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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolving product lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolving_product_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_into_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_into_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Move into computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_into_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_force_in_the_computing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_force_in_the_computing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>A force in the computing industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-A_force_in_the_computing_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Burroughs Corporation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="バロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バロース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs" title="Burroughs – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Burroughs" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs" title="Burroughs – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burroughs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs" title="Burroughs – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Burroughs" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_(yritys)" title="Burroughs (yritys) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burroughs (yritys)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burroughs Corporation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Wellcome" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs Wellcome">Burroughs Wellcome</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Burroughs Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg/220px-Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg/330px-Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg/440px-Burroughs_Corporation_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5240" data-file-height="5240" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>American Arithmometer Company (1886–1904)</li><li>Burroughs Adding Machine Company (1904–1953)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Business equipment</li><li><a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">Adding machines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe computers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1886<span class="noprint">; 139 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1886</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/William_Seward_Burroughs_I" title="William Seward Burroughs I">William Seward Burroughs I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1986<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1986</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Merged with the <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Burroughs Corporation</b> was a major American manufacturer of business equipment. The company was founded in 1886 as the <a href="/wiki/American_Arithmometer_Company" title="American Arithmometer Company">American Arithmometer Company</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Seward_Burroughs_I" title="William Seward Burroughs I">William Seward Burroughs</a>. The company's history paralleled many of the major developments in <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">computing</a>. At its start, it produced mechanical <a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">adding machines</a>, and later moved into programmable ledgers and then computers. It was one of the largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> in the world, also producing related equipment including <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>. </p><p>In the 1960s, the company introduced a range of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> that were well regarded for their performance running <a href="/wiki/High_level_language" class="mw-redirect" title="High level language">high level languages</a>. These formed the core of the company's business into the 1970s. At that time the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">superminicomputers</a> and the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> and 370 at the high end led to shrinking markets, and in 1986 the company purchased former competitor <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry UNIVAC</a> and merged their operations to form <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Burrough%27s_Adding_Machines%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>1914 advertisement</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg/220px-BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg/330px-BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg/440px-BurroughsCorporationAddingMachine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>An early Burroughs <a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">adding machine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1890s_adding_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1890s_adding_machine.jpg/220px-1890s_adding_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1890s_adding_machine.jpg/330px-1890s_adding_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1890s_adding_machine.jpg/440px-1890s_adding_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>Desktop model in use around 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1886, the American Arithmometer Company was established in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, to produce and sell an <a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">adding machine</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/William_Seward_Burroughs_I" title="William Seward Burroughs I">William Seward Burroughs</a> (grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> author <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>). In 1904, six years after Burroughs' death, the company moved to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and changed its name to the Burroughs Adding Machine Company. It was soon the biggest adding machine company in America.<sup id="cite_ref-zFzO9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zFzO9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolving_product_lines">Evolving product lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolving product lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adding machine range began with the basic, hand-cranked Class 1 which was only capable of adding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-pTRZa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pTRZa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design included some revolutionary features, foremost of which was the <a href="/wiki/Dashpot" title="Dashpot">dashpot</a> which governed the speed at which the operating lever could be pulled so allowing the mechanism to operate consistently correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-p27_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The machine also had a full-keyboard with a separate column of keys 1 to 9 for each decade where the keys latch when pressed, with interlocking which prevented more than one key in any decade from being latched. The latching allowed the operator to quickly check that the correct number had been entered before pulling the operating lever. The numbers entered and the final total were printed on a roll of paper at the rear, so there was no danger of the operator writing down the wrong answer and there was a copy of the calculation which could be checked later if necessary. </p><p>The Class 2 machine, called the "duplex" and built in the same basic style, provided a means of keeping two separate totals. The Class 6 machine was built for bookkeeping work and provided the ability for direct subtraction. </p><p>Burroughs released the Class 3 and Class 4 adding machines which were built after the purchase of the Pike Adding Machine Company around 1910. These machines provided a significant improvement over the older models because operators could view the printing on the paper tape. The machines were called "the visible" for this improvement. </p><p>In 1925 Burroughs released a much smaller machine called "the portable". Two models were released, the Class 8 (without subtraction) and the Class 9 with subtraction capability. Later models continued to be released with the P600 and top-of-the-range P612 offered some limited programmability based upon the position of the movable carriage. The range was further extended by the inclusion of the Series J ten-key machines which provided a single finger calculation facility, and the Class 5 (later called Series C) key-driven calculators in both manual and electrical assisted <a href="/wiki/Comptometer" title="Comptometer">comptometers</a>. </p><p>In the late 1960s, the Burroughs sponsored <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">"nixi-tube"</a> provided an electronic display calculator. Burroughs developed a range of adding machines with different capabilities, gradually increasing in their capabilities. A revolutionary adding machine was the <i>Sensimatic</i>, which was able to perform many business functions semi-automatically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It had a moving programmable carriage to maintain <a href="/wiki/General_ledger" title="General ledger">ledgers</a>. It could store 9, 18 or 27 <a href="/wiki/Trial_balance" title="Trial balance">balances</a> during the ledger posting operations and worked with a mechanical adder named a Crossfooter. The Sensimatic developed into the <i>Sensitronic</i> which could store balances on a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">magnetic stripe</a> which was part of the ledger card. This balance was read into the accumulator when the card was inserted into the carriage. The Sensitronic was followed by the E1000, E2000, E3000, E4000, E6000 and the E8000, which were computer systems supporting card reader/punches and a <a href="/wiki/Line_printer" title="Line printer">line printer</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Later, Burroughs was selling more than adding machines, including typewriters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Move_into_computers">Move into computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Move into computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biggest shift in company history came in 1953: the Burroughs Adding Machine Company was renamed the Burroughs Corporation and began moving into <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a> products, initially for banking institutions. This move began with Burroughs' purchase in June 1956, of the <a href="/wiki/ElectroData_Corporation" title="ElectroData Corporation">ElectroData Corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, a spinoff of the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Engineering_Corporation" title="Consolidated Engineering Corporation">Consolidated Engineering Corporation</a> which had designed test instruments and had a cooperative relationship with <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a> in Pasadena.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ElectroData had built the <a href="/wiki/Datatron" title="Datatron">Datatron 205</a> and was working on the Datatron 220.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major computer product that came from this marriage was the B205 tube computer. In 1968<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the L and TC series range was produced (e.g. the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_TC500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burroughs TC500 (page does not exist)">TC500</a>—Terminal Computer 500) which had a <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">golf ball printer</a> and in the beginning a 1K (64 bit) disk <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a>. These were popular as branch <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminals</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems#B5000" title="Burroughs Large Systems">B5500/6500/6700 systems</a>, and sold well in the banking sector, where they were often connected to non-Burroughs mainframes. In conjunction with these products, Burroughs also manufactured an extensive range of cheque processing equipment, normally attached as terminals to a medium systems such as B200/B300 and larger systems such as a B2700 or <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B1700" title="Burroughs B1700">B1700</a>. </p><p>In the 1950s, Burroughs worked with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a> on the development and computer processing of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">magnetic ink character recognition</a> (MICR) especially for the processing of bank cheques. Burroughs made special MICR/OCR sorter/readers which attached to their medium systems line of computers (<a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs B2000">2700/3700/4700</a>) and B200/B300 systems and this entrenched the company in the computer side of the banking industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_force_in_the_computing_industry">A force in the computing industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A force in the computing industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burroughs was one of the nine major United States computer companies in the 1960s, with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> the largest, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC), <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE), <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> line). In terms of sales, Burroughs was always a distant second to <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. In fact, IBM's market share was so much larger than all of the others that this group was often referred to as "IBM and the Seven Dwarves."<sup id="cite_ref-sf2gQ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf2gQ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1972 when GE and RCA were no longer in the mainframe business, the remaining five companies behind IBM became known as the <a href="/wiki/BUNCH" title="BUNCH">BUNCH</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> based on their initials. </p><p>At the same time, Burroughs was very much a competitor. Like IBM, Burroughs tried to supply a complete line of products for its customers, including Burroughs-designed printers, <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a>, computer printing paper and <a href="/wiki/Typewriter_ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Typewriter ribbon">typewriter ribbons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_and_innovations">Developments and innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developments and innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burroughs Corporation developed three highly innovative <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architectures</a>, based on the design philosophy of "<a href="/wiki/Language-directed_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Language-directed design">language-directed design</a>". Their machine instruction sets favored one or many <a href="/wiki/High_level_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="High level programming languages">high level programming languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a>. All three architectures were considered <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> class machines: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs Large Systems</a> machines started with the B5000 in 1961. The B5500 came a few years later when large rotating disks replaced drums as the main external memory media. These B5000 Series systems used the world's first virtual memory multi-programming operating system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were followed by the B6500/B6700 in the later 1960s, the B7700 in the mid-1970s, and the A series in the 1980s. The underlying architecture of these machines is similar and continues today as the <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> ClearPath MCP line of computers: <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machines</a> designed to be programmed in an extended <a href="/wiki/Algol_60" class="mw-redirect" title="Algol 60">Algol 60</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, called MCP (<a href="/wiki/Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">Master Control Program</a>—the name later borrowed by the screenwriters for <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i>), were programmed in <a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">ESPOL</a> (Executive Systems Programming Oriented Language, a minor extension of ALGOL) and DCALGOL (Data Communications ALGOL) and later in NEWP (with further extensions to ALGOL) almost a decade before <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>. The command interface developed into a compiled <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured language</a> with declarations, statements and procedures called WFL (<a href="/wiki/Work_Flow_Language" title="Work Flow Language">Work Flow Language</a>).</li></ul> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientists</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> consider these series of computers to be technologically groundbreaking. Stack oriented processors, with 48 bit word length where each word was defined as data or program contributed significantly to a secure operating environment, long before <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a> affected computing. The modularity of these large systems was unique: multiple <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a>, multiple memory modules and multiple <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> and Data Comm processors permitted incremental and <a href="/wiki/Cost_effective" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost effective">cost effective</a> growth of system performance and reliability. </p><p>In industries like banking, where continuous operations was mandatory, Burroughs Large Systems penetrated nearly every large bank, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>. Burroughs built the backbone <a href="/wiki/Switching_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching systems">switching systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication">Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication</a> (SWIFT) which sent its first message in 1977. Unisys is still the provider to SWIFT today. </p> <ul><li>Burroughs produced the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs B2500">B2500</a> or "medium systems" computers aimed primarily at the business world. The machines were designed to execute <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> efficiently. This included a BCD (<a href="/wiki/Binary_Coded_Decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary Coded Decimal">Binary Coded Decimal</a>) based arithmetic unit, storing and addressing the main memory using <a href="/wiki/Base_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 10">base 10</a> numbering instead of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Binary_numbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binary numbe (page does not exist)">binary</a>. The designation for these systems was Burroughs B2500 through B49xx, followed by Unisys V-Series V340 through V560.</li> <li>Burroughs produced the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B1700" title="Burroughs B1700">B1700</a> or "small systems" computers that were designed to be <a href="/wiki/Microprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogram">microprogrammed</a>, with each process potentially getting its own <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> designed to be the best match to the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> chosen for the program being run.</li> <li>The smallest general-purpose computers were the B700 "microprocessors" which were used both as stand-alone systems and as special-purpose data-communications or disk-subsystem controllers.</li> <li>Burroughs manufactured an extensive range of <a href="/wiki/Accounting_machine" title="Accounting machine">accounting machines</a> including stand-alone systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Sensimatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs Sensimatic">Sensimatic</a>, L500 and B80 and dedicated terminals including the TC500 and specialised check processing equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-ZQdZp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZQdZp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1982, Burroughs began producing <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B20" title="Burroughs B20">B20 and B25</a> lines with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> family of 16-bit chips as the processor.<sup id="cite_ref-afaOm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afaOm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ran the <a href="/wiki/Convergent_Technologies_Operating_System" title="Convergent Technologies Operating System">BTOS</a> operating system, which Burroughs licensed from <a href="/wiki/Convergent_Technologies_(Unisys)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent Technologies (Unisys)">Convergent Technologies</a>. These machines implemented an early <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> to share a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> between <a href="/wiki/Workgroup_(computer_networking)" title="Workgroup (computer networking)">workgroup</a> users. These microcomputers were later manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> for use in China under agreement with Burroughs.<sup id="cite_ref-92GB5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92GB5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Burroughs collaborated with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a> on a multiprocessor architecture developing the <a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_IV" title="ILLIAC IV">ILLIAC IV</a> computer in the early 1960s. The ILLIAC had up to 128 parallel processors while the B6700 & B7700 only accommodated a total of 7 CPUs and/or I/O units (the 8th unit was the memory tester).</li> <li>Burroughs made military computers, such as the D825 (the "D" prefix signifying it was for defense industrial use), in its Great Valley Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Paoli,_Pennsylvania" title="Paoli, Pennsylvania">Paoli, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iBbXV_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iBbXV-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qy5XT_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qy5XT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The D825 was, according to some scholars, the first true multiprocessor computer.<sup id="cite_ref-qgxOx_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qgxOx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paoli was also home to the Defense and Space Group Marketing Division.<sup id="cite_ref-9VbP7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9VbP7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1964 Burroughs had completed the D830 which was another variation of the D825 designed specifically for real-time applications, such as airline reservations. Burroughs designated the B8300 after <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a> (TWA) ordered one in September 1965. A system with three instruction processors was installed at TWA's reservations center in <a href="/wiki/Rockleigh,_New_Jersey" title="Rockleigh, New Jersey">Rockleigh, New Jersey</a> in 1968. The system, which was called George, with an application programmed in <a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a>, was intended to support some 4000 terminals, but the system experienced repeated crashes due to a filing system disk allocation error when operating under a large load. A fourth processor was added but did nothing to resolve the problem. The problem was resolved in late 1970 and the system became stable. The decision to cancel the project was being made at the very time that the problem was resolved. TWA cancelled the project and acquired one <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> Model 75, two IBM System/360 model 65s, and IBM's <a href="/wiki/Programmed_Airline_Reservations_System" title="Programmed Airline Reservations System">PARS</a> software for its reservations system. TWA sued Burroughs for non-fulfillment of the contract, but Burroughs counter-sued, stating that the basic system did work and that the problems were in TWA's applications software. The two companies reached an out-of-court settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-B3G_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B3G-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Burroughs developed a half-size version of the D825 called the D82, cutting the word size from 48 to 24 bits and simplifying the computer's instruction set. The D82 could have up to 32,768 words of core memory and continued the use of separate instruction and I/O processors. Burroughs sold a D82 to <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> to handle reservations for trips originating in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. This design was further refined and made much more compact as the <a href="/wiki/Pershing_missile_bibliography#Burroughs" title="Pershing missile bibliography">D84</a> machine which was completed in 1965. A D84 processor/memory unit with 4096 words of memory occupied just 1.4 cubic feet (40 litres). This system was used successfully in two military projects: field test systems used to check the electronics of the Air Force <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark" title="General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark">General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark</a> fighter plane<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""Successfully" must be established here, as the plane went on to earn the nickname "Widowmaker" while the Luftwaffe worked out its design failures (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and systems used to control the countdown and launch of the Army's <a href="/wiki/Pershing_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing 1">Pershing 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pershing_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershing 1a">1a</a> missile systems.<sup id="cite_ref-B3G_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B3G-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FawE5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FawE5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merger_with_Sperry">Merger with Sperry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Merger with Sperry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="display:table;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Burroughs Corporation shortly before its merger with Sperry"><img alt="Logo of Burroughs Corporation shortly before its merger with Sperry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg/170px-Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg/255px-Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg/340px-Burroughs_Corporation_logo_1980s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom;box-sizing:border-box;">Logo of Burroughs Corporation shortly before its merger with <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry</a> </div> </div> </div> <p>In September 1986, Burroughs Corporation merged with <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry Corporation</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a>. For a time, the combined company retained the Burroughs processors as the A- and V-systems lines. As the market for large systems shifted from proprietary architectures to common servers, the company eventually dropped the V-Series line, although customers continued to use V-series systems as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Unisys continues to develop and market the A-Series, now known as ClearPath.<sup id="cite_ref-k4rUj_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k4rUj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burroughs_Payment_Systems">Burroughs Payment Systems <span class="anchor" id="Reemergence_of_the_Burroughs_name"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burroughs Payment Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242257876"><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Burroughs, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burroughs,_Inc_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Burroughs%2C_Inc_2023.svg/220px-Burroughs%2C_Inc_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Burroughs%2C_Inc_2023.svg/330px-Burroughs%2C_Inc_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Burroughs%2C_Inc_2023.svg/440px-Burroughs%2C_Inc_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG/220px-Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG/330px-Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG/440px-Burroughs_Payment_Systems_Plymouth_Michigan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Burroughs (Payment Systems), Inc., in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Michigan" title="Plymouth, Michigan">Plymouth, Michigan</a>, 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Burroughs Payment Systems, Inc. (2010–2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2010<span class="noprint">; 15 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Michigan" title="Plymouth, Michigan">Plymouth, Michigan</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Payment_processor" title="Payment processor">Payment processors</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Marlin Equity Partners</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burroughs.com">burroughs<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010, Unisys sold off its Payment Systems Division to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlin_Equity_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlin Equity Partners (page does not exist)">Marlin Equity Partners</a>, a California-based private investment firm, which incorporated it as <b>Burroughs Payment Systems, Inc.</b> (later just <b>Burroughs, Inc.</b>), based in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Michigan" title="Plymouth, Michigan">Plymouth, Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KcpI2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KcpI2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uzhM9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uzhM9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_popular_culture">References in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burroughs B205 hardware has appeared as props in many <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> television and film productions from the late 1950s. For example, a B205 <a href="/wiki/Front_panel" title="Front panel">console</a> was often shown in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)" title="Batman (TV series)">Batman</a></i> as the <i>Bat Computer</i>; also as the flight computer in <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Space" title="Lost in Space">Lost in Space</a></i>. B205 tape drives were often seen in series such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Tunnel" title="The Time Tunnel">The Time Tunnel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea_(TV_series)" title="Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)">Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SqPZ0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SqPZ0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-W1MCe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W1MCe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burroughs equipment was also featured in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Red_Planet" title="The Angry Red Planet">The Angry Red Planet</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zFzO9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zFzO9_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/19thCentury/Burroughs.html">"Burroughs Adding Machine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burroughs+Adding+Machine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2FMechanicalCalculators%2F19thCentury%2FBurroughs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pTRZa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pTRZa_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/burroughs1.html">"Burroughs"</a>. <i>Vintage Calculators Web Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Calculators+Web+Museum&rft.atitle=Burroughs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagecalculators.com%2Fhtml%2Fburroughs1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p27-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p27_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="morg" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Bryan (1953). <i>Total to Date: The Evolution of the Adding Machine: The Story of Burroughs</i>. Burroughs Adding Machine Limited London. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+to+Date%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Adding+Machine%3A+The+Story+of+Burroughs&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Burroughs+Adding+Machine+Limited+London&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer, T.J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjsawyer.com/B205Home.htm">"Burroughs 205 HomePage"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burroughs Annual Report 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf2gQ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sf2gQ_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak,_John_C.2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak" title="John C. Dvorak">Dvorak, John C.</a> (2006-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvorak.org/blog/ibm-and-the-seven-dwarfs-dwarf-one-burroughs/">"IBM and the Seven Dwarfs — Dwarf One: Burroughs"</a>. Dvorak Uncensored<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+Seven+Dwarfs+%E2%80%94+Dwarf+One%3A+Burroughs&rft.pub=Dvorak+Uncensored&rft.date=2006-11-25&rft.au=Dvorak%2C+John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvorak.org%2Fblog%2Fibm-and-the-seven-dwarfs-dwarf-one-burroughs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZQdZp-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZQdZp_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191141/http://www.picklesnet.com/burroughs/descriptions/b80.htm">"Burroughs B80 Family"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picklesnet.com/burroughs/descriptions/b80.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burroughs+B80+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picklesnet.com%2Fburroughs%2Fdescriptions%2Fb80.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afaOm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afaOm_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/siliconvalley/pines/4011/misc-doc/Intro.htm">"B25 FAMILY OF UNIVERSAL WORKSTATIONS INTRODUCTION"</a>, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92GB5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92GB5_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/03/business/china-deal-for-burroughs.html">"China Deal For Burroughs"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> story, January 3, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iBbXV-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iBbXV_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/burroughs_buic_-__an_gsa-51__sage_backup.htm">"Burroughs BUIC - AN/GSA-51 SAGE Backup"</a>, archived at SMECC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qy5XT-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qy5XT_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHoffmanShifmanWilliams1962" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J. P.; Hoffman, S. A.; Shifman, J.; Williams, R. J. (1962). "D825 - a multiple-computer system for command & control". <i>Proceedings of the December 4-6, 1962, fall joint computer conference on - AFIPS '62 (Fall)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1461518.1461527">10.1145/1461518.1461527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D825+-+a+multiple-computer+system+for+command+%26+control&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+December+4-6%2C+1962%2C+fall+joint+computer+conference+on+-+AFIPS+%2762+%28Fall%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1461518.1461527&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Shifman%2C+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qgxOx-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qgxOx_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnslow1977" class="citation journal cs1">Enslow, Philip H. Jr. (1977). "Multiprocessor Organization—A Survey". <i>Computing Surveys</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F356683.356688">10.1145/356683.356688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=Multiprocessor+Organization%E2%80%94A+Survey&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F356683.356688&rft.aulast=Enslow&rft.aufirst=Philip+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9VbP7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9VbP7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Burroughs/Burroughs.Display_Systems.1965.102646312.pdf">"Burroughs Display Systems"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324211415/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Burroughs/Burroughs.Display_Systems.1965.102646312.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Defense and Space Group Marketing Division, Paoli, Pennsylvania, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B3G-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B3G_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B3G_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, George (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002194413/https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Main_Page">"Burroughs Third-Generation Computers"</a>. <i>Unisys History Newsletter</i>. <b>3</b> (5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Burroughs_Third-Generation_Computers">the original</a> on October 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unisys+History+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Burroughs+Third-Generation+Computers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1999-10&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.cc.gatech.edu%2Ffolklore%2Findex.php%2FBurroughs_Third-Generation_Computers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FawE5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FawE5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umedia.lib.umn.edu/node/30883">"Title: Trade show exhibition featuring the D84; Date 1965"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081312/http://umedia.lib.umn.edu/node/30883">Archived</a> 2014-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Minnesota archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k4rUj-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k4rUj_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisys.com/unisys/news/detail.jsp?id=1120000970025610156">"Unisys Awarded Contract to Support IRS Mission-Critical Computing Systems"</a>. Unisys. 2013-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-11</span></span>. <q>BLUE BELL, Pa., February 19, 2013 - Unisys Corporation (NYSE: UIS) announced today that it has been awarded the Enterprise Computing Center Support (ECCS) contract from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) [...] Under this single-award indefinite delivery-indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract, the IRS can award Unisys task orders to provide support and maintenance services for the IRS computing environment, including Unisys ClearPath Dorado servers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unisys+Awarded+Contract+to+Support+IRS+Mission-Critical+Computing+Systems&rft.pub=Unisys&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unisys.com%2Funisys%2Fnews%2Fdetail.jsp%3Fid%3D1120000970025610156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KcpI2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KcpI2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burroughs.com/NewsEvents.aspx">"Marlin Equity Partners acquires elements of Unisys payment systems"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414112030/http://www.burroughs.com/NewsEvents.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Burroughs press release, February 3, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uzhM9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uzhM9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burroughs.com">Burroughs Payment Systems website</a>. In 2012, the company changed its name to Burroughs, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SqPZ0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SqPZ0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/scifi/B205/onscreen.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"B205 On Screen"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22B205+On+Screen%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fscifi%2FB205%2Fonscreen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W1MCe-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W1MCe_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starringthecomputer.com/computer.html?c=45">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Starring the Computer: Burroughs B205"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Starring+the+Computer%3A+Burroughs+B205%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarringthecomputer.com%2Fcomputer.html%3Fc%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allweiss, Jack A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234301/http://jack.hoa.org/hoajaa/Burr126b.html">"Evolution of Burroughs Stack Architecture - Mainframe Computers"</a>, 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Barton" title="Robert S. Barton">Barton, Robert S.</a> "A New Approach to the Functional Design of a Digital Computer" Proc. western joint computer Conf. ACM (1961).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, George (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001200450/https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Some_Burroughs_Transistor_Computers">"Some Burroughs Transistor Computers"</a>. <i>Unisys History Newsletter</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Some_Burroughs_Transistor_Computers">the original</a> on October 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unisys+History+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Some+Burroughs+Transistor+Computers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.cc.gatech.edu%2Ffolklore%2Findex.php%2FSome_Burroughs_Transistor_Computers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, George (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926190816/https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Burroughs_Third-Generation_Computers">"Burroughs Third-Generation Computers"</a>. <i>Unisys History Newsletter</i>. <b>3</b> (5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/Burroughs_Third-Generation_Computers">the original</a> on September 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unisys+History+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Burroughs+Third-Generation+Computers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1999-10&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.cc.gatech.edu%2Ffolklore%2Findex.php%2FBurroughs_Third-Generation_Computers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurroughs+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hauck, E.A., Dent, Ben A. "Burroughs B6500/B7500 Stack Mechanism", SJCC (1968) pp. 245–251.</li> <li>Martin, Ian L. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leedsmet.academia.edu/IanMartin/Papers/1583479/Too_far_ahead_of_its_time_Barclays_Burroughs_and_real-time_banking">"Too far ahead of its time: Barclays, Burroughs and real-time banking"</a>, <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i> 34(2), pp. 5–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1058-6180">1058-6180</a>. (Draft version)</li> <li>Mayer, Alastair J.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/The%20Architecture%20%20of%20the%20Burroughs%20B-5000.htm">"The Architecture of the Burroughs B5000 - 20 Years Later and Still Ahead of the Times?"</a>, ACM Computer Architecture News, 1982 (archived at the Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation. Glendale, Arizona)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._McKeeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. McKeeman (page does not exist)">McKeeman, William M.</a> "Language Directed Computer Design", FJCC (1967) pp. 413–417.</li> <li>Morgan, Bryan, "Total to Date: The Evolution of the Adding Machine: The Story of Burroughs", Burroughs Adding Machine Limited London, 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Organick" title="Elliott Organick">Organick, Elliot I.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/LargeSystems/B5000_5500_5700/Organick_Computer_System_Organization_The_B5700_B6700_Series_1973.pdf">"Computer System Organization The B5700/B6700 series"</a>, Academic Press (1973)</li> <li>Wilner, Wayne T. "Design of the B1700", FJCC pp. 489–497 (1972).</li> <li>Wilner, Wayne T., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_burroughsBgnImpMay72_2101971/mode/1up">"B1700 Design and Implementation"</a>, Burroughs Corporation, Santa Barbara Plant, Goleta, California, May 1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burroughs_Corporation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burroughs_Corporation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/41129">Burroughs Corporation Records</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Collection contains the records of the Burroughs Corporation, and its predecessors the American Arithmometer Company and Burroughs Adding Machine Company. Materials include corporate records, photographs, films and video tapes, scrapbooks, papers of employees and the records of companies acquired by Burroughs. CBI's Burroughs Corporation Records includes over 100,000 photographs depicting the entire visual history of Burroughs from its origin as the American Arithmometer Corporation in 1886 to its merger with the Sperry Corporation to form the <a href="/wiki/Unisys_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisys Corporation">Unisys Corporation</a> in 1986.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.umn.edu/images/index.html">Burroughs Corporation Photo Database</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> University of Minnesota. The searchable photo database permits browsing and retrieval of over 550 historical images.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107105">"Burroughs B 5000 Conference, OH 98"</a>, Oral history on 6 September 1985, Marina del Ray, California. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. The Burroughs 5000 computer series is discussed by individuals responsible for its development and marketing from 1957 through the 1960s in a 1985 conference sponsored by AFIPS and Burroughs Corporation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/104351">Oral history interview with Isaac Levin Auerbach</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> University of Minnesota. Auerbach discusses his work at Burroughs 1949–1957 managing development for the <a href="/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment">SAGE project</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BEAM_I_computer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BEAM I computer (page does not exist)">BEAM I computer</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercontinental_Ballistic_Missile_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intercontinental Ballistic Missile System (page does not exist)">Intercontinental Ballistic Missile System</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_core" title="Magnetic core">magnetic core</a> encryption communications system, and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas missile">Atlas missile</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107210">Oral history interview with Robert V. D. Campbell</a>. Discusses his work at Burroughs (1949–1966) as director of research and in program planning.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107213">Oral history interview with Alfred Doughty Cavanaugh</a> Cavanaugh discusses the work of his grandfather, A. J. Doughty, with <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William Seward Burroughs</a> and the Burroughs Adding Machine Company.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107630">Oral history interview with Carel Sellenraad</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> University of Minnesota. Sellenraad describes his long association with Burroughs Adding Machine Company, and the impact of World Wars I & II on the sales and service of calculators, and adding and bookkeeping machines in Europe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107635">Oral history interview with Ovid M. Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> University of Minnesota. Smith reviews his 46½ year career at Burroughs Adding Machine Company (later Burroughs Corporation).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802080919/http://www.cs.virginia.edu/about/museum/">"Early Burroughs Machines"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>'s Computer Museum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/">Older Burroughs computer manuals online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-b.html">Burroughs computers such as the D825 at BRL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922205535/http://www.burroughsinfo.com/">An historical Burroughs Adding Machine Company/Burroughs site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100000/http://www.burroughsinfo.com/~hancockm/manufacturing_plants.htm">Unofficial list of Burroughs manufacturing plants and labs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianjoyner.name">Ian Joyner's Burroughs page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521171833/http://jack.hoa.org/hoajaa/b5900.htm">The Burroughs B5900 and E-Mode: A bridge to 21st Century Computing</a> - Jack Allweiss</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Corporation">Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Unisys_logo_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unisys_logo_2022.svg/110px-Unisys_logo_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unisys_logo_2022.svg/165px-Unisys_logo_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unisys_logo_2022.svg/220px-Unisys_logo_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframes">Mainframes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs Large Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">MCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1100/2200_series" title="UNIVAC 1100/2200 series">UNIVAC 1100/2200 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_2200" title="OS 2200">OS 2200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B1700" title="Burroughs B1700">Burroughs B1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_B20" title="Burroughs B20">Burroughs B20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Medium_Systems" title="Burroughs Medium Systems">Burroughs B2500 and B4900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANDE" title="CANDE">Command AND Edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ES7000" title="ES7000">ES7000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOLMES_2" title="HOLMES 2">HOLMES 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LINC_4GL" title="LINC 4GL">LINC 4GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisys_MCP_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisys MCP programming languages">MCP Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEWP" title="NEWP">New Executive Programming Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICON_(microcomputer)" title="ICON (microcomputer)">Unisys Icon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products" title="List of UNIVAC products">List of UNIVAC products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_FASTRAND" title="UNIVAC FASTRAND">UNIVAC FASTRAND</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Barton" title="Robert S. Barton">Robert S. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altabef" title="Peter Altabef">Peter Altabef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256593#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010943759X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141593962">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134614215">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Burroughs Corporation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4339752-9">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Burroughs Adding Machine Company (Detroit, Mich.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/3047445-0">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50056127">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35823999">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007454238605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/65120">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65f2rjw">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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