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href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_standard_Burmese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_standard_Burmese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Differences from standard Burmese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_standard_Burmese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="রাখাইন ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাখাইন ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Араканская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Араканская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakaneg" title="Arakaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arakaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_bhasa" title="Rakhine bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rakhine bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakanais_(langue)" title="Arakanais (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arakanais (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arakanesa" title="Lingua arakanesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua arakanesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakanski_jezik" title="Arakanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arakanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rakhine" title="Bahasa Rakhine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Rakhine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ရခိုင်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရခိုင်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ラカイン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラカイン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Arakanese" title="Lenga Arakanese – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Arakanese" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_araka%C5%84ski" title="Język arakański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język arakański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_arracanesa" title="Língua arracanesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua arracanesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Араканский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Араканский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakanese_language" title="Arakanese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arakanese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88" title="ภาษายะไข่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษายะไข่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Араканська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Араканська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اراکانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اراکانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E5%BC%80%E8%AF%AD" title="若开语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若开语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3450749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Rakhine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Arakanese</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">ရက္ခိုင်ဘာသာ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ɹəkʰàɪɴbàθà]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangamati_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangamati district">Rangamati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandarban_District" title="Bandarban District">Bandarban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khagrachari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khagrachari District">Khagrachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patuakhali_District" title="Patuakhali District">Patuakhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barguna_District" title="Barguna District">Barguna</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> (India)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamein" title="Kamein">Kamein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1 million (2011–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 million <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> speakers in Myanmar (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Rakhine</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramree_dialect" title="Ramree dialect">Ramree</a></li> <li>Marma</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rki" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rki">rki</a></code> – Rakhine ("Arakanese")<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rmz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rmz">rmz</a></code> – Marma ("Burmese")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arak1255">arak1255</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg/320px-Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="672" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg/480px-Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg/640px-Rakhine_State_in_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> shown within Myanmar</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Rakhine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ရခိုင်ဘာသာ</span>, <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><i lang="my-Latn">ra.hkuing bhasa</i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Burmese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ɹəkʰàɪɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>bàθà]</a></span>), also known as <b>Arakanese</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> language spoken in western <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>, and parts of south-eastern Bangladesh. Closely related to <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, the language is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a> peoples; it is estimated to have around one million native speakers and it is spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> by a further million. </p><p>Though Arakanese has some similarity with standard Burmese, Burmese speakers find it difficult to communicate with Arakanese speakers. Thus, it is often considered to be a dialect or <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of Burmese. As there are no universally accepted <a href="/wiki/Language_or_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Language or dialect">criteria for distinguishing</a> a language from a dialect, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic, historical and social status of Arakanese.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three dialects of Arakanese: <a href="/wiki/Sittwe" title="Sittwe">Sittwe</a>–<a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a> (about two thirds of speakers), <a href="/wiki/Ramree_dialect" title="Ramree dialect">Ramree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thandwe" title="Thandwe">Thandwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell19953_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell19953-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Arakanese and Standard Burmese share the majority of lexicon, Arakanese has numerous vocabulary differences. Some are native words with no cognates in Standard Burmese, like 'sarong' (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လုံခြည်</span></span> in Standard Burmese, <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဒယော</span></span> in Arakanese). Others are loan words from <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, not found in Standard Burmese. An example is 'hospital', which is called <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆေးရုံ</span></span> in Standard Burmese, but is called <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သိပ်လှိုင်</span></span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θeɪʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>l̥àɪɴ]/[ʃeɪʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>l̥àɪɴ]</span>) in Arakanese, from English <i>sick lines</i>. Other words simply have different meanings (e.g., 'afternoon', <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ညစ</span></span> in Arakanese and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ညနေ</span></span> in Standard Burmese). Moreover, some archaic words in Standard Burmese are preferred in Arakanese. An example is the first person pronoun, which is <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အကျွန်</span></span> in Arakanese (not <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကျွန်တော်</span></span>, as in Standard Burmese). A more unique difference is the 'Hra' sound which is not found in Burmese: only in Arakanese. eg. ဟြာ(Hra/Seek) and Hraa(ဟြား/very good/smart). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gloss of vocabulary differences between Standard Burmese and Arakanese is below:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">English </th> <th scope="col">Standard Burmese </th> <th scope="col">Arakanese </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>thirsty</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရေဆာ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရီမွတ်</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>go</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သွား</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လား</span></span></td> <td>Arakanese for 'go' was historically used in Standard Burmese. </td></tr> <tr> <td>kick a ball</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘောလုံးကန်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘောလုံးကျောက်</span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stomach ache</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗိုက်နာ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝမ်းနာ</span></span></td> <td>Arakanese prefers <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝမ်း</span></span> to Standard Burmese <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗိုက်</span></span> for 'stomach'. </td></tr> <tr> <td>guava</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မာလကာသီး</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဂိုယံသီး</span></span></td> <td>Standard Burmese for 'guava' is derived from the word <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, whereas Arakanese for 'guava' is from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">guayaba</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Taino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino language">Taino</a>: <i lang="tnq">guayaba</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>papaya</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သင်္ဘောသီး</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပဒကာသီး</span></span></td> <td>Standard Burmese for 'papaya' literally means 'boat'. </td></tr> <tr> <td>soap</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆပ်ပြာ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သူပုန်</span></span></td> <td>From Portuguese "sabão". In Standard Burmese, '<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သူပုန်</span></span>' means 'rebel' or 'insurgent'. </td></tr> <tr> <td>superficial</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အပေါ်ယံ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အထက်ပေါ်ရီ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-cakkinda_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cakkinda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blanket</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စောင်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပုဆိုး</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-cakkinda_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cakkinda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပုဆိုး</span></span> in Standard Burmese refers to the men's <a href="/wiki/Longyi" title="Longyi">longyi</a> (sarong). </td></tr> <tr> <td>dark</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မှောင်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မိုက်</span></span></td> <td>The compound word <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မှောင်မိုက်</span></span> ('pitch dark') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese. </td></tr> <tr> <td>pick a flower</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပန်းခူး</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပန်းဆွတ်</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-cakkinda_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cakkinda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The compound word <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆွတ်ခူး</span></span> ('pick') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese. </td></tr> <tr> <td>wash [clothes]</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လျှော်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဖွပ်</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-cakkinda_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cakkinda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The compound word <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လျှော်ဖွပ်</span></span> ('wash') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonological system described here is the inventory of sounds, represented using the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants of Arakanese are: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-al.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>central</small> </th> <th><small>sibilant</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">sʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Arakanese largely shares the same set of consonant phonemes as standard Burmese, though Arakanese more prominently uses <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span>, which has largely merged to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> in standard Burmese (with some exceptions). Because Arakanese has preserved the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ/</span> sound, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɹ-/</span> medial (which is preserved in writing in Standard Burmese with the diacritic <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ြ</span></span>) is still distinguished in the following Arakanese consonant clusters: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>kɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>pɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>bɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>mɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>m̥ɹ-<span class="wrap"> </span>hɹ-/</span>. For example, the word "blue," spelt <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြာ</span></span>, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pjà/</span> in standard Burmese, but pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɹà/</span> in Arakanese. Moreover, there is less voicing in Arakanese than in Standard Burmese, occurring only when the consonant is unaspirated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell19954,_14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell19954,_14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in Burmese, voicing never shifts from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell199514_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell199514-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels of Arakanese are: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center"> </th> <th colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </th> <th colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> offglide </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> offglide </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Arakanese shares the same set of vowels as Burmese, Arakanese rhymes also diverge from Standard Burmese for a number of open syllables and closed syllables. For instance, Arakanese has also merged various vowel sounds, such as <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဧ</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>) to ဣ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>). Hence, a word like 'blood', which is spelt <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သွေး</span></span>, pronounced (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θwé]</span>) in standard Burmese, is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θwí]</span> in Arakanese. Similarly, Arakanese has a number of closed syllable rhymes that do not exist in Standard Burmese, including <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɛɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>-ɔɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>-ɛʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>-ɔʔ/</span>. </p><p>The Arakanese dialect also has a higher frequency of open vowels weakening to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> than Standard Burmese. An example is the word for 'salary', (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လခ</span></span>), which is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la̰ɡa̰]</span> in standard Burmese, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ləkha̰]</span> in Arakanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_standard_Burmese">Differences from standard Burmese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Differences from standard Burmese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a summary of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> differences from Standard Burmese found in the Arakanese <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughton1897453–61_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton1897453–61-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Written Burmese</th> <th>Standard Burmese</th> <th>Arakanese</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-စ်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɪʔ/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aɪʔ/</span></td> <td>e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စစ်</span></span> 'genuine' and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စိုက်</span></span> 'plant' are both pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[saɪʔ]</span> in Arakanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ိုက်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aɪʔ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-က်</span></span></td> <td>-ɛʔ</td> <td>-ɔʔ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ဉ်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɪɴ/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aɪɴ/</span></td> <td>e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဥယျာဉ်</span></span> 'garden', from Standard Burmese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ṵ<span class="wrap"> </span>jɪ̀ɴ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wəjàɪɴ]</span>.<br />Irregular rhyme, with various pronunciations.<br />In some words, it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɛɴ/</span> (e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝိညာဉ်</span></span> 'soul', from Standard Burmese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wèɪɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲɪ̀ɴ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wḭ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲɛ̀ɴ]</span>).<br />In a few words, it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-i<span class="wrap"> </span>-e/</span> (e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ညှဉ်း</span></span> 'to oppress', from Standard Burmese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ̥ɪ́ɴ]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ̥í,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ̥é]</span>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ိုင်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aɪɴ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-င်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɪɴ/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɔɴ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-န် ွန်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>-ʊɴ/</span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ွန်</span></span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-wɔɴ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ည်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-i,<span class="wrap"> </span>-e,<span class="wrap"> </span>-ɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-e/</span></td> <td>A few exceptions are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aɪɴ/</span>, like <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကြည်</span></span> 'clear', pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɹàɪɴ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ေ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-i/</span></td> <td>e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ချီ</span></span> 'carry' and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ချေ</span></span> 'cancel' are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰì]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰè]</span> respectively in Standard Burmese, but merged to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰì]</span> in Arakanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-တ် ွတ်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>-ʊʔ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-aʔ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ိန်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-eɪɴ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɪɴ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ုန်</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-oʊɴ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ʊɴ/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nasal initial + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ီ</span></span><br />Nasal initial + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ေ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-eɪɴ/</span></td> <td>e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နီ</span></span> 'red' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nì]</span> in Standard Burmese, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nèɪɴ]</span> in Arakanese<br />In some words, the rhyme is unchanged from the standard rhyme (e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မြေ</span></span> 'land', usually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɹì]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɹèɪɴ]</span>, or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အမိ</span></span> 'mother', usually pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əmḭ]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əmḛɪɴ]</span><br />There are few exceptions where the nasal rhyme is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-eɪɴ-/</span> even without a nasal initial (e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သီ</span></span> 'thread', from Standard Burmese <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θì]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θèɪɴ]</span>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nasal initial + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ု -ူ -ူး</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-oʊɴ/</span></td> <td>e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နု</span></span> 'tender' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nṵ]</span> in Standard Burmese, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[no̰ʊɴ]</span> in Arakanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ွား</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-wá/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɔ́/</span></td> <td>e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝါး</span></span> 'bamboo' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wá]</span> in Standard Burmese, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɔ́]</span> in Arakanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ြွ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-w-/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ɹw-/</span></td> <td>Occurs in some words (e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မြွေ</span></span> 'snake' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mwè]</span> in Standard Burmese, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɹwèɪɴ]</span> in Arakanese) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရှ-</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ-/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hɹ-/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ချ-</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɕʰ-/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ-/</span></td> <td>Occasionally occurs (e.g. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ချင်</span></span> 'to want' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰɪ̀ɴ]</span> in Standard Burmese, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɔ̀ɴ]</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰɔ̀ɴ]</span> in Arakanese) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တ-</span></span> → <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရ-</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t-<span class="wrap"> </span>d-/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹ-/</span></td> <td>e.g. The present tense particle <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တယ်</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɛ̀]</span>) corresponds with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရယ်</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹɛ̀]</span>) in Arakanese<br /> <p>e.g. The plural particle <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တို့</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[do̰]</span>) corresponds with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရို့</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹo̰]</span>) in Arakanese<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရှ- ယှ- ယျှ-</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ-/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h-/</span></td> <td>Found in some words only </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">-ယ် ဲ</span></span></td> <td>-ɛ</td> <td>-e</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Written</b></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အမေက</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သင်္ကြန်ပွဲတွင်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝတ်ရန်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ထဘီ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရှစ်ထည်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပေးလိုက်ပါ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆိုသည်။</span></span> </td></tr> <tr class="IPA"> <td><b>Standard Burmese</b></td> <td>ʔəmè ɡa̰</td> <td>ðədʒàɴ pwɛ́ dwɪ̀ɴ</td> <td>wʊʔ jàɴ</td> <td>tʰəmèɪɴ</td> <td>ʃɪʔ tʰɛ̀</td> <td>pé laɪʔ pà</td> <td>sʰò dɛ̀ </td></tr> <tr class="IPA"> <td><b>Arakanese</b></td> <td>ʔəmì ɡa̰</td> <td>θɔ́ɴkràɴ pwé hmà</td> <td>waʔ pʰo̰</td> <td>dəjɔ̀</td> <td>ʃaɪʔ tʰè</td> <td>pí laʔ pà</td> <td>sʰò ɹì </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Arakanese (written)</b></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အမိက</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သင်္ကြန်ပွဲမှာ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝတ်ဖို့</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဒယော</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရှစ်ထည်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပီးလတ်ပါ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆိုရယ်။</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gloss</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b></td> <td colspan="8">Mother says "Give me eight pasos for wearing during the Thingyan festival." </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arakanese is written using the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese script</a>, which descends from <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Southern Brahmi</a>. Rakhine speakers are taught Rakhine pronunciations using written Burmese, while most Marma speakers are only literate in Bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first extant Arakanese inscriptions, the Launggrak Taung Maw inscription and the Mahathi Crocodile Rock inscription (1356), date to the 1300s, and the epigraphic record of Arakanese inscriptions is unevenly distributed between the 1400s to 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1400s, Arakanese inscriptions began to transition from the square letters associated with stone inscriptions (<i>kyauksa</i>), to rounder letters that is now standard for the Burmese script.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with developments in Arakanese literature, which was stimulated by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk U</a> during the 1400s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is now Rakhine State is home to Sanskrit inscriptions that date from the first millennium to the 1000s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions were written in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Brahmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Brahmic">Northern Brahmic scripts</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a>), which are ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these inscriptions are not ancestral to Arakanese epigraphy, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some Arakanese have coined the term "Rakkhawunna" (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rakkhavaṇṇa</i></span>) to describe a script that predates the usage of written Burmese, there is no contemporary lithic evidence to support the existence of such a script.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rki/">Rakhine ("Arakanese")</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmz/">Marma ("Burmese")</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viss.wordpress.com/2007/07/02/the-arakanese-dialect/">"The Arakanese dialect"</a>. <i>Fifty Viss</i>. 2007-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fifty+Viss&rft.atitle=The+Arakanese+dialect&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviss.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F07%2F02%2Fthe-arakanese-dialect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell19953-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell19953_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkell1995">Okell 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/programmes/2011/04/110401_alinkar_paleban_18.shtml?bw=nb&mp=wm&bbcws=1&news=1">"ရခိုင်စကားနဲ့ ဗမာစကား"</a>. <i>BBC Burmese</i>. 1 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Burmese&rft.atitle=%E1%80%9B%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7+%E1%80%97%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fburmese%2Fprogrammes%2F2011%2F04%2F110401_alinkar_paleban_18.shtml%3Fbw%3Dnb%26mp%3Dwm%26bbcws%3D1%26news%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cakkinda-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cakkinda_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cakkinda_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cakkinda_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cakkinda_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFအသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/135135257/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8A%E1%82%8A%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9"><i>ရခိုင်ဘာသာစကားလမ်းညွှန်</i></a> (in Burmese). Burma – via <a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%80%9B%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA&rft.place=Burma&rft.date=1994&rft.au=%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F135135257%2F%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%258A%25E1%2582%258A%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell19954,_14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell19954,_14_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkell1995">Okell 1995</a>, p. 4, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell199514-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell199514_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkell1995">Okell 1995</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkell1995-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkell1995_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkell1995">Okell 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughton1897453–61-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoughton1897453–61_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoughton1897">Houghton 1897</a>, pp. 453–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2014" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Heidi A (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.und.edu/theses/1640/">"Consonant correspondences of Burmese, Rakhine and Marma with initial implications for historical relationships"</a>. <i>The University of North Dakota</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+North+Dakota&rft.atitle=Consonant+correspondences+of+Burmese%2C+Rakhine+and+Marma+with+initial+implications+for+historical+relationships&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Heidi+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.und.edu%2Ftheses%2F1640%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinn_HtinLeider2018" class="citation cs2">Minn Htin, Kyaw; Leider, Jacques (2018), Perret, Daniel (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02324926">"The Epigraphic Archive of Arakan/Rakhine State (Myanmar): A Survey"</a>, <i>Writing for Eternity: A Survey of Epigraphy in Southeast Asia</i>, Etudes thématiques, vol. 30, Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, pp. 73–85<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+for+Eternity%3A+A+Survey+of+Epigraphy+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Epigraphic+Archive+of+Arakan%2FRakhine+State+%28Myanmar%29%3A+A+Survey&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=73-85&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Minn+Htin&rft.aufirst=Kyaw&rft.au=Leider%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02324926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2008" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Noel F. (2008). <i>Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan</i>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0405-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0405-1"><bdi>978-81-313-0405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaishali+and+the+Indianization+of+Arakan&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0405-1&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Noel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton1897" class="citation journal cs1">Houghton, Bernard (1897). "The Arakanese Dialect of the Burman Language". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 453–461. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207880">25207880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Arakanese+Dialect+of+the+Burman+Language&rft.pages=453-461&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25207880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Okell, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/okell1995three.pdf">"Three Burmese Dialects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics</i>. <b>13</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Three+Burmese+Dialects&rft.volume=13&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Okell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fokell1995three.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARakhine+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lolo-Burmese languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lolo-Burmese_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kathu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear Mondzish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mantsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauphu_language" title="Mauphu language">Mauphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motang_language" title="Motang language">Motang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongphu_language" title="Mongphu language">Mongphu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a><br />(Yi)<br />(Ngwi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Southern Loloish</a><br />(Southern Ngwi)<br />(Hanoish)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hani_languages" title="Hani languages">Hanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Akha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepya_language" title="Chepya language">Chepya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muteun_language" title="Muteun language">Muteun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luomian_language" title="Luomian language">Luomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guohe_language" title="Guohe language">Guohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozuo_language" title="Guozuo language">Guozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehuo_language" title="Gehuo language">Gehuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabie language">Kabie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Haoni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisoid_languages" title="Bisoid languages">Bisoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyen_language" title="Pyen language">Pyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_language" title="Phunoi language">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinsali language">Sinsali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantan_language" title="Cantan language">Cantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91%C3%B4ng_language" title="Cốông language">Cốông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopan_language" title="Laopan language">Laopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoseng_language" title="Laoseng language">Laoseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phongku_language" title="Phongku language">Phongku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phongset_language" title="Phongset language">Phongset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunyot_language" title="Phunyot language">Phunyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauho_language" title="Cauho language">Cauho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantang_language" title="Bantang language">Bantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongsat_language" title="Khongsat language">Khongsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siloid_languages" title="Siloid languages">Siloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sila_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Sila language (Sino-Tibetan)">Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khir_language" title="Khir language">Khir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paza_language" title="Paza language">Paza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phana’ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wany%C3%A4_language" title="Wanyä language">Wanyä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_language" title="Luma language">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bi-Ka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mpi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jino</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Loloish_languages" title="Central Loloish languages">Central Loloish</a><br />(Central Ngwi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawoish_languages" title="Lawoish languages">Lawoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awu_language" title="Awu language">Awu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewu_language" title="Lewu language">Lewu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lahoish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nusoish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laloid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo (Western Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Alu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Alu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taloid_languages" title="Taloid languages">Taloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talu_language" title="Talu language">Talu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lang%27e_language" title="Lang'e language">Lang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagu_language" title="Tagu language">Tagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popei_language" title="Popei language">Popei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomotage_language" title="Gomotage language">Gomotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toloza_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toloza language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo (Central Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazhuoish_languages" title="Kazhuoish languages">Kazhuoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuma_language" title="Meuma language">Meuma</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Loloish_languages" title="Northern Loloish languages">Northern Loloish</a><br />(Northern Ngwi)<br />(Nisoid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nosoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu (Northern Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyisu_language" title="Nyisu language">Nyisu (Yellow Yi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nasoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu (Eastern Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesu_language" title="Chesu language">Chesu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoji_language" title="Luoji language">Luoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_language" title="Ku language">Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Loloish_languages" title="Southeastern Loloish languages">Southeastern Loloish</a><br />(Southeastern Ngwi)<br />(Axi-Puoid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nisu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu (Southern Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sani–Azha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani (Southeastern Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland Phula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghuu_language" title="Laghuu language">Laghuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phukha_language" title="Phukha language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Riverine Phula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phupa language">Phupa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pholo_language" title="Pholo language">Pholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ache_Yi_language" title="Ache Yi language">Ache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_language" title="Long language">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiqi_language" title="Xiqi language">Xiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(China)" title="Ati language (China)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adu_language" title="Adu language">Adu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hpon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_language" title="Hpon language">Hpon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo (Maru)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intha-Danu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intha-Danu_language" title="Intha-Danu language">Intha-Danu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Tavoyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pai-lang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pai-lang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pai-lang language">Pai-lang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Proto-languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Burmese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burmese_language" title="Template:Burmese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burmese_language" title="Template talk:Burmese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burmese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burmese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Burmese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Burmese" title="Old Burmese">Old Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Burmese" title="Middle Burmese">Middle Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Modern Burmese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intha-Danu_language" title="Intha-Danu language">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha-Danu_language" title="Intha-Danu language">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myeik_dialect" title="Myeik dialect">Merguiese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rakhine language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramree_dialect" title="Ramree dialect">Ramree</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandoway_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandoway dialect (page does not exist)">Sandoway</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Tavoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_dialect" title="Yaw dialect">Yaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar and <br />vocabulary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Phonology</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerical_classifiers" title="Burmese numerical classifiers">Numerical classifiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_postpositions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese postpositions (page does not exist)">Postpositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pronouns" title="Burmese pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Kinship terms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_verbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese verbs (page does not exist)">Verbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_chronicles" title="Burmese chronicles">Royal chronicles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammasattha" title="Dhammasattha">Dhammathat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese poetry">Burmese poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ainggyin" title="Ainggyin">Ainggyin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gyin" title="Égyin">Égyin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawgun" title="Mawgun">Mawgun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyo" title="Pyo">Pyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yadu_(poetry)" title="Yadu (poetry)">Yadu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanbauk_(poetic_form)" title="Thanbauk (poetic form)">Thanbauk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yagan_(poetic_form)" title="Yagan (poetic form)">Yagan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language#Writing_system" title="Burmese language">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Romanization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLC Transcription System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Burmese" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese">BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese English">Burmese English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Language_Commission" title="Myanmar Language Commission">Myanmar Language Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_names" title="Burmese names">Burmese names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Myanmar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Template:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Myanmar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages of Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">state or region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chin_State" title="Chin State">Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Northern Kuki-Chin languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falam_language" title="Falam language">Falam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siyin language">Siyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_language" title="Tedim language">Tedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_language" title="Zou language">Zo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Central Kuki-Chin languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakha Chin language">Hakha Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawn_language" title="Ngawn language">Ngawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawr language">Tawr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maraic_languages" title="Maraic languages">Maraic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lautu_language" title="Lautu language">Lautu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_language" title="Mara language">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senthang_language" title="Senthang language">Senthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotung_language" title="Zotung language">Zotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zyphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Southern Kuki-Chin languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daai_language" title="Daai language">Daai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaang_language" title="Kaang language">Kaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumi_language" title="Khumi language">Khumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCch%C3%B2_language" title="Kʼchò language">Kʼchò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_La_language" title="Nga La language">Nga La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%B6_language" title="Shö language">Shö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlai_language" title="Songlai language">Songlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumtu_language" title="Sumtu language">Sumtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaiphum_language" title="Thaiphum language">Thaiphum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaung_language" title="Welaung language">Welaung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Anu-Hkongso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Drung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_language" title="Hpon language">Hpon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawang_language" title="Rawang language">Rawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Laing_language" title="Tai Laing language">Tai Laing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Kayah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayaw_language" title="Kayaw language">Kayaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_language" title="Karenni language">Karenni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bwe_Karen_language" title="Bwe Karen language">Bwe Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_Karen_language" title="Geba Karen language">Geba Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwo_Karen_languages" title="Pwo Karen languages">Pwo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pwo_language" title="Western Pwo language">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S’gaw Karen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rungtu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungtu">Rungtu</a> (Taungtha)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laitu_language" title="Laitu language">Laitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mro-Khimi_language" title="Mro-Khimi language">Mro-Khimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khiamniungan_language" title="Khiamniungan language">Khiamniungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinong_language" title="Leinong language">Leinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makyam_language" title="Makyam language">Makyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponyo_language" title="Ponyo language">Ponyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_language" title="Sak language">Sak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akyaung_Ari_language" title="Akyaung Ari language">Akyaung Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal language">Anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koki_language" title="Koki language">Koki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makury_language" title="Makury language">Makury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Phuri_language" title="Long Phuri language">Long Phuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_language" title="Para language">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danu language">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geko_Karen" class="mw-redirect" title="Geko Karen">Geko Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Intha dialect">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahta_language" title="Lahta language">Lahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_language" title="Pa'O language">Pa’o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padaung_language" title="Padaung language">Padaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyen_language" title="Pyen language">Pyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Taungyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nuea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong Njua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S’gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Tavoyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese sign language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&oldid=1258487707">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakhine_language&oldid=1258487707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burmish_languages" title="Category:Burmish languages">Burmish languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Languages of Myanmar">Languages of Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of 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