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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technocratic_populism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technocratic_populism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Technocratic populism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technocratic_populism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_populism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_populism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Technological populism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_populism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technocratic_and_technological_populisms_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technocratic_and_technological_populisms_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technocratic and technological populisms by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technocratic_and_technological_populisms_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technocratic and technological populisms by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technocratic_and_technological_populisms_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Fascism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkism">Volkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (National)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Wen-je" title="Ko Wen-je">Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Mélenchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Wilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Zeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada_(secret_society)" title="Hromada (secret society)">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%82opomania" title="Chłopomania">Chłopomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83m%C4%83n%C4%83torul" title="Sămănătorul">Sămănătorul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiosomaggismo" title="Radiosomaggismo">Radiosomaggismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth" title="Share Our Wealth">Share Our Wealth</a></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">Election of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; 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color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Techno-populism</b> is either a populism in favor of <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a> or a populism concerning certain technology – usually <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> – or any populist ideology conversed using digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be employed by single politicians or whole <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movements</a> respectively. Neighboring terms used in a similar way are <b>technocratic populism</b>, <b>technological populism</b>, and <b>cyber-populism</b>. Italy's <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> and France's <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">La République En Marche!</a> have been described as technopopulist political movements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There are four principal definitions of populism used in the social sciences today: structural, economic, political-institutional, and discursive. The structuralist approach to techno-populism emphasizes its social origins and associates it with certain stages of development, especially the attempt at industrialization in countries located at the periphery of the world economy. According to this view, populist regimes are those using cross-class coalitions and popular mobilization to support import-substituting industrialization. The economic approach to populism identifies it with policy outputs—specifically, shortsighted economic policies that appeal to the poor. And the political approach sees populism as a phenomenon rooted in the basic struggle over control of government, policy, and core values of the community. Lastly the discursive definition sees populism as a Manichaean discourse that identifies Good with a unified will of the people and Evil with a conspiring elite. This definition is more common to the study of populism in Western Europe and the United States but is largely unknown to mainstream political science because of its association with anti-positivist currents within postmodernism. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Emiliana De Bladio and Michele Sorice<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The term <i>techno-populism</i> is either a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of technology and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> to derive a new combined meaning,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a portmanteau using technocracy and populism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted that broad definitions of techno-populism do not account for regional variants of techno-populism, with the result that "the empirical work on populism is almost invariably confined to specific countries or world regions. This is partly inevitable given the costs and difficulty of cross-national and cross-regional comparisons and often treats the specification of national and regional manifestations of populism as unspecific. This means that populism literature is not as cumulative as it should be, and it is prone to exception fallacy".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technopopulism or technological populism might also have the meaning of application of modern digital technologies for populist means.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest meaning is similar to cyber-populism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commonly held definition of technology is "the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>", while the definition of populism that is held by most academics is "a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to these two definitions, techno-populism has been described as a "political ideology that appeals to a group of people whom are concerned about their lack of power and interaction with their nations political and economic discourse that is presented through technological knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techno-populism can be defined as a singular, confusing ideology with various uses in academia, with some academics rejecting the term, and others using it to analyze the growth of populist speech online.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technocratic_populism">Technocratic populism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technocratic populism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Technocratic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocratic movement">Technocratic movement</a></div> <p>Technocratic populism is a combination of technocracy and populism that connects voters to leaders via expertise, and is output-oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-craticvarieties_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craticvarieties-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technocratic populism offers solutions beyond the right-left division of politics, which are introduced by technocrats and benefit the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">ordinary people</a>. Examples of politicians in Western Europe who deployed technocratic populism are <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ciudadanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudadanos">Ciudadanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corbynism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbynism">Corbynism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M5S" class="mw-redirect" title="M5S">M5S</a> are examples for analogous political movements.<sup id="cite_ref-craticvarieties_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craticvarieties-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techno-populism in the sense of technocratic populism is sometimes termed <i>techno-fascism</i>, where political rights are only gained by technical expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-booktf_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techno-fascism is a concept introduced by Janis Mimura to describe an authoritarian rule executed by technocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_populism">Technological populism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technological populism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></div><p> Technological populism is diagnosed in the case of <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> platforms, which use the narrative of empowering <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">ordinary people</a> through decentralized decision-making process, facilitating anonymity of transactions, enabling trust without third parties and combating the monopoly of the financial system regarding money supply.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological populism does not separate politics and technology, denies confidence in experts and moves technological decision making into public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-booktf_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marco Deseriis, techno-populism in the sense of technological populism is the belief that popular self-government is achievable by means of digital media: </p><blockquote><p>Technopopulism is the belief that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people" (Lincoln 1953 [1863]) is achievable by means of information communications technology. ... Technopopulism can also be understood in Foucauldian terms as an emerging discourse (Foucault 1972), that is, as a body of knowledge, norms, attitudes, and practices that arise from the hybridization of two preexisting discourses: populism and technolibertarianism. Even though these discursive practices are historically separate, I contend that they have begun to converge after the global financial crisis of 2008 as widespread frustration at the ruling elites' mishandling of the crisis sparked international protest movements, and propelled a new generation of "technoparties" such as the Five Star Movement in Italy, Podemos in Spain, and the Pirate Party in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some sources use the word <i>cyber-populism</i> as synonym for technological populism concerning with application of information technology for government and even identify two varieties of it: <i>techno-<a href="/wiki/Plebiscitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscitarianism">plebiscitarianism</a></i> as seen in the tendency to upset the principle of pluralism", and <i>techno-<a href="/wiki/Proceduralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceduralism">proceduralism</a></i> as seen in the obsession with methods and the comparative neglect of substantive demands beyond the mere demand of democracy 2.0<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The combination of populism and technology to form techno-populism is a recent phenomenon to world economics and politics and has seen its developments from the end of the 20th century up to recent years. According to <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Caramani" title="Daniele Caramani">Daniele Caramani</a>, "populism has been present in political processes since Plato's conception of politics and the Roman republic to the modern era. Even with the development of representative democracy and party governments after the National and Industrial Revolutions of the 19th century, populism and technocracy have continued to work in alignment with these ideals also".<sup id="cite_ref-Caramani_54–67_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caramani_54–67-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the internet and its common use in the 21st century, techno-populist movements have been particularly been enabled to the spread of social media as independent coverage of populist movements can be shared quickly and seen by millions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has presented an ability for populist politics to access audience through the mass networking capabilities of social media which was previously unattainable before the digital age.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communication and digital media provided by advances in technologies has also given new opportunities for political inclusion for citizens in participating in democratic processes and ultimately the creation of a new public sphere centered on discursive and participatory practices.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both populism and democracy are today widespread in different parts of the world, but due to developments in technology such as the Internet populist movements have all simultaneously developed some presence over communication on the internet despite differing issues in regional contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth noting that techno-populism is growing among all regions in the world, but that it has as much to do with the adoption of the internet over the past two decades as it does in the spread of populist ideologies. Daniele Caramani argues that "Techno-Populist mobilization is not restricted to regional areas but can be promoted on certain topics, which either intentionally or unintentionally are not being addressed by the establishment".<sup id="cite_ref-Caramani_54–67_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caramani_54–67-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technocratic_and_technological_populisms_by_region">Technocratic and technological populisms by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technocratic and technological populisms by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism in Canada</a></div> <p>In the United States, techno-populism has seen development in the past decade due to a backlash against the <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> values presented by a large amount of political parties despite radical changes in economic and social issues. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> led to a growth of resentment against the 1% by the 99%. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, movements were formed to bring awareness to the growing economic issues and the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> were both techno-populist movements that were protested for change. The populist approach of the Occupy movement made regular reference to its "people" being what it called "<a href="/wiki/We_are_the_99%25" title="We are the 99%">the 99%</a>" while they challenged the economic and political "elites of Wall Street".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG/199px-Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG/299px-Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG/398px-Day_14_Occupy_Wall_Street_September_30_2011_Shankbone_47.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4059" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Day 14 <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>, 30 September 2011, Shankbone 47</figcaption></figure> <p>In Canada, only the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party</a> qualifies as a populist party whose initial and sustaining appeal was to "the people" as against "the elite". That the identities of both the people and the elite in Reform Party discourse were strikingly at odds with those understood in much of North American populist history and appeal has been vital to the Reform Party distinctive role in Canadian politics.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was dissolved in 2000, it did not use aspects of digital communication to further its political movement. A recent example of a techno-populist movement that has arisen over backlash from videos and reports spread on social media is the yellow vest protests in Canada. Various aspects of populist movements have continued to be present in both Canada's government and social movements in the past decade and the role of technology in connecting people to these causes has had a role in developing this trend.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, techno-populism is a movement of networked individuals which pursues and enacts citizens of a nation to play a critical role in conferring unity to a leading technocratic and leaderless political organisation".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techno-populist movements have had a presence in European politics since the advent of the internet, but they have also existed prior to the internet under different names and methods to campaign to the public. The latest generation of techno-populist parties in Europe include the left-wing backlashes to corruption and the growing economic elite class from the <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a> in Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Iceland)" title="Pirate Party (Iceland)">Pirate Party</a> in Iceland. Whilst there has also been a growth in right-wing euroskeptic parties across Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> in Germany to the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a> in France and Italy's <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> which have gained parliamentary seats in both their own countries as well as in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. Through the spread of advocacy groups and campaigns on social media, techno-populist parties have been able to rally followers and spread their message to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2018 to early 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow vests movement">yellow vest movement</a> challenged <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> in France regarding raising the cost of gas. According to Adam Nossiter, "[u]nlike other nationalistic movements the yellow vest movement sought to resolve the inequalities about economic class and the inability for working class Frenchmen to pay their bills who need their cars".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yellow vest movement was unique as a techno-populist movement in its advocacy for class equality whilst other parties across Europe have focused on presenting "the people" on their nationalistic identity, but they still utilized the common trend of spreading viral videos of their movement to promote their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_(Oct_2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_%28Oct_2017%29.png/220px-Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_%28Oct_2017%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_%28Oct_2017%29.png/330px-Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_%28Oct_2017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_%28Oct_2017%29.png/440px-Right-wing_populist_parties_in_European_national_parliaments_%28Oct_2017%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">Right-wing populist</a> parties in European national parliaments (October 2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>Presently in Central Europe, the Italian National Alliance and <a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (Italy)">Northern League</a> have held various parliamentary seats by using techno-populist rhetoric to further connect with voters. Unlike other regions, the large amount of populist political parties in Europe share a <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroskeptic</a> manifesto. It has been argued that "these right-wing populist parties have rallied behind the Austrian government to protest the perceived illegitimate and hypocritical EU interference regarding the formation of a government that included a populist radical party in Austria" whilst they state that <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> forming a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Fini" title="Gianfranco Fini">Gianfranco Fini</a> National Alliance and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Bossi" title="Umberto Bossi">Umberto Bossi</a>'s Northern League was a similar formation of government that went unpunished by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. It is due to this that Mudd has conferred that when "supranational institutions try to take sanctions based on democratic principles, they are not capable of overcoming national power asymmetries without granting more legitimacy to the populist forces".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst in Southern Europe, the techno-populist <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> (M5S) in Italy has demonstrated its populist appeal by getting nearly "25 percent of the overall vote".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other populist parties, they rallied behind mobilizing "the people" to oppose what they saw as a "corrupt political class that did not put the will of the people ahead of their own self interests".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy's former Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a>, who led the country from 2018 to 2021 and later became M5S leader, has been often labeled as a techno-populist.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across Asia, the two main political systems consist of democracies and authoritarian states.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As central Asia and East Asia have maintained constant political order through providing autocratic or economic leadership in their countries, south eastern Asia has seen the greatest growth of populist and techno-populist mobilization.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that "[w]hen the richer classes are looking for leadership change, they often support strongmen, such as military rulers, dedicated to preserving inequality and established elites. When autocratic-leaning populists win elections in Southeast Asia, the upper and upper-middle classes have often fought back by ousting populists via coups or <i>de facto</i> coups, in countries such as Thailand and the Philippines".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle East, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> of 2011 was a movement that was techno-populist in its spread of political awareness, but it was not a populist movement more than it was a rebellion against authoritarian states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Populist movements in Africa have primarily revolved around the abilities of African governments in solving crises of electricity and water, garbage collection, housing availability and affordable food. Since the early 2000s, Zambia's political scene has been transformed by an opposition party known as the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Zambia)" title="Patriotic Front (Zambia)">Patriotic Front</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sata" title="Michael Sata">Michael Sata</a>. Populist parties have also been present in presidential elections in Kenya, South Africa and Zambia by using the discontent of poor urban and rural populations to influence elections, but their use of digital media to expand their appeal is less pronounced than in other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyber-populism_by_region">Cyber-populism by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cyber-populism by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_2">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Techno-populism was present in the Tea Party movement that focused on primarily on <a href="/wiki/Producerism" title="Producerism">producerism</a> as a methodology in opposing "the elite". This movement was partisan against the Democratic administration of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup><a href="/wiki/Populism#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuddeKaltwasser201726–27-201" title="Populism">[201]</a></sup> It was considered a techno-populist movement because it was organised by "the people" with little political experience and the movement used social media to lower the costs associated with acquiring new political skills. The use of social media also created a democratic forum where individuals could discuss political ideas outside of party politics and also identify their active supporters. In political movements, increased communication and discourse can also be the downfall of techno-populist movements similar to how "Individuals who left the Florida Tea Party Movement (FTPM) attributed social media for their exit despite all of the respondents initially were excited by the open, network structure of social media because it maximized interaction among FTPM enthusiasts".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst also embodying the technocracy, the Five Star Movement sought to represent the views of the people through an online voting and debate portal for a direct style of democracy on the internet. In 2018, the Five Star Movement maintained seats in parliament and across the frontbench, but through mainly aligning themselves with a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>'s League, another techno-populist party that appeals to Italian voters are discontent from increased immigration with Salvini's surging Italy-first agenda popularity online.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics have since stated that "the setbacks afflicting the M5S show the problems facing unconventional, populist parties that are sprouting up across Europe in evolving from raucous protest movements into mature rulers".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America" title="Populism in Latin America">Populism in Latin America</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg/167px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg/252px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg/335px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Recent political cycles in South America have seen political outsiders leverage populism and anti-systemic appeal to approve policy programs and regime changes.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional insurgences of techno-populism in Latin America do not have a single political identity and occur on both the left and right of politics. Many leaders of these movements have been able to echo their political views online through appealing to techno-populism to then yield great variation and political uncertainty in levels of democratic processes. The advent of the Internet and social media has raised the voices of populist causes across the region presently including party systems in Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent examples of techno-populist leaders included <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> in Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> in Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> in Bolivia ad <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A techno-populist movement in South American politics includes the past Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and his <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a>. His policies have a populist message through proposing to redistribute the wealth of Venezuelan to reward allies in other countries in the region such as Bolivian and Ecuador to undermine American influence in Latin America. Through his references to the "people and calling his political opponents "lackeys of imperialism", Chavez demonstrates some of his populist ideology. It was through his use of the Internet to further his image among the citizens of Venezuela in 2006 that has led to Kirk A. Hawkins to propose that Chávez was a populist leader with technocratic tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin American <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a> is described by an endeavor to reclassify democracy through advancing positions that are progressively important for "the people" as opposed to different individuals from society. Contemporary populism is not just changing the importance of the very idea of democracy in Latin America, but rather it is starting an open and scholastic discussion on the weaknesses of the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> of the United States and their political impact on Latin America in the most recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that "[t]he long-term persistence of state pathologies under democratic rule is likely to have corrosive effect on public confidence in basic state institutions in many countries. However it has been argued that Latin American countries with a strong party system and solid political institutions can avoid populist reactions, since in these cases the proper functioning of the institutions of democratic representation leave little space for the (re)emergence of populism".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Populism_2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">Populism in New Zealand</a></div> <p>In Australia, a two-party system is still preferred, but since the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> there has been a growing amount of minor parties gaining representation in the two parliamentary houses. According to Hogan Warre, "[t]he most common rhetoric that is used in Australia is that the economic and political elites benefit at the expense of the public".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some techno-populist parties have used online mediums to target their voters including <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a> which in the 2016 federal election gained parliamentary representation in the Australian Senate. In New Zealand, "past Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> from 1975 to 1984, had been cited as a populist leader who appealed to the common man and utilized a personality-driven campaign in the 1975 election".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techno-populism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBickertonAccetti2021" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Christopher J.; Accetti, Carlo Invernizzi (2021). "The Concept of Technopopulism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39582/chapter-abstract/339502641"><i>Technopopulism: The New Logic of Democratic Politics</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198807766.003.0002">10.1093/oso/9780198807766.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191845628" title="Special:BookSources/9780191845628"><bdi>9780191845628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Technopopulism&rft.btitle=Technopopulism%3A+The+New+Logic+of+Democratic+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198807766.003.0002&rft.isbn=9780191845628&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Accetti%2C+Carlo+Invernizzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F39582%2Fchapter-abstract%2F339502641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechno-populism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBickertonAccetti2021" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Christopher J.; Accetti, Carlo Invernizzi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198807766.001.0001/oso-9780198807766"><i>Technopopulism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198807766.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780198807766.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880776-6"><bdi>978-0-19-880776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technopopulism&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198807766.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880776-6&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Accetti%2C+Carlo+Invernizzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198807766.001.0001%2Foso-9780198807766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechno-populism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/italys-lab-technopopulism-european-central-bank-mario-draghi/">"Italy's lab leak: Technopopulism"</a>. 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+lab+leak%3A+Technopopulism&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fitalys-lab-technopopulism-european-central-bank-mario-draghi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechno-populism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichele_SoriceDe_Blasio2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Sorice" title="Michele Sorice">Michele Sorice</a>; De Blasio, Emiliana (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0067-y">"Populism between direct democracy and the technological myth"</a>. <i>Palgrave Communications</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0067-y">10.1057/s41599-018-0067-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11385%2F177710">11385/177710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-1045">2055-1045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=Populism+between+direct+democracy+and+the+technological+myth&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11385%2F177710&rft.issn=2055-1045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0067-y&rft.au=Michele+Sorice&rft.au=De+Blasio%2C+Emiliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-018-0067-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechno-populism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/899121936 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/899121031 cite #7 – verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_BlasioSorice2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Blasio, Emiliana; Sorice, Michele (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.luiss.it/handle/11385/188972">"Technopopulism and direct representation"</a>. <i>Multiple Populisms</i> (in Italian). 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