CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fang Lizhi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"67e66622-e481-40ec-a242-8e659501d902","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fang_Lizhi","wgTitle":"Fang Lizhi","wgCurRevisionId":1253031995,"wgRevisionId":1253031995,"wgArticleId":560402,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from April 2012","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles with hCards","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019", "Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","1936 births","2012 deaths","Chinese dissidents","University of Arizona faculty","Chinese astrophysicists","Relativity theorists","Chinese emigrants to the United States","Chinese human rights activists","Chinese democracy activists","University of Science and Technology of China alumni","Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China","Writers from Beijing","20th-century Chinese science writers","Educators from Beijing","Physicists from Beijing","Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party","Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign","Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fang_Lizhi","wgRelevantArticleId":560402,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q445635","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1601"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="854"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fang Lizhi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fang_Lizhi rootpage-Fang_Lizhi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fang+Lizhi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fang+Lizhi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fang+Lizhi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fang+Lizhi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_career_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_career_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life and career in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_and_career_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_in_astrophysics_and_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_in_astrophysics_and_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research in astrophysics and cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_in_astrophysics_and_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989_democracy_movement_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989_democracy_movement_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1989 democracy movement and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989_democracy_movement_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fang Lizhi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="فانغ لي تشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فانغ لي تشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Li-%C4%8D%27" title="Fang Li-č' – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fang Li-č'" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A1%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88" title="팡리즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팡리즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%96%27%D7%99" title="פאנג לי ז'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנג לי ז'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="فانج لى تشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فانج لى تشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B" title="方励之 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="方励之" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Фан Личжи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фан Личжи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fang Lizhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Фан Лічжі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фан Лічжі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%8B%B5%E4%B9%8B" title="方勵之 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="方勵之" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B" title="方励之 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="方励之" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q445635#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fang_Lizhi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fang_Lizhi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fang_Lizhi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&oldid=1253031995" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fang_Lizhi&id=1253031995&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFang_Lizhi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFang_Lizhi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fang_Lizhi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fang_Lizhi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q445635" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political Dissident and astrophysicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Fang_(surname)" title="Fang (surname)">Fang</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fang Lizhi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">方励之</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fang_Lizhi_(10455658873)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fang Lizhi in 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1936-02-12</span>)</span>February 12, 1936<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 6, 2012<span style="display:none">(2012-04-06)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_No.4_High_School" title="Beijing No.4 High School">Beijing No.4 High School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysicist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_Student_Demonstrations" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations">1986 Student Demonstrations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Li Shuxian</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1961)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">方勵之</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">方励之</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fāng Lìzhī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[fáŋ lîʈʂí]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fang Lizhi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">方励之</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fāng Lìzhī</span></i>; February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysicist</a>, vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a>, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fang was considered as one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his activism, he was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> in January 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work, Fang was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F_Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award">Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award</a> in 1989, given each year.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an academician of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> in 1980, but his position was revoked after 1989. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career_in_China">Life and career in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fang was born on 12 February 1936 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. His father worked on the railway. In 1948, a year before the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> took over the city, as a student of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_No._4_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing No. 4 High School">Beijing No. 4 High School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he joined an underground youth organization that was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his <a href="/wiki/Extracurricular_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracurricular activities">extracurricular activities</a> was assembling radio receivers from used parts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, where he met his future wife, Li Shuxian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李淑娴</span></span>). Both Fang and Li were among the top students in their class. After graduating, he joined the CCP, started working at the Institute of Modern Physics and became involved in China's secret <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> program,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty member. </p><p>In 1957, during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a>, people were strongly encouraged by the CCP to openly express their opinions and criticisms. As party members, Li, Fang and another person in the physics department planned to write a letter to the party to offer their suggestions on education. This letter was still unfinished by the time the Hundred Flowers Campaign abruptly came to an end and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> started. The opinions and criticisms solicited during the earlier campaign were then interpreted as "attacks on the party", and those who had expressed such opinions were labelled "rightist" and persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, out of loyalty to the party, Fang, Li and their friend confessed to writing it; Li also confessed her doubts about the party.<sup id="cite_ref-64memo.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64memo.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li was expelled from the CCP, and sentenced to hard labour in Zhaitang, a town near Beijing. Fang was not immediately expelled from the party, because he played a lesser role in writing the letter, and also because he had left Peking University, where the punishment was particularly severe. However, he was removed from the nuclear program and sent to do hard labour in <a href="/wiki/Zanhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanhuang">Zanhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei province">Hebei province</a> from December 1957 to August 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of political pressure, Li and Fang put their relationship on hold until early 1959, when Fang was also expelled from the CCP. In August 1958, Fang was reassigned to the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a> (USTC), which was located in Beijing at the time. In 1961 he married Li, who remained a faculty member of Peking University.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of his experience in the anti-Rightist campaign, Fang published an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangming Daily (China)">Guangming Daily</a></i>, encouraging the independent thinking of students.<sup id="cite_ref-Fang_Lizhi_webpage_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fang_Lizhi_webpage-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fang published his first research paper on nuclear physics in <i>Acta Physica Sinica 17</i>, p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym <b>Wang Yunran</b>, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Qian_Linzhao" title="Qian Linzhao">Qian Linzhao</a>, he became an associated member of a research group led by <a href="/wiki/Li_Yinyuan" title="Li Yinyuan">Li Yinyuan</a> at the Institute of Physics, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>. Since Li's group was at a different institute, this arrangement took advantage of a loophole in management rules, allowing him to publish papers under his own name. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Fang conducted research in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state physics">solid state physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser physics">laser physics</a>. By 1965, he had published 13 research papers and was considered one of the most productive physics researchers in China. That year, as part of the effort of cleansing Beijing of "undesirable elements", Fang was to be removed from the faculty of USTC and sent to work in an electronics factory in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> province. Learning about this, vice president <a href="/wiki/Yan_Jici" title="Yan Jici">Yan Jici</a> intervened on Fang's behalf; he pleaded the case to the party secretary of USTC at the time, Liu Da, who cancelled the cleansing order for Fang and other faculty members of USTC.<sup id="cite_ref-Fang_Lizhi_webpage_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fang_Lizhi_webpage-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic activities were interrupted when the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. USTC was moved to <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> Province, where it remains to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, Fang, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. Fang secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> and learned the theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> by reading this book in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the new USTC campus buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_in_astrophysics_and_cosmology">Research in astrophysics and cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research in astrophysics and cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, the worst chaos of the Cultural Revolution was over and scientific research resumed. Fang found an opportunity to read some recent astrophysics papers in western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmology, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody Radiation", which was published on the journal <i>Wu Li</i> (Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). This was the first modern cosmological research paper in mainland China. Fang assembled a group of young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, conducting research on relativity theory and cosmology in China was very risky politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>, a central component of the Communist Party's ideology. According to the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must be infinite, while the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory allows the possibility of the finiteness of space and time. During the Cultural Revolution, campaigns were waged against <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and the Theory of Relativity in Beijing and Shanghai. Once Fang published his theory, some of the critics of the Theory of Relativity, especially a group based in Shanghai, prepared to attack Fang politically. However, by this time the "leftist" line was declining in the Chinese academia. Professor Dai Wensai, the most well-known Chinese astronomer at the time and chair of the Astronomy Department of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a>, also supported Fang. Many of the members of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to study the theory and conduct research in it. Subsequently, Fang was regarded as the father of cosmological research in China. </p><p>Fang published a large number of papers on astrophysics and cosmology. In the late 1970s, he and his group used the luminosity of selected radio <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a> to measure the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble diagram">Hubble diagram</a>, and with data available at the time, suggested that the universe may be closed (Fang <i>et al.</i>, <i>Acta Astronomica Sinica</i> 17, 134 (1977)). This work was noticed by researchers outside China; a <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> article noted that it obtained similar results to, but appeared earlier than, the paper by Davidsen <i>et al.</i>, <i>Nature</i> 269, 203 (1977). Fang also carried out research on topics including <a href="/wiki/Neutron_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron stars">neutron stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">quantum cosmology</a>. He soon gained international recognition, and as China began to open up in the late 1970s, he was invited to international conferences outside the country. In 1985, together with H. Sato of Kyoto University, Japan, Fang won the first prize of the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Research_Foundation" title="Gravity Research Foundation">Gravity Research Foundation</a> essay competition by proposing that the periodic distribution of quasars observed can be explained if the Universe is multiply-connected, i.e. has a non-trivial <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected as the youngest member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Science">Chinese Academy of Science</a> in 1980. His membership was, however, revoked after the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protest_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protest of 1989">Tiananmen Square protest of 1989</a>. He helped promote international academic exchange in China. Together with <a href="/wiki/Remo_Ruffini" title="Remo Ruffini">Remo Ruffini</a>, he organized the first major international scientific conference in China: the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Grossmann" title="Marcel Grossmann">Marcel Grossmann</a> meeting in 1982. During this meeting, <a href="/wiki/Tsvi_Piran" title="Tsvi Piran">Tsvi Piran</a> and T.G. Horowitz became the first two <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> scientists to enter the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>; at the time, there were no diplomatic relations between China and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invited <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> to visit China in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and organized the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> conference IAU-124 on "Observational Cosmology" in Beijing in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fang also trained many younger colleagues and students in the field of astrophysics and cosmology; he was considered an excellent teacher. Fang and Li coauthored "Introduction to Mechanics", an introductory book on Newtonian mechanics and special theory of relativity. This book has been considered a classic by many teachers and students,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although few students are aware of it in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fang was also the first scientist in China to write popular accounts of contemporary astrophysical developments, such as cosmology and black holes. Fang's book, "Creation of the Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng in Chinese) which was published in 1987, introduced basic cosmological ideas, and influenced a large number of physics and astronomy students growing up in the 1980s in China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a>, Fang was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> for his "reactionary activities",<sup id="cite_ref-Kissinger_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissinger-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup> viz. publishing an article critical of the government's policies on science education. </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">rehabilitated</a> after the reform of China in late 1970s, and resumed his party membership. During this time, he held many academic positions, including the director of the astrophysics research group of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">USTC</a>, and director of the science history research group, chief editor of the USTC academic journal, chair of the Chinese society of gravity and relativistic astrophysics. In 1984, Fang was appointed as the vice president of the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. Fang was very active in this role; for example he helped to set up the telex service for USTC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was very popular among the students. Fang also begin to write essays for publication in popular magazines, and give lectures on a variety of topics in universities, though usually not in USTC. Many such essays and lectures expressed his liberal view on politics, reflections on history, and criticisms on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> dogma. He also emphasized social responsibility of intellectuals. In late 1986, Fang, together with <a href="/wiki/Xu_Liangying" title="Xu Liangying">Xu Liangying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Binyan" title="Liu Binyan">Liu Binyan</a>, wrote letters to a number of well-known "Rightists" from the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting a meeting in memory of that event.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in demanding greater economic and political freedoms. Fang was against the student demonstration, believing it would be suppressed by the CCP; he tried to persuade the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">USTC</a> students not to go off-campus.<sup id="cite_ref-64memo.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64memo.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two straight weeks of student demonstrations, believing that the student movement was a result of "bourgeois liberalization", <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> named three Communist Party members to be expelled: Fang, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Binyan" title="Liu Binyan">Liu Binyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruowang" title="Wang Ruowang">Wang Ruowang</a>. Deng directed then-<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu Yaobang was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fang was again expelled from Chinese Communist Party in January 1987, and removed from his position as the vice president of the university. He was moved to Beijing as a research scientist at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, now a part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Astronomical Observatory of China">National Astronomical Observatory of China</a>, and reunited with his wife, Li Shuxian, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>. He gained fame and notoriety after his essays were collected by the Chinese Communist Party and distributed to many of its regional offices, with the directive to its members to criticize the essays. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1989_democracy_movement_and_exile">1989 democracy movement and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1989 democracy movement and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1989, Fang mobilized a number of well known intellectuals to write an open letter to <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, requesting amnesty for the human right activist <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a> who was then in prison. His wife, Li, was elected to become the people's representative of the <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian District</a> where Peking University is located. Fang and his wife had exchanged ideas about Chinese politics with some students of Peking University, including <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a> and Liu Gang. Some of those students became student leaders during the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, though Fang and Li did not actively participate in the protest itself. </p><p>During U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a>'s February 1989 visit to China, the U.S. embassy invited Fang to a banquet that Bush was hosting at the Sheraton Great Wall Hotel in honor of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> Deng had a negative view of Fang.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 147–148">: 147–148 </span></sup> Public Security stopped Fang on his way to the banquet and prevented him from attending.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup> </p><p>On June 5, 1989, the day after the government cracked down on the Tiananmen Square protests, Fang and Li sought <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United States, Beijing">U.S. embassy in Beijing</a>, accompanied by U.S. academic <a href="/wiki/Perry_Link" title="Perry Link">Perry Link</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup> Fang and Li were initially turned away, but <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Bader" title="Jeffrey A. Bader">Jeffrey A. Bader</a>, then acting director of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, used very strong language to order the embassy to reverse their decision. That night, Fang and his family were smuggled into the embassy in the back of a van.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government put Fang and Li at the top of the "wanted" list of the people involved in the protest. During his time in the U.S. embassy, Fang wrote an essay titled <i>The Chinese Amnesia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-amnesia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>'s repression of human rights and the outside world's turning a blind eye to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fang's continued presence in the US Embassy following the protests became, according to U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/James_Lilley" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lilley">James Lilley</a>, "a living symbol of our [US] conflict with China over human rights."<sup id="cite_ref-Kissinger_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissinger-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 429">: 429 </span></sup> </p><p>Fang and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, acting on behalf of US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and Deng.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissinger_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissinger-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spence_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors were a <a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">false confession</a> by Fang, an attempted intervention by US National Security Adviser <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a>, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."<sup id="cite_ref-Confession_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confession-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, he was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award</a>. In 1991, he gave a conference on the issue of Tibet in New York, one of the first open dialogues between Chinese and Tibetans. He also was an advisor for the <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Tibet" title="International Campaign for Tibet">International Campaign for Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_in_the_US">Later life in the US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After some time at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, Fang later moved to <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, where he worked as Professor of Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. In campus speeches, Fang spoke on topics such as <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as matters of <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">social responsibility</a>. He also served as a board member and co-chair of the New York-based organization <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fang continued to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published research papers even during his stay in the US Embassy in Beijing. His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> anisotropy, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_alpha_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman alpha forest">Lyman alpha forest</a>, application of <a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">wavelet</a> in cosmology, <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> in intergalactic medium, and the <a href="/wiki/21cm_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="21cm radiation">21cm radiation</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a>. He continued to train students and younger scientists who visited him from China and was very active in research to the end of his life, publishing multiple research papers each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg/220px-Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg/330px-Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg/440px-Fang_Lizhi_Tombstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>The tombstone of Fang, Lizhi, located at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery, Tucson, Arizona. Photographed in Jan 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>He died in his home in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from undisclosed causes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Essays: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFang1991" class="citation book cs1">Fang, Lizhi (1991). <i><span></span></i>Bringing down the Great Wall<i><span></span></i>. W.W. Norton and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58493-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58493-5"><bdi>978-0-394-58493-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+down+the+Great+Wall&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-58493-5&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Lizhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Memoir: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang2016" class="citation book cs1">Fang, Lizhi (2016). <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Wanted_Man_In_China" title="The Most Wanted Man In China"><i>The Most Wanted Man in China: My Journey from Scientist to Enemy of the State</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_(publisher)" title="Henry Holt (publisher)">Henry Holt and Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-499-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-499-2"><bdi>978-1-62779-499-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Wanted+Man+in+China%3A+My+Journey+from+Scientist+to+Enemy+of+the+State&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-499-2&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Lizhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Perry_Link" title="Perry Link">Perry Link</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dissidents" title="List of Chinese dissidents">List of Chinese dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baum" title="Richard Baum">Richard Baum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yam, P. (1994) <i>Profile: Fang Lizhi – Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Physics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> <b>270</b>(5), 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang, Dan</a> (April 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120415-%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%B9%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%AF80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9">"王丹：方励之是80年代启蒙时期的代表人物"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a></i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.atitle=%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%B9%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%AF80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fcn%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20120415-%25E7%258E%258B%25E4%25B8%25B9%25EF%25BC%259A%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%258A%25B1%25E4%25B9%258B%25E6%2598%25AF80%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E5%2590%25AF%25E8%2592%2599%25E6%2597%25B6%25E6%259C%259F%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E7%2589%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=3958">"Home"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farticle-preview%3Farticle_id%3D3958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044336/http://rfkcenter.org/fang-lizhi-china-6?id=885&lang=en">"Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfkcenter.org/fang-lizhi-china-6?id=885&lang=en">the original</a> on April 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F+Kennedy+Center+Laureates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frfkcenter.org%2Ffang-lizhi-china-6%3Fid%3D885%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Arthur (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZEi9rc6Eb8C&q=Fang+Lizhi+high+school+4&pg=PA62">"Man Without a Country"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>249</b> (2). New York, NY: Times Mirror Magazines/Bonnier Corp.: 62. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>. <q>By the time Fang entered High School No. 4, the best in Beijing, he had become even more interested in what lay behind how things work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Man+Without+a+Country&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1996-08&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZEi9rc6Eb8C%26q%3DFang%2BLizhi%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2B4%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2009/10/02">"02 - 十月 - 2009 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=02+-+%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88+-+2009+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2009%2F10%2F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2012/02/27/">"27 - 二月 - 2012 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=27+-+%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88+-+2012+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2012%2F02%2F27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2006/02/13">"13 - 二月 - 2006 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=13+-+%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88+-+2006+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2006%2F02%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2011/03/18">"18 - 三月 - 2011 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=18+-+%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88+-+2011+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2011%2F03%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64memo.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-64memo.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-64memo.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043149/http://64memo.org/b5/7698.htm">"64memo - 方勵之夫婦訪談錄 by 方勵之李淑嫻"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://64memo.org/b5/7698.htm">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=64memo+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8B%B5%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6%E8%A8%AA%E8%AB%87%E9%8C%84+by+%E6%96%B9%E5%8B%B5%E4%B9%8B%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%91%E5%AB%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F64memo.org%2Fb5%2F7698.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/1992/01/06">"06 - 一月 - 1992 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=06+-+%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88+-+1992+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F1992%2F01%2F06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2011/11/22">"22 - 十一月 - 2011 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=22+-+%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88+-+2011+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2011%2F11%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fang_Lizhi_webpage-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fang_Lizhi_webpage_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fang_Lizhi_webpage_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2008/01/08">"08 - 一月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=08+-+%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88+-+2008+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2008%2F01%2F08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2006/04/09">"09 - 四月 - 2006 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=09+-+%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88+-+2006+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2006%2F04%2F09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2006/01/06">"06 - 一月 - 2006 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=06+-+%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88+-+2006+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2006%2F01%2F06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Danian (2004). "Organized criticism of Einstein and relativity in China, 1949–1989". <i>Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 311–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fhsps.2004.34.2.311">10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311">10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Physical+and+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Organized+criticism+of+Einstein+and+relativity+in+China%2C+1949%E2%80%931989&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-338&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fhsps.2004.34.2.311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fhsps.2004.34.2.311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Danian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929022056/http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/winners_year.html">"Gravity Research Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/winners_year.html">the original</a> on September 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravity+Research+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gravityresearchfoundation.org%2Fwinners_year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2008/03/31">"31 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=31+-+%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88+-+2008+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2008%2F03%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2008/10/02">"02 - 十月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=02+-+%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88+-+2008+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2008%2F10%2F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2010/01/27">"27 - 一月 - 2010 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=27+-+%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88+-+2010+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2010%2F01%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiang" class="citation web cs1">Xiang, Shouping. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hx.cnd.org/2012/08/26/%E5%90%91%E5%AE%88%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%9A%E6%B7%B1%E5%88%87%E7%BC%85%E6%80%80%E6%81%A9%E5%B8%88%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F/">"向守平：深切缅怀恩师方励之先生"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%90%91%E5%AE%88%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%9A%E6%B7%B1%E5%88%87%E7%BC%85%E6%80%80%E6%81%A9%E5%B8%88%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F&rft.aulast=Xiang&rft.aufirst=Shouping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhx.cnd.org%2F2012%2F08%2F26%2F%25E5%2590%2591%25E5%25AE%2588%25E5%25B9%25B3%25EF%25BC%259A%25E6%25B7%25B1%25E5%2588%2587%25E7%25BC%2585%25E6%2580%2580%25E6%2581%25A9%25E5%25B8%2588%25E6%2596%25B9%25E5%258A%25B1%25E4%25B9%258B%25E5%2585%2588%25E7%2594%259F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kissinger-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kissinger_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kissinger_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kissinger_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissinger,_Henry2011" class="citation book cs1">Kissinger, Henry (2011). <i>Henry Kissinger: On China</i>. United States: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-346-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-346-5"><bdi>978-1-84614-346-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Kissinger%3A+On+China&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-346-5&rft.au=Kissinger%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/2008/03/17">"17 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"</a>. <i>fang-lizhi.hxwk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fang-lizhi.hxwk.org&rft.atitle=17+-+%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88+-+2008+-+%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffang-lizhi.hxwk.org%2F2008%2F03%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang" class="citation web cs1">Fang, Lizhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fanglizhi.info/RecetPub/FLZ_080710.htm">"关于许良英刘宾雁和我联署的那封信"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%AE%B8%E8%89%AF%E8%8B%B1%E5%88%98%E5%AE%BE%E9%9B%81%E5%92%8C%E6%88%91%E8%81%94%E7%BD%B2%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%81%E4%BF%A1&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Lizhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffanglizhi.info%2FRecetPub%2FFLZ_080710.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Khoon Choy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&dq=hu+yaobang+cremated+and+buried&pg=PA315"><i>Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese</i></a>. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. 2005. pp.313-314; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-256-464-0" title="Special:BookSources/981-256-464-0">981-256-464-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampton2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Lampton" title="David M. Lampton">Lampton, David M.</a> (2024). <i>Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-8725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+U.S.-China+Relations%3A+From+Cold+War+to+Cold+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8&rft.aulast=Lampton&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBader2019" class="citation web cs1">Bader, Jeffrey A. (May 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/05/29/june-4-1989-a-personal-recollection/">"June 4, 1989: A personal recollection"</a>. <i>Brookings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=June+4%2C+1989%3A+A+personal+recollection&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Forder-from-chaos%2F2019%2F05%2F29%2Fjune-4-1989-a-personal-recollection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesia-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amnesia_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1990/sep/27/the-chinese-amnesia/"><i>The Chinese Amnesia</i></a>, New York Review of Books, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spence_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/09/kissinger-and-china/">Spence, Jonathan D. <i>Kissinger and China</i>, The New York Review of Books, June 2011.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lilley, James. China Hands. New York: Public Affairs, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-343-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-343-9">1-58648-343-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confession-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Confession_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/23/my-confession"><i>"My "Confession"</i></a>, Fang Lizhi, translated by Perry Link. The New York Review of Books, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhuchung K. Tsering, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblog.savetibet.org/2012/04/09/fang-lizhi-was-right-about-tibet-and-china/">Fang Lizhi was right about Tibet and China</a>, 9 April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechinatimes.com/online/2012/04/3011.html">"Professor Fang Lizhi died in the US at the age of 76"</a>. The China Times. April 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Fang+Lizhi+died+in+the+US+at+the+age+of+76&rft.pub=The+China+Times&rft.date=2012-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechinatimes.com%2Fonline%2F2012%2F04%2F3011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/rolling_news/2012/04/120407_rolling_fang_lizhi.shtml">"中国著名天体物理学家方励之去世"</a>. BBC. April 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%97%E5%90%8D%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%B9%E5%8A%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%96&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Frolling_news%2F2012%2F04%2F120407_rolling_fang_lizhi.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFang+Lizhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fang_Lizhi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fang_Lizhi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512023852/http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~fanglz/">Personal Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411043726/http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~fanglz/publication/publication.html">Scientific Articles of Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi) Since 1989</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fang-lizhi.hxwk.org/">Collection of Articles by Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi), maintained by his former students</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lizhi%2C%20Fang%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Fang%20Lizhi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lizhi%2C%20Fang%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Fang%20Lizhi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lizhi%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Fang%20Lizhi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lizhi%2C%20Fang%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Fang%20Lizhi%22%29%20OR%20%28%221936-2012%22%20AND%20Lizhi%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Fang Lizhi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMADRES" title="COMADRES">CoMadres</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Boesak" title="Allan Boesak">Allan Boesak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé">Beyers Naudé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Mandela</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak" title="Zbigniew Bujak">Zbigniew Bujak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Geun-tae" title="Kim Geun-tae">Kim Geun-tae</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Jae-keun" title="In Jae-keun">In Jae-keun</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Kamau_Kuria" title="Gibson Kamau Kuria">Gibson Kamau Kuria</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fang Lizhi</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_M%C3%A9ndez_Ur%C3%ADzar" title="Amílcar Méndez Urízar">Amílcar Méndez Urízar</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Feldman" title="Avigdor Feldman">Avigdor Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raji_Sourani" title="Raji Sourani">Raji Sourani</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakufwa_Chihana" title="Chakufwa Chihana">Chakufwa Chihana</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambang_Widjojanto" title="Bambang Widjojanto">Bambang Widjojanto</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren_Wanding" title="Ren Wanding">Ren Wanding</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90o%C3%A0n_Vi%E1%BA%BFt_Ho%E1%BA%A1t" title="Đoàn Viết Hoạt">Đoàn Viết Hoạt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90an_Qu%E1%BA%BF" title="Nguyễn Đan Quế">Nguyễn Đan Quế</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sezgin_Tanr%C4%B1kulu" title="Sezgin Tanrıkulu">Sezgin Tanrıkulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eenal_Sar%C4%B1han" title="Şenal Sarıhan">Şenal Sarıhan</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Celeita" title="Berenice Celeita">Berenice Celeita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Florez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Florez">Gloria Florez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Prieto_Mendez" title="Jaime Prieto Mendez">Jaime Prieto Mendez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Calixto" title="Mario Calixto">Mario Calixto</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kpakala_Francis" title="Michael Kpakala Francis">Michael Kpakala Francis</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Macwan" title="Martin Macwan">Martin Macwan</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darci_Frigo" title="Darci Frigo">Darci Frigo</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loune_Viaud" title="Loune Viaud">Loune Viaud</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Immokalee_Workers" title="Coalition of Immokalee Workers">Coalition of Immokalee Workers</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphine_Djiraibe" title="Delphine Djiraibe">Delphine Djiraibe</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bradberry" title="Stephen Bradberry">Stephen Bradberry</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Pierre" title="Sonia Pierre">Solange Pierre</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ahmed_Abdallah" title="Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah">Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminatou_Haidar" title="Aminatou Haidar">Aminatou Haidar</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Zimbabwe_Arise" title="Women of Zimbabwe Arise">WOZA</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Barrera_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Abel Barrera Hernández">Abel Barrera Hernández</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Mugisha" title="Frank Mugisha">Frank Mugisha</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librada_Paz" title="Librada Paz">Librada Paz</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragia_Omran" title="Ragia Omran">Ragia Omran</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adilur_Rahman_Khan" title="Adilur Rahman Khan">Adilur Rahman Khan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Taubina" title="Natalia Taubina">Natalia Taubina</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_C._James&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea C. James (page does not exist)">Andrea C. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Martin" title="Glenn E. Martin">Glenn E. Martin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Romero_(activist)" title="Alfredo Romero (activist)">Alfredo Romero</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_We_Dream" title="United We Dream">United We Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Indigenous_Youth_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Indigenous Youth Council (page does not exist)">International Indigenous Youth Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detained_Migrant_Solidarity_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detained Migrant Solidarity Committee (page does not exist)">Detained Migrant Solidarity Committee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angry_Tias_%26_Abuelas_of_the_Rio_Grande_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angry Tias & Abuelas of the Rio Grande Valley (page does not exist)">Angry Tias & Abuelas of the Rio Grande Valley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Uni%C3%B3n_del_Pueblo_Entero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Unión del Pueblo Entero (page does not exist)">La Unión del Pueblo Entero</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Korap" title="Alessandra Korap">Alessandra Korap</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445635#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110751957">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/85604177">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/90760/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxGQJ8hvXqTbGkrDJ7vHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118924559">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82053533">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12161916z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12161916z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00314791">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36611042">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0048043&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/139576">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070811741">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90379283">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201517920">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrv210z27gl94z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592258105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007454054205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14791150">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01312268?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118924559">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030144442">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&oldid=1253031995">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&oldid=1253031995</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1936_births" title="Category:1936 births">1936 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_deaths" title="Category:2012 deaths">2012 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_dissidents" title="Category:Chinese dissidents">Chinese dissidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Arizona_faculty" title="Category:University of Arizona faculty">University of Arizona faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_astrophysicists" title="Category:Chinese astrophysicists">Chinese astrophysicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Relativity_theorists" title="Category:Relativity theorists">Relativity theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_emigrants_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States">Chinese emigrants to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_human_rights_activists" title="Category:Chinese human rights activists">Chinese human rights activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_democracy_activists" title="Category:Chinese democracy activists">Chinese democracy activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China_alumni" title="Category:University of Science and Technology of China alumni">University of Science and Technology of China alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China">Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Beijing" title="Category:Writers from Beijing">Writers from Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_science_writers" title="Category:20th-century Chinese science writers">20th-century Chinese science writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educators_from_Beijing" title="Category:Educators from Beijing">Educators from Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicists_from_Beijing" title="Category:Physicists from Beijing">Physicists from Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expelled_members_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party">Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_the_Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Category:Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign">Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences">Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Category:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2012">Use mdy dates from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 01:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fang_Lizhi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-7pc7v","wgBackendResponseTime":1577,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.129","walltime":"1.376","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8082,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":104131,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8671,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":127695,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1274.999 1 -total"," 32.49% 414.228 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 15.55% 198.313 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 14.88% 189.734 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.50% 133.881 4 Template:Cite_book"," 7.67% 97.744 23 Template:Cite_web"," 7.27% 92.740 1 Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates"," 6.96% 88.742 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.61% 84.253 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.08% 77.510 6 Template:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.676","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21741182,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-7pc7v","timestamp":"20241128025339","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fang Lizhi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang_Lizhi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q445635","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q445635","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-28T18:07:28Z","dateModified":"2024-10-24T01:20:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6c\/Fang_Lizhi_%2810455658873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Professor of astrophysics; civil rights activist and dissident (1936\u20132012)"}</script> </body> </html>