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class="vector-toc-link" href="#FORTRAN_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 FORTRAN II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FORTRAN_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_FORTRAN_II_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_FORTRAN_II_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Simple FORTRAN II program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_FORTRAN_II_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FORTRAN_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FORTRAN_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 FORTRAN III </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FORTRAN_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FORTRAN_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FORTRAN_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 FORTRAN IV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FORTRAN_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FORTRAN_66" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FORTRAN_66"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 FORTRAN 66 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FORTRAN_66-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FORTRAN_77" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FORTRAN_77"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 FORTRAN 77 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FORTRAN_77-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_ANSI_Standard_Fortran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_ANSI_Standard_Fortran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Transition to ANSI Standard Fortran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_ANSI_Standard_Fortran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortran_90" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran_90"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Fortran 90 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran_90-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obsolescence_and_deletions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolescence_and_deletions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Obsolescence and deletions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolescence_and_deletions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Hello,_World!"_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hello,_World!"_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 "Hello, World!" example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hello,_World!"_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortran_95" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran_95"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Fortran 95 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran_95-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditional_compilation_and_varying_length_strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_compilation_and_varying_length_strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Conditional compilation and varying length strings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_compilation_and_varying_length_strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Fortran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Fortran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern Fortran </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Fortran-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern Fortran subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Fortran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fortran_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Fortran 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortran_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Fortran 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortran_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fortran 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortran_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fortran 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Science and engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Portability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolete_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Obsolete variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obsolete_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Obsolete variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fortran-based_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortran-based_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Fortran-based languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortran-based_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Code examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Humor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fortran</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فورتران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فورتران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ফরট্রান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরট্রান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrano" title="Fortrano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fortrano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="فرترن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرترن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80" title="포트란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포트란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ֆորտրան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆորտրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="फ़ोरट्रान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ोरट्रान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫോർട്രാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫോർട്രാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="फोर्ट्रान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फोर्ट्रान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="FORTRAN" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فۆرتران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆرتران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போர்ட்ரான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்ட்ரான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫోర్ట్రాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోర్ట్రాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาฟอร์แทรน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฟอร์แทรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Фортран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фортран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Fortran" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83303#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Fortran</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>), <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">array</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1957; 68 years ago (1957)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">Fortran 2023 (ISO/IEC 1539:2023) / November 17, 2023; 15 months ago (2023-11-17)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manifest_typing" title="Manifest typing">manifest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.f90</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.f</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.for</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortran-lang.org">fortran-lang.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Absoft_Fortran_Compilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Absoft Fortran Compilers">Absoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Fortran" title="GNU Fortran">GFortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/G95" title="G95">G95</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> XL Fortran, <a href="/wiki/Intel_Fortran_Compiler" title="Intel Fortran Compiler">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, Lahey/Fujitsu, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_Algorithms_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical Algorithms Group">Numerical Algorithms Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watcom_C_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Watcom C compiler">Open Watcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/PathScale" title="PathScale">PathScale</a>, <a href="/wiki/PGI_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="PGI compiler">PGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverfrost_FTN95" title="Silverfrost FTN95">Silverfrost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle Solaris Studio">Oracle Solaris Studio</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Speedcoding" title="Speedcoding">Speedcoding</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chplspec-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/CMS-2" title="CMS-2">CMS-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Oversimplified_Programming_Experiment" title="Dartmouth Oversimplified Programming Experiment">DOPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="/wiki/PACT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="PACT I">PACT I</a>, <a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDL_(programming_language)" title="IDL (programming language)">IDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAKO_(programming_language)" title="SAKO (programming language)">SAKO</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Fortran (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfɔːrtræn/</a>; formerly FORTRAN) is a <a href="/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language" title="Third-generation programming language">third generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that is especially suited to <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numeric computation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">scientific computing</a>. Fortran was originally developed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Where-3">[3]</a> It first compiled correctly in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-cpl_3rd-pg_16_quote-4">[4]</a> Fortran <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> have been written to support scientific and engineering applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">numerical weather prediction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">computational physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>. It is a popular language for <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a><a href="#cite_note-hpc-5">[5]</a> and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">fastest supercomputers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg/220px-IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg/330px-IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg/440px-IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Blue_Gene" title="IBM Blue Gene">IBM Blue Gene/P</a> supercomputer installation in 2007 at the Argonne Leadership Angela Yang Computing Facility located in the <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lemont,_Illinois" title="Lemont, Illinois">Lemont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></figcaption></figure> Fortran has evolved through numerous versions and dialects. In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) developed a standard for Fortran to limit proliferation of compilers using slightly different syntax.<a href="#cite_note-cpl_3rd-pg_18_quoted-8">[8]</a> Successive versions have added support for a character data type (Fortran 77), <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">array programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a> (Fortran 90), <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran" title="High Performance Fortran">parallel computing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fortran_95_language_features" title="Fortran 95 language features">Fortran 95</a>), <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (Fortran 2003), and <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent programming</a> (Fortran 2008). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg/260px-Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg/390px-Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg/520px-Algol%26Fortran_Family_By_Skippppp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>FORTRAN and COBOL genealogy tree</figcaption></figure> Since April 2024, Fortran has ranked among the top ten languages in the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_index" title="TIOBE index">TIOBE index</a>, a measure of the popularity of programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> The first manual for FORTRAN describes it as a Formula Translating System, and printed the name with <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Fortran.<a href="#cite_note-Sayre_1956-10">[10]</a>: p.2 <a href="#cite_note-history-fortran-i-ii-333-11">[11]</a> Other sources suggest the name stands for Formula Translator,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> or Formula Translation.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Early IBM computers did not support <a href="/wiki/Lowercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowercase">lowercase</a> letters, and the names of versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were usually spelled in all-<a href="/wiki/Uppercase" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppercase">uppercase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the Fortran character set included only uppercase letters.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The official language <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">standards</a> for Fortran have referred to the language as "Fortran" with initial caps since Fortran 90.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Backus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_Backus_2.jpg/170px-John_Backus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/John_Backus_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>John Backus (1924–2007) proposed the FORTRAN project in December 1953 and received the A.M. Turing Award in 1977.</figcaption></figure> In late 1953, <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John W. Backus</a> submitted a proposal to his superiors at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to develop a more practical alternative to <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> for programming their <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-fortran-i-ii-333-11">[11]</a>: 69  Backus' historic FORTRAN team consisted of programmers Richard Goldberg, Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Nutt" title="Roy Nutt">Roy Nutt</a>, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Harold Stern, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Haibt" title="Lois Haibt">Lois Haibt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Sayre" title="David Sayre">David Sayre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Backus57-16">[16]</a> Its concepts included easier entry of equations into a computer, an idea developed by <a href="/wiki/J._Halcombe_Laning" title="J. Halcombe Laning">J. Halcombe Laning</a> and demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Laning_and_Zierler_system" title="Laning and Zierler system">Laning and Zierler system</a> of 1952.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg/170px-Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg/255px-Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg/340px-Fortran_acs_cover.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>The Fortran Automatic Coding System for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> (October 15, 1956), the first programmer's reference manual for Fortran<a href="#cite_note-Sayre_1956-10">[10]</a></figcaption></figure> A draft specification for The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System was completed by November 1954.<a href="#cite_note-history-fortran-i-ii-333-11">[11]</a>: 71  The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956,<a href="#cite_note-Sayre_1956-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-fortran-i-ii-333-11">[11]</a>: 72  with the first FORTRAN <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> delivered in April 1957.<a href="#cite_note-history-fortran-i-ii-333-11">[11]</a>: 75  Fortran produced efficient enough code for <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programmers to accept a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> replacement.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> John Backus said during a 1979 interview with Think, the IBM employee magazine, "Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a>, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The language was widely adopted by scientists for writing numerically intensive programs, which encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that could generate faster and more efficient code. The inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Complex_data_type" title="Complex data type">complex number data type</a> in the language made Fortran especially suited to technical applications such as electrical engineering.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By 1960, versions of FORTRAN were available for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">IBM 709</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">650</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">1620</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">7090</a> computers. Significantly, the increasing popularity of FORTRAN spurred competing computer manufacturers to provide FORTRAN compilers for their machines, so that by 1963 over 40 FORTRAN compilers existed. FORTRAN was provided for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a> computer by an innovative 63-phase compiler that ran entirely in its <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">core memory</a> of only 8000 (six-bit) characters. The compiler could be run from tape, or from a 2200-card deck; it used no further tape or disk storage. It kept the program in memory and loaded <a href="/wiki/Overlay_(programming)" title="Overlay (programming)">overlays</a> that gradually transformed it, in place, into executable form, as described by Haines.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This article was reprinted, edited, in both editions of Anatomy of a Compiler<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and in the IBM manual "Fortran Specifications and Operating Procedures, IBM 1401".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The executable form was not entirely <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a>; rather, floating-point arithmetic, sub-scripting, input/output, and function references were interpreted, preceding <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a> <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine#UCSD_p-Machine" title="P-code machine">P-code</a> by two decades. <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620#GOTRAN" title="IBM 1620">GOTRAN</a>, a simplified, interpreted version of FORTRAN I (with only 12 statements not 32) for "load and go" operation was available (at least for the early <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> computer).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Modern Fortran, and almost all later versions, are fully compiled, as done for other high-performance languages. The development of Fortran paralleled the <a href="/wiki/History_of_compiler_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of compiler writing">early evolution of compiler technology</a>, and many advances in the theory and design of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for Fortran programs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: FORTRAN">edit</a>]</div> The initial release of FORTRAN for the IBM 704<a href="#cite_note-Sayre_1956-10">[10]</a> contained 32 <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a>, including: <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIMENSION</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EQUIVALENCE</code> statements</li> <li>Assignment statements</li> <li>Three-way <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_IF" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic IF">arithmetic <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code></a> statement, which passed control to one of three locations in the program depending on whether the result of the arithmetic expression was negative, zero, or positive</li> <li>Control statements for checking exceptions (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF ACCUMULATOR OVERFLOW</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF QUOTIENT OVERFLOW</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF DIVIDE CHECK</code>); and control statements for manipulating <a href="/wiki/Front_panel" title="Front panel">sense switches and sense lights</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF (SENSE SWITCH)</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF (SENSE LIGHT)</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SENSE LIGHT</code>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto" title="Goto"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code></a>, computed <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASSIGN</code>, and assigned <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> loops</li> <li>Formatted I/O: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORMAT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ INPUT TAPE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE OUTPUT TAPE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PUNCH</code></li> <li>Unformatted I/O: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ TAPE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ DRUM</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE TAPE</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE DRUM</code></li> <li>Other I/O: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END FILE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REWIND</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BACKSPACE</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PAUSE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STOP</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CONTINUE</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FREQUENCY</code> statement (for providing <a href="/wiki/Optimization_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (computer science)">optimization</a> hints to the compiler).</li></ul> The arithmetic <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> statement was reminiscent of (but not readily implementable by) a three-way comparison instruction (CAS—Compare Accumulator with Storage) available on the 704. The statement provided the only way to compare numbers—by testing their difference, with an attendant risk of overflow. This deficiency was later overcome by "logical" facilities introduced in FORTRAN IV. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FREQUENCY</code> statement was used originally (and optionally) to give branch probabilities for the three branch cases of the arithmetic <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> statement. It could also be used to suggest how many iterations a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> loop might run. The first FORTRAN compiler used this weighting to perform at compile time a <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo simulation</a> of the generated code, the results of which were used to optimize the placement of basic blocks in memory—a very sophisticated optimization for its time. The Monte Carlo technique is documented in Backus et al.'s paper on this original implementation, The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System: <blockquote>The fundamental unit of program is the <a href="/wiki/Basic_block" title="Basic block">basic block</a>; a basic block is a stretch of program which has one entry point and one exit point. The purpose of section 4 is to prepare for section 5 a table of predecessors (PRED table) which enumerates the basic blocks and lists for every basic block each of the basic blocks which can be its immediate predecessor in flow, together with the absolute frequency of each such basic block link. This table is obtained by running the program once in Monte-Carlo fashion, in which the outcome of conditional transfers arising out of IF-type statements and computed GO TO's is determined by a random number generator suitably weighted according to whatever FREQUENCY statements have been provided.<a href="#cite_note-Backus57-16">[16]</a></blockquote> The first FORTRAN compiler reported diagnostic information by halting the program when an error was found and outputting an error code on its console. That code could be looked up by the programmer in an error messages table in the operator's manual, providing them with a brief description of the problem.<a href="#cite_note-Sayre_1956-10">[10]</a>: p.19–20 <a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Later, an error-handling subroutine to handle user errors such as division by zero, developed by NASA,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> was incorporated, informing users of which line of code contained the error. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixed_layout_and_punched_cards">Fixed layout and punched cards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fixed layout and punched cards">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming_in_the_punched_card_era" title="Computer programming in the punched card era">Computer programming in the punched card era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/220px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/330px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/440px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>FORTRAN code on a <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a>, showing the specialized uses of columns 1–5, 6 and 73–80</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortranCodingForm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FortranCodingForm.png/220px-FortranCodingForm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FortranCodingForm.png/330px-FortranCodingForm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FortranCodingForm.png/440px-FortranCodingForm.png 2x" data-file-width="16000" data-file-height="10105" /></a><figcaption>A reproduction of a FORTRAN coding form, printed on paper and intended to be used by programmers to prepare programs for punching onto cards by <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">keypunch</a> operators. Now obsolete.</figcaption></figure> Before the development of disk files, text editors and terminals, programs were most often entered on a <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">keypunch</a> keyboard onto 80-column <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>, one line to a card. The resulting deck of cards would be fed into a card reader to be compiled. Punched card codes included no lower-case letters or many special characters, and special versions of the IBM 026 <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">keypunch</a> were offered that would correctly print the re-purposed special characters used in FORTRAN. Reflecting punched card input practice, Fortran programs were originally written in a fixed-column format, with the first 72 columns read into twelve 36-bit words. A letter "C" in column 1 caused the entire card to be treated as a comment and ignored by the compiler. Otherwise, the columns of the card were divided into four fields: <ul><li>1 to 5 were the label field: a sequence of digits here was taken as a label for use in DO or control statements such as GO TO and IF, or to identify a FORMAT statement referred to in a WRITE or READ statement. Leading zeros are ignored and 0 is not a valid label number.</li> <li>6 was a continuation field: a character other than a blank or a zero here caused the card to be taken as a continuation of the statement on the prior card. The continuation cards were usually numbered 1, 2, etc. and the starting card might therefore have zero in its continuation column—which is not a continuation of its preceding card.</li> <li>7 to 72 served as the statement field.</li> <li>73 to 80 were ignored (the IBM 704's <a href="/wiki/IBM_711" title="IBM 711">card reader</a> only used 72 columns).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul> Columns 73 to 80 could therefore be used for identification information, such as punching a sequence number or text, which could be used to re-order cards if a stack of cards was dropped; though in practice this was reserved for stable, production programs. An <a href="/wiki/IBM_519" title="IBM 519">IBM 519</a> could be used to copy a program deck and add sequence numbers. Some early compilers, e.g., the IBM 650's, had additional restrictions due to limitations on their card readers.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Keypunches</a> could be programmed to tab to column 7 and skip out after column 72. Later compilers relaxed most fixed-format restrictions, and the requirement was eliminated in the Fortran 90 standard. Within the statement field, <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace characters</a> (blanks) were ignored outside a text literal. This allowed omitting spaces between tokens for brevity or including spaces within identifiers for clarity. For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AVG OF X</code> was a valid identifier, equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AVGOFX</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">101010DO101I=1,101</code> was a valid statement, equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortranfixed mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">10101 DO 101 I = 1, 101</code> because the zero in column 6 is treated as if it were a space (!), while <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">101010DO101I=1.101</code> was instead <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortranfixed mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">10101 DO101I = 1.101</code>, the assignment of 1.101 to a variable called <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">DO101I</code>. Note the slight visual difference between a comma and a period. <a href="/wiki/Hollerith_constant" title="Hollerith constant">Hollerith strings</a>, originally allowed only in FORMAT and DATA statements, were prefixed by a character count and the letter H (e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">26HTHIS IS ALPHANUMERIC DATA.</code>), allowing blanks to be retained within the character string. Miscounts were a problem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <caption>Timeline of Fortran language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Informal name </th> <th>Official Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>FORTRAN </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td>FORTRAN II </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td>FORTRAN III </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>FORTRAN IV </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>FORTRAN 66 </td> <td>ANSI X3.9-1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>FORTRAN 77 </td> <td>ANSI X3.9-1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>Fortran 90 </td> <td>ANSI X3.198-1992, ISO/IEC 1539:1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>Fortran 95 </td> <td>ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>Fortran 2003 </td> <td>ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>Fortran 2008 </td> <td>ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>Fortran 2018 </td> <td>ISO/IEC 1539-1:2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Fortran 2023 </td> <td>ISO/IEC 1539-1:2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FORTRAN_II">FORTRAN II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FORTRAN II">edit</a>]</div> IBM's FORTRAN II appeared in 1958. The main enhancement was to support <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural programming</a> by allowing user-written subroutines and functions which returned values with parameters passed by <a href="/wiki/Call_by_reference#Call_by_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by reference">reference</a>. The COMMON statement provided a way for subroutines to access common (or <a href="/wiki/Global_variable" title="Global variable">global</a>) variables. Six new statements were introduced:<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUBROUTINE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FUNCTION</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RETURN</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMMON</code></li></ul> Over the next few years, FORTRAN II added support for the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DOUBLE PRECISION</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMPLEX</code> data types. Early FORTRAN compilers supported no <a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursion</a> in subroutines. Early computer architectures supported no concept of a stack, and when they did directly support subroutine calls, the return location was often stored in one fixed location adjacent to the subroutine code (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a>) or a specific machine register (<a href="/wiki/IBM_360" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 360">IBM 360</a> et seq), which only allows recursion if a stack is maintained by software and the return address is stored on the stack before the call is made and restored after the call returns. Although not specified in FORTRAN 77, many F77 compilers supported recursion as an option, and the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_large_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs large systems">Burroughs mainframes</a>, designed with recursion built-in, did so by default. It became a standard in Fortran 90 via the new keyword RECURSIVE.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_FORTRAN_II_program">Simple FORTRAN II program</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Simple FORTRAN II program">edit</a>]</div> This program, for <a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a>, reads data on a tape reel containing three 5-digit integers A, B, and C as input. There are no "type" declarations available: variables whose name starts with I, J, K, L, M, or N are "fixed-point" (i.e. integers), otherwise floating-point. Since integers are to be processed in this example, the names of the variables start with the letter "I". The name of a variable must start with a letter and can continue with both letters and digits, up to a limit of six characters in FORTRAN II. If A, B, and C cannot represent the sides of a triangle in plane geometry, then the program's execution will end with an error code of "STOP 1". Otherwise, an output line will be printed showing the input values for A, B, and C, followed by the computed AREA of the triangle as a floating-point number occupying ten spaces along the line of output and showing 2 digits after the decimal point, the .2 in F10.2 of the FORMAT statement with label 601. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortranfixed mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION C INPUT - TAPE READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUT C OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUT C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING READ INPUT TAPE 5, 501, IA, IB, IC 501 FORMAT (3I5) C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO IF (IA) 777, 777, 701 701 IF (IB) 777, 777, 702 702 IF (IC) 777, 777, 703 703 IF (IA+IB-IC) 777, 777, 704 704 IF (IA+IC-IB) 777, 777, 705 705 IF (IB+IC-IA) 777, 777, 799 777 STOP 1 C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE 799 S = FLOATF (IA + IB + IC) / 2.0 AREA = SQRTF( S * (S - FLOATF(IA)) * (S - FLOATF(IB)) * + (S - FLOATF(IC))) WRITE OUTPUT TAPE 6, 601, IA, IB, IC, AREA 601 FORMAT (4H A= ,I5,5H B= ,I5,5H C= ,I5,8H AREA= ,F10.2, + 13H SQUARE UNITS) STOP END </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FORTRAN_III">FORTRAN III</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: FORTRAN III">edit</a>]</div> IBM also developed a FORTRAN III in 1958 that allowed for <a href="/wiki/Inline_assembler" title="Inline assembler">inline assembly</a> code among other features; however, this version was never released as a product. Like the 704 FORTRAN and FORTRAN II, FORTRAN III included machine-dependent features that made code written in it unportable from machine to machine.<a href="#cite_note-history-fortran-i-ii-333-11">[11]</a>: 76  Early versions of FORTRAN provided by other vendors suffered from the same disadvantage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FORTRAN_IV">FORTRAN IV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: FORTRAN IV">edit</a>]</div> IBM began development of FORTRAN IV in 1961 as a result of customer demands. FORTRAN IV removed the machine-dependent features of FORTRAN II (such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ INPUT TAPE</code>), while adding new features such as a <a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LOGICAL</code> data type</a>, logical <a href="/wiki/Boolean_expression" title="Boolean expression">Boolean expressions</a>, and the logical IF statement as an alternative to the arithmetic IF statement. FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030</a> ("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7094</a>, and later for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> By 1965, FORTRAN IV was supposed to be compliant with the standard being developed by the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American Standards Association</a> X3.4.3 FORTRAN Working Group.<a href="#cite_note-McCracken-32">[32]</a> Between 1966 and 1968, IBM offered several FORTRAN IV compilers for its <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">System/360</a>, each named by letters that indicated the minimum amount of memory the compiler needed to run. <a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The letters (F, G, H) matched the codes used with System/360 model numbers to indicate memory size, each letter increment being a factor of two larger:<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>: p. 5  <ul><li>1966 : FORTRAN IV F for DOS/360 (64K bytes)</li> <li>1966 : FORTRAN IV G for OS/360 (128K bytes)</li> <li>1968 : FORTRAN IV H for OS/360 (256K bytes)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> maintained DECSYSTEM-10 Fortran IV (F40) for <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> from 1967 to 1975.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> Compilers were also available for the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1100/2200_series" title="UNIVAC 1100/2200 series">UNIVAC 1100 series</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data</a> <a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series" title="CDC 6000 series">6000 series</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">7000 series</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> At about this time FORTRAN IV had started to become an important educational tool and implementations such as the University of Waterloo's WATFOR and <a href="/wiki/WATFIV" title="WATFIV">WATFIV</a> were created to simplify the complex compile and link processes of earlier compilers. In the FORTRAN IV programming environment of the era, except for that used on Control Data Corporation (CDC) systems, only one instruction was placed per line. The CDC version allowed for multiple instructions per line if separated by a $ (dollar) character. The FORTRAN <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">sheet</a> was divided into four fields, as described above. Two compilers of the time, IBM "G" and UNIVAC, allowed comments to be written on the same line as instructions, separated by a special character: "master space": V (perforations 7 and 8) for UNIVAC and perforations 12/11/0/7/8/9 (hexadecimal FF) for IBM. These comments were not to be inserted in the middle of continuation cards.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FORTRAN_66">FORTRAN 66</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: FORTRAN 66">edit</a>]</div> Perhaps the most significant development in the early history of FORTRAN was the decision by the American Standards Association (now <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI)) to form a committee sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Business_Equipment_Manufacturers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Equipment Manufacturers Association">Business Equipment Manufacturers Association</a> (BEMA) to develop an American Standard Fortran. The resulting two standards, approved in March 1966, defined two languages, FORTRAN (based on FORTRAN IV, which had served as a de facto standard), and Basic FORTRAN (based on FORTRAN II, but stripped of its machine-dependent features). The FORTRAN defined by the first standard, officially denoted X3.9-1966, became known as FORTRAN 66 (although many continued to term it FORTRAN IV, the language on which the standard was largely based). FORTRAN 66 effectively became the first industry-standard version of FORTRAN. FORTRAN 66 included: <ul><li>Main program, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUBROUTINE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FUNCTION</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BLOCK DATA</code> program units</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INTEGER</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REAL</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DOUBLE PRECISION</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMPLEX</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LOGICAL</code> <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMMON</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIMENSION</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EQUIVALENCE</code> statements</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DATA</code> statement for specifying initial values</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_function" title="Intrinsic function">Intrinsic</a> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXTERNAL</code> (e.g., library) functions</li> <li>Assignment statement</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>, computed <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>, assigned <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASSIGN</code> statements</li> <li>Logical <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> and arithmetic (three-way) <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> statements</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> loop statement</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BACKSPACE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REWIND</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ENDFILE</code> statements for sequential I/O</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORMAT</code> statement and assigned format</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RETURN</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PAUSE</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STOP</code> statements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollerith_constant" title="Hollerith constant">Hollerith constants</a> in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DATA</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORMAT</code> statements, and as arguments to procedures</li> <li>Identifiers of up to six characters in length</li> <li>Comment lines</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END</code> line</li></ul> The above Fortran II version of the Heron program needs several modifications to compile as a Fortran 66 program. Modifications include using the more machine independent versions of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE</code> statements, and removal of the unneeded <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FLOATF</code> type conversion functions. Though not required, the arithmetic <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> statements can be re-written to use logical <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> statements and expressions in a more structured fashion. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortranfixed mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION C INPUT - TAPE READER UNIT 5, INTEGER INPUT C OUTPUT - LINE PRINTER UNIT 6, REAL OUTPUT C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING READ (5, 501) IA, IB, IC 501 FORMAT (3I5) C C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO IF (IA .GT. 0 .AND. IB .GT. 0 .AND. IC .GT. 0) GOTO 10 WRITE (6, 602) 602 FORMAT (42H IA, IB, AND IC MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO.) STOP 1 10 CONTINUE C IF (IA+IB-IC .GT. 0 + .AND. IA+IC-IB .GT. 0 + .AND. IB+IC-IA .GT. 0) GOTO 20 WRITE (6, 603) 603 FORMAT (50H SUM OF TWO SIDES MUST BE GREATER THAN THIRD SIDE.) STOP 1 20 CONTINUE C C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE S = (IA + IB + IC) / 2.0 AREA = SQRT ( S * (S - IA) * (S - IB) * (S - IC)) WRITE (6, 601) IA, IB, IC, AREA 601 FORMAT (4H A= ,I5,5H B= ,I5,5H C= ,I5,8H AREA= ,F10.2, + 13H SQUARE UNITS) STOP END </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FORTRAN_77">FORTRAN 77</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: FORTRAN 77">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg/170px-Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg/255px-Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg/340px-Ftn-elim-1240x1709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>FORTRAN-77 program with compiler output, written on a <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">CDC</a> <a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber" title="CDC Cyber">175</a> at <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a>, Germany, in 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png/220px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png/330px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png/440px-4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_f77_Manual.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/4.3BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="4.3BSD">4.3 BSD</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, displaying the <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">manual</a> for FORTRAN 77 (f77) compiler</figcaption></figure> After the release of the FORTRAN 66 standard, compiler vendors introduced several extensions to Standard Fortran, prompting ANSI committee X3J3 in 1969 to begin work on revising the 1966 standard, under sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/CBEMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CBEMA">CBEMA</a>, the Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (formerly BEMA). Final drafts of this revised standard circulated in 1977, leading to formal approval of the new FORTRAN standard in April 1978. The new standard, called FORTRAN 77 and officially denoted X3.9-1978, added a number of significant features to address many of the shortcomings of FORTRAN 66: <ul><li>Block <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END IF</code> statements, with optional <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ELSE IF</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ELSE</code> clauses, to provide improved language support for <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> loop extensions, including parameter expressions, negative increments, and zero trip counts</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPEN</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CLOSE</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INQUIRE</code> statements for improved I/O capability</li> <li>Direct-access file I/O</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMPLICIT</code> statement, to override implicit conventions that undeclared variables are <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INTEGER</code> if their name begins with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">I</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">J</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">K</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">L</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">M</code>, or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">N</code> (and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REAL</code> otherwise)</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHARACTER</code> data type, replacing Hollerith strings with vastly expanded facilities for character input and output and processing of character-based data</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PARAMETER</code> statement for specifying constants</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SAVE</code> statement for persistent local variables</li> <li>Generic names for intrinsic functions (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SQRT</code> also accepts arguments of other types, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMPLEX</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REAL*16</code>).</li> <li>A set of intrinsics (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LGE, LGT, LLE, LLT</code>) for lexical comparison of strings, based upon the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <a href="/wiki/Collating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Collating sequence">collating sequence</a>. (These ASCII functions were demanded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, in their conditional approval vote.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>])</li> <li>A maximum of seven dimensions in arrays, rather than three. Allowed subscript expressions were also generalized.</li></ul> In this revision of the standard, a number of features were removed or altered in a manner that might invalidate formerly standard-conforming programs. (Removal was the only allowable alternative to X3J3 at that time, since the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecation</a>" was not yet available for ANSI standards.) While most of the 24 items in the conflict list (see Appendix A2 of X3.9-1978) addressed loopholes or pathological cases permitted by the prior standard but rarely used, a small number of specific capabilities were deliberately removed, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollerith_constant" title="Hollerith constant">Hollerith constants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Hollerith</a> data, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">GREET = 12HHELLO THERE!</code></li> <li>Reading into an H edit (Hollerith field) descriptor in a FORMAT specification</li> <li>Overindexing of array bounds by subscripts <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortranfixed mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> DIMENSION A(10,5) Y = A(11,1) </pre></div></li> <li>Transfer of control out of and back into the range of a DO loop (also known as "Extended Range")</li></ul> A Fortran 77 version of the Heron program requires no modifications to the Fortran 66 version. However this example demonstrates additional cleanup of the I/O statements, including using list-directed I/O, and replacing the Hollerith edit descriptors in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORMAT</code> statements with quoted strings. It also uses structured <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END IF</code> statements, rather than <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GOTO</code>/<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CONTINUE</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortranfixed mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> PROGRAM HERON C AREA OF A TRIANGLE WITH A STANDARD SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION C INPUT - DEFAULT STANDARD INPUT UNIT, INTEGER INPUT C OUTPUT - DEFAULT STANDARD OUTPUT UNIT, REAL OUTPUT C INPUT ERROR DISPLAY ERROR OUTPUT CODE 1 IN JOB CONTROL LISTING READ (*, *) IA, IB, IC C C IA, IB, AND IC MAY NOT BE NEGATIVE OR ZERO C FURTHERMORE, THE SUM OF TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE C MUST BE GREATER THAN THE THIRD SIDE, SO WE CHECK FOR THAT, TOO IF (IA .LE. 0 .OR. IB .LE. 0 .OR. IC .LE. 0) THEN WRITE (*, *) 'IA, IB, and IC must be greater than zero.' STOP 1 END IF C IF (IA+IB-IC .LE. 0 + .OR. IA+IC-IB .LE. 0 + .OR. IB+IC-IA .LE. 0) THEN WRITE (*, *) 'Sum of two sides must be greater than third side.' STOP 1 END IF C C USING HERON'S FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE C AREA OF THE TRIANGLE S = (IA + IB + IC) / 2.0 AREA = SQRT ( S * (S - IA) * (S - IB) * (S - IC)) WRITE (*, 601) IA, IB, IC, AREA 601 FORMAT ('A= ', I5, ' B= ', I5, ' C= ', I5, ' AREA= ', F10.2, + ' square units') STOP END </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_ANSI_Standard_Fortran">Transition to ANSI Standard Fortran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transition to ANSI Standard Fortran">edit</a>]</div> The development of a revised standard to succeed FORTRAN 77 would be repeatedly delayed as the standardization process struggled to keep up with rapid changes in computing and programming practice. In the meantime, as the "Standard FORTRAN" for nearly fifteen years, FORTRAN 77 would become the historically most important dialect. An important practical extension to FORTRAN 77 was the release of MIL-STD-1753 in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This specification, developed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, standardized a number of features implemented by most FORTRAN 77 compilers but not included in the ANSI FORTRAN 77 standard. These features would eventually be incorporated into the Fortran 90 standard. <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO WHILE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END DO</code> statements</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INCLUDE</code> statement</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMPLICIT NONE</code> variant of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMPLICIT</code> statement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_manipulation" title="Bit manipulation">Bit manipulation</a> intrinsic functions, based on similar functions included in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Real-Time_Fortran" title="Industrial Real-Time Fortran">Industrial Real-Time Fortran (ANSI/ISA S61.1 (1976))</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> 1003.9 <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> Standard, released in 1991, provided a simple means for FORTRAN 77 programmers to issue POSIX system calls.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Over 100 calls were defined in the document – allowing access to POSIX-compatible process control, signal handling, file system control, device control, procedure pointing, and stream I/O in a portable manner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran_90">Fortran 90</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fortran 90">edit</a>]</div> The much-delayed successor to FORTRAN 77, informally known as Fortran 90 (and prior to that, Fortran 8X), was finally released as ISO/IEC standard 1539:1991 in 1991 and an ANSI Standard in 1992. In addition to changing the official spelling from FORTRAN to Fortran, this major revision added many new features to reflect the significant changes in programming practice that had evolved since the 1978 standard: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-form_language" title="Free-form language">Free-form source input</a> removed the need to skip the first six character positions before entering statements.</li> <li>Lowercase Fortran keywords</li> <li>Identifiers up to 31 characters in length (In the previous standard, it was only six characters).</li> <li>Inline comments</li> <li>Ability to operate on arrays (or array sections) as a whole, thus greatly simplifying math and engineering computations. <ul><li>whole, partial and masked array assignment statements and array expressions, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">X(1:N)=R(1:N)*COS(A(1:N))</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHERE</code> statement for selective array assignment</li> <li>array-valued constants and expressions,</li> <li>user-defined array-valued functions and array constructors.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RECURSIVE</code></a> procedures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modules</a>, to group related <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">procedures</a> and data together, and make them available to other program units, including the capability to limit the accessibility to only specific parts of the module.</li> <li>A vastly improved argument-passing mechanism, allowing <a href="/wiki/Type_signature" title="Type signature">interfaces</a> to be checked at compile time</li> <li>User-written interfaces for generic procedures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">Operator overloading</a></li> <li>Derived (structured) data types</li> <li>New data type declaration syntax, to specify the data type and other attributes of variables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory allocation">Dynamic memory allocation</a> by means of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATABLE</code> attribute and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DEALLOCATE</code> statements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">POINTER</code></a> attribute, pointer assignment, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NULLIFY</code> statement to facilitate the creation and manipulation of dynamic <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a></li> <li>Structured looping constructs, with an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END DO</code> statement for loop termination, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXIT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CYCLE</code> statements for terminating normal <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> loop iterations in an orderly way</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SELECT CASE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CASE</code>, . . . <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CASE DEFAULT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END SELECT</code> construct for <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">multi-way selection</a></li> <li>Portable specification of numerical precision under the user's control</li> <li>New and enhanced intrinsic procedures.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obsolescence_and_deletions">Obsolescence and deletions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Obsolescence and deletions">edit</a>]</div> Unlike the prior revision, Fortran 90 removed no features.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Any standard-conforming FORTRAN 77 program was also standard-conforming under Fortran 90, and either standard should have been usable to define its behavior. A small set of features were identified as "obsolescent" and were expected to be removed in a future standard. All of the functionalities of these early-version features can be performed by newer Fortran features. Some are kept to simplify porting of old programs but many were deleted in Fortran 95. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Obsolescence and deletions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Obsolescent feature </th> <th>Current Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_IF" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic IF">Arithmetic IF</a>-statement </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-integer DO parameters or control variables </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shared DO-loop termination or termination with a statement other than END DO or CONTINUE   </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Branching to END IF from outside a block </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PAUSE statement </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ASSIGN statement and assigned GO TO statement </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assigned statement numbers and FORMAT specifiers </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>H edit descriptor </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90, deleted in F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vertical format control </td> <td>Deleted in F2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alternate return </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computed GO TO statement </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statement functions </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DATA statements among executable statements </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assumed length character functions </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fixed form source code </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CHARACTER* form of CHARACTER declaration </td> <td>Obsolescent in F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ENTRY statements </td> <td>Obsolescent in F2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Label form of DO statement </td> <td>Obsolescent in F2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, and the BLOCK DATA program unit </td> <td>Obsolescent in F2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Specific names for intrinsic function </td> <td>Obsolescent in F2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>FORALL construct and statement </td> <td>Obsolescent in F2018 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Hello,_World!"_example">"Hello, World!" example</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Hello, World!" example">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>program helloworld print *, "Hello, World!" end program helloworld </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran_95">Fortran 95</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fortran 95">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"F95" redirects here. For the Düsseldorf-based football club nicknamed "F95", see <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Fortuna Düsseldorf">Fortuna Düsseldorf</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortran_95_language_features" title="Fortran 95 language features">Fortran 95 language features</a></div> Fortran 95, published officially as ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997, was a minor revision, mostly to resolve some outstanding issues from the Fortran 90 standard. Nevertheless, Fortran 95 also added a number of extensions, notably from the <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran" title="High Performance Fortran">High Performance Fortran</a> specification: <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORALL</code> and nested <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHERE</code> constructs to aid vectorization</li> <li>User-defined <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PURE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ELEMENTAL</code> procedures</li> <li>Default initialization of derived type components, including pointer initialization</li> <li>Expanded the ability to use initialization expressions for data objects</li> <li>Initialization of pointers to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NULL()</code></li> <li>Clearly defined that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATABLE</code> arrays are automatically deallocated when they go out of scope.</li></ul> A number of intrinsic functions were extended (for example a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">dim</code> argument was added to the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">maxloc</code> intrinsic). Several features noted in Fortran 90 to be "obsolescent" were removed from Fortran 95: <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> statements using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REAL</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DOUBLE PRECISION</code> index variables</li> <li>Branching to an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END IF</code> statement from outside its block</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PAUSE</code> statement</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASSIGN</code> and assigned <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code> statement, and assigned format specifiers</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">H</code> Hollerith edit descriptor.</li></ul> An important supplement to Fortran 95 was the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO technical report</a> TR-15581: Enhanced Data Type Facilities, informally known as the Allocatable TR. This specification defined enhanced use of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATABLE</code> arrays, prior to the availability of fully Fortran 2003-compliant Fortran compilers. Such uses include <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATABLE</code> arrays as derived type components, in procedure dummy argument lists, and as function return values. (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATABLE</code> arrays are preferable to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">POINTER</code>-based arrays because <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATABLE</code> arrays are guaranteed by Fortran 95 to be deallocated automatically when they go out of scope, eliminating the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">memory leakage</a>. In addition, elements of allocatable arrays are contiguous, and <a href="/wiki/Aliasing_(computing)" title="Aliasing (computing)">aliasing</a> is not an issue for optimization of array references, allowing compilers to generate faster code than in the case of pointers.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>) Another important supplement to Fortran 95 was the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> technical report TR-15580: Floating-point exception handling, informally known as the IEEE TR. This specification defined support for <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 754-2008">IEEE floating-point arithmetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conditional_compilation_and_varying_length_strings">Conditional compilation and varying length strings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conditional compilation and varying length strings">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the mandatory "Base language" (defined in ISO/IEC 1539-1 : 1997), the Fortran 95 language also included two optional modules: <ul><li>Varying length character strings (ISO/IEC 1539-2 : 2000)</li> <li>Conditional compilation (ISO/IEC 1539-3 : 1998)</li></ul> which, together, compose the multi-part International Standard (ISO/IEC 1539). According to the standards developers, "the optional parts describe self-contained features which have been requested by a substantial body of users and/or implementors, but which are not deemed to be of sufficient generality for them to be required in all standard-conforming Fortran compilers." Nevertheless, if a standard-conforming Fortran does provide such options, then they "must be provided in accordance with the description of those facilities in the appropriate Part of the Standard". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Fortran">Modern Fortran</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern Fortran">edit</a>]</div> The language defined by the twenty-first century standards, in particular because of its incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> support and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a>, is often referred to as 'Modern Fortran', and the term is increasingly used in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran_2003">Fortran 2003</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fortran 2003">edit</a>]</div> Fortran 2003, officially published as ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004, was a major revision introducing many new features.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A comprehensive summary of the new features of Fortran 2003 is available at the Fortran Working Group (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC1/SC22" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22">ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22</a>/WG5) official Web site.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> From that article, the major enhancements for this revision include: <ul><li>Derived type enhancements: parameterized derived types, improved control of accessibility, improved structure constructors, and finalizers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> support: type extension and <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type polymorphism">polymorphism</a>, dynamic type allocation, and type-bound procedures, providing complete support for <a href="/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">abstract data types</a></li> <li>Data manipulation enhancements: allocatable components (incorporating TR 15581), deferred type parameters, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile variable"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VOLATILE</code> attribute</a>, explicit type specification in array constructors and allocate statements, pointer enhancements, extended initialization expressions, and enhanced intrinsic procedures</li> <li>Input/output enhancements: <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous</a> transfer, stream access, user specified transfer operations for derived types, user specified control of rounding during format conversions, named constants for preconnected units, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FLUSH</code> statement, regularization of keywords, and access to error messages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_pointer" title="Function pointer">Procedure pointers</a></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 754-2008">IEEE floating-point arithmetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> (incorporating TR 15580)</li> <li>Interoperability with the C programming language</li> <li>Support for international usage: access to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">ISO 10646</a> 4-byte characters and choice of decimal or comma in numeric formatted input/output</li> <li>Enhanced integration with the host operating system: access to <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> arguments, <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variables</a>, and processor error messages</li></ul> An important supplement to Fortran 2003 was the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO technical report</a> TR-19767: Enhanced module facilities in Fortran. This report provided sub-modules, which make Fortran modules more similar to <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> modules. They are similar to <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> private child sub-units. This allows the specification and implementation of a module to be expressed in separate program units, which improves packaging of large libraries, allows preservation of trade secrets while publishing definitive interfaces, and prevents compilation cascades. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran_2008">Fortran 2008</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fortran 2008">edit</a>]</div> ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, informally known as Fortran 2008, was approved in September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As with Fortran 95, this is a minor upgrade, incorporating clarifications and corrections to Fortran 2003, as well as introducing some new capabilities. The new capabilities include: <ul><li>Sub-modules – additional structuring facilities for modules; supersedes ISO/IEC TR 19767:2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a> – a parallel execution model</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Scalable_parallelism" title="Scalable parallelism">DO CONCURRENT</a> construct – for loop iterations with no interdependencies</li> <li>The CONTIGUOUS attribute – to specify storage layout restrictions</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic scoping">BLOCK construct</a> – can contain declarations of objects with construct scope</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_data_type" title="Recursive data type">Recursive allocatable components</a> – as an alternative to recursive pointers in derived types</li></ul> The Final Draft international Standard (FDIS) is available as document N1830.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A supplement to Fortran 2008 is the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) Technical Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran with C,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> which has been submitted to ISO in May 2012 for approval. The specification adds support for accessing the array descriptor from C and allows ignoring the type and rank of arguments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran_2018">Fortran 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fortran 2018">edit</a>]</div> The Fortran 2018 revision of the language was earlier referred to as Fortran 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Fortran2018name-49">[49]</a> It was a significant revision and was released on November 28, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-F2018-50">[50]</a> Fortran 2018 incorporates two previously published Technical Specifications: <ul><li>ISO/IEC TS 29113:2012 Further Interoperability with C<a href="#cite_note-TS29113-51">[51]</a></li> <li>ISO/IEC TS 18508:2015 Additional Parallel Features in Fortran<a href="#cite_note-TS18508-52">[52]</a></li></ul> Additional changes and new features include support for ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 (the version of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE floating-point standard</a> before the latest minor revision IEEE 754–2019), hexadecimal input/output, IMPLICIT NONE enhancements and other changes.<a href="#cite_note-F2015newfeat-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortran2015Closes-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortran2015-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Fortran 2018 deleted the arithmetic IF statement. It also deleted non-block DO constructs - loops which do not end with an END DO or CONTINUE statement. These had been an obsolescent part of the language since Fortran 90. New obsolescences are: COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements and the BLOCK DATA program unit, labelled DO loops, specific names for intrinsic functions, and the FORALL statement and construct. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran_2023">Fortran 2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fortran 2023">edit</a>]</div> Fortran 2023 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2023) was published in November 2023, and can be purchased from the ISO.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Fortran 2023 is a minor extension of Fortran 2018 that focuses on correcting errors and omissions in Fortran 2018. It also adds some small features, including an <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">enumerated type</a> capability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_features">Language features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortran_95_language_features" title="Fortran 95 language features">Fortran 95 language features</a></div> A full description of the Fortran language features brought by Fortran 95 is covered in the related article, <a href="/wiki/Fortran_95_language_features" title="Fortran 95 language features">Fortran 95 language features</a>. The language versions defined by later standards are often referred to collectively as 'Modern Fortran' and are described in the literature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_engineering">Science and engineering</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Science and engineering">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg/220px-General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg/330px-General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg/440px-General_relativistic_magnetohydrodynamic_simulation_of_black_hole_accretion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic Fortran simulation of black hole accretion using the BHAC code with cartesian adaptive mesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_flow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cylinder_flow.gif/220px-Cylinder_flow.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cylinder_flow.gif/330px-Cylinder_flow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cylinder_flow.gif/440px-Cylinder_flow.gif 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Flow around a cylinder computed in Fortran with OpenCL (University of Bristol, UK)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png/170px-Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png/255px-Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png/340px-Velocity_and_sea_surface_temperature_in_the_oceans.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Velocity and sea surface temperature in the oceans, computed with the NEMO Fortran code (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nemo-ocean.eu">https://www.nemo-ocean.eu</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Supercomputing_Center" title="Barcelona Supercomputing Center">Barcelona Supercomputing Center</a> (2020)</figcaption></figure> Although a 1968 journal article by the authors of <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> already described FORTRAN as "old-fashioned",<a href="#cite_note-dtss196810-58">[58]</a> programs have been written in Fortran for many decades and there is a vast body of Fortran software in daily use throughout the scientific and engineering communities.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Pasachoff" title="Jay Pasachoff">Jay Pasachoff</a> wrote in 1984 that "physics and astronomy students simply have to learn FORTRAN. So much exists in FORTRAN that it seems unlikely that scientists will change to <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a>, or whatever."<a href="#cite_note-pasachoff198404-60">[60]</a> In 1993, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_E._Leith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil E. Leith (page does not exist)">Cecil E. Leith</a> called FORTRAN the "mother tongue of scientific computing", adding that its replacement by any other possible language "may remain a forlorn hope".<a href="#cite_note-Galperin-61">[61]</a> It is the primary language for some of the most intensive <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">super-computing</a> tasks, such as in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">computational economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">computational physics</a>, data analysis,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological modeling">hydrological modeling</a>, numerical linear algebra and numerical libraries (<a href="/wiki/LAPACK" title="LAPACK">LAPACK</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMSL_Numerical_Libraries" title="IMSL Numerical Libraries">IMSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/NAG_Numerical_Library" title="NAG Numerical Library">NAG</a>), <a href="/wiki/Optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization">optimization</a>, satellite simulation, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">weather prediction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Many of the floating-point benchmarks to gauge the performance of new computer processors, such as the floating-point components of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Performance_Evaluation_Corporation" title="Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation">SPEC</a> benchmarks (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spec.org/cpu2006/CFP2006/">CFP2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spec.org/cpu2017/Docs/overview.html#benchmarks">CFP2017</a>) are written in Fortran. Math algorithms are well documented in <a href="/wiki/Numerical_Recipes" title="Numerical Recipes">Numerical Recipes</a>. Apart from this, more modern codes in computational science generally use large program libraries, such as <a href="/wiki/METIS" title="METIS">METIS</a> for graph partitioning, <a href="/wiki/PETSc" class="mw-redirect" title="PETSc">PETSc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trilinos" title="Trilinos">Trilinos</a> for linear algebra capabilities, <a href="/wiki/Deal.II" title="Deal.II">deal.II</a> or <a href="/wiki/FEniCS_Project" title="FEniCS Project">FEniCS</a> for mesh and finite element support, and other generic libraries. Since the early 2000s, many of the widely used support libraries have also been implemented in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and more recently, in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. On the other hand, high-level languages such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> have become popular in particular areas of computational science. Consequently, a growing fraction of scientific programs are also written in such higher-level scripting languages. For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">facilities for inter-operation with C</a> were added to Fortran 2003 and enhanced by the ISO/IEC technical specification 29113, which was incorporated into Fortran 2018 to allow more flexible interoperation with other programming languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portability">Portability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Portability">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Portability_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portability (computer science)">Portability</a> was a problem in the early days because there was no agreed upon standard—not even IBM's reference manual—and computer companies vied to differentiate their offerings from others by providing incompatible features. Standards have improved portability. The 1966 standard provided a reference <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> and semantics, but vendors continued to provide incompatible extensions. Although careful programmers were coming to realize that use of incompatible extensions caused expensive portability problems, and were therefore using programs such as The PFORT Verifier,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-PP4-65">[65]</a> it was not until after the 1977 standard, when the National Bureau of Standards (now <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a>) published FIPS PUB 69, that processors purchased by the U.S. Government were required to diagnose extensions of the standard. Rather than offer two processors, essentially every compiler eventually had at least an option to diagnose extensions.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Incompatible extensions were not the only portability problem. For numerical calculations, it is important to take account of the characteristics of the arithmetic. This was addressed by Fox et al. in the context of the 1966 standard by the PORT library.<a href="#cite_note-PP4-65">[65]</a> The ideas therein became widely used, and were eventually incorporated into the 1990 standard by way of intrinsic inquiry functions. The widespread (now almost universal) adoption of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 754-2008">IEEE 754</a> standard for binary floating-point arithmetic has essentially removed this problem. Access to the computing environment (e.g., the program's command line, environment variables, textual explanation of error conditions) remained a problem until it was addressed by the 2003 standard. Large collections of library software that could be described as being loosely related to engineering and scientific calculations, such as graphics libraries, have been written in C, and therefore access to them presented a portability problem. This has been addressed by incorporation of C interoperability into the 2003 standard. It is now possible (and relatively easy) to write an entirely portable program in Fortran, even without recourse to a <a href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolete_variants">Obsolete variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Obsolete variants">edit</a>]</div> Until the Fortran 66 standard was developed, each compiler supported its own variant of Fortran. Some were more divergent from the mainstream than others. The first Fortran compiler set a high standard of efficiency for compiled code. This goal made it difficult to create a compiler so it was usually done by the computer manufacturers to support hardware sales. This left an important niche: compilers that were fast and provided good diagnostics for the programmer (often a student). Examples include Watfor, Watfiv, PUFFT, and on a smaller scale, FORGO, Wits Fortran, and Kingston Fortran 2. Fortran 5 was marketed by <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> Corp from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, for the <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Eclipse_MV/8000" title="Data General Eclipse MV/8000">MV</a> line of computers. It had an optimizing compiler that was quite good for minicomputers of its time. The language most closely resembles FORTRAN 66. FORTRAN V was distributed by <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> in 1968 for the <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> series. The language was based upon FORTRAN IV.<a href="#cite_note-FIV-68">[68]</a> Univac also offered a compiler for the 1100 series known as FORTRAN V. A spinoff of Univac Fortran V was Athena FORTRAN. Specific variants produced by the vendors of high-performance scientific computers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC), <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a>) added extensions to Fortran to take advantage of special hardware features such as <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">instruction cache</a>, CPU <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelines</a>, and vector arrays. For example, one of IBM's FORTRAN compilers (H Extended IUP) had a level of optimization which reordered the <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">instructions</a> to keep multiple internal arithmetic units busy simultaneously. Another example is CFD, a special variant of FORTRAN designed specifically for the <a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_IV" title="ILLIAC IV">ILLIAC IV</a> supercomputer, running at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a>. IBM Research Labs also developed an extended FORTRAN-based language called VECTRAN for processing vectors and matrices. <a href="/wiki/Object-Oriented_Fortran" title="Object-Oriented Fortran">Object-Oriented Fortran</a> was an object-oriented extension of Fortran, in which data items can be grouped into objects, which can be instantiated and executed in parallel. It was available for Sun, Iris, <a href="/wiki/Intel_iPSC" title="Intel iPSC">iPSC</a>, and nCUBE, but is no longer supported. Such machine-specific extensions have either disappeared over time or have had elements incorporated into the main standards. The major remaining extension is <a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a>, which is a cross-platform extension for shared memory programming. One new extension, Coarray Fortran, is intended to support parallel programming. <a href="/wiki/FOR_TRANSIT" title="FOR TRANSIT">FOR TRANSIT</a> was the name of a reduced version of the IBM 704 FORTRAN language, which was implemented for the IBM 650, using a translator program developed at Carnegie in the late 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The following comment appears in the IBM Reference Manual (FOR TRANSIT Automatic Coding System C28-4038, Copyright 1957, 1959 by IBM): <blockquote>The FORTRAN system was designed for a more complex machine than the 650, and consequently some of the 32 statements found in the FORTRAN Programmer's Reference Manual are not acceptable to the FOR TRANSIT system. In addition, certain restrictions to the FORTRAN language have been added. However, none of these restrictions make a source program written for FOR TRANSIT incompatible with the FORTRAN system for the 704.</blockquote> The permissible statements were: <ul><li>Arithmetic assignment statements, e.g., <code>a = b</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO to n</code></li> <li><code>GO TO (n1, n2, ..., nm), i</code></li> <li><code>IF (a) n1, n2, n3</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PAUSE</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STOP</code></li> <li><code>DO n i = m1, m2</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CONTINUE</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ n, list</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PUNCH n, list</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIMENSION V, V, V, ...</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EQUIVALENCE (a,b,c), (d,c), ...</code></li></ul> Up to ten subroutines could be used in one program. FOR TRANSIT statements were limited to columns 7 through 56, only. Punched cards were used for input and output on the IBM 650. Three passes were required to translate source code to the "IT" language, then to compile the IT statements into SOAP assembly language, and finally to produce the object program, which could then be loaded into the machine to run the program (using punched cards for data input, and outputting results onto punched cards). Two versions existed for the 650s with a 2000 word memory drum: FOR TRANSIT I (S) and FOR TRANSIT II, the latter for machines equipped with indexing registers and automatic floating-point decimal (<a href="/wiki/Bi-quinary_coded_decimal" title="Bi-quinary coded decimal">bi-quinary</a>) arithmetic. Appendix A of the manual included wiring diagrams for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_533" title="IBM 533">IBM 533</a> card reader/punch <a href="/wiki/Plugboard" title="Plugboard">control panel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran-based_languages">Fortran-based languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fortran-based languages">edit</a>]</div> Prior to FORTRAN 77, many <a href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessors</a> were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> These preprocessors would typically support <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>, variable names longer than six characters, additional data types, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_compilation" title="Conditional compilation">conditional compilation</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> capabilities. Popular preprocessors included <a href="/wiki/EFL_(programming_language)" title="EFL (programming language)">EFL</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=FLECS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FLECS (page does not exist)">FLECS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iftran" title="Iftran">iftran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortran" title="Mortran">MORTRAN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SFtran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SFtran (page does not exist)">SFtran</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Fortran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Fortran (page does not exist)">S-Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ratfiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratfiv">Ratfiv</a>. EFL, Ratfor and Ratfiv, for example, implemented <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>-like languages, outputting preprocessed code in standard FORTRAN 66. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=PFORT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PFORT (page does not exist)">PFORT</a> preprocessor was often used to verify that code conformed to a portable subset of the language. Despite advances in the Fortran language, preprocessors continue to be used for conditional compilation and macro substitution. One of the earliest versions of FORTRAN, introduced in the '60s, was popularly used in colleges and universities. Developed, supported, and distributed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, <a href="/wiki/WATFIV" title="WATFIV">WATFOR</a> was based largely on FORTRAN IV. A student using WATFOR could submit their batch FORTRAN job and, if there were no syntax errors, the program would move straight to execution. This simplification allowed students to concentrate on their program's syntax and semantics, or execution logic flow, rather than dealing with submission <a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">Job Control Language</a> (JCL), the compile/link-edit/execution successive process(es), or other complexities of the mainframe/minicomputer environment. A down side to this simplified environment was that WATFOR was not a good choice for programmers needing the expanded abilities of their host processor(s), e.g., WATFOR typically had very limited access to I/O devices. WATFOR was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/WATFIV" title="WATFIV">WATFIV</a> and its later versions. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>program; s=0 i=1,n; s=s+1; stop i; s='s' Stop </pre></div> (line programming) <a href="/w/index.php?title=LRLTRAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LRLTRAN (page does not exist)">LRLTRAN</a> was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Radiation Laboratory">Lawrence Radiation Laboratory</a> to provide support for vector arithmetic and dynamic storage, among other extensions to support systems programming. The distribution included the <a href="/wiki/Livermore_Time_Sharing_System" title="Livermore Time Sharing System">Livermore Time Sharing System</a> (LTSS) operating system. The Fortran-95 Standard includes an optional Part 3 which defines an optional <a href="/wiki/Conditional_compilation" title="Conditional compilation">conditional compilation</a> capability. This capability is often referred to as "CoCo". Many Fortran compilers have integrated subsets of the <a href="/wiki/C_preprocessor" title="C preprocessor">C preprocessor</a> into their systems. <a href="/wiki/SIMSCRIPT" title="SIMSCRIPT">SIMSCRIPT</a> is an application specific Fortran preprocessor for modeling and simulating large discrete systems. The <a href="/wiki/F_(programming_language)" title="F (programming language)">F programming language</a> was designed to be a clean subset of Fortran 95 that attempted to remove the redundant, unstructured, and deprecated features of Fortran, such as the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EQUIVALENCE</code> statement. F retains the array features added in Fortran 90, and removes control statements that were made obsolete by structured programming constructs added to both FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. F is described by its creators as "a compiled, structured, array programming language especially well suited to education and scientific computing".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Essential Lahey Fortran 90 (ELF90) was a similar subset. Lahey and Fujitsu teamed up to create Fortran for the Microsoft <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Silverfrost FTN95 is also capable of creating .NET code.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Code examples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fortran/Fortran_examples" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Fortran/Fortran examples">Wikibooks:Fortran/Fortran examples</a></div> The following program illustrates dynamic memory allocation and array-based operations, two features introduced with Fortran 90. Particularly noteworthy is the absence of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO</code> loops and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code>/<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">THEN</code> statements in manipulating the array; mathematical operations are applied to the array as a whole. Also apparent is the use of descriptive variable names and general code formatting that conform with contemporary programming style. This example computes an average over data entered interactively. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>program average ! Read in some numbers and take the average ! As written, if there are no data points, an average of zero is returned ! While this may not be desired behavior, it keeps this example simple implicit none real, allocatable :: points(:) integer :: number_of_points real :: average_points, positive_average, negative_average average_points = 0. positive_average = 0. negative_average = 0. write (*,*) "Input number of points to average:" read (*,*) number_of_points allocate (points(number_of_points)) write (*,*) "Enter the points to average:" read (*,*) points ! Take the average by summing points and dividing by number_of_points if (number_of_points > 0) average_points = sum(points) / number_of_points ! Now form average over positive and negative points only if (count(points > 0.) > 0) positive_average = sum(points, points > 0.) / count(points > 0.) if (count(points < 0.) > 0) negative_average = sum(points, points < 0.) / count(points < 0.) ! Print result to terminal stdout unit 6 write (*,'(a,g12.4)') 'Average = ', average_points write (*,'(a,g12.4)') 'Average of positive points = ', positive_average write (*,'(a,g12.4)') 'Average of negative points = ', negative_average deallocate (points) ! free memory end program average </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humor">Humor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Humor">edit</a>]</div> During the same FORTRAN standards committee meeting at which the name "FORTRAN 77" was chosen, a satirical technical proposal was incorporated into the official distribution bearing the title "Letter O <a href="/wiki/Considered_harmful" title="Considered harmful">Considered Harmful</a>". This proposal purported to address the confusion that sometimes arises between the letter "O" and the numeral zero, by eliminating the letter from allowable variable names. However, the method proposed was to eliminate the letter from the character set entirely (thereby retaining 48 as the number of lexical characters, which the colon had increased to 49). This was considered beneficial in that it would promote structured programming, by making it impossible to use the notorious <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code> statement as before. (Troublesome <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORMAT</code> statements would also be eliminated.) It was noted that this "might invalidate some existing programs" but that most of these "probably were non-conforming, anyway".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> When X3J3 debated whether the minimum trip count for a DO loop should be zero or one in Fortran 77, Loren Meissner suggested a minimum trip count of two—reasoning (tongue-in-cheek) that if it were less than two, then there would be no reason for a loop. When assumed-length arrays were being added, there was a dispute as to the appropriate character to separate upper and lower bounds. In a comment examining these arguments, Walt Brainerd penned an article entitled "Astronomy vs. Gastroenterology" because some proponents had suggested using the star or asterisk ("*"), while others favored the colon (":").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Variable names beginning with the letters I–N have a default type of integer, while variables starting with any other letters defaulted to real, although programmers could override the defaults with an explicit declaration.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> This led to the joke: "In FORTRAN, GOD is REAL (unless declared INTEGER)." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F2c" title="F2c">f2c</a> – program to convert Fortran 77 to C codePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumPy#F2PY" title="NumPy">F2PY</a> – Python library for numerical programming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FORMAC" title="FORMAC">FORMAC</a> – computer algebra system based on FORTRANPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compilers#Fortran_compilers" title="List of compilers">List of Fortran compilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical_libraries#Fortran" title="List of numerical libraries">List of Fortran numerical libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_representation" title="Matrix representation">Matrix representation</a> – storage method in computer memoryPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_code" title="Spaghetti code">Spaghetti code</a> – Software source code with poor structure</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chplspec-1"><a 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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C24-3322-2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923222805/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/C24-3322-2_Fortran_IV_Language_Specifications_IBM_1401_1440_1460_Apr66.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortran+IV+Language+Specifications%2C+Program+Specifications%2C+and+Operating+Procedures%2C+IBM+1401%2C+1440%2C+and+1460&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F1401%2FC24-3322-2_Fortran_IV_Language_Specifications_IBM_1401_1440_1460_Apr66.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCracken-32"><a href="#cite_ref-McCracken_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken1965" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, Daniel D. 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A22-6898-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029211006/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/functional_characteristics/A22-6898-1_360-50_funcChar_1967.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2021 – via bitsavers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Model+50+Functional+Characteristics&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Ffunctional_characteristics%2FA22-6898-1_360-50_funcChar_1967.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/PDP-10/f40/blob/master/doc/DEC-10-LFLMA-B-D%20FORTRAN%20IV%20(F40)%20Programmer's%20Reference%20Manual.pdf">"DECSYSTEM-10 FORTRAN IV (F40) Programmers Reference Manual"</a> (PDF). Github. Digital Equipment Corporation. Retrieved April 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Github&rft.atitle=DECSYSTEM-10+FORTRAN+IV+%28F40%29+Programmers+Reference+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FPDP-10%2Ff40%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fdoc%2FDEC-10-LFLMA-B-D%2520FORTRAN%2520IV%2520%28F40%29%2520Programmer%27s%2520Reference%2520Manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/20673993">"FORTRAN IV"</a>. WorldCat.org. Retrieved December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat.org&rft.atitle=FORTRAN+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F20673993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg5-fortran.org/ARCHIVE/mil_std_1753.html">MIL-STD 1753 - FORTRAN, DoD Supplement To American National Standard X3.9-1978</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. November 9, 1978. 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Retrieved November 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+1003.9-1992+%E2%80%93+IEEE+Standard+for+InformationTechnology+%E2%80%93+POSIX%28R%29+FORTRAN+77+Language+Interfaces+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Binding+for+System+Application+Program+Interface+%28API%29&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fieee%2F1003.9%2F1440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Appendix B.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.1.0/gfortran/">"Fortran 95 Reference"</a>. Gnu.Org. Retrieved May 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortran+95+Reference&rft.pub=Gnu.Org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Fonlinedocs%2Fgcc-4.1.0%2Fgfortran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionel2013" class="citation web cs1">Lionel, Steve (December 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stevelionel.com/drfortran/2013/12/30/doctor-fortran-in-its-a-modern-fortran-world/">"Doctor Fortran in "It's a Modern Fortran World""</a>. Intel (was DEC) Fortran forum discussion group. Intel. Retrieved April 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intel+%28was+DEC%29+Fortran+forum+discussion+group&rft.atitle=Doctor+Fortran+in+%22It%27s+a+Modern+Fortran+World%22&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.aulast=Lionel&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstevelionel.com%2Fdrfortran%2F2013%2F12%2F30%2Fdoctor-fortran-in-its-a-modern-fortran-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.j3-fortran.org/doc/year/04/04-007.txt">"Fortran 2003– Last Working Draft"</a>. Gnu.Org. 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Retrieved April 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nag.co.uk&rft.atitle=WG5+Completes+Processing+Fortran+2003+and+the+TR&rft.date=2004-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nag.co.uk%2Fsc22wg5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988">. It may also be downloaded as a PDF file at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg5-fortran.org/N1551-N1600/N1579.pdf">"The New Features of Fortran 2003"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115012047/https://wg5-fortran.org/N1551-N1600/N1579.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2018. 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"Port — A portable mathematical subroutine library". A portable mathematical subroutine library. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 57. pp. 165–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-08446-0_42">10.1007/3-540-08446-0_42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-08446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-08446-4"><bdi>978-3-540-08446-4</bdi></a>. <q>PORT ... written in (PFORT) .. ANS Fortran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Port+%E2%80%94+A+portable+mathematical+subroutine+library&rft.btitle=A+portable+mathematical+subroutine+library&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-08446-0_42&rft.isbn=978-3-540-08446-4&rft.au=P.+A.+Fox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittenDemaine1975" class="citation journal cs1">Whitten, Douglas E.; Demaine, Paul A. D. (1975). "A machine and configuration independent Fortran: Portable Fortran {PFortran}". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. SE-1 (1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 111–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftse.1975.6312825">10.1109/tse.1975.6312825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-5589">0098-5589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16485156">16485156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+machine+and+configuration+independent+Fortran%3A+Portable+Fortran+%7BPFortran%7D&rft.volume=SE-1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16485156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0098-5589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftse.1975.6312825&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft.au=Demaine%2C+Paul+A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/sather/docs-1.2/tutorial/fortran-portability.html">"Portability Issues"</a>. <q>.. discusses .. portability of .. Fortran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portability+Issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fsather%2Fdocs-1.2%2Ftutorial%2Ffortran-portability.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIV-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FIV_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1968" class="citation web cs1">Healy, MJR (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705035806/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=1092&language=CDC%20Fortran">"Towards FORTRAN VI"</a>. Advanced scientific Fortran by CDC. CDC. pp. 169–172. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=1092&language=CDC%20Fortran">the original</a> on July 5, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advanced+scientific+Fortran+by+CDC&rft.atitle=Towards+FORTRAN+VI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=MJR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhopl.murdoch.edu.au%2Fshowlanguage.prx%3Fexp%3D1092%26language%3DCDC%2520Fortran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlisSmithVan_Zoeren" class="citation book cs1">Perlis, A. J.; Smith, J. W.; Van Zoeren, H. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/650/CarnegieInternalTranslator.pdf">Internal Translator (IT) A Compiler for the IBM 650</a> (PDF). Computation Center, Carnegie Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002225726/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/650/CarnegieInternalTranslator.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Translator+%28IT%29+A+Compiler+for+the+IBM+650&rft.pub=Computation+Center%2C+Carnegie+Institute+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Perlis&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Van+Zoeren%2C+H.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F650%2FCarnegieInternalTranslator.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeissner,_Loren1975" class="citation journal cs1">Meissner, Loren (September 1, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/987316.987320">"On extending Fortran control structures to facilitate structured programming"</a>. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 10 (9). acm.org: 19–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F987316.987320">10.1145/987316.987320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=On+extending+Fortran+control+structures+to+facilitate+structured+programming&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1975-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F987316.987320&rft.au=Meissner%2C+Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F987316.987320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109130310/http://www.fortran.com/F/index.html">"F Programming Language Homepage"</a>. Fortran.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortran.com/F/index.html">the original</a> on January 9, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F+Programming+Language+Homepage&rft.pub=Fortran.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortran.com%2FF%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018201259/http://www.lahey.com/lf71/lfnet.htm">"Fortran for .NET Language System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lahey.com/lf71/lfnet.htm">the original</a> on October 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortran+for+.NET+Language+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lahey.com%2Flf71%2Flfnet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silverfrost.com/11/ftn95_overview.aspx">"FTN95: Fortran 95 for Windows"</a>. Silverfrost.com. Retrieved November 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FTN95%3A+Fortran+95+for+Windows&rft.pub=Silverfrost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silverfrost.com%2F11%2Fftn95_overview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> X3J3 post-meeting distribution for meeting held at Brookhaven National Laboratory in November 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The obliteration of O". Computer Weekly. March 3, 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+obliteration+of+O&rft.date=1977-03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/805-4939/z40007365fbc/index.html">Rules for Data Typing (FORTRAN 77 Language Reference)</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+for+Data+Typing+%28FORTRAN+77+Language+Reference%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fcd%2FE19957-01%2F805-4939%2Fz40007365fbc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Language standards</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANSI_x3.9-1966" class="citation book cs1">ANSI x3.9-1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515143149/http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf">USA Standard FORTRAN</a> (PDF). American National Standards Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USA+Standard+FORTRAN&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute&rft.au=ANSI+x3.9-1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fh-jena.de%2F~kleine%2Fhistory%2Flanguages%2Fansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> Informally known as FORTRAN 66.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANSI_x3.9-1978" class="citation book cs1">ANSI x3.9-1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029134137/http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf.html">American National Standard – Programming Language FORTRAN</a>. American National Standards Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf.html">the original</a> on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Standard+%E2%80%93+Programming+Language+FORTRAN&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute&rft.au=ANSI+x3.9-1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortran.com%2Ffortran%2FF77_std%2Frjcnf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> Also known as <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 1539–1980, informally known as FORTRAN 77.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFANSI_X3.198-1992_(R1997)_/_ISO/IEC_1539:1991" class="citation book cs1">ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997) / ISO/IEC 1539:1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020501111055/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=17366">American National Standard – Programming Language Fortran Extended</a>. American National Standards Institute / ISO/IEC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=17366">the original</a> on May 1, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Standard+%E2%80%93+Programming+Language+Fortran+Extended&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute+%2F+ISO%2FIEC&rft.au=ANSI+X3.198-1992+%28R1997%29+%2F+ISO%2FIEC+1539%3A1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fen%2FCatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail%3FCSNUMBER%3D17366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> Informally known as Fortran 90.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_1539-1:1997" class="citation book cs1">ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818190618/http://j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/007/97-007r2/pdf/97-007r2.pdf">Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/007/97-007r2/pdf/97-007r2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 18, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Programming+languages+%E2%80%93+Fortran+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Base+language&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+1539-1%3A1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fj3-fortran.org%2Fdoc%2Fstanding%2Farchive%2F007%2F97-007r2%2Fpdf%2F97-007r2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further two parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_1539-1:2004" class="citation book cs1">ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731030242/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n3661.pdf">Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n3661.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Programming+languages+%E2%80%93+Fortran+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Base+language&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+1539-1%3A2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc22%2Fopen%2Fn3661.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> Informally known as Fortran 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_1539-1:2010_(Final_Draft_International_Standard)" class="citation book cs1">ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Final Draft International Standard). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1801-N1850/N1830.pdf">Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Programming+languages+%E2%80%93+Fortran+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+Base+language&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+1539-1%3A2010+%28Final+Draft+International+Standard%29&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.nag.co.uk%2Fsc22wg5%2FN1801-N1850%2FN1830.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Informally known as Fortran 2008.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Related standards</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneis1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kneis, Wilfried (October 1981). <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Real-Time_Fortran" title="Industrial Real-Time Fortran">"Draft standard Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN"</a>. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 16 (7): 45–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F947864.947868">10.1145/947864.947868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-1340">0362-1340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8662381">8662381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Draft+standard+Industrial+Real-Time+FORTRAN&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8662381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0362-1340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F947864.947868&rft.aulast=Kneis&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=16024">ISO 8651-1:1988 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings – Part 1: FORTRAN</a>. Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO+8651-1%3A1988+Information+processing+systems+%E2%80%93+Computer+graphics+%E2%80%93+Graphical+Kernel+System+%28GKS%29+language+bindings+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+FORTRAN&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_detail%3Fcsnumber%3D16024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other reference material</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-9,%201st%20Edition,%20April%201965.pdf">ECMA Standard on FORTRAN</a> (PDF). European Computer Manufacturers Association. April 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510103257/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-9,%201st%20Edition,%20April%201965.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ECMA+Standard+on+FORTRAN&rft.pub=European+Computer+Manufacturers+Association&rft.date=1965-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN%2FECMA-9%2C%25201st%2520Edition%2C%2520April%25201965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105170048/http://wwwcdf.pd.infn.it/localdoc/f77_sun.pdf">FORTRAN 77 4.0 Reference Manual</a> (PDF). Sun Microsystems, Inc. 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwcdf.pd.infn.it/localdoc/f77_sun.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 5, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FORTRAN+77+4.0+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Sun+Microsystems%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwcdf.pd.infn.it%2Flocaldoc%2Ff77_sun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608095341/http://www.atkielski.com/PDF/data/fortran.pdf">"FORTRAN Coding Form"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atkielski.com/PDF/data/fortran.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 8, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FORTRAN+Coding+Form&rft.pub=IBM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atkielski.com%2FPDF%2Fdata%2Ffortran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406115810/http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/GC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf">IBM System/360 and System/370 Fortran IV Language</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. May 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/GC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 6, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+and+System%2F370+Fortran+IV+Language&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fh-jena.de%2F~kleine%2Fhistory%2Flanguages%2FGC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoerz2014" class="citation web cs1">Goerz, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelgoerz.net/refcards/fortran_refcard_a4.pdf">"Modern Fortran Reference Card"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214225742/http://michaelgoerz.net/refcards/fortran_refcard_a4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Fortran+Reference+Card&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Goerz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichaelgoerz.net%2Frefcards%2Ffortran_refcard_a4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBrainerdHendricksonMaine2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Clare_Adams" title="Jeanne Clare Adams">Adams, Jeanne C.</a>; Brainerd, Walter S.; Hendrickson, Richard A.; Maine, Richard E.; Martin, Jeanne T.; Smith, Brian T. (2009). The Fortran 2003 Handbook (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-378-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-378-9"><bdi>978-1-84628-378-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortran+2003+Handbook&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-378-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jeanne+C.&rft.au=Brainerd%2C+Walter+S.&rft.au=Hendrickson%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Maine%2C+Richard+E.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Jeanne+T.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Brian+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkin2003" class="citation book cs1">Akin, J. E. (2003). Object-oriented programming via Fortran 90/95. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52408-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52408-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52408-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49906306">49906306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object-oriented+programming+via+Fortran+90%2F95&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49906306&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52408-7&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Arjen, Markus (2012), "Modern Fortran in Practice", Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-1-13908479-6.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrainerdGoldbergAdams1996" class="citation book cs1">Brainerd, W.S.; Goldberg, C.H.; Adams, J.C. (1996). Programmer's Guide to Fortran 90 (3rd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94570-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94570-5"><bdi>978-0-387-94570-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programmer%27s+Guide+to+Fortran+90&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-387-94570-5&rft.aulast=Brainerd&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+C.H.&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrainerd2015" class="citation book cs1">Brainerd, Walter (2015). Guide to Fortran 2008 programming. London: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6758-7"><bdi>978-1-4471-6758-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920530344">920530344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Fortran+2008+programming&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920530344&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-6758-7&rft.aulast=Brainerd&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2018" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Stephen J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/fortran-scientists-engineers-chapman/M9780073385891.html">Fortran for Scientists and Engineers</a> (Fourth ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Education</a>. pp. xxiv + 1024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338589-1"><bdi>978-0-07-338589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortran+for+Scientists+and+Engineers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxiv+%2B+1024&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-07-338589-1&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mheducation.com%2Fhighered%2Fproduct%2Ffortran-scientists-engineers-chapman%2FM9780073385891.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiversSleightholme2018" class="citation book cs1">Chivers, Ian; Sleightholme, Jane (2018). Introduction to Programming with Fortran (4th ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75501-4"><bdi>978-3-319-75501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Programming+with+Fortran&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75501-4&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Sleightholme%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Clerman, Norman (2012). Modern Fortran : style and usage. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51453-8"><bdi>978-0-521-51453-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/776162717">776162717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Fortran+%3A+style+and+usage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F776162717&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51453-8&rft.aulast=Clerman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurcic2020" class="citation book cs1">Curcic, Milan (2020). Modern Fortran: building efficient parallel applications. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61729-528-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61729-528-7"><bdi>978-1-61729-528-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256806439">1256806439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Fortran%3A+building+efficient+parallel+applications&rft.place=Shelter+Island%2C+NY&rft.pub=Manning+Publications+Company&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256806439&rft.isbn=978-1-61729-528-7&rft.aulast=Curcic&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisPhillipsLahey1994" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, T. M. R.; Phillips, Ivor R.; Lahey, Thomas M. (1994). Fortran 90 Programming (1st ed.). Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-54446-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-54446-6"><bdi>978-0-201-54446-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortran+90+Programming&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-54446-6&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=T.+M.+R.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Ivor+R.&rft.au=Lahey%2C+Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtter1990" class="citation book cs1">Etter, D. M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuredfortra00ette_0">Structured FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists</a> (3rd ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-0051-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-0051-2"><bdi>978-0-8053-0051-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structured+FORTRAN+77+for+Engineers+and+Scientists&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-0051-2&rft.aulast=Etter&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuredfortra00ette_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrigan1993" class="citation book cs1">Kerrigan, J. F. (1993). Migrating to Fortran 90 (1st ed.). O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-049-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-049-X"><bdi>1-56592-049-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrating+to+Fortran+90&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-56592-049-X&rft.aulast=Kerrigan&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupferschmid2002" class="citation book cs1">Kupferschmid, Michael (2002). Classical Fortran: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications. Marcel Dekker (CRC Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0802-3"><bdi>978-0-8247-0802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Fortran%3A+Programming+for+Engineering+and+Scientific+Applications&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker+%28CRC+Press%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0802-3&rft.aulast=Kupferschmid&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ashermath.com/">Supplemental materials</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzo2019" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzo, Mark Jones (2019). Abstracting Away the Machine: The History of the FORTRAN Programming Language (FORmula TRANslation). Independently published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1082395949" title="Special:BookSources/978-1082395949"><bdi>978-1082395949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstracting+Away+the+Machine%3A+The+History+of+the+FORTRAN+Programming+Language+%28FORmula+TRANslation%29&rft.pub=Independently+published&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1082395949&rft.aulast=Lorenzo&rft.aufirst=Mark+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukides1990" class="citation book cs1">Loukides, Mike (1990). Unix for FORTRAN Programmers. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937175-51-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-937175-51-X"><bdi>0-937175-51-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unix+for+FORTRAN+Programmers&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-937175-51-X&rft.aulast=Loukides&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken1961" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, Daniel D. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetofortranpr00mccr">A Guide to FORTRAN Programming</a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61016618">61016618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+FORTRAN+Programming&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61016618&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetofortranpr00mccr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhoffSanford_Leestma1995" class="citation book cs1">Nyhoff, Larry; Sanford Leestma (1995). FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists with an Introduction to Fortran 90 (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-363003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-363003-9"><bdi>978-0-13-363003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FORTRAN+77+for+Engineers+and+Scientists+with+an+Introduction+to+Fortran+90&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-13-363003-9&rft.aulast=Nyhoff&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Sanford+Leestma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1988" class="citation book cs1">Page, Clive G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star.le.ac.uk/~cgp/prof77.html">Professional Programmer's Guide to Fortran77</a> (June 7, 2005 ed.). London: Pitman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-02856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-02856-7"><bdi>978-0-273-02856-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Programmer%27s+Guide+to+Fortran77&rft.place=London&rft.edition=June+7%2C+2005&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-273-02856-7&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Clive+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star.le.ac.uk%2F~cgp%2Fprof77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress1996" class="citation book cs1">Press, William H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrbook.com/a/bookf90pdf.php">Numerical Recipes in Fortran 90: The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57439-6"><bdi>978-0-521-57439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+Recipes+in+Fortran+90%3A+The+Art+of+Parallel+Scientific+Computing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57439-6&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrbook.com%2Fa%2Fbookf90pdf.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuetschFatica2013" class="citation book cs1">Ruetsch, Gregory; Fatica, Massimiliano (2013). CUDA Fortran for Scientists and Engineers (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124169708" title="Special:BookSources/9780124169708"><bdi>9780124169708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CUDA+Fortran+for+Scientists+and+Engineers&rft.pages=338&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780124169708&rft.aulast=Ruetsch&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Fatica%2C+Massimiliano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleighthomeChivers1990" class="citation book cs1">Sleighthome, Jane; Chivers, Ian David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213359/http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_books.html">Interactive Fortran 77: A Hands-On Approach</a>. Computers and their applications (2nd ed.). Chichester: E. Horwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-466764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-466764-5"><bdi>978-0-13-466764-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_books.html">the original</a> on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interactive+Fortran+77%3A+A+Hands-On+Approach&rft.place=Chichester&rft.series=Computers+and+their+applications&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=E.+Horwood&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-13-466764-5&rft.aulast=Sleighthome&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Chivers%2C+Ian+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortranplus.co.uk%2Ffortran_books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1981" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, F.E. (September 1981). "A History of Language Processor Technology in IBM". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 25 (5): 535–548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.255.0535">10.1147/rd.255.0535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14149353">14149353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Language+Processor+Technology+in+IBM&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E535-%3C%2Fspan%3E548&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.255.0535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14149353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._W._BackusR._J._BeeberS._BestR._Goldberg1957" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">J. W. Backus</a>; R. J. Beeber; S. Best; R. Goldberg; <a href="/wiki/Lois_Haibt" title="Lois Haibt">L. M. Haibt</a>; H. L. Herrick; R. A. Nelson; <a href="/wiki/David_Sayre" title="David Sayre">D. Sayre</a>; P. B. Sheridan; H. Stern; L. Ziller; R. A. Hughes; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Nutt" title="Roy Nutt">R. Nutt</a> (February 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/BackusEtAl-FortranAutomaticCodingSystem-1957.pdf">The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System</a> (PDF). Western Joint Computer Conference. pp. 188–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1455567.1455599">10.1145/1455567.1455599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+FORTRAN+Automatic+Coding+System&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=1957-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1455567.1455599&rft.au=J.+W.+Backus&rft.au=R.+J.+Beeber&rft.au=S.+Best&rft.au=R.+Goldberg&rft.au=L.+M.+Haibt&rft.au=H.+L.+Herrick&rft.au=R.+A.+Nelson&rft.au=D.+Sayre&rft.au=P.+B.+Sheridan&rft.au=H.+Stern&rft.au=L.+Ziller&rft.au=R.+A.+Hughes&rft.au=R.+Nutt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwarepreservation.org%2Fprojects%2FFORTRAN%2Fpaper%2FBackusEtAl-FortranAutomaticCodingSystem-1957.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiversSleightholme2022" class="citation web cs1">Chivers, Ian D.; Sleightholme, Jane (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran-information/">"Compiler support for Fortran 2008 & 2018 standards"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compiler+support+for+Fortran+2008+%26+2018+standards&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft.au=Sleightholme%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortranplus.co.uk%2Ffortran-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pigott, Diarmuid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008230959/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=8&language=FORTRAN">"FORTRAN – Backus et al high-level compiler (Computer Language)"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages. <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=8&language=FORTRAN">the original</a> on October 8, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FORTRAN+%E2%80%93+Backus+et+al+high-level+compiler+%28Computer+Language%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Languages&rft.pub=Murdoch+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pigott&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhopl.murdoch.edu.au%2Fshowlanguage.prx%3Fexp%3D8%26language%3DFORTRAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGriffiths1985" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Mark L.; Griffiths, Peter D. (1985). "Design Considerations for IBM Personal Computer Professional FORTRAN, an Optimizing Compiler". IBM Systems Journal. 24 (1): 49–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.241.0049">10.1147/sj.241.0049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Design+Considerations+for+IBM+Personal+Computer+Professional+FORTRAN%2C+an+Optimizing+Compiler&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.241.0049&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fortran" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Fortran">Fortran</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fortran" class="extiw" title="q:Fortran">Fortran</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg5-fortran.org/">ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5</a>—the official home of Fortran standards</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GFortranStandards">Fortran Standards Documents</a>—GFortran standards</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortran-lang.org/">fortran-lang.org</a> (2020).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/">History of FORTRAN and Fortran II</a>—<a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li> <li>Valmer Norrod, et al.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700015982.pdf">A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume I—textbook</a>, Computer Science Corporation El Segundo, California (April 1970). NASA (N70-25287).</li> <li>Valmer Norrod, Sheldom Blecher, and Martha Horton: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700015983.pdf">A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume II—workbook</a>, NASA CR-1478 (April 1970), NASA (N70-25288).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doku.lrz.de/dyn/Doku_Kurse/Fortran/basics/Fortran_3days.pdf">An introduction to the Fortran programming language, by Reinhold Bader, Nisarg Patel, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tkoenig1/coarray-tutorial/blob/main/tutorial.md">A coarray tutorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.corral.tacc.utexas.edu/CompEdu/pdf/isp/EijkhoutIntroSciProgramming-book.pdf">Victor Eijkhout : Introduction to Scientific Programming in C++17/Fortran2008, The Art of HPC, volume 3 (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205201747/https://web.corral.tacc.utexas.edu/CompEdu/pdf/isp/EijkhoutIntroSciProgramming-book.pdf">Archived</a> February 5, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a> <ul><li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILOG" title="ILOG">ILOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Towers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li> <li>Software Labs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li>IBM Buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/330_North_Wabash" title="330 North Wabash">330 North Wabash</a>, Chicago, IL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Building,_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Academy of Technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM%27s_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Blue">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Opel" title="John R. Opel">John R. Opel</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Atom" title="A Boy and His Atom">A Boy and His Atom</a></li> <li>Big Blue sports teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp." title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.">Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Plex" title="IBM Plex">IBM Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM" title="Category:IBM">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_navigational_boxes" title="Category:IBM navigational boxes">Navigational boxes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_FOSS" title="Template:IBM FOSS">FOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_midrange_computers" title="Template:IBM midrange computers">Midrange computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_operating_systems" title="Template:IBM operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/360_line" title="Template:IBM System/360 line">System/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_System/370_line" title="Template:IBM System/370 line">System/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_typewriters" title="Template:IBM typewriters">Typewriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template:IBM vacuum tube computers">Vacuum tube computers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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