The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics, and Culture, 5 (June 2012), 1–21.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311224501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/jfk-indochina/">"American Experience: Primary Resources: Truth about Indochina, 1954"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/jfk-indochina/">the original</a> on March 11, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience%3A+Primary+Resources%3A+Truth+about+Indochina%2C+1954&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fprimary-resources%2Fjfk-indochina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShribman2013" class="citation news cs1">Shribman, David (November 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/david-shribman/2013/11/10/If-JFK-had-lived/stories/201311100060">"If JFK had lived"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=If+JFK+had+lived&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft.aulast=Shribman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fopinion%2Fdavid-shribman%2F2013%2F11%2F10%2FIf-JFK-had-lived%2Fstories%2F201311100060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2008" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (September 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/weekinreview/21roberts.html">"A Spy Confesses, and Still Some Weep for the Rosenbergs"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Spy+Confesses%2C+and+Still+Some+Weep+for+the+Rosenbergs&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F21%2Fweekinreview%2F21roberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2011" class="citation news cs1">Weber, Bruce (March 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/us/25weinglass.html">"Leonard I. Weinglass, Lawyer, Dies at 77; Defended Renegades and the Notorious"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leonard+I.+Weinglass%2C+Lawyer%2C+Dies+at+77%3B+Defended+Renegades+and+the+Notorious&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F25%2Fus%2F25weinglass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrone2004" class="citation book cs1">Perrone, James E. (2004). Music of the Counterculture Era. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32689-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32689-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+Counterculture+Era&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32689-9&rft.aulast=Perrone&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Richard J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/12/14/timothy_learys_liberation_and_the_cias_experiments_lsds_amazing_psychedelic_history/">"Timothy Leary's liberation, and the CIA's experiments! LSD's amazing, psychedelic history"</a>. Salon.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timothy+Leary%27s+liberation%2C+and+the+CIA%27s+experiments%21+LSD%27s+amazing%2C+psychedelic+history&rft.pub=Salon.com.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F12%2F14%2Ftimothy_learys_liberation_and_the_cias_experiments_lsds_amazing_psychedelic_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekes2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Weekes, Julia Ann (October 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927023012/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/Warhol-Pop-Politics.html">"Warhol's Pop Politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/Warhol-Pop-Politics.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Warhol%27s+Pop+Politics&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft.aulast=Weekes&rft.aufirst=Julia+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2FWarhol-Pop-Politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2007" class="citation news cs1">Rasmussen, Cecilia (August 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-05-me-then5-story.html">"Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Closing+of+club+ignited+the+%27Sunset+Strip+riots%27&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-aug-05-me-then5-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchell" class="citation cs2">Kitchell, Mark, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_in_the_Sixties" title="Berkeley in the Sixties">Berkeley in the Sixties (1990 Film Documentary)</a>, Libra Films</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkeley+in+the+Sixties+%281990+Film+Documentary%29&rft.pub=Libra+Films&rft.aulast=Kitchell&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterculture+of+the+1960s" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/lisalaw/">Lisa Law Photographic Exhibition at Smithsonian Institution (with commentary)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/mar/15/popandrock.pressandpublishing">John Hoyland, Power to the People, The Guardian, 15 March 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308030647/http://www.sixtiespix.com/subhomepage.html">1960s archive with photographs of be-ins and protests</a> (archived 8 March 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/opb/thesixties/timeline/index.html">The 1960s: Years that Shaped a Generation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719025351/http://1960s-counterculture.org/">Online archive of underground publications from the 1960s counterculture</a> (archived 19 July 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11558803/LSD_and_the_American_Counterculture_Comrades_in_the_Psychedelic_Quest#.pdf">Scott Stephenson (2014) LSD and the American Counterculture, Burgmann Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepeanutsclub.blogspot.com/">The Peanuts Club – a small part of the Sixties counter-culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23901">Collection: "U.S. Civil Rights Movement"</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counterculture_of_the_1960s_(timeline)148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Template:Counterculture of the 1960s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Counterculture of the 1960s (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Counterculture of the 1960s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counterculture_of_the_1960s_(timeline)148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_1960s_counterculture" title="Timeline of 1960s counterculture">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youthquake_(movement)" title="Youthquake (movement)">Youthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mods_and_rockers" title="Mods and rockers">Mods and rockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging Sixties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">Hippie movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed-Ins_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed-Ins for Peace">Bed-Ins for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialoguero" title="Dialoguero">Dialoguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution_in_1960s_United_States" title="Sexual revolution in 1960s United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underground_newspapers_of_the_1960s_counterculture" title="List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture">newspapers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_scene" title="Freak scene">Freak scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Yippies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)366" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Abernathy" title="Juanita Abernathy">Juanita Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hippies232" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hippies" title="Template:Hippies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hippies" title="Template talk:Hippies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hippies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hippies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hippies232" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">History of the hippie movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_hippie" title="Etymology of hippie">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dog_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dog Experience">Red Dog Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_sound" title="San Francisco sound">San Francisco sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_City" title="Drop City">Drop City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Strip_curfew_riots" title="Sunset Strip curfew riots">Sunset Strip curfew riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Pageant_Rally" title="Love Pageant Rally">Love Pageant Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haight-Ashbury" title="Haight-Ashbury">Haight-Ashbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance" title="Mantra-Rock Dance">Mantra-Rock Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Fair_and_Magic_Mountain_Music_Festival" title="Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival">Fantasy Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_International_Pop_Festival" title="Monterey International Pop Festival">Monterey Pop Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Pop_Festival" title="Newport Pop Festival">Newport Pop Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_River_Rock_Festival" title="Sky River Rock Festival">Sky River Rock Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Park_(Berkeley)" title="People's Park (Berkeley)">People's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)" title="The Farm (Tennessee)">The Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedra_Roja_(festival)" title="Piedra Roja (festival)">Piedra Roja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Rock_y_Ruedas_de_Av%C3%A1ndaro" title="Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro">Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambassa" title="Nambassa">Nambassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Pranksters" title="Merry Pranksters">Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Tests" title="Acid Tests">Acid Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furthur_(bus)" title="Furthur (bus)">Furthur bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrohippies" title="Electrohippies">Electrohippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Oracle" title="San Francisco Oracle">San Francisco Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haight_Ashbury_Free_Clinics" title="Haight Ashbury Free Clinics">Haight Ashbury Free Clinics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haight-Ashbury_Switchboard" title="Haight-Ashbury Switchboard">Haight-Ashbury Switchboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Yippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavy_Gravy" title="Wavy Gravy">Wavy Gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog_Farm" title="Hog Farm">Hog Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brotherhood_of_Eternal_Love" title="The Brotherhood of Eternal Love">The Brotherhood of Eternal Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Family" title="Rainbow Family">Rainbow Family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Politics and ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_on,_tune_in,_drop_out" title="Turn on, tune in, drop out">Turn on, tune in, drop out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Culture and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">Hippie trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie_exploitation_films" title="Hippie exploitation films">Hippie exploitation films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_beads" title="Love beads">Love beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair" title="Long hair">Long hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communal living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">Free festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_child" title="Flower child">Flower child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_folk" title="Psychedelic folk">Psychedelic folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_pop" title="Psychedelic pop">Psychedelic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_trance" title="Psychedelic trance">Psychedelic trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rock" title="Acid rock">Acid rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jam_band_music_festivals" title="List of jam band music festivals">List of jam band music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_rock_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic rock festivals">List of historic rock festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a> and other drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Hippie related subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deadhead" title="Deadhead">Deadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_(subculture)" title="Feral (subculture)">Feral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_child" title="Flower child">Flower child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_scene" title="Freak scene">Freak scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housetrucker" title="Housetrucker">Housetrucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_freak" title="Jesus freak">Jesus freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jipitecas" title="Jipitecas">Jipitecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Onda" title="La Onda">La Onda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni%C4%8Dka" title="Mánička">Mánička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Faeries" title="Radical Faeries">Radical Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Nation" title="Woodstock Nation">Woodstock Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zippie" title="Zippie">Zippie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_related_to_the_hippie_subculture" title="List of films related to the hippie subculture">List of films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_publications_related_to_the_hippie_subculture" title="List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture">List of books and other publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Press_Syndicate" title="Underground Press Syndicate">press syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underground_newspapers_of_the_1960s_counterculture" title="List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Legend of the Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaterialism" title="Postmaterialism">Postmaterialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Summer_of_Love" title="Second Summer of Love">Second Summer of Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-psychedelia" title="Neo-psychedelia">Neo-psychedelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chicago_Seven62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicago_Seven" title="Template:Chicago Seven"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_Seven" title="Template talk:Chicago Seven"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_Seven" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago Seven"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chicago_Seven62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rennie_Davis" title="Rennie Davis">Rennie Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dellinger" title="David Dellinger">David Dellinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Froines" title="John Froines">John Froines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Weiner" title="Lee Weiner">Lee Weiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawyers/Judge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Kunstler" title="William Kunstler">William Kunstler</a> (defense lawyer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Weinglass" title="Leonard Weinglass">Leonard Weinglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hoffman" title="Julius Hoffman">Julius Hoffman</a> (judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foran" title="Tom Foran">Tom Foran</a> (prosecutor)</li> <li>Richard Schultz</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights" title="Center for Constitutional Rights">Center for Constitutional Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew_Albert" title="Stew Albert">Stew Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Collins" title="Judy Collins">Judy Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn" title="Bernardine Dohrn">Bernardine Dohrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Gumbo" title="Judy Gumbo">Judy Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Hoffman" title="Anita Hoffman">Anita Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krassner" title="Paul Krassner">Paul Krassner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kurshan" title="Nancy Kurshan">Nancy Kurshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Joe_McDonald" title="Country Joe McDonald">Country Joe McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nash" title="Graham Nash">Graham Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Ed Sanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party (Yippies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Mayor Richard J. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_and_the_Siege_of_Chicago" title="Miami and the Siege of Chicago">Miami and the Siege of Chicago</a> (1968 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(Graham_Nash_song)" title="Chicago (Graham Nash song)">"Chicago"</a> (1970 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy:_The_Trial_of_the_Chicago_8" title="Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8">Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8</a> (1987 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Movie!" title="Steal This Movie!">Steal This Movie!</a> (2000 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_10_(film)" title="Chicago 10 (film)">Chicago 10</a> (2007 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kunstler:_Disturbing_the_Universe" title="William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe">William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe</a> (2009 documentary)</li> <li>The Chicago 8 (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_the_Chicago_7" title="The Trial of the Chicago 7">The Trial of the Chicago 7</a> (2020 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_revolution74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_revolution" title="Template talk:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_revolution74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_the_Sand" title="Boys in the Sand">Boys in the Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Breckinridge" title="Myra Breckinridge">Myra Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn#"Porno_chic"" title="Golden Age of Porn">Porno chic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Pornography in the United States">Pornography in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">The Pill</a> (1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Reports" title="Kinsey Reports">Kinsey Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson_Institute" title="Masters and Johnson Institute">Masters and Johnson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Califia">Pat Califia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Damiano" title="Gerard Damiano">Gerard Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Dodson" title="Betty Dodson">Betty Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt" title="Larry Flynt">Larry Flynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ginzburg" title="Ralph Ginzburg">Ralph Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Goldstein" title="Al Goldstein">Al Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Guccione" title="Bob Guccione">Bob Guccione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hall" title="Terri Hall">Terri Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halsted" title="Fred Halsted">Fred Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartley" title="Nina Hartley">Nina Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hefner" title="Hugh Hefner">Hugh Hefner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hurles" title="David Hurles">David Hurles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_E._Johnson" title="Virginia E. Johnson">Virginia Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Margold" title="William Margold">William Margold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Masters" title="William Masters">William Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radley_Metzger" title="Radley Metzger">Radley Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55th_Street_Playhouse" title="55th Street Playhouse">55th Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldron_(sex_club)" title="Caldron (sex club)">Caldron (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_(sex_club)" title="Catacombs (sex club)">Catacombs (sex club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Baths" title="Club Baths">Club Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory" title="The Factory">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bathhouse" title="Gay bathhouse">Gay bathhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineshaft_(gay_club)" title="Mineshaft (gay club)">Mineshaft (gay club)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Andy_Warhol_Garrick_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre">New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Retreat" title="Plato's Retreat">Plato's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone_retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstone retreat">Sandstone retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Leather_Cultural_District" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ and Leather Cultural District">South of Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">Feminist views of pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_(film)" title="Kinsey (film)">Kinsey</a> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovelace_(film)" title="Lovelace (film)">Lovelace</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Love,_Not_War:_The_Sexual_Revolution:_An_Unfettered_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History">Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History</a> (2001 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_Bettie_Page" title="The Notorious Bettie Page">The Notorious Bettie Page</a> (2005 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatever_(novel)" title="Whatever (novel)">Whatever</a> (1994 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Youth_empowerment102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_empowerment" title="Template:Youth empowerment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_empowerment" title="Template talk:Youth empowerment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_empowerment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth empowerment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Youth_empowerment102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_empowerment" title="Youth empowerment">Youth empowerment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolving_capacities" title="Evolving capacities">Evolving capacities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_the_nest" title="Leaving the nest">Leaving the nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_voice" title="Student voice">Student voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-adult_partnership" title="Youth-adult partnership">Youth-adult partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_mainstreaming" title="Youth mainstreaming">Youth mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_voice" title="Youth voice">Youth voice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_youth_development" title="Community youth development">Community youth development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Positive youth development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights_in_higher_education" title="Student rights in higher education">Student rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_court" title="Teen court">Teen court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_council" title="Youth council">Youth council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_engagement" title="Youth engagement">Youth engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_leadership" title="Youth leadership">Youth leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-led_media" title="Youth-led media">Youth-led media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_philanthropy" title="Youth philanthropy">Youth philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_service" title="Youth service">Youth service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_work" title="Youth work">Youth work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultcentrism" title="Adultcentrism">Adultcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_age_restrictions" title="List of age restrictions">Age restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutheromania" title="Eleutheromania">Eleutherophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Fear of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantilization" title="Infantilization">Infantilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusiveness" title="Intrusiveness">Intrusiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_respect" title="Parental respect">Parental respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-to-prison_pipeline" title="School-to-prison pipeline">School-to-prison pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicariousness" title="Vicariousness">Vicariousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_control_complex" title="Youth control complex">Youth control complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_exclusion" title="Youth exclusion">Youth exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Age of criminal responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">Beatnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">Greaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Year" title="International Youth Year">International Youth Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">LGBTQ student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultures_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcultures of the 1950s">Subcultures of the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Teenage_Liberation_Handbook" title="The Teenage Liberation Handbook">The Teenage Liberation Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_rebellion" title="Teenage rebellion">Teenage rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_youth_rights%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of youth rights–related articles">Index of youth rights–related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-war_and_peace_movement214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Vietnam" title="Template:Anti-Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Vietnam" title="Template talk:Anti-Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s_Berkeley_protests" title="1960s Berkeley protests">1960s Berkeley protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_aircraft_bombing" title="Edmonton aircraft bombing">Edmonton aircraft bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_March_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="1965 March against the Vietnam War">1965 March against the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Herz" title="Alice Herz">Alice Herz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Duncan" title="Donald W. Duncan">Donald W. Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Morrison" title="Norman Morrison">Norman Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Allen_LaPorte" title="Roger Allen LaPorte">Roger Allen LaPorte</a> 1965 <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_self-immolations" title="List of political self-immolations">political self-immolations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood_Three" title="Fort Hood Three">Fort Hood Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Arts_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Angry Arts week">Angry Arts week</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Howard_Levy" title="Court-martial of Howard Levy">Court-martial of Howard Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_the_Pentagon" class="mw-redirect" title="March on the Pentagon">March on the Pentagon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Power_(photograph)" title="Flower Power (photograph)">Flower Power photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Confrontation" title="The Ultimate Confrontation">The Ultimate Confrontation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhat_Chi_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhat Chi Mai">Nhat Chi Mai</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_self-immolations" title="List of political self-immolations">self-immolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Susan_Schnall" title="Court-martial of Susan Schnall">Court-martial of Susan Schnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_mutiny" title="Presidio mutiny">Presidio mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_High_School_Jailbreaks" title="Weather High School Jailbreaks">Weather High School Jailbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratorium_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam">Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTA_Show" title="FTA Show">Free The Army tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_Six" title="Fort Lewis Six">Fort Lewis Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student strike of 1970">Student strike of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot" title="Hard Hat Riot">Hard Hat Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Hall_bombing" title="Sterling Hall bombing">Sterling Hall bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1971</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Soldier_Investigation" title="Winter Soldier Investigation">Winter Soldier Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_May_Day_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 May Day protests">1971 May Day protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_v._United_States" title="Clay v. United States">Clay v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTA_Show" title="FTA Show">FTA Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Officers_Movement" title="Concerned Officers Movement">Concerned Officers Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Duncan" title="Donald W. Duncan">Donald W. Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Vietnam_Peace_Parade_Committee" title="Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee">Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood_Three" title="Fort Hood Three">Fort Hood Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GI%27s_Against_Fascism" title="GI's Against Fascism">GI's Against Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._coffeehouses" title="G.I. coffeehouses">G.I. coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Four" title="Intrepid Four">Intrepid Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Military" title="Movement for a Democratic Military">Movement for a Democratic Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Counseling_Service" title="Pacific Counseling Service">Pacific Counseling Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Our_Ship_(SOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop Our Ship (SOS)">Stop Our Ship (SOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Whitmore" title="Terry Whitmore">Terry Whitmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newsreel" title="The Newsreel">The Newsreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Servicemen%27s_Fund" title="United States Servicemen's Fund">United States Servicemen's Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War" title="Vietnam Veterans Against the War">Vietnam Veterans Against the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Yippies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimitri_Almeida2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobbs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDogget2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Macan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Stephens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmanuel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaltýnek2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogarty2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_KidnerMaria_BucurRalph_MathisenSally_McKee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrauenfelder2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanPowelson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallupNewport2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarb1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGary_L._AndersonKathryn_G._Herr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitlin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmanSpencerSaton1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalberstam1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFSelvin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShribman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilkSilk1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Gaskin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Frank1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Buchanan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeekes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellburn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoo,_Elaine2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarwood1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZolov1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_los_Angeles_Torres1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"Anti-Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Anti-war\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Chicago Seven\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 92,\n [\"Civil rights movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Counterculture 1960s movements\"] = 1,\n [\"Counterculture of the 1960s\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Counterculture Of The 1960s\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Drug use\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 5,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gilliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hippies\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox historical event\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Modernism\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Progressivism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sexual revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 4,\n [\"Youth Empowerment\"] = 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Counterculture of the 1960s","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counterculture_of_the_1960s","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2995893","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2995893","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-12-21T12:12:53Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T05:28:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Peace_symbol.svg","headline":"cultural phenomenon that developed first in the United States and United Kingdom and spread throughout much of the Western world between the early 1960s and the early 1970s"}</script> </body> </html>