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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Minister of War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_Boulangisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_Boulangisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The rise of <i>Boulangisme</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_Boulangisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boulangist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boulangist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Boulangist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boulangist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>French studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Georges Ernest Boulanger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="جورج إرنست بوولنجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج إرنست بوولنجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulanje" title="Bulanje – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bulanje" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87" title="জর্জ এর্নেস্ত বুলঁজে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ এর্নেস্ত বুলঁজে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D" title="Жорж Буланжэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жорж Буланжэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Жорж Буланже – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жорж Буланже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%98%D9%87" title="ژرژ ارنست بولانژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرژ ارنست بولانژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EB%B6%88%EB%9E%91%EC%A0%9C" title="조르주 불랑제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조르주 불랑제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AA_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AA%D5%A5" title="Ժորժ Բուլանժե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժորժ Բուլանժե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georges Ernest Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%96%27_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%96%27%D7%94" title="ז'ורז' בולנז'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ורז' בולנז'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Жорж Эрнест Буланже – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жорж Эрнест Буланже" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksera_ke_Boulanger_jadiwik_(yunkexa)" title="Ksera ke Boulanger jadiwik (yunkexa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ksera ke Boulanger jadiwik (yunkexa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Boulanger" title="Georgius Boulanger – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDor%C5%BEs_Bulan%C5%BE%C4%93" title="Žoržs Bulanžē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žoržs Bulanžē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="ჟორჟ ბულანჟე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟორჟ ბულანჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="جورج ارنست بوولنجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ارنست بوولنجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7" title="ジョルジュ・ブーランジェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョルジュ・ブーランジェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Буланже, Жорж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буланже, Жорж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Жорж Ернест Буланже – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жорж Ернест Буланже" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georges Ernest Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger_(kenraali)" title="Georges Boulanger (kenraali) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georges Boulanger (kenraali)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Жорж Буланже – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жорж Буланже" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" title="Georges Boulanger – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Georges Boulanger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E7%86%B1" title="喬治·布朗熱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治·布朗熱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315747#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French general and rightist politician (1837–1891)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French general and politician. For the Romanian violinist, see <a href="/wiki/Georges_Boulanger_(violinist)" title="Georges Boulanger (violinist)">Georges Boulanger (violinist)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Georges Ernest Boulanger</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">LH</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/220px-Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/330px-Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/440px-Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2417" data-file-height="3395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 January 1886 – 30 May 1887</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Charles de Freycinet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Campenon" title="Jean-Baptiste Campenon">Jean-Baptiste Campenon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théophile Ferron (page does not exist)">Théophile Ferron</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 April 1888 – 12 July 1888</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 August 1888 – 14 October 1889<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Nord</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1837-04-29</span>)</span>29 April 1837<br /><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1891<span style="display:none">(1891-09-30)</span> (aged 54)<br /><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles_Cemetery" title="Ixelles Cemetery">Ixelles Cemetery</a>, Brussels</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">League of Patriots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lucie Renouard</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1864⁠–⁠1891)<wbr /></div>; his death</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hélène Marie</li><li>Marcelle</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png/128px-Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png/192px-Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png/256px-Georges_Boulanger_-_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Général Revanche</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1856–1888</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_of_division" class="mw-redirect" title="General of division">General of division</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Fascism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkism">Volkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (National)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Wen-je" title="Ko Wen-je">Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Mélenchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. 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color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georges Ernest Jean-Marie Boulanger</b> (29 April 1837 – 30 September 1891), nicknamed <b>Général Revanche</b> ("General Revenge"), was a French general and politician. An enormously popular public figure during the second decade of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>, he won multiple elections. At the zenith of his popularity in January 1889, he was feared to be powerful enough to establish himself as dictator. His base of support was the working-class districts of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and other cities, plus rural traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholics</a> and royalists. He introduced an obsessive and almost pathological <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>, which demanded the complete destruction of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> as vengeance for the defeat and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71), into <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French culture</a> and accordingly laid the foundations for the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1889_French_legislative_election" title="1889 French legislative election">elections of September 1889</a> marked a decisive defeat for the Boulangists. Changes in the electoral laws prevented Boulanger from running in multiple constituencies and the aggressive opposition of the established government, combined with Boulanger's self-imposed exile, contributed to a rapid decline of the movement. The decline of Boulanger severely undermined the political strength of the conservative and royalist elements of French political life; they would not recover strength until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of the Boulangists ushered in a period of political dominance by the <a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Opportunist Republicans</a>. </p><p>Academics have attributed the failure of the movement to Boulanger's own weaknesses. Despite his charisma, he lacked coolness, consistency, and decisiveness; he was a mediocre leader who lacked vision and courage. He was never able to unite the disparate elements, ranging from the far left to the far right, that formed the base of his support. He was able, however, to frighten Republicans and force them to reorganize and strengthen their solidarity in opposition to him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boulanger was born on 29 April 1837 in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. He was the youngest of three children born to Ernest Boulanger (1805–1884), a lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Bourg-des-Comptes" title="Bourg-des-Comptes">Bourg-des-Comptes</a>, and Mary-Ann Webb Griffith (1804–1894), born in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> aristocratic family (the Griffiths of <a href="/wiki/Burton_Agnes_Hall" title="Burton Agnes Hall">Burton Agnes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Ernest <a href="/wiki/Foreign_enlistment_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War">enlisted</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and was killed in action during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attending the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Georges_Clemenceau_(Nantes)" title="Lycée Georges Clemenceau (Nantes)">Lycée of Nantes</a>, Boulanger entered the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_Militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" class="mw-redirect" title="École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr Military Academy</a> in 1855, graduating and entering the French Army in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boulanger first saw action in 1857 in <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Sardinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Sardinian War">Austro-Sardinian War</a> (he was wounded at <a href="/wiki/Robecchetto_con_Induno" title="Robecchetto con Induno">Robecchetto con Induno</a>, where he received the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a></i>) and in the <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which he became a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drill_instructor" title="Drill instructor">instructor</a> at Saint-Cyr. During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, Boulanger was noted for his bravery, and soon promoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">chef de bataillon</a></i>; he was again wounded while fighting at <a href="/wiki/Champigny-sur-Marne" title="Champigny-sur-Marne">Champigny-sur-Marne</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870-1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870-1871)">Siege of Paris</a>. Subsequently, Boulanger was among the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> military leaders who crushed the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> in April–May 1871. He was wounded a third time as he led troops to the siege of the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon, Paris">Panthéon</a>, and was promoted commander of the <i>Légion d'honneur</i> by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a>. However, he was soon demoted (as his position was considered provisional), and his resignation in protest was rejected. </p><p>With backing from his direct superior, <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Aumale" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale">Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale</a> (incidentally, one of the sons of former King <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe of France">Louis-Philippe</a>), Boulanger was made a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier general (France)">brigadier-general</a> in 1880, and in 1882 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Defense_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Defense Ministers of France">Minister of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Billot" title="Jean-Baptiste Billot">Jean-Baptiste Billot</a> appointed him director of infantry at the war office,<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling him to make a name as a military reformer (he took measures to improve <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> and efficiency). In 1884, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/General_of_division" class="mw-redirect" title="General of division">general of division</a> and appointed to command the army <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">occupying Tunisia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was recalled owing to his differences of opinion with <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Cambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Paul Cambon">Pierre-Paul Cambon</a>, the political resident. He returned to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and began to take part in politics under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Radicals</a>. In January 1886, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Charles de Freycinet</a> was brought into power, Clemenceau used his influence to secure Boulanger's appointment as War Minister (replacing <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Campenon" title="Jean-Baptiste Campenon">Jean-Baptiste Campenon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sowerwine_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowerwine-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clemenceau assumed Boulanger was a republican, because he was known not to attend <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sowerwine_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowerwine-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Boulanger would soon prove himself a conservative and monarchist.<sup id="cite_ref-sowerwine_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sowerwine-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_War">Minister of War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Minister of War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg/220px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg/330px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg/440px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Georges_Boulanger_TCS_1.3325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of General Boulanger, by Nadar</figcaption></figure> <p>It was in the capacity of Minister of War that Boulanger gained most popularity. He introduced reforms for the benefit of soldiers (such as <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair_in_the_military" title="Facial hair in the military">allowing soldiers to grow beards</a>) and appealed to the French desire for revenge against <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a>—in doing so, he came to be regarded as the man destined to serve that revenge (nicknamed <i>Général Revanche</i>). He also managed to quell the major workers' <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Decazeville" title="Decazeville">Decazeville</a>. A minor scandal arose when <a href="/wiki/Philippe,_comte_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe, comte de Paris">Philippe, comte de Paris</a>, the nominal inheritor of the French throne in the eyes of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> monarchists, married his daughter <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Amélie of Orléans">Amélie</a> to Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a>, in a lavish wedding that provoked fears of anti-Republican ambitions. The French parliament hastily passed a law expelling all possible claimants to the crown from French territories. Boulanger communicated to d'Aumale his expulsion from the armed forces. He received the adulation of the public and the press after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a>, when France's victory added <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> to its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial empire</a>. </p><p>He also vigorously pressed for the accelerated adoption, in just first five months of 1886, of a new rifle for the technically revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> <a href="/wiki/Poudre_B" title="Poudre B">Poudre B</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Marie_Eug%C3%A8ne_Vieille" title="Paul Marie Eugène Vieille">P. Vielle</a> two years earlier. Essentially, that backfired: hastily developed <a href="/wiki/8%C3%9750mmR_Lebel" title="8×50mmR Lebel">8×50mmR Lebel</a> cartridge became an unprecedented high-velocity ammunition but due to its double taper and rim handicapped French firearm development for decades to come, and hastily designed <a href="/wiki/Lebel_Model_1886_rifle" title="Lebel Model 1886 rifle">Lebel Model 1886 rifle</a>, essentially a strengthened <a href="/wiki/Kropatschek_rifle" title="Kropatschek rifle">Kropatschek rifle</a> from late 1870s, became obsolete much faster than any of the magazine rifles of other European militaries that followed during late 1880s and 1890s (before Boulanger, the French military planned to adopt a much more modern design as well). Boulanger also ordered to produce a million rifles by May 1887, but his proposal how to achieve that was entirely unrealistic (with the best efforts in manufacturing it took several years).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Freycinet's defeat in December of the same year, Boulanger was retained by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">René Goblet</a> at the war office. Confident of political support, the general began provoking the Germans; he ordered military facilities to be built in the border region of <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>, forbade the export of horses to German markets, and even instigated a ban on presentations of <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>. Germany responded by calling to arms more than 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Reservist" title="Reservist">reservists</a> in February 1887. After the <a href="/wiki/Schnaebele_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaebele incident">Schnaebele incident</a> (April 1887), war was averted, but Boulanger was perceived by his supporters as coming out on top against <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>. For the Goblet government, Boulanger was an embarrassment and risk, and became engaged in a dispute with Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Émile Flourens</a>. On 17 May Goblet was voted out of office and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Maurice Rouvier</a>. The latter sacked Boulanger, and replaced him with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ophile_Adrien_Ferron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théophile Adrien Ferron (page does not exist)">Théophile Adrien Ferron</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Ferron" class="extiw" title="fr:Théophile Ferron">fr</a>]</span> on 30 May. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_rise_of_Boulangisme">The rise of <i>Boulangisme</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The rise of Boulangisme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Special:EditPage/Georges Ernest Boulanger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The government was astonished by the revelation that Boulanger had received around 100,000 votes for the partial election in <a href="/wiki/Seine_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine (département)">Seine</a>, without even being a candidate. He was removed from the Paris region and sent to the provinces, appointed commander of the troops stationed in <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>. Upon his departure on 8 July, a crowd of ten thousand took the <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a> by storm, covering his train with posters titled <i>Il reviendra</i> ("He will come back"), and blocking the railway, but he was smuggled out. </p><p>The general decided to gather support for his own movement, an eclectic one that capitalized on the frustrations of French <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, advocating the three principles of <i>Revanche</i> (revenge on Germany), <i>Révision</i> (revision of the constitution), <i>Restauration</i> (restoration of the monarchy). The common reference to it has become <i>Boulangisme</i>, a term used by its partisans and adversaries alike. Immediately, the new popular movement was backed by notable conservative figures such as <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dillon_(1834%E2%80%931922)" title="Arthur Dillon (1834–1922)">Arthur Dillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Joseph_Naquet" title="Alfred Joseph Naquet">Alfred Joseph Naquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Rochechouart_de_Mortemart" title="Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart">Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viscounts_and_Dukes_of_Uz%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscounts and Dukes of Uzès">Duchess of Uzès</a>, who financed him with immense sums), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meyer_(journalist)" title="Arthur Meyer (journalist)">Arthur Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Paul Déroulède</a> (and his <i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></i>). </p><p>After the political corruption scandal surrounding President <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a>’s son-in-law Daniel Wilson, who was secretly selling <i>Légion d'honneur</i> medals, the Republican government was brought into disrepute and Boulanger's popular appeal rose in contrast. His position became essential after Grévy was forced to resign due to the scandal: in January 1888, the <i>boulangistes</i> promised to back any candidate for the presidency that would in turn offer his support to Boulanger for the post of War Minister (France was a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary republic</a>). The crisis was cut short by the election of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a> and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Pierre Tirard</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">Prime Minister</a>—Tirard refused to include Boulanger in his cabinet. During the period, Boulanger was in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, where he met with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte">Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte</a>, technically a <a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a>, who offered his full support to the cause. The Bonapartists had attached themselves to the general, and even the Comte de Paris encouraged his followers to support him. Once seen as a republican, Boulanger showed his true colors in the camp of the conservative monarchists. On 26 March 1888 he was expelled from the army. The day after, Daniel Wilson had his imprisonment repealed. It seemed to the French people that honorable generals were punished while corrupt politicians were spared, further increasing Boulanger's popularity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_(2Ago1888).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_%282Ago1888%29.png/220px-O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_%282Ago1888%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_%282Ago1888%29.png/330px-O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_%282Ago1888%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_%282Ago1888%29.png/440px-O_duello_Floquet-Boulanger_-_Diario_Illustrado_%282Ago1888%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The duel between <a href="/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Charles Floquet</a> and General Boulanger in 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he was not in fact a legal candidate for the French <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> (since he was a military man), Boulanger ran with Bonapartist backing in seven separate <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Département in France">départements</a></i> during the remainder of 1888. <i>Boulangiste</i> candidates were present in every <i>département</i>. Consequently, he and many of his supporters were voted to the Chamber, and accompanied by a large crowd on 12 July, the day of their swearing in—the general himself was elected in the <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nord_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord (département)">Nord</a>. The <i>boulangistes</i> were, nonetheless, a minority in the Chamber. Since Boulanger could not pass legislation, his actions were directed to maintaining his public image. Neither his failure as an orator nor his defeat in a duel with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Floquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomas Floquet">Charles Thomas Floquet</a>, then an elderly civilian and the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Interior">Minister of the Interior</a>, reduced the enthusiasm of his popular following. </p><p>During 1888 his personality was the dominating feature of French politics, and, when he resigned his seat as a protest against the reception given by the Chamber to his proposals, constituencies vied with one another in selecting him as their representative. His name was the theme of the popular song <i>C'est Boulanger qu'il nous faut</i> ("Boulanger is the One We Need"), he and his black horse became the idol of the Parisian population, and he was urged to run for the presidency. The general agreed, but his personal ambitions soon alienated his republican supporters, who recognised in him a potential <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictator</a>. Numerous monarchists continued to give him financial aid, even though Boulanger saw himself as a leader rather than a restorer of kings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall">Downfall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_boulanger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gen_boulanger.jpg/220px-Gen_boulanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gen_boulanger.jpg/330px-Gen_boulanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gen_boulanger.jpg/440px-Gen_boulanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodburytype" title="Woodburytype">Woodburytype</a> / carbon print of General Boulanger, aged 52 (1889). Photographed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Rose_Barraud" title="Herbert Rose Barraud">Herbert R. Barraud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1889, he ran as a deputy for Paris, and, after an intense campaign, took the seat with 244,000 votes against the 160,000 of his main adversary. A <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> seemed probable and desirable among his supporters. Boulanger had now become a threat to the parliamentary Republic. Had he immediately placed himself at the head of a revolt he might have effected the coup which many of his partisans had worked for, and might even have governed France; but the opportunity passed with his procrastination on 27 January. According to <a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Lady Randolph Churchill</a> "[a]ll his thoughts were centered in and controlled by her who was the mainspring of his life. After the plebiscite...he rushed off to <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Crouzet" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite Crouzet">Madame Bonnemain</a>'s house and could not be found".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boulanger decided that it would be better to contest the general election and take power legally. This, however, gave his enemies the time they needed to strike back. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Constans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Constans">Ernest Constans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>, decided to investigate the matter, and attacked the <i>Ligue des Patriotes</i> using the law banning the activities of <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret societies</a>. </p><p>Shortly afterward the French government issued a warrant for Boulanger's arrest for <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treasonable</a> activity. To the astonishment of his supporters, on 1 April he fled Paris before it could be executed, going first to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 April the Parliament stripped him of his <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">immunity from prosecution</a>; the <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">French Senate</a> condemned him and his supporters, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay" title="Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay">Rochefort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dillon_(1834%E2%80%931922)" title="Arthur Dillon (1834–1922)">Count Dillon</a> for treason, sentencing all three to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">deportation</a> and confinement. </p><p>In 1890 <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> caused a sensation by alleging that Boulanger's London promoter<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Meyrick_Broadley" title="Alexander Meyrick Broadley">Alexander Meyrick Broadley</a> had taken Boulanger and Rochefort to the male brothel at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Street_scandal" title="Cleveland Street scandal">Cleveland Street scandal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an allegation that Dillon was forced to publicly deny.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulanger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boulanger.jpg/220px-Boulanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boulanger.jpg/330px-Boulanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boulanger.jpg/440px-Boulanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Boulanger's suicide, as reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a></i> (10 October 1891)</figcaption></figure> <p>After his flight, support for him dwindled, and the Boulangists were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1889_French_legislative_election" title="1889 French legislative election">general elections of July 1889</a> (after the government forbade Boulanger from running). Boulanger himself went to live in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> before returning to the <a href="/wiki/Ixelles_Cemetery" title="Ixelles Cemetery">Ixelles Cemetery</a> in Brussels in September 1891 to kill himself<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a bullet to the head on the grave of his mistress, Madame de Bonnemains (née <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Brouzet" title="Marguerite Brouzet">Marguerite Brouzet</a>) who had died in his arms the preceding July. He was buried in the same grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boulangist_movement">Boulangist movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boulangist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians viewed the Boulangist movement as a <a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">proto-fascist</a> right-wing movement. A number of scholars have presented Boulangism as a precursor of fascism, including <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Zeev Sternhell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France's traditional right was based in followers of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a> and customarily led by members of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> whose ancestors had survived the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, but Boulanger's new movement was based on mass populist following that was national, rather than merely religious or class-based. As Jacques Néré says, "Boulangism was first and foremost a popular movement of the extreme left".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irvine says he had some royalist support but that, "Boulangism is better understood as the coalescence of the fragmented forces of the Left."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is part of a consensus that the ideology of France's radical right was formed in part during the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus era</a> by men, ironically, who had been Boulangist partisans of the <a href="/wiki/Far_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Left">Far Left</a> a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, Boulanger had the support of a number of former <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> and some supporters of <a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a> (a faction within the <a href="/wiki/Central_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Central Revolutionary Committee">Central Revolutionary Committee</a>). This included men such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Jaclard" title="Victor Jaclard">Victor Jaclard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Granger" title="Ernest Granger">Ernest Granger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Lu%C3%A7ay" title="Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay">Henri Rochefort</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Général Boulanger inspired the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Elena_and_Her_Men" title="Elena and Her Men">Elena and Her Men</a></i>, a musical fantasy loosely based on the end of his political career. The role of Général François Rollan, a Boulanger-like character, was played by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marais" title="Jean Marais">Jean Marais</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> notes that there was also a French television programme about Boulanger in the early 1980s, <i>La Nuit du général Boulanger</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Boulanger is played by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ronet" title="Maurice Ronet">Maurice Ronet</a>. </p><p>He is quoted as the one who authorised the institution of the "Suicide Bureau" in <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>'s short story "The Magic Couch", reportedly "the only good thing he did". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leblanc" title="Maurice Leblanc">Maurice Leblanc</a> also mentions him in his 1924 novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Countess_of_Cagliostro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Countess of Cagliostro (page does not exist)">The Countess of Cagliostro</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/1047">"Georges, Ernest, Jean-Marie Boulanger"</a>. <i>Assemblée Nationale</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+Nationale&rft.atitle=Georges%2C+Ernest%2C+Jean-Marie+Boulanger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fsycomore%2Ffiche%2F%28num_dept%29%2F1047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorbonne-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorbonne_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean-Marie_MayeurArlette_Schweitz2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Marie Mayeur; Arlette Schweitz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BR2MUSf6OhIC"><i>Les parlementaires de la Seine sous la Troisième République</i></a> (in French). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne">University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859444327" title="Special:BookSources/9782859444327"><bdi>9782859444327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+parlementaires+de+la+Seine+sous+la+Troisi%C3%A8me+R%C3%A9publique&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=University+of+Paris+1+Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782859444327&rft.au=Jean-Marie+Mayeur&rft.au=Arlette+Schweitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR2MUSf6OhIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.W. Brogan, <i>France under the Republic: The development of modern France (1870–1939)</i> (1940) pp 212–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux <i>The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914</i> (1984) p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sowerwine-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sowerwine_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowerwine_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowerwine_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Sowerwine (2001). <i>France Since 1870</i>. pp. 60–62 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333658376" title="Special:BookSources/9780333658376">9780333658376</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525185140/https://www.agglo-tulle.fr/file/1194/download?token=SJn-d7eu">"Des Tranchées Musée"</a>. August 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agglo-tulle.fr/file/1194/download?token=SJn-d7eu">the original</a> on 25 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Des+Tranch%C3%A9es+Mus%C3%A9e&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agglo-tulle.fr%2Ffile%2F1194%2Fdownload%3Ftoken%3DSJn-d7eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, <i>The Reminiscences of Lady Randolph Churchill</i>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Broadley Pasha In Disgrace</i>, New Zealand Herald Volume XXVII, Issue 8192, 1 March 1890, Page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Boulanger Mixed Up in a Scandal", <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 2 February 1890, p4; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1890/02/02/page/4/article/to-fight-this-morning">http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1890/02/02/page/4/article/to-fight-this-morning</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brevities by Cable", <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 1 August 1890</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/75487/Georges-Ernest-Jean-Marie-Boulanger">"Georges Boulanger"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georges+Boulanger&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F75487%2FGeorges-Ernest-Jean-Marie-Boulanger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeev_Sternhell1996" class="citation book cs1">Zeev Sternhell (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccgIu6oYkREC&pg=PA254"><i>Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France</i></a>. Princeton UP. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691006296" title="Special:BookSources/0691006296"><bdi>0691006296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neither+Right+Nor+Left%3A+Fascist+Ideology+in+France&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0691006296&rft.au=Zeev+Sternhell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DccgIu6oYkREC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Lynn_Fuller2012" class="citation book cs1">Robert Lynn Fuller (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-qLviZxVGMC&pg=PA251"><i>The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886-1914</i></a>. McFarland. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786490257" title="Special:BookSources/9780786490257"><bdi>9780786490257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+French+Nationalist+Movement%2C+1886-1914&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780786490257&rft.au=Robert+Lynn+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-qLviZxVGMC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Néré, "The French Republic," in F.H. Hinsley, ed. <i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i> (1962) vol 11 p 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William D. Irvine, "French Royalists and Boulangism,"<i>French Historical Studies</i>(1988), 15#3 p 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Mazgaj, "The Origins of the French Radical Right: A Historiographical Essay," <i>French Historical Studies</i> (1987) 15#2 pp 287–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0329434/">"La nuit du général Boulanger (TV Movie 1982)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+nuit+du+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Boulanger+%28TV+Movie+1982%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0329434%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D. W. Brogan. <i>France under the Republic: The development of modern France (1870–1939)</i> (1940) pp 183–216</li> <li>Michael Burns, <i>Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886–1900</i> (Princeton University Press, 1984)</li> <li>Patrick Hutton, "The Impact of the Boulangist Crisis on the Guesdist Party at Bordeaux," <i>French Historical Studies</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, 1973, pp. 226–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/285984">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Patrick Hutton, "Popular Boulangism and the Advent of Mass Politics in France, 1886–90," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, 1976, pp. 85–106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260004">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>William D. Irvine, "French Royalists and Boulangism,"<i>French Historical Studies</i>Vol. 15, No. 3 (Spring, 1988), pp. 395–406 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286366">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>William D. Irvine, <i>The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered, Royalism, Boulangism, and the Origins of the Radical Right in France</i>, (Oxford University Press, 1989)</li> <li>Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux <i>The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871 – 1914</i> (1984) pp 125–37</li> <li>René Rémond, <i>The Right Wing in France from 1815 to de Gaulle</i>, translated by James M. Laux, 2nd American ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969.</li> <li>John Roberts, "General Boulanger" <i>History Today</i> ( Oct 1955) 5#10 pp 657–669, online</li> <li>Peter M. Rutkoff, <i>Revanche and Revision, The Ligue des Patriotes and the Origins of the Radical Right in France, 1882–1900</i>, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981.</li> <li>Frederic Seager, <i>The Boulanger Affair, Political Crossroads of France, 1886–1889</i>, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1969.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_studies">French studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adrien Dansette, <i>Le Boulangisme, De Boulanger à la Révolution Dreyfusienne, 1886–1890</i>, Paris: Libraire Academique Perrin, 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Raoul Girardet</a>, <i>Le Nationalisme français, 1871–1914</i>, Paris: A. Colin, 1966.</li> <li>Jacques Néré, <i>Le Boulangisme et la Presse</i>, Paris: A. Colin, 1964.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odile_Rudelle" title="Odile Rudelle">Odile Rudelle</a>, <i>La République Absolue, Aux origines de l'instabilité constitutionelle de la France républicaine, 1870–1889</i>, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1982.</li> <li>Zeev Sternhell, <i>La Droite Révolutionnaire, 1885–1914; Les Origines Françaises du Fascisme</i>, Paris: Gallimard, 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Ernest_Boulanger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georges_Boulanger" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Georges Boulanger">Georges Boulanger</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119052211/http://www.langlab.wayne.edu/gavroche/EWilliamsonBoulangisme.html"><i>Le boulangisme</i></a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013655/http://hypo.ge.ch/www/cliotexte/html/france.boulangisme.html"><i>Boulangisme and the Third Republic</i>: texts</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boulanger, George Ernest Jean Marie"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boulanger,_George_Ernest_Jean_Marie">"Boulanger, George Ernest Jean Marie" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">318–</span>319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boulanger%2C+George+Ernest+Jean+Marie&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Ernest+Boulanger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Campenon" title="Jean-Baptiste Campenon">Jean-Baptiste Campenon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)">Minister of War</a> </b><br />7 January 1886 – 30 May 1887 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ophile_Adrien_Ferron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théophile Adrien Ferron (page does not exist)">Théophile Adrien Ferron</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_France237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_far_right" title="Template:French far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_far_right" title="Template talk:French far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_France237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right politics in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenshirts_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenshirts (France)">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Solidarité Française">Solidarité Française</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9menti_(politician)" title="Pierre Clémenti (politician)">Clémenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Deloncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Dorgères">Dorgères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%27s_relationship_with_the_far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="François Mitterrand's relationship with the far right">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Vaugeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(post_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (post war)">Action Française (post war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_Group" title="Charles Martel Group">Charles Martel Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Nouvelle Résistance">Nouvelle Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Independent_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity and Independent Republicans">UNIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9s_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Comités TV">Comités TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Network" title="Radical Network">Radical Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRIF" title="AGRIF">AGRIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defence_of_the_Memory_of_Marshal_P%C3%A9tain" title="Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain">Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Reconciliation" title="Equality and Reconciliation">Equality and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renewal" title="French Renewal">French Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South_(France)" title="League of the South (France)">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_European_Resistance" title="National Council of European Resistance">National Council of European Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_France" title="Party of France">Party of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty,_Identity_and_Freedoms" title="Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms">Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Benedetti" title="Yvan Benedetti">Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bouchet" title="Christian Bouchet">Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">Brigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Briois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">Duprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Gollnisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jalkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luca" title="Charles Luca">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Maribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Malliarakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Philippot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Poncins" title="Léon de Poncins">de Poncins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pujo" title="Pierre Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">Rachline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Ravier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reynouard" title="Vincent Reynouard">Reynouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Stirbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Susini" title="Jean-Jacques Susini">Susini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Tixier-Vignancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boulangisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangisme">Boulangisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Pétainism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active publications and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Voltaire_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Voltaire (website) (page does not exist)">Boulevard Voltaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National-Hebdo" title="National-Hebdo">National-Hebdo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Libertés">TV-Libertés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315747#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121191828">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7358720">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/107872/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118659499">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83010409">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12442993r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12442993r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00766604">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720033&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5579409">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070340315">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90720364">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=150278">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810558693405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258810405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15329484?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118659499">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/1047">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118659499.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118659499">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033575339">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wq3q6n">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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