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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tenure in Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure_in_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succeeding_Jiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succeeding_Jiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Succeeding Jiang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succeeding_Jiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SARS_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SARS_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>SARS crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SARS_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Economic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_Xi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_Xi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transition to Xi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_Xi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>After retirement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_retirement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After retirement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_Communist_Party_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_Communist_Party_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>20th Communist Party Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_Communist_Party_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiang_Zemin's_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiang_Zemin's_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jiang Zemin's funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiang_Zemin's_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_Outlook_on_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Scientific Outlook on Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_Outlook_on_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Moral guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hu Jintao</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%81_%E1%8C%82%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8D" title="ሁ ጂንታው – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሁ ጂንታው" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88" title="هو جينتاو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هو جينتاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Cintao" title="Hu Cintao – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hu Cintao" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93" title="হু জিনতাও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হু জিনতাও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94%CD%98_K%C3%ADm-t%C3%B4" title="Ô͘ Kím-tô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ô͘ Kím-tô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Цзиньтао – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ху Цзиньтао" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Ху Цзіньтаа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ху Цзіньтаа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Дзинтао – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ху Дзинтао" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧུའུ་ཅིན་ཐོའོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧུའུ་ཅིན་ཐོའོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_%C5%A4in-tchao" title="Chu Ťin-tchao – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chu Ťin-tchao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93" title="हु जिन्ताओ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हु जिन्ताओ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BF" title="Χου Τζιντάο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χου Τζιντάο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="هو جینتائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هو جینتائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4" title="胡錦濤 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="胡錦濤" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%93" title="હુ જિન્તાઓ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હુ જિન્તાઓ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9_K%C3%ADm-th%C3%A0u" title="Fù Kím-thàu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fù Kím-thàu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%A7%84%ED%83%80%EC%98%A4" title="후진타오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후진타오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93" title="हु जिन्ताओ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हु जिन्ताओ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95" title="חו ג'ינטאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חו ג'ינטאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8A" title="ಹೂ ಜಿಂಟಾವೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೂ ಜಿಂಟಾವೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D" title="ჰუ ძინტაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰუ ძინტაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Цзиньтао – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ху Цзиньтао" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Цзиньтао – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ху Цзиньтао" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Dzji%C5%86tao" title="Hu Dzjiņtao – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hu Dzjiņtao" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Dzintao" title="Hu Dzintao – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hu Dzintao" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Csin-tao" title="Hu Csin-tao – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hu Csin-tao" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Ѓинтао – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ху Ѓинтао" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B" title="ഹു ജിന്റാവോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹു ജിന്റാവോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93" title="हू चिंताओ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हू चिंताओ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88" title="هو جينتاو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هو جينتاو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B9_G%C4%ABng-d%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Hù Gīng-dò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hù Gīng-dò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Жиньтао – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ху Жиньтао" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဟူကျင်ထောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟူကျင်ထောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93" title="हु जिन्ताओ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हु जिन्ताओ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4" title="胡錦濤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胡錦濤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Цзыньтао – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ху Цзыньтао" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88" title="هوجينتاو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوجينتاو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC_%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C" title="ហ៊ូ ជីនតាវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ៊ូ ជីនតាវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Цзиньтао – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ху Цзиньтао" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Xhintao" title="Hu Xhintao – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hu Xhintao" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_%C5%A4in-tchao" title="Chu Ťin-tchao – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chu Ťin-tchao" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Ђинтао – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ху Ђинтао" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="கூ சிங்தாவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூ சிங்தாவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D2%96%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Ху Җинтау – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ху Җинтау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2" title="หู จิ่นเทา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หู จิ่นเทา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Cintao" title="Hu Cintao – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hu Cintao" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ху Цзіньтао – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ху Цзіньтао" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%87_%D8%AC%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8B" title="خۇ جىنتاۋ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خۇ جىنتاۋ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huz_Ginjdauh" title="Huz Ginjdauh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Huz Ginjdauh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_C%E1%BA%A9m_%C4%90%C3%A0o" title="Hồ Cẩm Đào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồ Cẩm Đào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B" title="胡锦涛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胡锦涛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hu Jintao" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4" title="胡錦濤 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胡錦濤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Dzintao" title="Hu Dzintao – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hu Dzintao" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B" title="胡锦涛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胡锦涛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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For people with the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Jintao_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jintao (disambiguation)">Jintao (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Hu_(surname)" title="Hu (surname)">Hu</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hu Jintao</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-cn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">胡锦涛</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg/220px-Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg/330px-Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg/440px-Hu_Jintao_at_White_House_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hu in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 November 2002 – 15 November 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a><br />(2003–2008)</li><li>Xi Jinping<br />(2008–2013)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jiang Zemin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Xi Jinping</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Party Commission:</b></li></ul></div> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">19 September 2004 – 15 November 2012</span></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>State Commission:</b></li></ul></div> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">13 March 2005 – 14 March 2013</span></div></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Xi Jinping</li><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Boxiong" title="Guo Boxiong">Guo Boxiong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Caihou" title="Xu Caihou">Xu Caihou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jiang Zemin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Xi Jinping </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other office held</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">First-ranked Secretary of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 October 1992 – 15 November 2002</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">General Secretary</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jiang Zemin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zeng Qinghong</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 March 1998 – 15 March 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Jiang Zemin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zeng Qinghong</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Party Commission:</b> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">22 September 1999 – 19 September 2004</span></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>State Commission:</b> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">31 October 1999 – 13 March 2005</span></div></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Jiang Zemin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Tibet" title="Party Secretary of Tibet">Party Secretary of Tibet</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 1988 – 1 December 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li><li>Jiang Zemin</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Wu Jinghua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Guizhou" title="Party Secretary of Guizhou">Party Secretary of Guizhou</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 July 1985 – 1 December 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li><li>Zhao Ziyang</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Houze" title="Zhu Houze">Zhu Houze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhengwei" title="Liu Zhengwei">Liu Zhengwei</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China#List_of_First_Secretaries" title="Communist Youth League of China">First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 December 1984 – 8 July 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data">Hu Yaobang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Song_Defu_(politician)" title="Song Defu (politician)">Song Defu</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-12-21</span>) </span>21 December 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hu Jintao's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg/128px-Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg/192px-Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg/256px-Hu_Jintao_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_voice.ogg" title="File:Hu Jintao voice.ogg">Hu Jintao's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Hu_Jintao_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Hu_Jintao_voice.ogg/Hu_Jintao_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Hu_Jintao_voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Hu Jintao at a White House state dinner, Recorded 19 January 2011</div></div></div></div> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1992–2012: <a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a> Politburo Standing Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1992–2002: Secretary (first-ranked), 14th, 15th, Central Secretariat </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1992–2012: <a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a> Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1985–2012: <a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>, <a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a> Central Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1982–1985: <a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a> Alternate Membership of the Central Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1988–2013: 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th National People's Congress </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1999–2005: <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairman</a>, State <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1999–2004: Vice Chairman, Party Central Military Commission </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1998–2003: <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President of China</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1993–2002: President, <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1988–1992: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Party Committee Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1985–1988: Party Committee Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Guizhou province">Guizhou province</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1983–1985: First Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1983–1985: President, <a href="/wiki/All-China_Youth_Federation" title="All-China Youth Federation">All-China Youth Federation</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount Leader of <br /> the People's Republic of China</a></b><br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>←</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>→</b></span></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#DE2910;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg/75px-Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg/113px-Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg/150px-Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1301" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#DE2910;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Hu Jintao</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life,_education,_and_family">Early life, education, and family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Haifeng" title="Hu Haifeng">Hu Haifeng (son)</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Administration</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2002 election as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2007 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanpai" title="Tuanpai">Tuanpai</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies and theories</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Honors_and_Eight_Shames" title="Eight Honors and Eight Shames">Eight Honors and Eight Shames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Key events</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hu_Jintao" title="List of international trips made by Hu Jintao">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Maintain_the_Advanced_Nature_of_Communist_Party_Members" title="Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Communist Party Members">Baoxian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Hu Jintao</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hu_Jintao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/110px-Hu_Jintao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hu_Jintao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/165px-Hu_Jintao_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="font-size: 1rem;">胡錦濤</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hú Jǐntāo</li><li>Hú Jǐntáo</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Chinese-language text"><div lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ㄏㄨˊ   ㄐㄧㄣˇ   ㄊㄠ</li><li>ㄏㄨˊ   ㄐㄧㄣˇ   ㄊㄠˊ</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span>Hu<sup>2</sup> Chin<sup>3</sup>-tʻao<sup>1</sup></span></li><li><span>Hu<sup>2</sup> Chin<sup>3</sup>-t</span>ʻ<span>ao<sup>2</sup></span></li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hú Jǐn-tao</li><li>Hú Jǐn-táo</li></ul></div></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xǔ tɕìn.tʰáʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Fù Kím-thàu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wùh Gám-tòuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">wu4 gam2 tou4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wu˩ kɐm˧˥ tʰɔw˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ô͘ Gím-tô</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ôo Gím-tô</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Dong Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cdo-Latn">Hù Gīng-dò̤</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hu Jintao</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese retired politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) from 2002 to 2012, the sixth <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">president of China</a> from 2003 to 2013, and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> (CMC) from 2004 to 2012. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a>, China's de facto top decision-making body, from 1992 to 2012. Hu was the fifth <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of China from 2002 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hu rose to power through the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), notably as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Party Committee secretary</a> for <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> province and the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, where his harsh repression of dissent gained him attention from the highest levels. He moved up to <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">first secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Central Secretariat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">vice president</a> under CCP general secretary <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>. Hu was the first <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">leader of the Communist Party</a> from a generation younger than those who participated in the civil war and the founding of the republic. Influential sponsors from the older generation promoted his rapid rise, including <a href="/wiki/Song_Ping" title="Song Ping">Song Ping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, and Jiang Zemin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his term in office, Hu reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and was conservative with political reforms. Along with his colleague <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chinese premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">major world power</a>. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a>, which aimed to build a "<a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Socialist_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonious Socialist Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a>" that was prosperous and free of social conflict. Under his leadership, the authorities also cracked down on social disturbances, ethnic minority protests, and dissident figures, which also led to many controversial events such as the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">unrest in Tibet</a> and the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a>. In foreign policy, Hu advocated for <a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a>, pursuing <a href="/wiki/Soft_power_of_China" title="Soft power of China">soft power</a> in international relations and a corporate approach to diplomacy. Throughout Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing regions increased. </p><p>Hu possessed a modest and reserved leadership style. His tenure was characterized by collective leadership and consensus-based rule.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traits made Hu an enigmatic figure in the public eye. His administration was known for its focus more on <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> competence.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of his tenure after ten years in office, Hu won praise for retiring voluntarily from all positions. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">death</a> of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, Hu is the only living former paramount leader of the People's Republic of China. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_family"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_family"></span>Early life, education, and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg/220px-Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg/330px-Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg/440px-Old_buildings_in_Ji%C4%81ngy%C3%A0n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hu's birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Jiangyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangyan">Jiangyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Hu Jintao was born on 21 December 1942<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Tai County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> province, which was under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Japanese occupation</a> at the time. He is a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Hu_Zongxian" title="Hu Zongxian">Hu Zongxian</a>, known for fighting <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Japanese pirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His branch of the family migrated from <a href="/wiki/Jixi_County" title="Jixi County">Jixi County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> to Taizhou during his grandfather's generation. Though his father owned a small tea trading business in Taizhou, the family was relatively poor. His mother was a teacher and died when he was 7, and he was raised by an aunt. Hu's father was denounced during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, an event that (together with his relatively humble origins) apparently had a deep effect upon Hu, who diligently tried to clear his father's name.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He joined the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in April 1964. That year he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> after studying hub <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> stations at the Water Conservancy Engineering Department. He worked as a political counselor at Tsinghua.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">: 107 </span></sup> In July 1965, Hu began work as an engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a> construction,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 179">: 179 </span></sup> Hu volunteered for his service in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and worked on the construction of <a href="/wiki/Liujiaxia_Dam" title="Liujiaxia Dam">Liujiaxia Hydroelectric Station</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also managing CCP affairs for the local branch of the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power. From 1969 to 1974, he worked for <a href="/wiki/Sinohydro" title="Sinohydro">Sinohydro</a> Engineering Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, Hu married <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing</a>, whom he had met at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> when they were studying there. They have two children together, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Haifeng" title="Hu Haifeng">Hu Haifeng</a> and Hu Haiqing, their children-in-law named Julia Wong and Daniel Mao. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, the premier, he never granted a public one-on-one interview with the media.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been noted for his liking of <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballroom dancing">ballroom dancing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu is also said to possess a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic memory">photographic memory</a> that became evident in his high school days.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, Hu was transferred to the Construction Department of Gansu as a secretary. The next year he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">deputy senior party secretary</a>. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> implemented the "Four Transformations" program, which aimed to produce communist leaders who were "more revolutionary, younger, more knowledgeable, and more specialized." In response to this nationwide search for young party members, <a href="/wiki/Song_Ping" title="Song Ping">Song Ping</a>, the first secretary of CCP Gansu Committee (Gansu's governor) discovered Hu Jintao and promoted him several ranks to the position of deputy head of the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another protégé of Song, Wen Jiabao, also became prominent at the same time. </p><p>In 1982, Hu was promoted to the position of Communist Youth League Gansu Branch secretary and was appointed as the director of the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Youth_Federation" title="All-China Youth Federation">All-China Youth Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PeoplesDailyBio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeoplesDailyBio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mentor, Song Ping, was transferred to Beijing as Minister of Organization of the Chinese Communist Party, and was in charge of senior cadres' recommendation, candidacy and promotion. With the support of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (no relation) and Deng Xiaoping, Hu was assured of a bright future in the party. At Song Ping's suggestion, in 1982 central CCP authorities invited Hu to Beijing to study at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, he was transferred to Beijing and appointed to a position in the secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League</a> Central Committee ("CY Central"). Two years later Hu was promoted to first secretary of CY Central, thus its actual leader. During his term in the Youth League, Hu escorted Hu Yaobang, who was CCP general secretary then, in visits around the country. Hu Yaobang, himself a veteran coming from the Youth League, could reminiscence his youth through Hu's company.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leading_the_party_in_Guizhou">Leading the party in Guizhou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leading the party in Guizhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Communist Party general secretary Hu Yaobang pushed for Hu Jintao to be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">provincial Committee secretary</a> of the Chinese Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-siscirise_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siscirise-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu attempted to improve the economy of the backwater province, and reputedly visited all of its eighty-six counties.<sup id="cite_ref-lam_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Guizhou, Hu was careful to follow Beijing's directives and had a reputation of being "airtight"; he rarely would offer his views on policy matters in public.<sup id="cite_ref-lam_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lam-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hu was generally seen as an official with integrity and honesty, some locals preferred his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Houze" title="Zhu Houze">Zhu Houze</a>. In 1987, Hu Jintao handled the local students protest parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a> carefully, whereas in Beijing similar protests resulted in Hu Yaobang's forced resignation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure_in_Tibet">Tenure in Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tenure in Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hu Yaobang was purged by Deng Xiaoping in 1987 due to his 'liberal' tendencies, and his departure from the political scene was initially seen as unfavourable towards Hu Jintao, who drew criticism from party elders for failing to criticize the ousted reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, Hu Jintao was transferred to become Party Regional Committee secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, while also taking on the role of <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Political commissar</a> of the local <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> units. This made Hu effectively the number-one figure in the vast, restive region. A number of Tibetans have long been opposed to government policy in the region. Unrest and ethnic conflict were brewing, particularly anti-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> sentiments among segments of ethnic Tibetan society. Minor clashes had been occurring since 1987, and when the scale of unrest grew, Hu responded with the deployment of some 1,700 <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> into Lhasa in February 1989 in an attempt to warn against further disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-jt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">Increased clashes</a> culminated in serious rioting in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>'s core on 5 March 1989, five days before the 30th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What occurred after is a matter of dispute. Rioters accused the police of shooting them arbitrarily, and the police claimed that they had acted in self-defense. In addition, there was speculation that Hu delayed his orders to clamp down on the protesters until late into the evening, when the police chief was forced to act because the situation was spiraling out of control. The protesters were suppressed early into the next day, and Hu asked Beijing to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> on 8 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Lam,_p._9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lam,_p._9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hu's role in the demonstrations and rioting on 5 March was never made clear. While it is general protocol that Hu must have at least implicitly approved the use of force against protesters, whether he actually gave orders throughout 5 March is a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, John Tkacik cites that Hu had been coordinating with the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_Military_Region" title="Chengdu Military Region">Chengdu Military Region</a> for troops to be on full alert as the situation progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-jt_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some diplomatic analysts linked what they saw as Hu's brutal use of force to the suppression of activists and students in <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a>, which took place three months later. Whether Hu provided "inspiration" for the PLA on 4 June is a matter of debate, but it was clear that Hu's actions in Lhasa earned him unprecedented attention in the upper echelons of party power, including by "paramount leader" Deng Xiaoping.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When tanks rolled into Tiananmen Square, Hu was one of the first regional leaders to publicly declare his support for the central authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-jt_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hu experienced high-altitude sickness in June 1990, and returned to Beijing, but remained in his position for another two years, during which he achieved little. His departure to Beijing was seen, however, simply as a pretext to return to the center of Chinese politics, which led to some doubts as to whether or not he was as ill as he had claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-jt_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Seiff of United Press International commented on Putin and Hu: "Both are tough and able authoritarians who had extensive experience of repressing dissent on their rise to the top."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon,_May_2002,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon%2C_May_2002%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon%2C_May_2002%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon%2C_May_2002%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon%2C_May_2002%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon%2C_May_2002%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Hu_Jintao_during_a_defense_meeting_held_at_the_Pentagon%2C_May_2002%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Hu Jintao during a defense meeting held at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, May 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the opening of the <a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th National Congress of the CCP</a> in 1992, senior party leaders, including Deng and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>, were to select candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a> (PSC) to ensure a smooth transition of power from the so-called second-generation leaders (Deng, Chen, <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a>, etc.) to third-generation leaders (<a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> etc.). Deng also proposed considering another candidate for a further future transition, preferably someone under fifty to represent the next generation of leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Song Ping, as the organization chief, recommended Hu as an ideal candidate for the prospect of a future leader. As a result, shortly before his 50th birthday, Hu Jintao became the youngest (aged 49 in October 1992) member of the seven-member Politburo Standing Committee, and one of the youngest PSC members since the Communist Party assumed power in 1949. </p><p>In 1992, Hu took charge of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party</a> as its <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">first secretary</a>, which oversaw day-to-day operations of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Central Committee</a>, and the Central Party School, which was convenient for him to bring up his own supporters among senior CCP cadres. Hu was also put in charge of the ideological work of the CCP. Although Hu was considered heir apparent to Jiang, he always took great care to ensure that Jiang be at the center of the spotlight. In late 1998, Hu promoted Jiang's unpopular movement of the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses</a>" – "stress study, stress politics, and stress healthy trends" – giving speeches to promote it. In 2001, he publicized Jiang's <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a> theory, which Jiang hoped to place himself on the same level as other <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theoreticians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Hu became vice president, and Jiang wanted Hu to play a more active role in foreign affairs. Hu became China's leading voice during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succeeding_Jiang">Succeeding Jiang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Succeeding Jiang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Hu speaks as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and President of China</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 November 2002, after the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, a new Hu Jintao-led Politburo nominally succeeded Jiang's, while Hu became the CCP general secretary, effectively making him the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> became the premier. However, Jiang was re-elected to the post of <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman of the Central Military Commission</a>, the top military body, despite Hu taking over as the general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang resigned as CMC chairman in September 2004, his last official post. Following Jiang's stepping-down, Hu had officially taken on the three institutions in the People's Republic of China where power lie; the party, the state, as well as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">military</a>. </p><p>Deng Xiaoping appointed three party General Secretaries, all designed to be successors, and was instrumental in the ousting of two of them, Hu Yaobang and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>. His third and final selection, Jiang Zemin, won Deng's continued, although ambiguous, backing and was the only general secretary in Communist Chinese history to voluntarily leave his post when his term ended. </p><p>Although Jiang, then 76, stepped down as general secretary and from the Politburo Standing Committee to make way for a younger leadership, there was speculation that Jiang would retain significant influence because Hu was not associated with Jiang's influential <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a>, to which six out of the nine members of the all-powerful Standing Committee were believed to be linked. However, later developments show that many of its members had shifted their positions. <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a>, for example, moved from a disciple of Jiang to serving as an intermediary between the two factions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hu was mostly conservative on political reforms during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning of 2006, Hu launched the "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Honors_and_Eight_Shames" title="Eight Honors and Eight Shames">Eight Honors and Eight Shames</a>" movement in a bid to promote a more selfless and moral outlook amongst the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">17th CCP National Congress</a>, Hu was re-elected as general secretary of the Central Committee and chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission on 22 October 2007. At the <a href="/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="11th National People's Congress">11th National People's Congress</a>, Hu was re-elected as president on 15 March 2008. He was also re-elected as chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SARS_crisis">SARS crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: SARS crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first crisis of Hu's leadership happened during the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">outbreak of SARS</a> in 2003. Following strong criticism of China for initially covering up and responding slowly to the crisis, he dismissed several party and government officials, including the health minister, who supported Jiang, and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Beijing" title="Mayor of Beijing">Mayor of Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meng_Xuenong" title="Meng Xuenong">Meng Xuenong</a>, widely perceived as Hu's protégé.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg/220px-Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg/330px-Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg/440px-Hu_Jintao_and_Barack_Obama_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Hu talks with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2009_G20_Pittsburgh_summit" title="2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit">2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg/220px-George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg/440px-George_H._W._Bush_and_George_W._Bush_with_Hu_Jintao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Hu with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in Beijing, 10 August 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hu and <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> took a more conservative approach towards reforms, and began to reverse some of Deng Xiaoping's reforms in 2005. Observers note that the government adopted more egalitarian and populist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration increased subsidies and control over the health care sector,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased funding for education, halted privatization,<sup id="cite_ref-scissors_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scissors-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopted a loose monetary policy, which led to the formation of a U.S.-style property bubble in which property prices tripled.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privileged state sector was the primary recipient of government investment, which, under the new administration, promoted the rise of large <a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">national champions</a> which could compete with large foreign corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-scissors_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scissors-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Hu's administration, the Chinese government increasingly funded the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a> (SOEs), supplying massive subsidies and favoring SOEs in regulatory matters.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 217">: 217 </span></sup> These efforts helped SOEs to crowd out foreign and domestic private sector competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 217">: 217 </span></sup> Nevertheless, the share of SOEs in the total number of companies have continued to fall, dropping to 5%, though their share of total output remained at 26%. Exchange rates for the yuan were also liberalized and the peg to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a> was broken, leading the yuan to rise by 31% against the dollar from 2005 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's economic growth has averaged around 10% under Hu, while the economy surpassed the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:27_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking over, Hu and Wen proposed to set up a <a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a> which aimed at lessening inequality and changing the style of the "GDP first and Welfare Second" policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They focused on sectors of the Chinese population that had been left behind by the economic reform, and took a number of high-profile trips to the poorer areas of China with the stated goal of understanding these areas better. Hu and Wen Jiabao also attempted to move China away from a policy of favouring economic growth at all costs and toward a more balanced view of growth that includes factors in social inequality and environmental damage, including the use of the <a href="/wiki/Green_gross_domestic_product" title="Green gross domestic product">green gross domestic product</a> in personnel decisions. Jiang's clique, however, maintained control in most developing areas; as a result, Hu and Wen's macroeconomic regulation measures faced great resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media">Media</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In media policy, Hu discussed the idea of "channeling" public opinion, a term he first used in a 23 January 2007 Politburo meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-:Wang_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Wang-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Hu stated that the Party should "grasp the online discourse power, enhance our ability to channel <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">online</a> discussions, emphasize the art of 'channeling', actively leverage new technologies, increase positive coverage, and promote a positive mainstream discourse."<sup id="cite_ref-:Wang_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Wang-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71">: 71 </span></sup> In an online discussion via the Strong China Forum, Hu stated that China should "strengthen our <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">traditional media</a> and new media and form a new setting for channeling public opinion".<sup id="cite_ref-:Wang_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Wang-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 71–72">: 71–72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibet">Tibet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Democratic development in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg/220px-2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg/330px-2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg/440px-2012%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Protests against Hu in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, July 2012</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hu_Jintao" title="List of international trips made by Hu Jintao">List of international trips made by Hu Jintao</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_14_April_2011-2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Hu with the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> countries (from left, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Medvedev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Rousseff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma</a>) in April 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Clinton,_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_(5371703392).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Secretary_Clinton%2C_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_%285371703392%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Clinton%2C_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_%285371703392%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Secretary_Clinton%2C_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_%285371703392%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Clinton%2C_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_%285371703392%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Secretary_Clinton%2C_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_%285371703392%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Clinton%2C_VIce_President_Biden_and_Dr._Biden_Co-Host_a_Luncheon_in_Honor_of_Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_%285371703392%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>Hu at a 2011 luncheon with <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">U.S. Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_the_President_of_China,_Mr._Hu_Jintao_in_a_press_conference_held_by_the_leaders_of_five_Outreach_Countries_(O5)_during_G-8_Summit,_at_Sapporo,_Japan_on_July_08,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_the_President_of_China%2C_Mr._Hu_Jintao_in_a_press_conference_held_by_the_leaders_of_five_Outreach_Countries_%28O5%29_during_G-8_Summit%2C_at_Sapporo%2C_Japan_on_July_08%2C_2008.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_the_President_of_China%2C_Mr._Hu_Jintao_in_a_press_conference_held_by_the_leaders_of_five_Outreach_Countries_%28O5%29_during_G-8_Summit%2C_at_Sapporo%2C_Japan_on_July_08%2C_2008.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_the_President_of_China%2C_Mr._Hu_Jintao_in_a_press_conference_held_by_the_leaders_of_five_Outreach_Countries_%28O5%29_during_G-8_Summit%2C_at_Sapporo%2C_Japan_on_July_08%2C_2008.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Hu with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh during the <a href="/wiki/34th_G8_summit" title="34th G8 summit">2008 G8 Summit</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Protest2_(5367462375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hu_Protest2_%285367462375%29.jpg/220px-Hu_Protest2_%285367462375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hu_Protest2_%285367462375%29.jpg/330px-Hu_Protest2_%285367462375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hu_Protest2_%285367462375%29.jpg/440px-Hu_Protest2_%285367462375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Protests against Hu during his 2011 U.S. visit</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Hu's leadership, China continued its style of developmental diplomacy which had been adopted under Deng Xiaoping and continued by Jiang Zemin.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's international behavior continued to be generally pragmatic and predictable.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu pledged that China would seek peaceful development in a harmonious world to assure the international community that China's economic growth offered opportunities and benefits rather than conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key attributes of a harmonious world view of foreign policy are building and accepting a world where countries diverge in their paths of national development and political systems, coexistence of diverse civilizations, and rejected unilateralism and hegemonic ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Hu articulated the four phases of China's foreign policy developmental objectives: (1) big powers were the key, (2) periphery countries the priority, (3) developing countries the foundation, and (4) multilateralism the stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Chinese leader Hu Jintao called for a bolstered arms control agenda at the United Nations General Assembly, joining United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s earlier calls for a nuclear-free world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Hu's tenure, China's cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">global south</a> countries increased.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 79">: 79 </span></sup> </p><p>He sought to develop China's <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">relationship with Japan</a>, which he visited in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He downgraded <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">relations with Russia</a> because of unfulfilled deals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hu emphasized an international relations premise of "shared responsibility": China would contribute to global common good, but it must not adversely affect its core interests in doing so, and its commitments must be conditional to those of other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the analysis of academic <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a>, under Hu's leadership, "China remained a reluctant rising power and selectively took on global and regional obligations. Chinese foreign policy became omnidirectional, multilevel, and multidimensional."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in his <a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">leadership</a>, Hu faced a pro-independence counterpart in then <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (ROC) president <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a>. Chen called for talks without any preconditions, repudiating the <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a>. Chen Shui-bian and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP) had continued to express an ultimate goal of <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese independence">Taiwanese independence</a>, and made statements on the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a> that the PRC considers provocative. Hu's initial response was a combination of "soft" and "hard" approaches. On the one hand, Hu expressed a flexibility to negotiate on many issues of concern to Taiwan. On the other hand, he continued to refuse talks without preconditions and remained committed to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a> as an ultimate goal. While Hu gave some signs of being more flexible with regard to political relationships with Taiwan as in his <a href="/wiki/May_17_Statement" title="May 17 Statement">May 17 Statement</a>, where he offered to address the issue of "international living space" for Taiwan, Hu's government remained firm in its position that the PRC would not tolerate any attempt by the Taiwanese government to declare de jure independence from China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_Suisheng_2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao_Suisheng_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Chen's re-election in 2004, Hu's government changed tactics, conducting a no-contact policy with Taiwan due to Chen and the DPP's independence leanings and repudiation of the 1992 consensus. The government maintained its military build-up against Taiwan, and pursued a vigorous policy of isolating Taiwan diplomatically. In March 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a>, formalizing "non-peaceful means" as an option of response to a declaration of independence in Taiwan. </p><p>Hu's government increased contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), its former foe in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, and still a major party in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 138">: 138 </span></sup> The increased contacts culminated in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Pan-Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" title="2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China</a>, including a historic meeting between Hu and then-KMT chairman <a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a> in April 2005. This was the first meeting between the leaders of the two parties since the conclusion of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 March 2008, the Kuomintang under <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> won the presidency in Taiwan, and a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>. Thereafter Hu immediately turned to a more 'soft' diplomatic approach and opened the way to a thaw in relations between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of historic meetings between the CCP and KMT have followed. On 12 April 2008, Hu Jintao met with Taiwan's vice president-elect <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Siew" title="Vincent Siew">Vincent Siew</a> in the latter's role as chairman of the Cross-strait Common Market Foundation during the <a href="/wiki/Boao_Forum_for_Asia" title="Boao Forum for Asia">Boao Forum for Asia</a>. On 28 May 2008, Hu met with KMT chairman <a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a>, the first meeting between the heads of the CCP and the KMT as ruling parties. During this meeting, Hu and Wu agreed that both sides should re-commence official dialogue under the 1992 consensus – that "both sides recognize there is only one China, but agree to differ on its definition." Wu committed the new government in Taiwan against Taiwanese independence; Hu committed his government to addressing the concerns of the Taiwanese people in regard to security, dignity, and "international living space", with a priority given to allowing Taiwan to participate in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. </p><p>In addition to the party-to-party dialogue, de facto governmental dialogue took place via the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Exchange_Foundation" title="Straits Exchange Foundation">Straits Exchange Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a> in June 2008 on the basis of the 1992 Consensus, with the first meeting held in Beijing. Both Hu and his new counterpart <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> agreed that the 1992 Consensus is the basis for negotiations between the two sides of the Taiwan strait. On 26 March 2008, Hu Jintao held a telephone talk with then US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, in which he became the first Chinese leader to officially recognize the 1992 Consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several months of negotiations, in December 2008, the two sides agreed on the resumption of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links</a>, i.e., a re-opening of mail, trade, and direct air links between the two sides. Relations continued to be cordial between the two sides during Hu's tenure, and trade increased immensely, culminating in the signing of the preferential trade agreement <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a> (ECFA) in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_Xi">Transition to Xi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transition to Xi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/12th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="12th National People's Congress">12th National People's Congress</a></div> <p>On 15 November 2012, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th CCP National Congress</a>, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC by the 18th Central Committee, succeeding Hu.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March 2013, he was succeeded by Xi as president.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_retirement">After retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: After retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since his retirement, Hu has kept a low-profile, rarely making public appearances. In September 2013, Hu visited an ancestral family home in <a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a>, Anhui, though the trip was not covered by state media.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2014, he made an appearance in Hunan, visiting <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a> and other historical sites.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th CCP National Congress</a> in October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attended the <a href="/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China</a> in October 2019, and the <a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_Communist_Party_Congress">20th Communist Party Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th Communist Party Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao_removal_incident" title="Hu Jintao removal incident">Hu Jintao removal incident</a></div> <p>At the closing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th CCP National Congress</a> on 22 October 2022, Hu, who had been sitting next to Xi, was <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao_removal_incident" title="Hu Jintao removal incident">pulled from his seat and escorted out of the hall</a> by two men in suits and with name badges.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident occurred before the votes that day, which Hu was absent from as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>, China's official press agency, stated that Hu was not feeling well,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while foreign news speculated about whether Hu was genuinely sick or whether this was a deliberate political signal by Xi.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident was not broadcast in China and both Hu's and his son's names were blocked by Chinese censors.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiang_Zemin's_funeral"><span id="Jiang_Zemin.27s_funeral"></span>Jiang Zemin's funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jiang Zemin's funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">death</a> of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, Hu was appointed to serve on the funeral committee, ranked 36th on the list out of over 700 names.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu Jintao appeared in public alongside Xi Jinping on 5 December 2022, attending the farewell ceremony before Jiang's body was cremated in <a href="/wiki/Babaoshan_Revolutionary_Cemetery" title="Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery">Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accompanied by an aide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hu presided over a decade of consistent economic growth, led China through the storm of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">global financial crisis</a> relatively unscathed, and increased China's international stature immensely.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's achievements under Hu included modernizing China's infrastructure, launching China's first crewed space probe, and sponsoring two successful international events: the <a href="/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Beijing Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Shanghai Expo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Hu's "soft approach" to Taiwan, coinciding with the election of a <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government in Taipei, improved the <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">relationship between mainland China and Taiwan</a>. Trade and contact between the two sides increased significantly during Hu's tenure. In addition, Hu and Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>'s populist policies have resulted in the elimination of agricultural taxes for farmers, more flexible policies towards migrant workers living in cities, more balanced development between the coastal regions and the hinterlands, enforcing minimum wage in cities and the promotion of sustainable and affordable housing developments. The response to the <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> public health crisis and the massive expansion of <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_China" title="Healthcare reform in China">health insurance coverage</a> for middle- to low-income citizens earned Hu accolades domestically. Generally speaking, these policies have been well received by the Chinese public.<sup id="cite_ref-wanglei_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wanglei-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In foreign policy, Hu's critics say that his government was overly aggressive in asserting its new power, overestimated its reach, and raised the ire and apprehension of various neighbours, including Southeast Asian countries, India, and Japan. Such policies are also said to be provocative towards the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-econo_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econo-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic critics, including the country's elites, intellectuals, and particularly dissidents, point to various shortcomings of the Hu administration and his failure in implementing his signature "Socialist Harmonious Society" policy. They cite, for example, that China's internal security budget exceeded its military budget during Hu's tenure as protests and other 'mass incidents' continued to increase across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-talkchange_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talkchange-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> climbed to 0.47 by 2010, indicating a potentially unsustainable gap between the rich and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hu administration's inability to rein in the <a href="/wiki/Wealth_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth gap">wealth gap</a> and its renewed emphasis on the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the economy led some economists to believe that Hu missed a critical opportunity for reform and structural adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu's increased support for SOEs, including to merger and consolidate, is a trend that has continued during the administration of Xi Jinping.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 217">: 217 </span></sup> </p><p>Hu's tough-on-corruption policies saw mixed results. While there were some attempts to increase transparency in the expenditures of official organs and bureaucrats, deeply entrenched systemic issues that were contributing to the growth of corruption remained unresolved. In addition, the massive corruption scandal that ensnared the military shortly after Hu's departure from office showed that Hu was unable to tackle entrenched interests in the military. In his own departing speech at the 18th Party Congress, Hu emphasized the potentially devastating effects that unchecked corruption would have on the party and the country. Moreover, the Hu administration's insistence on censorship and the curtailing of freedom of speech drew extensive criticism from human rights organizations and Western governments,<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while artists and writers inside the country chided increased restrictions on cultural expressions during Hu's term. Although in the early years of his tenure Hu attempted to pioneer a form of "intraparty democracy" that called for greater participation from lower-ranked members to determine policy and select the leadership, there was little evidence of meaningful changes to the party's governing structure and decision-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-talkchange_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talkchange-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His focus on intraparty democracy did result in the Politburo work report system and the invitation of approximately 200 members of the Central Committee to cast nonbinding votes for Politburo candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>Consensus-based decision-making became a hallmark of the Hu era. Hu was never a strongman, did not rule with an iron fist, and was often seen as first-among-equals with his <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a> colleagues. Some called China's political landscape during Hu's era one of "nine dragons taming the water" (<span lang="zh-Hans">九龙治水</span>), that is, nine PSC members each ruling over their own fief. In addition, Hu not only faced a profusion of special interest groups and political factions within the party, his ability to implement a cohesive program was also constrained by the influence of former leader <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hujintao_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hujintao-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, there is debate on how much power Hu held personally to effect change. Nevertheless, within the context of the system he was placed in, Hu was credited for being an effective mediator and consensus-builder.<sup id="cite_ref-chengli_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengli-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu also won praise for stepping down as military chief in favour of his successor Xi Jinping, and at the same time relinquishing his position as general secretary. This was seen as a message to the establishment and Jiang Zemin that elders should retire according to protocol and avoid meddling in the affairs of their successors.<sup id="cite_ref-luotui_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luotui-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_Outlook_on_Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scientific Outlook on Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <p>Political observers indicate that Hu distinguished himself from his predecessor in both domestic and foreign policy. Hu's political philosophy during his leadership is summarized by three slogans — a "<a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a>" domestically and "Peaceful Development" internationally, the former aided by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Development Concept</a>, which seeks integrated sets of solutions to arrays of economic, environmental and social problems, and recognizes, in inner circles, a need for cautious and gradual political reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scientific Outlook on Development was written into the CCP and State Constitutions in <a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2008 National People's Congress">2008</a>, respectively. The role of the Party has changed, as formulated by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and implemented by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, from a revolutionary party to a ruling party. During his tenure he continued the Party's modernization, calling for both "Advancement" of the Party and its increasing transparency in governance. </p><p>What emerges from these philosophies, in Hu's view, is a country with a systematic approach to national structure and development that combines dynamic economic growth, a free market energized by a vigorous "nonpublic" (i.e., private) sector, heavy-handed political and media control, personal but not political freedoms, concern for the welfare of all citizens, cultural enlightenment, and a synergistic approach to diverse social issues (the Scientific Development Perspective) that lead, in Hu's vision, to a "Harmonious Socialist Society". In the view of the Chinese government, these philosophies, which have created a new "China Model" of governance, serve as a legitimate alternative to the West's "Democracy Model", particularly for developing countries. In Hu's words, "A Harmonious Socialist Society should feature democracy, the rule of law, equity, justice, sincerity, amity and vitality."<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a society, he says, will give full scope to people's talent and creativity, enable all the people to share the social wealth brought by reform and development, and forge an ever-closer relationship between the people and government. Hu even emphasized the potential of religious communities to contribute to economic and social development under the banner of "Building a Harmonious Socialist Society."<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers attribute the political origins of low-carbon development strategy to Hu's Scientific Outlook on Development, although some industrial support in this area had already begun before Hu's formulation of the Scientific Outlook on Development.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>Western criticism of Hu, particularly regarding human rights, exposes his hypersensitivity to social stability but does not lay as much emphasis on his fresh commitment to address China's <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">multi-faceted social problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu's pragmatic, non-ideological agenda had two core values—maintaining social stability to further economic development and sustaining Chinese culture to enrich national sovereignty. In domestic policy, he seems to want more openness to the public on governmental functions and meetings. Recently, China's news agency published many Politburo Standing Committee meeting details. He also cancelled many events that are traditionally practiced, such as the lavish send-off and welcoming-back ceremonies of Chinese leaders when visiting foreign lands. Furthermore, the Chinese leadership under Hu also focused on such problems as the gap between rich and poor and uneven development between the interior and coastal regions. Both party and state seem to have moved away from a definition of development that focuses solely on <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> growth and toward a definition which includes social equality and environment effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_Suisheng_2010_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao_Suisheng_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2007, Hu gave an important speech at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a> that was indicative of his position of power and his guiding philosophies. In the speech Hu used a very populist tone to appeal to ordinary Chinese, making serious note of the recent challenges China was facing, especially with regards to income disparity. In addition, Hu noted the need for "increased democracy" in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_guidance">Moral guidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Moral guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the great number of social problems in China, in March 2006, Hu Jintao released the "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Honors_and_Eight_Shames" title="Eight Honors and Eight Shames">Eight Honors and Eight Shames</a>" as a set of moral codes to be followed by the Chinese people, and emphasized the need to spread the message to the youth.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively known as the "Eight Honors and Disgraces", it contained eight poetic lines which summarized what a good citizen should regard as an honor and what to regard as a shame. It has been widely regarded as one of Hu Jintao's ideological solutions to the perceived increasing lack of morality in China after <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reforms</a> brought in a generation of Chinese predominantly concerned with earning money and power in an increasingly frail social fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has become a norm for Chinese communist leaders to make their own contributions to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist theory</a>. Whether this is Hu's contribution to Marxist–Leninist theory is debatable, but its general reception with the Chinese public has been moderate. Its promotion, however, is visible almost everywhere: in classroom posters, banners on the street, and electronic display boards for the preparation of the 2008 Olympics, and <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a> in Shanghai. The codes differ from the ideologies of his predecessors, namely, Jiang's Three Represents, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a> in that the focus, for the first time, has been shifted to codifying moral standards as opposed to setting social or economic goals.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Newsweek</i> named Hu the second most powerful person in the world in 2009, referring to him as "the man behind the wheel of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">world's most supercharged economy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> also named him the second most powerful person in the world later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu was named the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_World%27s_Most_Powerful_People" title="Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People">World's Most Powerful Person</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu was listed four times (2008, 2007, 2005 and 2004) on the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">Time 100</a> annual list of most influential people. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, included Hu among the list of <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom_predator" title="Press freedom predator">press freedom predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colombia: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Order_of_Merit_(Colombia)_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/National_Order_of_Merit_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/70px-National_Order_of_Merit_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/National_Order_of_Merit_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/105px-National_Order_of_Merit_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/National_Order_of_Merit_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/140px-National_Order_of_Merit_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (21 January 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Cuba: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/70px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Member of the Order of José Martí</a> (23 November 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Jordan: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG/70px-JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG/105px-JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG/140px-JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Renaissance" title="Supreme Order of the Renaissance">Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance</a> (14 January 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Madagascar: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/70px-MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/105px-MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/140px-MDG_National_Order_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Madagascar" title="National Order of Madagascar">Grand Cordon of the National Order of Madagascar</a> (25 January 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Pakistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Order_of_Pakistan.png/70px-Order_of_Pakistan.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Order_of_Pakistan.png/105px-Order_of_Pakistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Order_of_Pakistan.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan" title="Nishan-e-Pakistan">Nishan-e-Pakistan</a> (24 November 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Peru: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/70px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/105px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/140px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Grand Cross of Order of the Sun of Peru</a> (19 November 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg/70px-Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg/105px-Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg/140px-Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saparmyrat_T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy_the_Great" title="Order of Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy the Great">Member of the Order of Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy the Great</a> (29 August 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/70px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/105px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/140px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Member 1st Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a> (31 August 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">胡锦涛</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hú Jǐntāo</span></i>; <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xǔ tɕìn.tʰáʊ]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>" is not a formal title; it is a reference occasionally used by media outlets and scholars to refer to the foremost political leader in China at a given time. There is no consensus on when Hu became the paramount leader or when his term ended. Hu became CCP general secretary, the top leader of the Chinese Communist Party in 2002, held the "trio" of top offices in the party, state and military—general secretary, president and CMC chairman—by 2004 and relinquished all three positions by 2013 to his successor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Lam">Willy Lam</a> accounts for Hu's actions on 5 March 1989 as a possible example of his high-level political cunning and shrewdness.<sup id="cite_ref-Lam,_p._9_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lam,_p._9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ewing,_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewing,_2003_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEwing2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ewing, Richard Daniel (20 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/hu-jintao-the-making-of-a-chinese-general-secretary/17B33032553080A8B52A50A9CA9995A8">"Hu Jintao: The Making of a Chinese General Secretary"</a>. <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>173</b>: <span class="nowrap">17–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009443903000032">10.1017/S0009443903000032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154666535">154666535</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025143604/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/hu-jintao-the-making-of-a-chinese-general-secretary/17B33032553080A8B52A50A9CA9995A8">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao%3A+The+Making+of+a+Chinese+General+Secretary&rft.volume=173&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009443903000032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154666535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Richard+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fchina-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhu-jintao-the-making-of-a-chinese-general-secretary%2F17B33032553080A8B52A50A9CA9995A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElegant2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Elegant, Simon (4 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619115625/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1668457,00.html">"In China, Hu is the Man to See"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1668457,00.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=In+China%2C+Hu+is+the+Man+to+See&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.aulast=Elegant&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1668457%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Kerry (10 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/07/10/chinese-leadership-the-challenge-in-2012">"Chinese leadership: The challenge in 2012"</a>. <i>East Asia Forum Quarterly</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822073822/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/07/10/chinese-leadership-the-challenge-in-2012/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Chinese+leadership%3A+The+challenge+in+2012&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2011%2F07%2F10%2Fchinese-leadership-the-challenge-in-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013804/http://www.xinhuanet.com/video/2015-12/21/c_128552046.htm">"Lìshǐ shàng de jīntiān – Guójiā zhǔxí Hú Jǐntāo chūshēng" <bdi lang="zh">[历史上的今天]国家主席胡锦涛出生</bdi></a> [Today in History – President Hu Jintao Was Born] (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. 21 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/video/2015-12/21/c_128552046.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>. <bdi lang="zh">1942年12月21日，中华人民共和国国家主席胡锦涛出生。</bdi> [On 21 December 1942, President Hu Jintao of the People's Republic of China was born.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%ACsh%C7%90+sh%C3%A0ng+de+j%C4%ABnti%C4%81n+%E2%80%93+Gu%C3%B3ji%C4%81+zh%C7%94x%C3%AD+H%C3%BA+J%C7%90nt%C4%81o+ch%C5%ABsh%C4%93ng+%5B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%5D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F&rft.pub=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fvideo%2F2015-12%2F21%2Fc_128552046.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, Melinda. (6 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/man-jiangs-shadow-145603">"The Man in Jiang's Shadow"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422234007/https://www.newsweek.com/man-jiangs-shadow-145603">Archived</a> 22 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavely2007" class="citation news cs1">Havely, Joe (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2007/10/2008525172536374792.html">"Getting to know Hu"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116185351/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2007/10/2008525172536374792.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Getting+to+know+Hu&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.aulast=Havely&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fasia-pacific%2F2007%2F10%2F2008525172536374792.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:032_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyon2023" class="citation book cs1">Doyon, Jérôme (2023). <i>Rejuvenating Communism: Youth Organizations and Elite Renewal in Post-Mao China</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.12291596">10.3998/mpub.12291596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90294-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90294-1"><bdi>978-0-472-90294-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rejuvenating+Communism%3A+Youth+Organizations+and+Elite+Renewal+in+Post-Mao+China&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.12291596&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90294-1&rft.aulast=Doyon&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/data/people/hujintao.shtml">"Hu Jintao"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619113445/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/data/people/hujintao.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hu+Jintao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2Fdata%2Fpeople%2Fhujintao.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">"临夏旅游"</bdi> [<i>Linxia Tourism</i>]. Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture Tourist Board. 2003. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%E4%B8%B4%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Linxia+Hui+Autonomous+Prefecture+Tourist+Board&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span>. No ISBN </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan & Gilley, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Kerry (15 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/15/china-leader-hu-jintao">"China's leader Hu Jintao leads a country in ferment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205185621/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/15/china-leader-hu-jintao">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China%27s+leader+Hu+Jintao+leads+a+country+in+ferment&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Foct%2F15%2Fchina-leader-hu-jintao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchell2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Schell, Orville (19 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695753,00.html">"Hu Jintao"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106044010/http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695753,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.aulast=Schell&rft.aufirst=Orville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1690753_1695388_1695753%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/key_people_events/html/11.stm">"Hu Jintao"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205185338/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/key_people_events/html/11.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fchina_politics%2Fkey_people_events%2Fhtml%2F11.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski" class="citation web cs1">Szczepanski, Kallie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/HuJinTaoProfile.htm">"Hu Jintao"</a>. About. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723185006/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/HuJinTaoProfile.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hu+Jintao&rft.pub=About&rft.aulast=Szczepanski&rft.aufirst=Kallie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fprofilesofasianleaders%2Fp%2FHuJinTaoProfile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2404129.stm">"Asia-Pacific | Profile: Hu Jintao"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106030531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2404129.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+%26%23124%3B+Profile%3A+Hu+Jintao&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F2404129.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWo-Lap_Lam2006" class="citation book cs1">Wo-Lap Lam, Willy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDxKEKvuSUC"><i>Chinese politics in the Hu Jintao era: new leaders, new challenges</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1773-6"><bdi>978-0-7656-1773-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413161213/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDxKEKvuSUC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+politics+in+the+Hu+Jintao+era%3A+new+leaders%2C+new+challenges&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1773-6&rft.aulast=Wo-Lap+Lam&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFDxKEKvuSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan & Gilley, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeoplesDailyBio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeoplesDailyBio_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/data/people/hujintao.shtml">"Hu Jintao"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619113445/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/data/people/hujintao.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2Fdata%2Fpeople%2Fhujintao.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan & Gilley, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">People's Daily Bio</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siscirise-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siscirise_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisci2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Sisci, Francesco (9 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517062135/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/GK09Ad01.html">"Democracy with Chinese characteristics"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Democracy+with+Chinese+characteristics&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft.aulast=Sisci&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FChina%2FGK09Ad01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lam-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lam_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lam_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Lam">Lam, Willy Wo-Lap</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4KMkzh3tckC"><i>Chinese Politics in the Hu Jintao Era</i></a>. ME Sharpe. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1773-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1773-0"><bdi>0-7656-1773-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413161213/https://books.google.com/books?id=S4KMkzh3tckC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Politics+in+the+Hu+Jintao+Era&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=ME+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7656-1773-0&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Willy+Wo-Lap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4KMkzh3tckC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jt_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jt_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jt_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jt_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTkacik2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Tkacik, John (29 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615195945/http://heritage.org/Research/Lecture/Whos-Hu#pgfId=1010147">"Who's Hu? Assessing China's Heir Apparent: Hu Jintao"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Hu%3F+Assessing+China%27s+Heir+Apparent%3A+Hu+Jintao&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2002-04-29&rft.aulast=Tkacik&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2FResearch%2FLecture%2FWhos-Hu%23pgfId%3D1010147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lam,_p._9-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lam,_p._9_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lam,_p._9_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWo-Lap.2006" class="citation book cs1">Wo-Lap., Lam, Willy (2006). <i>Chinese politics in the Hu Jintao era : new leaders, new challenges</i>. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765617743" title="Special:BookSources/9780765617743"><bdi>9780765617743</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/608483173">608483173</a>. <q>QUOTE: "Both are tough and able authoritarians who had extensive experience of repressing dissent on their rise to the top."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+politics+in+the+Hu+Jintao+era+%3A+new+leaders%2C+new+challenges&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F608483173&rft.isbn=9780765617743&rft.aulast=Wo-Lap.&rft.aufirst=Lam%2C+Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan & Gilley, pp.42-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan & Gilley, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-05-25/14421097103.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">资料：1999年5月9日胡锦涛就我驻南使馆遭袭击发表讲话</bdi></a> [Source: Hu Jintao delivered a speech on the attack on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia on May 9, 1999] (in Chinese (China)). <a href="/wiki/Sina_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Corp">Sina Corp</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203424/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-05-25/14421097103.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+overtakes+Japan+as+world%27s+second-biggest+economy&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-12427321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhn_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325103630/http://www.esnips.com/doc/907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3/Kuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf">"Kuhn, Robert Lawrence: Hu's Political Philosophies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Esnips.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esnips.com/doc/907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3/Kuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuhn%2C+Robert+Lawrence%3A+Hu%27s+Political+Philosophies&rft.pub=Esnips.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esnips.com%2Fdoc%2F907de9f2-a212-46b3-9efe-d23813bc03f3%2FKuhn-Media-Press-Hu-Jintao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Wang-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2024" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). <i>The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197757512" title="Special:BookSources/9780197757512"><bdi>9780197757512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+State+Persuasion%3A+China%27s+Strategic+Use+of+Media+in+Interstate+Disputes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197757512&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Frances+Yaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1331741429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Zhao, Suisheng</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1331741429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2024" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Jeremy (2024). <i>Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8"><bdi>978-1-350-25231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2008" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Richard (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1930258/Chinas-President-Hu-Jintao-visits-Japan.html">"China's President Hu Jintao visits Japan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022214958/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1930258/Chinas-President-Hu-Jintao-visits-Japan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=China%27s+President+Hu+Jintao+visits+Japan&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F1930258%2FChinas-President-Hu-Jintao-visits-Japan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei" class="citation web cs1">Pei, Minxin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2011/07/chinese-foreign-policy-after-hu/">"Chinese Foreign Policy After Hu"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302204802/https://thediplomat.com/2011/07/chinese-foreign-policy-after-hu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Chinese+Foreign+Policy+After+Hu&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Minxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fchinese-foreign-policy-after-hu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1331741429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhao_Suisheng_2010-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_Suisheng_2010_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_Suisheng_2010_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhao Suisheng, "Chinese foreign policy under Hu Jintao: The struggle between low-profile policy and diplomatic activism." <i>Hague Journal of Diplomacy</i> 5.4 (2010): 357-378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisci2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Sisci, Francesco (5 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150111/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/GD05Ad08.html">"Strange cross-Taiwan Strait bedfellows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a></i>. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Strange+cross-Taiwan+Strait+bedfellows&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.aulast=Sisci&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FChina%2FGD05Ad08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong2005" class="citation news cs1">Zhong, Wu (29 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602220112/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/std/Front_Page/GC29Aa02.html">"KMT makes China return in historic trip to ease tensions"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTi+News&rft.atitle=%E5%BD%B1%2F%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B120%E5%A4%A7%2F%E9%96%89%E5%B9%95%E8%A1%A8%E6%B1%BA%E8%83%A1%E9%8C%A6%E6%BF%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%A0%B4%E9%9B%A2%E5%B8%AD+%E4%BE%9D%E8%88%8A%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%8B%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD+%7C+%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%B6%B2&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%8E&rft.aufirst=%E5%AE%97%E8%8A%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctinews.com%2Fnews%2Fitems%2FgzaeA9wEam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonell2022" class="citation news cs1">McDonell, Stephen (22 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63358627">"Hu Jintao: The mysterious exit of China's former leader from party congress"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022192158/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63358627">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao%3A+The+mysterious+exit+of+China%27s+former+leader+from+party+congress&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft.aulast=McDonell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-63358627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2022" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, James (22 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/22/china-xi-jinping-hu-jintao-ccp-congress/">"What the Hell Just Happened to Hu Jintao?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221022163847/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/22/china-xi-jinping-hu-jintao-ccp-congress/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Was+Hu+Jintao%27s+removal+from+China%27s+20th+party+congress+suspicious+or+not%3F&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F28%2Fchina-hu-jintao-removal-20th-party-congress-suspicious-or-not&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2022/10/27/xi-jinping-has-surrounded-himself-with-loyalists">"Xi Jinping has surrounded himself with loyalists"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028083105/https://www.economist.com/china/2022/10/27/xi-jinping-has-surrounded-himself-with-loyalists">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao+argued+about+official+papers+before+being+escorted+out+of+congress&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F25%2Fhu-jintao-argued-about-official-papers-before-being-escorted-out-of-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20221205-1340592">"江泽民遗体北京八宝山火化习近平胡锦涛等到场送别"</a> [Jiang Zemin's Body Cremated in Babaoshan, Beijing, Xi Jinping, Hu Jintao and Other Officials Attended the Farewell]. <i>Zaobao</i>. 5 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091429/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20221205-1340592">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zaobao&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91%E9%81%97%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%9D%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E5%8C%96+%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E7%AD%89%E5%88%B0%E5%9C%BA%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaobao.com.sg%2Frealtime%2Fchina%2Fstory20221205-1340592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20221205-1340592">"江泽民遗体北京八宝山火化习近平胡锦涛等到场送别"</a> [Jiang Zemin's Body Cremated in Babaoshan, Beijing, Xi Jinping, Hu Jintao and Other Officials Attended the Farewell]. <i>Zaobao</i>. 5 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091429/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20221205-1340592">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duowei+News&rft.atitle=%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E9%81%97%E6%82%A3+%E4%B8%BA%E5%AE%98%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%BA%E9%81%AD%E7%82%AE%E8%BD%B0&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Lei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.dwnews.com%2Fnews%2F2015-03-16%2F59641567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econo-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econo_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21538803">"America in the Asia-Pacific: We're back"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 19 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101111329/http://www.economist.com/node/21538803">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+China+Talks+of+Change%2C+Fear+Rises+on+the+Risks&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F18%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fas-china-talks-of-change-fear-rises-on-risks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonKeith_Bradshear2012" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ian; Keith Bradshear (8 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/world/asia/hu-jintao-exiting-communist-leader-cautions-china.html">"On Way Out, China's Leader Offers Praise for the Status Quo"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115190405/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/world/asia/hu-jintao-exiting-communist-leader-cautions-china.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Way+Out%2C+China%27s+Leader+Offers+Praise+for+the+Status+Quo&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Keith+Bradshear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F09%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fhu-jintao-exiting-communist-leader-cautions-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangCheung2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chang" title="Steve Chang">Tsang, Steve</a>; Cheung, Olivia (2024). <i>The Political Thought of Xi Jinping</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197689363" title="Special:BookSources/9780197689363"><bdi>9780197689363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197689363&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Olivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hujintao-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hujintao_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang, Guangzhao (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001047627?full=y"><bdi lang="zh">公正评价胡锦涛的十年</bdi></a>. <i>Financial Times Chinese</i> (in Simplified Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162147/http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001047627?full=y">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times+Chinese&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AC%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Guangzhao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftchinese.com%2Fstory%2F001047627%3Ffull%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luotui-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-luotui_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJia" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jia, Qi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182932/http://history.dwnews.com/news/2014-12-26/59626298.html"><bdi lang="zh">如何正确评价胡锦涛裸退的历史意义</bdi></a> [How to correctly evaluate the historical significance of Hu Jintao's complete resignation]. <i>Duowei News</i> (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.dwnews.com/news/2014-12-26/59626298.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duowei+News&rft.atitle=%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%AD%A3%E7%A1%AE%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E8%A3%B8%E9%80%80%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89&rft.aulast=Jia&rft.aufirst=Qi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.dwnews.com%2Fnews%2F2014-12-26%2F59626298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316102321/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/china">"China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/china">the original</a> on 16 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span> See drop-down essay on "An Era of Opening"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2023" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). <i>Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5"><bdi>978-0-262-54482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperating+for+the+Climate%3A+Learning+from+International+Partnerships+in+China%27s+Clean+Energy+Sector&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54482-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Joanna+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou" class="citation book cs1">Zhou, Kate Xiao. <i>Democratization in China, Korea and Southeast Asia?: Local and National Perspectives (Politics in Asia)</i>. Routledge; 1 edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+in+China%2C+Korea+and+Southeast+Asia%3F%3A+Local+and+National+Perspectives+%28Politics+in+Asia%29&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+1+edition&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Kate+Xiao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sohu.com/20060320/n242378439.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">胡锦涛关于“八荣八耻”的论述</bdi></a> [Hu Jintao regarding 'The eight honors and eight shames'] (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a>. 20 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104232609/http://news.sohu.com/20060320/n242378439.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%83%A1%E9%94%A6%E6%B6%9B%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E2%80%9C%E5%85%AB%E8%8D%A3%E5%85%AB%E8%80%BB%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BA%E8%BF%B0&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20060320%2Fn242378439.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Miller, "Hu Jintao and the sixth Plenum." <i>China Leadership Monitor</i> 20 (2007): 1-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm20am.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929193716/https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm20am.pdf">Archived</a> 29 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guoxin Xing, "Hu Jintao's Political Thinking and Legitimacy Building: A Post-Marxist Perspective." <i>Asian Affairs</i> 36.4 (2009): 213-226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/176298">"The NEWSWEEK 50: Chinese President Hu Jintao"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. 5 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327225724/http://www.newsweek.com/id/176298">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+NEWSWEEK+50%3A+Chinese+President+Hu+Jintao&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F176298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoerPerlroth2009" class="citation news cs1">Noer, Michael; Perlroth, Nicole (11 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/11/worlds-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-people_land.html">"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113185034/http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/11/worlds-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-people_land.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.aulast=Noer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Perlroth%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F11%2Fworlds-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-people_land.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlroth2010" class="citation news cs1">Perlroth, Nicole (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/01/obama-china-power-opinions-powerful-people-10-intro.html">"The Most Powerful People On Earth"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415160341/https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/01/obama-china-power-opinions-powerful-people-10-intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Most+Powerful+People+On+Earth&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=Perlroth&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F01%2Fobama-china-power-opinions-powerful-people-10-intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/reporters-without-borders-puts-russias-putin-chinas-hu-on-list-of-press-predators">"Reporters Without Borders puts Russia's Putin, China's Hu on list of press 'predators'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. Associated Press. 3 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101082628/https://www.foxnews.com/world/reporters-without-borders-puts-russias-putin-chinas-hu-on-list-of-press-predators">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Reporters+Without+Borders+puts+Russia%27s+Putin%2C+China%27s+Hu+on+list+of+press+%27predators%27&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Freporters-without-borders-puts-russias-putin-chinas-hu-on-list-of-press-predators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20221031154947/http://rdbk1.ynlib.cn:6251/qw/Paper/52537">"胡锦涛会见哥自由党领导人"</a>. <i>Yunnan Provincial Library</i> (in Chinese). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8F+%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Yanukovych&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakon.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F885%2F2010%23Text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ewing, Richard Daniel. "Hu Jintao: The Making of a Chinese General Secretary." <i>China Quarterly</i> 173 (2003): 17–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/15995942.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lam, Willy. <i>Chinese politics in the Hu Jintao era: New leaders, new challenges</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Miller, Alice. "Hu Jintao and the Sixth Plenum". <i>China Leadership Monitor</i> 20 (2007): 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm20am.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanGilley,_Bruce2003" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, Andrew J.; Gilley, Bruce (March 2003). <i>China's new rulers: the secret files</i>. New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-072-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59017-072-5"><bdi>1-59017-072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+new+rulers%3A+the+secret+files&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2003-03&rft.isbn=1-59017-072-5&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Gilley%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Xing, Guoxin. "Hu Jintao's Political Thinking and Legitimacy Building: A Post-Marxist Perspective". <i>Asian Affairs</i> 36.4 (2009): 213–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guoxin_Xing/publication/249037902_Hu_Jintao's_Political_Thinking_and_Legitimacy_Building_A_Post-Marxist_Perspective/links/5584734108ae71f6ba8c4d0d.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2008" class="citation cs2">Naughton, Barry; et al. (2008), "A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition<i>in </i>China's Great Transformation", in Brandt, Loren; Rawski, G. Thomas (eds.), <i>China's Great Transformation</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge university press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Political+Economy+of+China%27s+Economic+Transitionin+China%27s+Great+Transformation&rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Transformation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHu+Jintao" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Hu Jintao</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hu+Jintao">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hu+Jintao&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Bo, Zhiyue. "Hu Jintao and the CCP's ideology: A historical perspective". <i>Journal of Chinese Political Science</i> 9.2 (2004): 27–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhiyue_Bo/publication/225733571_Hu_Jintao_and_the_CCP's_ideology_A_historical_perspective/links/0c960515e8bb528483000000.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. "China's foreign-and security-policy decision-making processes under Hu Jintao." <i>Journal of Current Chinese Affairs</i> 38.3 (2009): 63–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:JOFOcOHy6N0J:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&scillfp=14327057797953639343&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>Chai, Winberg. "The ideological paradigm shifts of China's world views: From Marxism-Leninism-Maoism to the pragmatism-multilateralism of the Deng-Jiang-Hu era". <i>Asian Affairs</i> 30.3 (2003): 163–175.</li> <li>Cheng, Tun-Jen, et al. eds. <i>China Under Hu Jintao: Opportunities, Dangers, and Dilemmas</i> (2005)</li> <li>David, Daniel K. <i>Modern World Leaders: Hu Jintao</i> (Chelsea, 2008)</li> <li>Ding, Yijiang. "Consolidation of the PRC's leadership succession system from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping". <i>China Report</i> 51.1 (2015): 49–65.</li> <li>Fewsmith, Joseph. "China under Hu Jintao". <i>China Leadership Monitor</i> 14 (Spring 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm14_jf.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Fu, Diana, and Greg Distelhorst. "Grassroots participation and repression under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping." <i>China Journal</i> 79.1 (2018): 100–122. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F694299">10.1086/694299</a>.</li> <li>Garver, John W. <i>China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China</i> (2016)</li> <li>Holbig, Heike. "Remaking the CCP's ideology: Determinants, progress, and limits under Hu Jintao." <i>Critical Readings on the Communist Party of China</i> (4 Vols. Brill, 2017). pp 773–796. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F186810260903800303">10.1177/186810260903800303</a>.</li> <li>Mulvenon, James C. "Hu Jintao and the 'Core Values of Military Personnel<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". <i>China Leadership Monitor</i> 28 (2009): 1-8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/CLM28JM.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Narayanan, Raviprasad. "Stability with Chinese Characteristics: Hu Jintao's Taiwan Policy".<i>China Report</i> 49.4 (2013): 413–424.</li> <li>Zheng, Yongnian, and Sow Keat Tok. "Harmonious society and harmonious world: China's policy discourse under Hu Jintao." <i>Briefing Series</i> 26 (2007): 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/iaps/documents/cpi/briefings/briefing-26-harmonious-society-and-harmonious-world.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Jintao&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hu_Jintao" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=19">Hu Jintao</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822105831/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography_display.php?id=19">Archived</a> 22 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (ChinaVitae.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040607082550/http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/events/040428.htm">Hu Jintao calls for upholding Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4165209.stm">China's leader shows his stripes</a> 2005 BBC article arguing Hu more hardline than he initially appeared</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050126030746/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501050131-1019916,00.html">Requiem for Reform?</a> Zhao Ziyang's vision of political change in China dims as Hu Jintao hardens the Party line (Time Asia)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?92684">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hu_Jintao441" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hu_Jintao" title="Template:Hu Jintao"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Hu_Jintao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Hu Jintao (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hu_Jintao" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hu Jintao"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hu_Jintao441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Honors_and_Eight_Shames" title="Eight Honors and Eight Shames">Eight Honors and Eight Shames</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg/120px-Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg/180px-Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg/240px-Chinese_President_Hu_Jintao_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1301" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2002 election as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2003 National People's Congress">2003 election as president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Maintain_the_Advanced_Nature_of_Communist_Party_Members" title="Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Communist Party Members">Baoxian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2007 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2008 National People's Congress">2008 reelection as president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">2009China 60th National Day grand parade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hu_Jintao" title="List of international trips made by Hu Jintao">International trips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Haifeng" title="Hu Haifeng">Hu Haifeng</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuanpai" title="Tuanpai">Tuanpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao%27s_removal_from_the_20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Hu Jintao's removal from the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Removal at the 20th CCP National Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hu_Jintao" title="Category:Hu Jintao">Category:Hu Jintao</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the Central Secretariat of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a> </b><br />1984–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Song_Defu_(politician)" title="Song Defu (politician)">Song Defu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Houze" title="Zhu Houze">Zhu Houze</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Party Committee Secretary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Guizhou province">Guizhou province</a> </b><br />1985–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhengwei" title="Liu Zhengwei">Liu Zhengwei</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinghua" title="Wu Jinghua">Wu Jinghua</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Party Committee Secretary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> </b><br />1988–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />1992–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />2002–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />2004–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President of China</a> </b><br />1998–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a> </b><br />2003–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China</a> </b><br />2005–2013 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />1993–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 1st <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Rank of the Chinese Communist Party</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">16, 17th <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a></span> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Congress Chairman</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Hu_Jintao96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Hu_Jintao96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Hu Jintao</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China1151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China1151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leaders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 3</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">4</a>)</li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party430" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/20px-Danghui_golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/30px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/40px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Chinese Communist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Leader</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> (1921–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa" title="Xiang Zhongfa">Xiang Zhongfa</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> (1931–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> (1935–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (1943–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (1976–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (1989–2002)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Decision-making bodies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Departments</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Work_Department" title="Social Work Department">Social Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Directly administered</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Secrecy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration" title="State Cryptography Administration">Cryptography Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Administration_of_China" title="National Archives Administration of China">Central Archives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Policy Research Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Commissions<br />for co-ordination</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensive_Law-based_Governance_Commission" title="Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission">Comprehensive Law-based Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission" title="Central Financial Commission">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Cyberspace Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military-Civil_Fusion_Development_Committee" title="Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee">Integrated Military and Civilian Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission" title="Central Science and Technology Commission">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Spiritual Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission" title="Central Institutional Organization Commission">Institutional Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Public_Sector_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Public Sector Reform (page does not exist)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secrecy_Commission" title="Central Secrecy Commission">Secrecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Health_Commission" title="Central Health Commission">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Committee_on_Party_and_State_Merit_and_Honor_Commendation" title="Working Committee on Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation">Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Traffic_Management_Committee" title="Central Air Traffic Management Committee">Air Traffic Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Dispatched institutions<br />for co-ordination</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_Committee_of_Central_and_State_Organs" title="Working Committee of Central and State Organs">Working Committee of Central and State Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission" title="Central Financial Work Commission">Central Financial Work Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a> in Hong Kong</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leading_small_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading small group"><span style="color: white">Leading groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Leading_Group_for_Cryptography_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (page does not exist)">Cryptography Work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration" title="State Cryptography Administration">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Education_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Education Work Leading Group">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rural_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Rural Work Leading Group">Rural Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Inspection Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">Military Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Party_Building" title="Central Leading Group for Party Building">Party Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_United_Front_Work" title="Central Leading Group for United Front Work">United Front Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Hong Kong and Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School" title="Central Party School">Central Party School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Governance">Chinese Academy of Governance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature" title="Institute of Party History and Literature">Institute of Party History and Literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiushi" title="Qiushi">Qiushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a></i></li> <li>Executive Leadership Academies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Pudong" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong">Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Yan%27an" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Jinggangshan" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan">Jinggangshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">National Congress</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Elected by the<br />Central Committee</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Politburo Standing Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Politburo</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Leading_Organisation_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Leading Organisation of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)"><span style="color: white">Military Commission</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Revolutionary_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Approved by the<br />Central Committee</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Secretariat</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1980–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">CCDI Standing Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">7th 1949–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">CCDI Secretary</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (1955–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1978–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Elected by<br />National Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">1st: 1921–1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd: 1922–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">Discipline Inspection</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li>6th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Review_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Review Committee (page does not exist)">1928–1933</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Party_Affairs_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Party Affairs Commission (page does not exist)">1933–1945</a></li> <li>7th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">1949–1955</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">1955–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_CCP" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the CCP">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front (China)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color:white">Groupings</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanpai" title="Tuanpai">Tuanpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_clique" title="Tsinghua clique">Tsinghua clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princelings" title="Princelings">Princelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_clique" title="Fujian clique">Fujian clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan_Society" title="Xishan Society">Xishan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party">Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white;">Category</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China551" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a><br />(1949–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">CPG Chairman</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a><br />(1954–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Chairperson</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (co-acting)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (acting)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions<br />(1975–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPCSC Chairperson</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling"><i>Song Qingling</i></a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a><br />(1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Template:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Template talk:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairmen of the Central Military Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/60px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/90px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/120px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PRC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(2007–2012)1115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(2007–2012)1115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (2007–2012)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1942)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)">Liu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong ♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanchao" title="Li Yuanchao">Li Yuanchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Caihou" title="Xu Caihou">Xu Caihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Boxiong" title="Guo Boxiong">Guo Boxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Xilai" title="Bo Xilai">Bo Xilai</a> (expelled 2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(2002–2007)1146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(2002–2007)1146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (2002–2007)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> (<small>died 2007</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Liangyu" title="Hui Liangyu">Hui Liangyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1942)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)">Liu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lichang" title="Zhang Lichang">Zhang Lichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Liangyu" title="Chen Liangyu">Chen Liangyu</a> (<small>expelled 2006</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Boxiong" title="Guo Boxiong">Guo Boxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Peiyan" title="Zeng Peiyan">Zeng Peiyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1997–2002)1147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1997–2002)1147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1997–2002)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wannian" title="Zhang Wannian">Zhang Wannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a> <small>(died 1999)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1992–1997)1147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1992–1997)1147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1992–1997)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(expelled 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Shaowen" title="Tan Shaowen">Tan Shaowen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(died 1993)</span> → <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secretaries_of_the_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CCP_Secretariat" title="Template:CCP Secretariat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CCP_Secretariat" title="Template talk:CCP Secretariat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CCP_Secretariat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CCP Secretariat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_the_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party965" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Secretariat</a> (1956–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ningyi" title="Liu Ningyi">Liu Ningyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zheng" title="Tan Zheng">Tan Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang" title="Wang Jiaxiang">Wang Jiaxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a> (alternate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a> (alternate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> (alternate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">11th Secretariat</a> (1980–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">12th Secretariat</a> (1982–1987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng Liqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(general)" title="Yang Yong (general)">Yang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Pixian" title="Chen Pixian">Chen Pixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Jianxiu" title="Hao Jianxiu">Hao Jianxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">13th Secretariat</a> (1987–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_Xingwen" title="Rui Xingwen">Rui Xingwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> (alternate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Secretariat</a> (1992–1997)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Jianxin" title="Ren Jianxin">Ren Jianxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">15th Secretariat</a> (1997–2002)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Secretariat</a> (2002–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Caihou" title="Xu Caihou">Xu Caihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yong_(politician)" title="He Yong (politician)">He Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">17th Secretariat</a> (2007–2012)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanchao" title="Li Yuanchao">Li Yuanchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yong_(politician)" title="He Yong (politician)">He Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Jihua" title="Ling Jihua">Ling Jihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Secretariat</a> (2012–2017)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qibao" title="Liu Qibao">Liu Qibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Hongzhu" title="Zhao Hongzhu">Zhao Hongzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jing" title="Yang Jing">Yang Jing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">19th Secretariat</a> (2017–2022)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiaodu" title="Yang Xiaodu">Yang Xiaodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xi_(politician)" title="Chen Xi (politician)">Chen Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengkun" title="Guo Shengkun">Guo Shengkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Quan" title="You Quan">You Quan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Secretariat</a> (2022–2027)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a> (1949–54)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Co-serving: <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a> (1954–75)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd>Co-serving: <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a> (1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanchao" title="Li Yuanchao">Li Yuanchao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_leaders_of_Guizhou_since_1949323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guizhou_leaders" title="Template:Guizhou leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guizhou_leaders" title="Template talk:Guizhou leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guizhou_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guizhou leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_leaders_of_Guizhou_since_1949323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guizhou" title="Politics of Guizhou">Political leaders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> since 1949</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Guizhou" title="Party Secretary of Guizhou">Party committee<br />secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Lin_(politician)" title="Zhou Lin (politician)">Zhou Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhang" title="Li Dazhang">Li Dazhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qiyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Qiyun">Jia Qiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zaihe" title="Li Zaihe">Li Zaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Yinong" title="Lan Yinong">Lan Yinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ruilin" title="Lu Ruilin">Lu Ruilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Li_(politician)" title="Ma Li (politician)">Ma Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Biqing" title="Chi Biqing">Chi Biqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Houze" title="Zhu Houze">Zhu Houze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhengwei" title="Liu Zhengwei">Liu Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fangren" title="Liu Fangren">Liu Fangren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yunlu" title="Qian Yunlu">Qian Yunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zongyuan" title="Shi Zongyuan">Shi Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kezhi" title="Zhao Kezhi">Zhao Kezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Min%27er" title="Chen Min'er">Chen Min'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhigang" title="Sun Zhigang">Sun Zhigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Lin_(born_1963)" title="Xu Lin (born 1963)">Xu Lin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Local People's Congress">Congress</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">chairpersons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jiansheng" title="Xu Jiansheng">Xu Jiansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Shi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Shi (page does not exist)">Wu Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yuhuan" title="Zhang Yuhuan">Zhang Yuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhengwei" title="Liu Zhengwei">Liu Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yulin" title="Liu Yulin">Liu Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhaowen">Wang Zhaowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fangren" title="Liu Fangren">Liu Fangren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yunlu" title="Qian Yunlu">Qian Yunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zongyuan" title="Shi Zongyuan">Shi Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kezhi" title="Zhao Kezhi">Zhao Kezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Min%27er" title="Chen Min'er">Chen Min'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhigang" title="Sun Zhigang">Sun Zhigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Lin_(born_1963)" title="Xu Lin (born 1963)">Xu Lin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Guizhou" title="Governor of Guizhou">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yong_(general)" title="Yang Yong (general)">Yang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Lin_(politician)" title="Zhou Lin (politician)">Zhou Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Li_(politician)" title="Li Li (politician)">Li Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zaihe" title="Li Zaihe">Li Zaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Yinong" title="Lan Yinong">Lan Yinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ruilin" title="Lu Ruilin">Lu Ruilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Li_(politician)" title="Ma Li (politician)">Ma Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Gang" title="Su Gang">Su Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaowen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhaowen">Wang Zhaowen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Shineng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Shineng (page does not exist)">Chen Shineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yixia" title="Wu Yixia">Wu Yixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yunlu" title="Qian Yunlu">Qian Yunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Xiushi" title="Shi Xiushi">Shi Xiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shusen" title="Lin Shusen">Lin Shusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kezhi" title="Zhao Kezhi">Zhao Kezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Min%27er" title="Chen Min'er">Chen Min'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhigang" title="Sun Zhigang">Sun Zhigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bingjun" title="Li Bingjun">Li Bingjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference</a><br />chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zenggu" title="Chen Zenggu">Chen Zenggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yunpu" title="Shen Yunpu">Shen Yunpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jiansheng" title="Xu Jiansheng">Xu Jiansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Chunting" title="Miao Chunting">Miao Chunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Baohua" title="Li Baohua">Li Baohua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Biqing" title="Chi Biqing">Chi Biqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Chunting" title="Miao Chunting">Miao Chunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Zhiyi" title="Long Zhiyi">Long Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Siqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Siqi (page does not exist)">Wang Siqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Gan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Gan (page does not exist)">Sun Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Yao_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Yao (politician) (page does not exist)">Huang Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zhengfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Zhengfu (page does not exist)">Wang Zhengfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuyu" title="Wang Fuyu">Wang Fuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaokai" title="Liu Xiaokai">Liu Xiaokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yongqing" title="Zhao Yongqing">Zhao Yongqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_leaders_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_Autonomous_Region_leaders" title="Template:Tibet Autonomous Region leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_Autonomous_Region_leaders" title="Template talk:Tibet Autonomous Region leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_Autonomous_Region_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet Autonomous Region leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_leaders_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Political leaders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Tibet" title="Party Secretary of Tibet">Party committee<br />secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ming" title="Fan Ming">Fan Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingwu" title="Zhang Jingwu">Zhang Jingwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guohua_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Zhang Guohua (politician, born 1914)">Zhang Guohua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Rong" title="Ren Rong">Ren Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Fatang" title="Yin Fatang">Yin Fatang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinghua" title="Wu Jinghua">Wu Jinghua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Jinlong" title="Guo Jinlong">Guo Jinlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chuantang" title="Yang Chuantang">Yang Chuantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yingjie" title="Wu Yingjie">Wu Yingjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Junzheng" title="Wang Junzheng">Wang Junzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">Congress<br />chairpersons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dongsheng" title="Yang Dongsheng">Yang Dongsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raidi" title="Raidi">Raidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legqog" title="Legqog">Legqog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangba_Puncog" title="Qiangba Puncog">Qiangba Puncog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Choling" title="Padma Choling">Padma Choling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losang_Jamcan" title="Losang Jamcan">Losang Jamcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Tibet" title="Chairman of Tibet">Government<br />chairpersons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama</a> <small>(Preparatory Committee)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama</a> <small>(Preparatory Committee, acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a> <small>(People's Committee)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Yongya" title="Zeng Yongya">Zeng Yongya</a> <small>(Revolutionary Committee)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Rong" title="Ren Rong">Ren Rong</a> <small>(Revolutionary Committee)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggyai_Yexe" title="Sanggyai Yexe">Sanggyai Yexe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorje_Tseten" title="Dorje Tseten">Dorje Tseten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doje_Cering" title="Doje Cering">Doje Cering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaincain_Norbu_(politician)" title="Gyaincain Norbu (politician)">Gyaincain Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legqog" title="Legqog">Legqog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangba_Puncog" title="Qiangba Puncog">Qiangba Puncog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Choling" title="Padma Choling">Padma Choling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losang_Jamcan" title="Losang Jamcan">Losang Jamcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Dalha" title="Che Dalha">Che Dalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jinhai" title="Yan Jinhai">Yan Jinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Cedain" title="Garma Cedain">Garma Cedain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Regional_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference</a><br />chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Guansan" title="Tan Guansan">Tan Guansan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guohua_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Zhang Guohua (politician, born 1914)">Zhang Guohua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Rong" title="Ren Rong">Ren Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Fatang" title="Yin Fatang">Yin Fatang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangling_Dorje" title="Yangling Dorje">Yangling Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raidi" title="Raidi">Raidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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