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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Chinese democracy activists</div> <p>The <b>Tiananmen Mothers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">天安门母亲</span>) is a group of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Chinese democracy activists</a> promoting a change in the government's position over the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>. It is led by <a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a>, a retired university professor whose teenage son was shot and killed by government troops during the protests. The group – comprising the parents, friends and relatives of victims of the massacre – formed in September 1989 when Ding, along with her husband Jiang Peikun, met another mother, Zhang Xianling, whose 19-year-old son was also killed on June 4, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-t1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as campaigning, the group also disseminates information about the events to the public, including through the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-t1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the group consists of relatives of 125 individuals killed during the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For her efforts, Ding has been hailed as an "advocate for the dead".<sup id="cite_ref-s_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large group of Beijing-based student activists (along with nearby people) were shot on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">chief military commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. This happened during the summer of 1989, centered around sunset in the evening on June 4. Beijing medical doctors from the very beginning recall critically injured patients being carried into hospitals of nearly all specialties, throughout the night continuing into noon.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ding_Zilin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ding_Zilin.jpg/220px-Ding_Zilin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ding_Zilin.jpg/330px-Ding_Zilin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ding_Zilin.jpg/440px-Ding_Zilin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Ding Zilin, founder and leader of the Tiananmen Mothers</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to June 1989, Ding Zilin was a Philosophy professor at the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_University_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's University of China">People's University</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). On June 3, 1989, her 17-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Jielian" title="Jiang Jielian">Jiang Jielian</a> was killed on his way to <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>. Ding launched a one-woman campaign to establish what had happened to her son and those who were killed that night.<sup id="cite_ref-g2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government had put her under surveillance and Ding experienced harassment as she met with other victims families.<sup id="cite_ref-g2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing the organisation, Ding announced that the group were "a common group of citizens brought together by a shared fate and suffering".<sup id="cite_ref-g2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>"I cannot turn a blind eye to the pain of those who suffer my same fate. As a group, they have been forgotten and forsaken by society. I made the firm decision to continue in my mission of locating and helping June Fourth families, until the government itself actively takes up this project and there is no longer any need for our efforts."<sup id="cite_ref-g4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">—Ding Zilin </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite the expansion of the group, many Chinese intellectuals had kept away from the movement, as they did with the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall#In_China" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall movement</a> in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-g3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception was <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zuguang" title="Wu Zuguang">Wu Zuguang</a>, who advocated a reversal of the governments position at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> in 1997, and he did not suffer any repercussions for his comments because of his age.<sup id="cite_ref-g3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other members of the group included prominent student Jiang Qisheng, a graduate of the Beijing Institute of Aeronautics who became head of the Beijing Student Autonomous Federation which acted in conjunction with other universities and formed part of a delegation that met with Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> to try and resolve the Tiananmen protests peacefully.<sup id="cite_ref-g5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was jailed for 18 months and upon his release in February 1991, was denied regular employment.<sup id="cite_ref-g5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further promoting their campaign, members of the Tiananmen Mothers sought to gain the attention of the international media. In a May 1991 interview with <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, Ding and Zhang Xianling condemned the actions of the Chinese government and in particular Premier Li Peng who claimed that the crackdown was necessary in order to maintain social stability.<sup id="cite_ref-g4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also called on people of conscience not to forget those who had lost their lives. Three years later in 1994, and on the fifth anniversary of the crackdown, Ding published <i>The Factual Account of a Search for the June 4 Victims</i> listing 96 individuals who had been killed. By the tenth anniversary on June 4, 1999, she had reported 155 deaths and 65 who were injured but noted that these were "only the tip of the iceberg... but at least it is visible."<sup id="cite_ref-g4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ding's regular public campaigning, including public petitions and lawsuits against the government, saw her expelled from the party in May 1992, and both Ding and her husband, also a professor at the university, were forced into retirement in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-g3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tiananmen Mothers movement has also inspired other families of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> to campaign for their release.<sup id="cite_ref-g4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, a few dozen families meet together regularly on every anniversary of the crackdown, despite government intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-g4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ding and other members have occasionally been detained by authorities as a result of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demands">Demands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> currently views the protests as a "counterrevolutionary uprising".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tiananmen Mothers group, which was conducted without official approval, put forward a five-point demand to the Chinese government in relation to the protest:<sup id="cite_ref-s_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The right to mourn peacefully in public;</li> <li>The right to accept humanitarian aid from organizations and individuals inside and outside China;</li> <li>No more persecution of victims, including those injured in the shootings and the families of the dead;</li> <li>The release of all people still in prison for their role in the 1989 protests; and</li> <li>A full, public investigation into the crackdown</li></ul> <p>The group also wants the Chinese government to name the dead, compensate families and punish those responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government made a payout of 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> for the first time in 2006 to one of the victims families. The move was welcomed by Zilin, though she said it was unlikely to indicate a change in the government's position.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_appeals">Public appeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tiananmen Mothers have made many public appeals, challenging the government. They protested to the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a>, the judiciary and the population. The group has also opened up contacts with <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> and foreign media, issuing a video demanding the government reassess Tiananmen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the tenth anniversary, despite memories of the event fading due to strong <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">government censorship</a>, Jiang Qisheng, who had since been released, drafted a letter along with fifteen others appealing for quiet commemoration by lighting candles in cities across China.<sup id="cite_ref-g5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played a major role in organising the event, posting flyers on lampposts calling on the population to "light a myriad of candles to collectively commemorate the brave spirits of June Fourth" and as a result, several petitions to hold protest were submitted, but were rejected by government authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-g6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang was arrested on shortly before the anniversary; in court on November 1, 1999, he defended himself, maintaining he was exercising <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and recalling a previous reversal of the government's term "counterrevolutionary" after the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He urged the government not to imprison people for expressing their views, "Simply by writing and talking, do I commit such a crime against heaven that I must be put to death?" and his lawyer, Mao Shaoping argued that the group's activities did not amount to "subversion of state power".<sup id="cite_ref-g6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang was charged and released from prison on May 19, 2003. </p><p>Despite Jiang's arrest, Ding remained undeterred. On June 4, 1999, the group presented a petition signed by 108 relatives to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a>, asking for a legal ruling on the deaths of the protestors. The petition contained evidence they had collected including testimonies and names of the dead and injured.<sup id="cite_ref-g7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They asserted that they were exercising their political rights, and not engaging in any illegal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-g7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement still continues, receiving warnings not to commemorate and undergoing increased surveillance around June 3–4 every year.<sup id="cite_ref-g7_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing number of dissidents and former intellectuals from the party, including <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>'s former secretary and <a href="/wiki/Huang_Qi" title="Huang Qi">Huang Qi</a> have joined the group, and have been expelled from the establishment as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the organisation urged the government to "break the <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>" surrounding the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tiananmen Mothers website is blocked by internet censors in China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysts say pressure by groups like the Tiananmen Mothers may eventually lead to some acknowledgment of the deaths during the crackdown, such as a plaque placed on the square, but most agree that will not come soon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests">Arrests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ding Zilin; Zhang Xianling, who lost her 19-year-old son; and Huang Jinping, who lost her 30-year-old husband, were detained in March 2004. Authorities first denied the arrests, but later said they had been detained for engaging in what were described as illegal activities sponsored by overseas forces. They were released later in the week but remained under close surveillance in the run-up to the 15th anniversary of the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women have been under what advocates describe as <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>. All their calls are monitored and they are told not to talk to other activists, with foreign <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_advert_controversy">Newspaper advert controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Newspaper advert controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 4, 2007, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengdu_Evening_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengdu Evening News (page does not exist)">Chengdu Evening News</a></i> ran a one-page line commemorating the Tiananmen Mothers, stating, "Saluting the strong mothers of June 4th victims." Officials at the newspaper refused to answer questions regarding the advert. It was later suggested that the person who ran the advert was unaware of the significance of <i>6/4</i>, instead being told it was related to a mining disaster that took place. Three editors were later fired from the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the People's Republic of China">Human rights in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_in_White" title="Ladies in White">Ladies in White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_roles_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Women's roles during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Women's roles during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-t1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tai (2004), pp. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrabine, Cox, Lee, South & Plummer (2009), pp. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stichele & Penner (2005), pp. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wordpress.org (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g4_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g4_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g5_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Defenders (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peerenboom (2007), pp. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g7_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman (2005), pp. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancouver Sun (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a>, (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china_june4-20071205.html">"China Frees Man Who Placed Tiananmen Anniversary Ad"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Frees+Man+Who+Placed+Tiananmen+Anniversary+Ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fchina_june4-20071205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiananmen+Mothers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tiananmen-advertisement-idUSPEK17464820070607">"China newspaper editors sacked over Tiananmen ad"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+newspaper+editors+sacked+over+Tiananmen+ad&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-tiananmen-advertisement-idUSPEK17464820070607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiananmen+Mothers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li>Carrabine, Eamon; Cox, Pamela; Lee, Maggy; South, Nigel & Plummer, Ken (2009). "Victim movements - examples from around the world" in <i>Criminology: A Sociological Introduction</i>. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46450-5">978-0-415-46450-5</a>.</li> <li>Goldman, Merle. (2005). From Comrade to Citizen: The Struggle for Political Rights in China. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01890-7">978-0-674-01890-7</a>.</li> <li>Peerenboom, Randall. (2007). China modernizes: threat to the West or model for the rest? Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920834-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920834-0">978-0-19-920834-0</a>.</li> <li>Stichele, Caroline & Penner, Todd. (2005). Her Master's Tools?: Feminist and Postcolonial Engagements of Historical-critical Discourse. Society of Biblical Literature. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-119-3">978-1-58983-119-3</a>.</li> <li>Tai, Zixue. (2006). The Internet in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society. CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97655-8">978-0-415-97655-8</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>News reports</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSPEK17464820070607">Chengdu Evening News editors fired over Tiananmen ad</a>, Reuters, June 7, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4960762.stm">China makes 1989 Tiananmen payout</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, April 30, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7914074.stm">China told to end Tiananmen taboo</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, February 27, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/69">Human Rights Defender, Ding Zilin, under house arrest in China</a>, <i>Human Rights Defenders</i>, July 6, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpress.org/print_article.cfm?article_id=1986&dont=yes">Fifteenth Anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre</a>, <i>Wordpress.org</i>, June 4, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713025643/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040412-607848,00.html">Mother Courage</a>, <i>TIME</i>, April 5, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/06/AR2007060600217_pf.html">Newspaper Ad Salutes Tiananmen Mothers</a>, <i>Washington Post</i>, June 7, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011611/http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=6aacf4ea-b871-4335-ba12-0dce9b141b73">Tiananmen mothers press for answers</a>, <i>Vancouver Sun</i>, June 4, 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiananmenmother.org/">Tianananmen Mothers</a>—official homepage of the group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113085420/http://tmc-hk.org/">Tiananmen Mothers Campaign</a>—homepage of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>-based support group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216054046/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2004-06/a-2004-06-02-12-1.cfm">'Tiananmen Mothers' Continue Quest for Justice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015132458/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/47439">HRIC Statement: Chinese authorities should respond to calls for dialogue by the Tiananmen Mothers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429174804/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/category?cid=1069">Testimonies from the Tiananmen Mothers and other relatives of the killed and wounded</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist<br />Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&oldid=1248916893">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Mothers&oldid=1248916893</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Category:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_organizations_based_in_China" title="Category:Women's organizations based 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