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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":107865218,"created_at":"2023-10-09T06:46:09.126-07:00","from_world_paper_id":241639191,"updated_at":"2024-11-23T08:41:41.257-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Frontiers Media","grobid_abstract":"Cell cycle arrest (CCA) is seen as a prime candidate for effective cancer therapy. This mechanism can help researchers to create new treatments to target cancer cells at particular stages of the cell cycle (CC). The CCA is a characteristic of various therapeutic modalities, including radiation (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), which synchronizes the cells and facilitates the standardization of radiochemotherapy protocols. Although it was discovered that photodynamic treatment (PDT) had a biological effect on CCA in cancer cells, the mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, besides conventional forms of cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, various unconventional types of cell death including pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, paraptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos after PDT have been reported. Thus, a variety of elements, such as oxygen, the tumor's microenvironment, the characteristics of light, and photosensitizer (PS), influence the effectiveness of the PDT treatment, which have not yet been studied clearly. This review focuses on CCA induced by PDT for a variety of PSs agents on various cell lines. The CCA by PDT can be viewed as a remarkable effect and instructive for the management of the PDT protocol. Regarding the relationship between the quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its biological consequences, we have proposed two mathematical models in PDT. Finally, we have gathered recent in vitro and in vivo studies about CCA post-PDT at various stages and made suggestions about how it can standardize, potentiate, and customize the PDT methodology.","publication_date":"2023,7,12","publication_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"106409220"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [10849334]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":106409220,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106409220/mini_magick20231009-1-ycl6sx.png?1696859218" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10849334" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BlassanGeorge"><img alt="Profile image of Blassan George" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/10849334/14985311/15729857/s65_blassan.george.jpg" />Blassan George</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Frontiers in Oncology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">16 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 107865218; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Cell cycle arrest (CCA) is seen as a prime candidate for effective cancer therapy. This mechanism can help researchers to create new treatments to target cancer cells at particular stages of the cell cycle (CC). The CCA is a characteristic of various therapeutic modalities, including radiation (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), which synchronizes the cells and facilitates the standardization of radiochemotherapy protocols. Although it was discovered that photodynamic treatment (PDT) had a biological effect on CCA in cancer cells, the mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, besides conventional forms of cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, various unconventional types of cell death including pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, paraptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos after PDT have been reported. Thus, a variety of elements, such as oxygen, the tumor's microenvironment, the characteristics of light, and photosensitizer (PS), influence the effectiveness of the PDT treatment, which have not yet been studied clearly. This review focuses on CCA induced by PDT for a variety of PSs agents on various cell lines. The CCA by PDT can be viewed as a remarkable effect and instructive for the management of the PDT protocol. Regarding the relationship between the quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its biological consequences, we have proposed two mathematical models in PDT. Finally, we have gathered recent in vitro and in vivo studies about CCA post-PDT at various stages and made suggestions about how it can standardize, potentiate, and customize the PDT methodology.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":106409220,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/107865218/Photodynamic_therapy_induced_cell_cycle_arrest_and_cancer_cell_synchronization_review"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":106409220,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/107865218/Photodynamic_therapy_induced_cell_cycle_arrest_and_cancer_cell_synchronization_review"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In the second of a series of three reviews, we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in PDT on a cellular level. In Part I [Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanism in photodynamic therapy: part one--photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2004;1:279-93] it was shown that one of the most important factors governing the outcome of PDT, is how the photosensitizer (PS) interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. PS can localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes. An explosion of investigation and explorations in the field of cell biology have elucidated many of the pathways that mammalian cells undergo when PS are delivered in tissue culture and subsequently illuminated. There is an acute stress response leading to changes in calcium and lipid metabolism and production of cytokines and stress proteins. Enzymes particularly, protein kinases, are activated and transcription factors are expressed. Many of the cellular responses are centered on mitochondria. These effects frequently lead to induction of apoptosis either by the mitochondrial pathway involving caspases and release of cytochrome c, or by pathways involving ceramide or death receptors. However, under certain circumstances cells subjected to PDT die by necrosis. Although there have been many reports of DNA damage caused by PDT, this is not thought to be an important cell-death pathway. This mechanistic research is expected to lead to optimization of PDT as a tumor treatment, and to rational selection of combination therapies that include PDT as a component.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two--cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death","attachmentId":45937617,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12781916/Mechanisms_in_photodynamic_therapy_part_two_cellular_signaling_cell_metabolism_and_modes_of_cell_death","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12781916/Mechanisms_in_photodynamic_therapy_part_two_cellular_signaling_cell_metabolism_and_modes_of_cell_death"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="30900161" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30900161/Cell_Death_Pathways_in_Photodynamic_Therapy_of_Cancer">Cell Death Pathways in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44782898" href="https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/MikeHamblin">Mike Hamblin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancers, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cell Death Pathways in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer","attachmentId":51325574,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30900161/Cell_Death_Pathways_in_Photodynamic_Therapy_of_Cancer","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30900161/Cell_Death_Pathways_in_Photodynamic_Therapy_of_Cancer"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23876729" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23876729/_title_Photodynamic_therapy_first_responses_title_"><title>Photodynamic therapy: first responses</title></a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46064720" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KesselDavid">David Kessel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Photodynamic Therapy: Back to the Future, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">During the irradiation of photosensitized cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated leading to a variety of effects including apoptosis and autophagy. These responses can occur within minutes after irradiation. Apoptosis is an irreversible pathway to death that can be triggered by release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Autophagy is a recycling process that can occur as a result of Bcl-2 photodamage or as a response to organelle disruption. We have reported that autophagy is associated with a 'shoulder' on the PDT dose-response curve. Although predominantly a survival pathway, autophagy can also play a role in cell death if cells attempt an excessive amount of recycling, beyond their ability to repair photodamage. Recent studies have been directed toward assessing the role of different ROS in the immediate response to PDT. While singlet oxygen is considered to be the major phototoxic ROS, it appears that catalase activity is also a determinant of the apoptotic response and that H 2 O 2 ! OH can amplify the effects of singlet oxygen. An early response to PDT also involves inhibition of membrane trafficking systems related to the endocytic pathway. The extent and nature of these early responses appear to be among the determinants of subsequent tumor eradication.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\u003ctitle\u003ePhotodynamic therapy: first responses\u003c/title\u003e","attachmentId":44267096,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23876729/_title_Photodynamic_therapy_first_responses_title_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23876729/_title_Photodynamic_therapy_first_responses_title_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="23876761" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23876761/Photodynamic_Therapy_and_Cell_Death_Pathways">Photodynamic Therapy and Cell Death Pathways</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46064720" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KesselDavid">David Kessel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Methods in Molecular Biology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the term used to describe the irradiation of photosensitized cells or tissue with phototoxic consequences. This process can result in the rapid initiation of not only apoptosis, an irreversible death pathway, but also autophagy. The procedures described here are designed to characterize the correlation between the PDT dose vs. survival of cells in vitro, the apoptotic effects of photodamage, and the extent of an autophagic response. These are assessed by clonogenic assays, observation of condensed chromatin characteristic of apoptosis, activation of "executioner" caspases, and the autophagic flux as indicated by comparing accumulation of the LC3-II protein under conditions where processing of autophagosomes is retarded vs. is not retarded.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Photodynamic Therapy and Cell Death Pathways","attachmentId":44267112,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23876761/Photodynamic_Therapy_and_Cell_Death_Pathways","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23876761/Photodynamic_Therapy_and_Cell_Death_Pathways"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="113950126" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113950126/Photodynamic_therapy_a_distinct_therapeutic_modality">Photodynamic therapy: a distinct therapeutic modality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2655276" href="https://vdc.academia.edu/RamaAlla">Rama Krishna Alla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Dental Materials, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative treatment modality that utilizes a combination of a photosensitizing agent, specific wavelengths of light, and molecular oxygen to selectively target and destroy abnormal cells or tissues while sparing healthy surrounding structures. This approach has gained significant attention in the medical field due to its potential to provide effective and less invasive treatment options for various conditions. The development of PDT was driven by the need for treatments that overcome the limitations of conventional modalities such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. PDT offers several benefits over these approaches, including its ability to provide targeted therapy, reduced side effects, minimal damage to healthy tissues, and versatility in treating different diseases. One of the key advantages of PDT is its selectivity. By utilizing photosensitizers that accumulate in diseased or abnormal cells, PDT can precisely target the affected tissue while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This selectivity allows for focused treatment, reducing the potential for unnecessary harm to surrounding structures. Furthermore, PDT offers faster recovery times and potentially better cosmetic outcomes compared to surgery, as it does not require extensive incisions or removal of tissues. Additionally, the localized nature of PDT minimizes systemic toxicity and long-term complications, making it a well-tolerated treatment option. PDT has demonstrated efficacy in various medical fields, including oncology, dermatology, and ophthalmology. It has been used to treat different types of cancers, including skin, lung, oesophagal, and bladder cancer, as well as manage conditions like age-related macular degeneration and certain dermatological disorders. This article reviewed the development, mechanism, and applications of PDT in the medical field.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Photodynamic therapy: a distinct therapeutic modality","attachmentId":110778098,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113950126/Photodynamic_therapy_a_distinct_therapeutic_modality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113950126/Photodynamic_therapy_a_distinct_therapeutic_modality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="93846216" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93846216/Cell_cycle_phase_influences_tumour_cell_sensitivity_to_aminolaevulinic_acid_induced_photodynamic_therapy_in_vitro">Cell cycle phase influences tumour cell sensitivity to aminolaevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy in vitro</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="226041129" href="https://independent.academia.edu/osmith10">o smith</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">British Journal of Cancer, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sl0 2JF. UK. 2lnstitute for Cancer Studies, Sheffield University. Sheffield S10 2JF, UK Summary Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of cancer treatment based on the destruction of cells by the interaction of light, oxygen and a photosensitizer. Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) is the prodrug of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). ALA-induced PDT depends on the rate of cellular synthesis of PpIX, which may vary with cell cycle phase. This study has investigated the relationship between cell cycle phase, PpIX generation and phototoxicity in synchronized and unsynchronized bladder cancer cells (HT1197). In unsynchronized cells, relative PpIX fluorescence values (arbitrary units) were significantly different between cell cycle phases after a 1-h ALA incubation (G, 24.8 ± 0.7; S-phase, 32.7 ± 0.8, P < 0.05; G2 35.4 ± 0.8, P < 0.05). In synchronized cells after a 1-h ALA incubation, cells in G, produced less PpIX than those in S-phase or G2 [6.65 ± 1.1 ng per 10 cells compared with 15.5 ± 2.1 (P < 0.05), and 8.1 ± 1.8 ng per 105 cells (not significant) respectively] and were significantty less sensitive to ALA-induced PDT (% survival, G, 76.2 ± 8.3; S-phase 49.7 ± 4.6, P < 0.05; G2 44.2 ± 2.4, P < 0.05). This differential response in tumour cells may have implications for clinical PDT, resulting in treatment resistance and possible failure in complete tumour response.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cell cycle phase influences tumour cell sensitivity to aminolaevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy in vitro","attachmentId":96470341,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93846216/Cell_cycle_phase_influences_tumour_cell_sensitivity_to_aminolaevulinic_acid_induced_photodynamic_therapy_in_vitro","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93846216/Cell_cycle_phase_influences_tumour_cell_sensitivity_to_aminolaevulinic_acid_induced_photodynamic_therapy_in_vitro"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="23876814" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23876814/Apoptosis_and_associated_phenomena_as_a_determinants_of_the_efficacy_of_photodynamic_therapy">Apoptosis and associated phenomena as a determinants of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46064720" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KesselDavid">David Kessel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Failure of neoplastic cells to respond to conventional chemotherapy is usually associated with factors that limit access of drugs to subcellular sites, differences in cell-cycle kinetics or mutations leading to loss of drug-activation pathways or other processes that govern response factors. For PDT, efficacy depends mainly on selective uptake of photosensitizers by neoplastic cells, oxygenation levels, the suitable direction of irradiation and the availability of pathways to cell death that are highly conserved among mammalian cell types. While it is possible to engineer PDT-resistant cell types, current evidence suggests that the major obstacles to cancer control relate to drug, light and oxygen distribution. This review discusses some of the factors that can govern PDT-induced cell death.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Apoptosis and associated phenomena as a determinants of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy","attachmentId":44267140,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23876814/Apoptosis_and_associated_phenomena_as_a_determinants_of_the_efficacy_of_photodynamic_therapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23876814/Apoptosis_and_associated_phenomena_as_a_determinants_of_the_efficacy_of_photodynamic_therapy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="22711054" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22711054/Acute_phase_response_induction_by_cancer_treatment_with_photodynamic_therapy">Acute phase response induction by cancer treatment with photodynamic therapy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33486112" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/MladenKorbelik">Mladen Korbelik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Cancer, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Inflammation and immunity development are well recognized as responses to tumor treatment by photodynamic therapy (PDT). To demonstrate that another major host response effector process, acute phase response, may be also induced by this cancer treatment modality, the expression of serum amyloid P component (SAP) acknowledged as a hallmark acute phase reactant in the mouse was investigated following PDT of murine FsaR fibrosarcomas. The results reveal almost 150-fold increase in the expression of SAP gene in the liver of mice bearing tumors treated by Photofrin-mediated PDT, while serum SAP levels increased around 50fold at the peak interval about 24 hr post PDT. The same tumor treatment induced also the liver gene upregulation and serum levels elevation of another established acute phase reactant, mannose-binding lectin A (MBL-A). Both SAP and MBL-A were found to accumulate in PDT-treated tumors, but this includes local production because their genes in these tumor tissues were upregulated as well. Gene encoding C-reactive protein (CRP) was also upregulated almost 7-fold in the same tumor tissues, suggesting a rare example of CRP participation in host response of the mouse. Interleukin-6 and glucocorticoid hormones were identified as major mediators promoting tumor PDT-induced upregulation of liver SAP gene. Moreover, glucocorticoids were found to act as critical inducers of SAP gene upregulation in PDT-treated tumors. The study definitely proves the occurrence of a strong acute phase response following tumor PDT, and reveals that glucocorticoid hormones released during this development impact the expression of host response-relevant genes in PDT-treated tumors. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute phase response induction by cancer treatment with photodynamic therapy","attachmentId":43283568,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22711054/Acute_phase_response_induction_by_cancer_treatment_with_photodynamic_therapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22711054/Acute_phase_response_induction_by_cancer_treatment_with_photodynamic_therapy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="116661198" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116661198/Differential_cell_death_response_to_photodynamic_therapy_is_dependent_on_dose_and_cell_type">Differential cell death response to photodynamic therapy is dependent on dose and cell type</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32740948" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/MalcolmReed">Malcolm Reed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">British Journal of Cancer, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may result in either apoptotic or necrotic cell death (Noodt et al, 1999). Many stimuli may trigger apoptosis: DNA damage, tumour necrosis factor, radiation, reactive oxygen species and elevated intracellular calcium levels. These stimuli interact with mitochondria, which are thought to be key regulators of apoptosis (Susin et al, 1998), by activation of the caspase cascade. Photodynamic therapy may interact with many of these pathways but it is unclear which is responsible for triggering apoptosis following PDT. The type of response may vary according to the cell type, the physical properties and intracellular localization of the sensitizer (Noodt et al, 1999) and the PDT dose (Kessel et al, 1995). The effect of PDT dose may reflect the fact that at low doses the cellular machinery for apoptosis is activated whereas at higher doses, the apoptotic machinery is itself damaged. The effect of cell type may depend on the genetics of the cell, as neoplastic cells often have mutations affecting the apoptotic machinery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell lines MCF 7, Human Mammary Carcinoma (ECACC, European collection of Animal Cell Cultures, Porton Down, UK). This cell line has a wild-type p53 gene (Sharma and Srikant, 1998), but a mutation in the caspase 3 gene (Janicke et al, 1998). T47D, Human Mammary Carcinoma (ECACC). This cell line contains a mutated p53 gene (Bonsing et al, 1997). HT1197, Human Bladder Carcinoma (ECACC). This cell line contains a mutated p53 gene (Cooper et al, 1994). WRC, Walker Rat Carcinoma. This cell line contains a wildtype p53 gene (Tang et al, 1996). MVECs, Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells, derived from human adipose tissue, by the method of Hewitt and Murray (1993). Cell culture techniques All of the cell types studied were cultured in their optimal media and maintained using standard tissue culture techniques. Cell death assay: dual staining for apoptosis and necrosis</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Differential cell death response to photodynamic therapy is dependent on dose and cell type","attachmentId":112728317,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116661198/Differential_cell_death_response_to_photodynamic_therapy_is_dependent_on_dose_and_cell_type","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116661198/Differential_cell_death_response_to_photodynamic_therapy_is_dependent_on_dose_and_cell_type"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="12781924" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12781924/Mechanisms_in_photodynamic_therapy_Part_three_Photosensitizer_pharmacokinetics_biodistribution_tumor_localization_and_modes_of_tumor_destruction">Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three—Photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31841740" href="https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/MichaelHamblin">Michael Hamblin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as cancer therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. The majority of mechanistic research into PDT, however, is still directed towards anti-cancer applications. In the final part of series of three reviews, we will cover the possible reasons for the well-known tumor localizing properties of photosensitizers (PS). When PS are injected into the bloodstream they bind to various serum proteins and this can affect their phamacokinetics and biodistribution. Different PS can have very different pharmacokinetics and this can directly affect the illumination parameters. Intravenously injected PS undergo a transition from being bound to serum proteins, then bound to endothelial cells, then bound to the adventitia of the vessels, then bound either to the extracellular matrix or to the cells within the tumor, and finally to being cleared from the tumor by lymphatics or blood vessels, and excreted either by the kidneys or the liver. The effect of PDT on the tumor largely depends at which stage of this continuous process light is delivered.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three—Photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction","attachmentId":45937597,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12781924/Mechanisms_in_photodynamic_therapy_Part_three_Photosensitizer_pharmacokinetics_biodistribution_tumor_localization_and_modes_of_tumor_destruction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12781924/Mechanisms_in_photodynamic_therapy_Part_three_Photosensitizer_pharmacokinetics_biodistribution_tumor_localization_and_modes_of_tumor_destruction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":106409220,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":106409220,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_106409220" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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