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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_(363)" title="معركة قطسيفون (363) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة قطسيفون (363)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88_(%DB%B3%DB%B6%DB%B3)" title="تیسفون دؤیوشو (۳۶۳) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیسفون دؤیوشو (۳۶۳)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Ctesifont" title="Batalla de Ctesifont – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Ctesifont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Ctesifonte_(363)" title="Batalla de Ctesifonte (363) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Ctesifonte (363)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_(%DB%B3%DB%B6%DB%B3)" title="نبرد تیسفون (۳۶۳) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد تیسفون (۳۶۳)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Ct%C3%A9siphon_(363)" title="Bataille de Ctésiphon (363) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Ctésiphon (363)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Ktezifonta_(363.)" title="Bitka kod Ktezifonta (363.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Ktezifonta (363.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Ctesifonte" title="Battaglia di Ctesifonte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Ctesifonte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(363)" title="ქტესიფონის ბრძოლა (363) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქტესიფონის ბრძოლა (363)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_ad_Ctesiphontem_commissum_(363)" title="Proelium ad Ctesiphontem commissum (363) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium ad Ctesiphontem commissum (363)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Slag bij Ctesiphon (363) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Ctesiphon (363)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Ktezyfonem_(363)" title="Bitwa pod Ktezyfonem (363) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Ktezyfonem (363)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Ctesifonte_(363)" title="Batalha de Ctesifonte (363) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Ctesifonte (363)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(363)" title="Битка код Ктесифона (363) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Ктесифона (363)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Ktesifona_(363)" title="Bitka kod Ktesifona (363) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Ktesifona (363)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q767124#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Ctesiphon%22+363">"Battle of Ctesiphon" 363</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Ctesiphon%22+363+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Ctesiphon%22+363&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Ctesiphon%22+363+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Ctesiphon%22+363">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Ctesiphon%22+363&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Ctesiphon (363)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Julian's Persian expedition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg/220px-Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg/330px-Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg/440px-Julian_II_under_Ctesifon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="675" /></a></span><br />Julian near Ctesiphon; medieval miniature</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>29 May 363 CE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)&params=33_06_N_44_35_E_source:itwiki_region:IQ-BG_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°06′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°35′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.100°N 44.583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.100; 44.583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Armenia">Arsacid Armenia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Merena" title="Merena">Merena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Surena_(4th-century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surena (4th-century)">Surena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pigranes" title="Pigranes">Pigranes</a><br />Narseus</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 83,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Presumably larger than Roman force<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 70<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Satala_(298)" title="Battle of Satala (298)">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361" title="Perso-Roman wars of 337–361">Perso-Roman wars of 337–361</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singara_(344)" title="Battle of Singara (344)">1st Singara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amida_(359)" title="Siege of Amida (359)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Singara_(360)" title="Siege of Singara (360)">2nd Singara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Julian's Persian expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)" title="Battle of Samarra (363)">Samarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagavan" title="Battle of Bagavan">Bagrevand</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine-Sasanian Wars">Byzantine-Sasanian Wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_421%E2%80%93422" title="Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422">War of 421–422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_440" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440">War of 440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_War" title="Anastasian War">Anastasian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591">War of 572–591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">War of 602–628</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julian&#039;s_Persian_expedition" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Template:Campaignbox Julian's Persian expedition"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Julian's Persian expedition"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Julian's Persian expedition"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julian&#039;s_Persian_expedition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition"><span class="wrap">Julian's Persian expedition</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samarra">Samarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Ctesiphon</b> took place on 29 May 363 between the armies of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> and an army of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (during <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>'s reign) outside the walls of the Persian capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. The battle was a Roman victory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1978243_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1978243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually the Roman forces found themselves unable to continue their campaign as they were too far from their supply lines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 3, 361, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> died in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mopsucrene" title="Mopsucrene">Mopsucrene</a>, leaving his cousin Flavius Claudius Julianus, known to history as <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>, as sole emperor of Rome. Arriving at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to oversee Constantius' burial, Julian immediately focused on domestic policy and began to greatly reform the Roman imperial government by reorganizing, streamlining, and reducing the bureaucracy. </p><p>Turning next to foreign policy, Julian saw the previously unchecked military incursions of Shapur II of Persia against the Eastern Roman provinces as posing the greatest external threat. After many failed earlier attempts, the Persian king launched a more successful second campaign against the Romans and captured <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amida</a> in 359, controlling the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> from the east. A Roman offensive was desperately needed to halt Shapur. </p><p>With Julian's reputation and exploits during his years as Caesar and general of Gaul preceding him, Shapur preferred to negotiate a peace treaty with the intrepid young Julian. Believing it to be incumbent on himself to produce a more permanent settlement in the East, Julian responded to Shapur's calls for peace by saying that the Persian king would be seeing him very soon and began preparing for an expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid dynasty</a>, collecting all his legions and marching east from Constantinople. Carefully planning and crafting his Persian campaign for over a year, Julian transferred his capital and forward base for the coming war to Antioch, Syria in the summer of 362 and on March 5, 363, set out with 65,000–83,000,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 80,000–90,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Shapur, along with the main Persian army, <i>spah</i>, was away from Ctesiphon. Per his devised plan of attack, Julian sent 18,000 soldiers under the command of his maternal cousin <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> to Armenia, with the aim of obtaining support from the King of Armenia for a clever and not looked-for double pincer movement against Shapur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seeing <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> successfully march into his dominions, Shapur ordered his governors to undertake a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy until he reached the Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon, with the main Persian army. However, after a few minor skirmishes and sieges Julian arrived with his undefeated army<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieuMontserrat1996208_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieuMontserrat1996208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before Shapur II to the walls of Ctesiphon on May 29. </p><p>Outside the walls a Persian army under <a href="/wiki/Merena" title="Merena">Merena</a> was formed up for battle across the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, the Persian army featured <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphracts</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Clibanarii" title="Clibanarii">clibanarii</a></i>), backed up by infantry in very close order. Behind them there were <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian's force attempted to set foot on the opposite shore of Tigris, under harassment by the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After achieving it, the main battle commenced. It was a stunning tactical victory for the Romans, losing only 70 men to the Persians' 2,500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Christian sources and not one friendly to the pagan Julian, <a href="/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</a>, even states that Julian's victories up to this point in the campaign had been so great that they caused Shapur to offer Julian a large portion of the Persian domains if he and his legions would withdraw from Ctesiphon. But Julian rejected this offer out of desire for the glory of taking the Persian capital and defeating Shapur in battle which would earn him the honorific of <i>Parthicus</i>. However, Julian lacked the equipment to lay siege to the strongly fortified Ctesiphon, and the main Sassanid army, commanded by Shapur and far larger than the one just defeated, was closing in quickly. Also critical was the failure of Procopius to arrive with the 18,000 detachment of the Roman army that could have aided Julian in crushing Shapur's approaching force as he had intended. For as previously captured <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> had testified after being fairly treated by Julian, the capture or death of Shapur would have compelled the Persian city to open its gates to the new Roman conqueror. While Julian was in favor of advancing further into Persian territory, he was overruled by his officers. Roman morale was low, disease was spreading, and there was very little <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">forage</a> around.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg/220px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg/330px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg/440px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_fallen_Roman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Detail from a Sassanian relief, depicting the dead Julian.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reluctantly, Julian agreed to retreat back along the Tigris and look for Procopius and the other half of his army that had failed to coordinate the double-pincers movement with him outside of Ctesiphon as had been planned. On 16 June 363, the retreat began. Ten days later, after an indecisive Roman victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a>, the army’s rearguard came under heavy attack, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samarra">Battle of Samarra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not even pausing to put on his armour, Julian plunged into the fray shouting encouragement to his men. Just as the Persians were beginning to pull out with heavy losses, Julian was struck in the side by a flying spear. He died before midnight, on June 26, 363. Ultimately the campaign failed and the Romans were forced to ask for peace under unfavourable terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010160-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010160_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2010">Tucker 2010</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi2005">Shahbazi 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1978243-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1978243_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1978">Browning 1978</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus, <i>Historia Nova</i>, book 3, chapter 12. Zosimus' text is ambiguous and refers to a smaller force of 18,000 under Procopius and a larger force of 65,000 under Julian himself; it's unclear if the second figure includes the first.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elton, Hugh, <i>Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425</i>, p. 210, using the higher estimate of 83,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowersock, <i>Julian the Apostate</i>, p.108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieuMontserrat1996208-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieuMontserrat1996208_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieuMontserrat1996">Lieu & Montserrat 1996</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, Book 24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/24*.html">6.3 το 6.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, Book 24, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/24*.html">6.10 to 6.12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Ctesiphon-363">"Battle of Ctesiphon | Summary | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Ctesiphon+%7C+Summary+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Ctesiphon-363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ctesiphon+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bowersock, Glen Warren. <i>Julian the Apostate</i>. London, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-48881-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-48881-4">0-674-48881-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1978" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorjulian00robe"><i>The Emperor Julian</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520037311" title="Special:BookSources/9780520037311"><bdi>9780520037311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Julian&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780520037311&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorjulian00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ctesiphon+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieuMontserrat1996" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Samuel N.C.; Montserrat, Dominic (1996). <i>From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine views: A Source History</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Constantine+to+Julian%3A+Pagan+and+Byzantine+views%3A+A+Source+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.C.&rft.au=Montserrat%2C+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ctesiphon+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005-07-20). "Sasanian dynasty". <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ctesiphon+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict</i>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ctesiphon+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacher2001" class="citation book cs1">Wacher, J.S. (2001). <i>The Roman World</i>. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+World&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wacher&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Ctesiphon+%28363%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julian" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julian_(emperor)" title="Template:Julian (emperor)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julian_(emperor)" title="Template talk:Julian (emperor)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julian_(emperor)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julian (emperor)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_tribunal" title="Chalcedon tribunal">Chalcedon tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_paganism_from_Julian_until_Valens" title="Restoration of paganism from Julian until Valens">Restoration of paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman–Alamannic conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Autun" title="Siege of Autun">Autun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durocortorum" title="Battle of Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brumath" title="Battle of Brumath">Brumath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Senonae" title="Siege of Senonae">Senonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg" title="Battle of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Persian expedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)" title="Battle of Samarra (363)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Roman_Peace_Treaty_of_363" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363">Peace treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Galileans" title="Against the Galileans">Against the Galileans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misopogon" title="Misopogon">Misopogon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilina" title="Basilina">Basilina</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(philosopher)" title="Mardonius (philosopher)">Mardonius</a> (tutor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a> (physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a> (adviser)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Ardashir_II" title="Coronation of Ardashir II">Coronation of Ardashir II</a></i> (379–383 relief)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian_Romance" title="Julian Romance">Julian Romance</a></i> (4th–6th-century prose account)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mercurius_slaying_Julian_the_Apostate_(St._George_church,_Struga)" title="Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate (St. George church, Struga)">Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate</a></i> (15th-century icon)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></i> (1873 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Gods" title="The Death of the Gods">The Death of the Gods</a></i> (1895 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_l%27Apostata" title="Giuliano l'Apostata">Giuliano l'Apostata</a></i> (1919 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_(Butor_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Thoughts (Butor novel)">Second Thoughts</a></i> (1957 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian_(novel)" title="Julian (novel)">Julian</a></i> (1964 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fireball_(novel)" title="Fireball (novel)">Fireball</a></i> (1981 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_Waiting" title="The Dragon Waiting">The Dragon Waiting</a></i> (1983 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Julianus" title="Column of Julianus">Column of Julianus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian:_A_Christmas_Story" title="Julian: A Christmas Story">Julian: A Christmas Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julian_Comstock:_A_Story_of_22nd-Century_America" title="Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America">Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_the_Gods" title="Worship of the Gods">Worship of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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