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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall of Hatra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Hatra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Roman-Persian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatra_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/300px-Hatra_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/450px-Hatra_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><br />The ruins of Hatra</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>240 – April 241 AD</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fall_of_Hatra&params=35_35_17_N_42_43_6_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°35′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°43′6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.58806°N 42.71833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.58806; 42.71833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sasanian victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Kingdom of Hatra dissolved</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a><br /><i>Support:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sanatruq_II" title="Sanatruq II">Sanatruq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars"><span class="wrap">Roman–Persian Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Caesar's planned invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates" title="Battle of the Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass" title="Battle of Amanus Pass">Amanus Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus" title="Battle of Mount Gindarus">Mt Gindarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign" title="Antony's Atropatene campaign">Mark Antony's campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War of 58–63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Trajan's Parthian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Lucius Verus' campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (198)">2nd Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(217)" title="Battle of Nisibis (217)">Nisibis</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Sasanian wars">Roman–Sasanian wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaigns_of_Ardashir_I" title="Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_campaign_of_Severus_Alexander" title="Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander">Campaign of Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(235)" title="Siege of Nisibis (235)">Nisibis (235)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena" title="Battle of Resaena">Resaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche" title="Battle of Misiche">Misiche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)" title="Siege of Nisibis (252)">Nisibis (252)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos" title="Battle of Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)" title="Siege of Antioch (253)">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)" title="Siege of Dura-Europos (256)">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)" title="Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)">Caesarea (260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (263)">3rd Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae_(296)" title="Battle of Carrhae (296)">Carrhae (296)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Satala_(298)" title="Battle of Satala (298)">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361" title="Perso-Roman wars of 337–361">Perso-Roman wars of 337–361</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singara_(344)" title="Battle of Singara (344)">1st Singara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amida_(359)" title="Siege of Amida (359)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Singara_(360)" title="Siege of Singara (360)">2nd Singara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Julian's Persian expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)" title="Battle of Samarra (363)">Samarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagavan" title="Battle of Bagavan">Bagrevand</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine-Sasanian Wars">Byzantine-Sasanian Wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_421%E2%80%93422" title="Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422">War of 421–422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_440" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440">War of 440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_War" title="Anastasian War">Anastasian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591">War of 572–591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">War of 602–628</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Template:Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century"><span class="wrap">Crisis of the Third Century</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235–238)</b> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Death of Alexander Severus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_the_Harzhorn" title="Battle at the Harzhorn">Harzhorn</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_(usurper)" title="Magnus (usurper)">Usurpation of Magnus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartinus" title="Quartinus">Usurpation of Quartinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(235)</li> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the Six Emperors</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</b> </p> <ul><li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(238)" title="Battle of Carthage (238)">Battle of Carthage</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aquileia" title="Siege of Aquileia">Siege of Aquileia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Carpi">Invasion of the Carpi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238–239)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(238–244)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabinianus_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabinianus Revolt">Sabinianus Revolt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(240)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fall of Hatra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(241)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena" title="Battle of Resaena">Resaena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(243)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche" title="Battle of Misiche">Misiche</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(244)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(244–249)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Carpi">Invasion of the Carpi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(245–247)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Games_of_248" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular Games of 248">Secular Games of 248</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsianus" title="Sponsianus">Usurpation of Sponsianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(240s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacatianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacatianus">Usurpation of Pacatianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotapianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jotapianus">Usurpation of Jotapianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Usurpation of Silbannacus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249<span class="nowrap"> </span>or<span class="nowrap"> </span>253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Decius' Rebellion">Decius' Rebellion</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(249)" title="Battle of Verona (249)">Verona</a> and death of Philip & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(249–251)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cniva" title="Cniva">Gothic invasion of Cniva</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250–251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_invasion_of_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi invasion of Dacia">Carpi invasion of Dacia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroe" title="Battle of Beroe">Beroe</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippopolis_(250)" title="Siege of Philippopolis (250)">Philippopolis</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Julius_Priscus" title="Titus Julius Priscus">Usurpation of Julius Priscus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abritus" title="Battle of Abritus">Abritus</a> and death of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Etruscus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251–253)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Death of Hostilian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariades%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariades' Revolt">Mariades' Revolt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)" title="Siege of Nisibis (252)">Nisibis</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos" title="Battle of Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Interamna_Nahars" title="Battle of Interamna Nahars">Interamna Nahars</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c<span class="nowrap"> </span>253)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)" title="Siege of Antioch (253)">Antioch</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(253–260)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(254)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (254)">Thessalonica</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(254)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (254)">Thermopylae</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)" title="Siege of Dura-Europos (256)">Dura-Europos</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(256)</li> <li>Gothic invasion (256–257)</li> <li>Invasion of Shapur (258)</li> <li>Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mediolanum" title="Battle of Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(259)</li> <li>Scythian invasion (259–260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Edessa</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–268)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)" title="Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)">Caesarea</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Ingenuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Ingenuus">Usurpation of Ingenuus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Regalianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Regalianus">Usurpation of Regalianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Major" title="Macrianus Major">Usurpation of Macrianus Major</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>259–261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Saloninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Saloninus">Death of Saloninus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Campaigns of Odaenathus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(260–267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Usurpation of Quietus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balista" title="Balista">Usurpation of Balista</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens_Thessalonicus" title="Valens Thessalonicus">Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi">Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Macrianus_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Macrianus Minor">Usurpation of Macrianus Minor</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)<br /></li> <li>Pannonian Rebellion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(261)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Mussius_Aemilianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus">Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(261–262)</li> <li>Postumus' Campaign against the Franks<span class="nowrap"> </span>(262)</li> <li>Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni<span class="nowrap"> </span>(263)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (263)">Ctesiphon</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(263)</li> <li>Scythian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(265–266)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odaenathus#Assassination_theories" title="Odaenathus">Assassination of Odaenathus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeonius" title="Maeonius">Usurpation of Maeonius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(266–267)</li> <li>Scythian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(267–269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herules" class="mw-redirect" title="Herules">Heruli Raids</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Athens_(267_AD)" title="Sack of Athens (267 AD)">Athens</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureolus" title="Aureolus">Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268–270)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laelianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Laelianus">Usurpation of Laelianus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Marius" title="Marcus Aurelius Marius">Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Augustodunum_Haeduorum" title="Siege of Augustodunum Haeduorum">Augustodunum Haeduorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naissus" title="Battle of Naissus">Naissus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268/269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Benacus" title="Battle of Lake Benacus">Lake Benacus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(268 or 269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus" title="Dexippus">Capture of Athens</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Bostra" title="Sack of Bostra">Bostra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Palmyrene invasion of Egypt">Palmyrene invasion of Egypt</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li> <li>Vandal Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(270)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270–275)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Junior" title="Victorinus Junior">Usurpation of Victorinus Junior</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li>Junthungi Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian_II" title="Domitian II">Domitian II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetricus_I" title="Tetricus I">Tetricus I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tetricus_II" title="Tetricus II">Tetricus II</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicissimus" title="Felicissimus">Rebellion of Felicissimus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(270s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)" title="Battle of Placentia (271)">Placentia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fano" title="Battle of Fano">Fano</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia_(271)" title="Battle of Pavia (271)">Pavia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(271)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana_(272)" title="Siege of Tyana (272)">Tyana</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Immae" title="Battle of Immae">Immae</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emesa" title="Battle of Emesa">Emesa</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razing_of_Palmyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Razing of Palmyra">Razing of Palmyra</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinus" title="Faustinus">Usurpation of Faustinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons_(274)" title="Battle of Châlons (274)">Châlons</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(274)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(275-276)</b> </p> <ul><li>Gothic Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-277)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-282)</b> </p> <ul><li>Vandal Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(276-278)</li> <li>Sarmatian Invasion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(278)</li> <li>Usurpation of <a href="/wiki/Bonosus_(usurper)" title="Bonosus (usurper)">Bonosus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Proculus" title="Proculus">Proculus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Saturninus" title="Julius Saturninus">Usurpation of Julius Saturninus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(280)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(282-283)</b> </p> <ul><li>Carus' invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(283)</li></ul> <p><b>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(283-285)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Pannonia" title="Julian of Pannonia">Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(284-285)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Margus" title="Battle of the Margus">Margum</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(285)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>fall of Hatra</b>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sanatruq_II" title="Sanatruq II">Sanatruq II</a>, took place in the 3rd century after a lengthy siege by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>. Hatra was plundered and abandoned, and its kingdom dissolved. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Hatra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Roman-Persian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, and the dynasty was mostly under influence of the latter. Its capital city <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> was strongly fortified, and managed to repulse sieges by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperors <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (in 117 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (in 193 and 197 AD). During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sanatruq_II" title="Sanatruq II">Sanatruq II</a>, the kingdom expanded, and as the Parthian Empire was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, Hatra shifted its loyalty and became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal kingdom">vassal kingdom</a> of the Romans. The Sasanian king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> unsuccessfully besieged the city in 220s. Latin dedications from the year 235 in Hatra's ruins suggest there was presence of <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> in the city in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-hatra-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege_and_aftermath">Siege and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Hatra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern sources put the date of Hatra's fall in 240–241 AD (or April 241 AD) per the newly discovered document <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne Mani Codex">Cologne Mani Codex</a> (18.2-8), which is the year that <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> crowned his son <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> as the co-regent. Either of these may have conquered Hatra. The siege took one year,<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-hatra-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or two years, according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the city's conquest, it was plundered, its fortifications were destroyed, the city was deserted and never resettled, and the Kingdom of Hatra was disestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-Mid_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-hatra-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 363, <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> passed by Hatra together with the Roman army and has described it as an "old city situated in an uninhabited area and deserted for a long time past".<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-hatra-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of Hatra is described in medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> traditions via stories that mix facts and fiction. The legend tells of the Hatrene princess <a href="/wiki/Al-Nadirah" title="Al-Nadirah">al-Nadirah</a> who betrayed the city to Shapur I after falling in love with him.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-hatra-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sasanian capture of Hatra is thought to be the cause of the Persian war of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Hatra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iranica-hatra-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica-hatra_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt" class="citation web cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hatra">"HATRA"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=HATRA&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhatra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Hatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrāhīm1986" class="citation book cs1">Ibrāhīm, Jābir Khalīl (1986). <i>Pre-Islamic settlement in Jazirah</i>. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture & Information, State Organization of Antiquities & Heritage. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Islamic+settlement+in+Jazirah&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Republic+of+Iraq%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+%26+Information%2C+State+Organization+of+Antiquities+%26+Heritage&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm&rft.aufirst=J%C4%81bir+Khal%C4%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Hatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwell, Peter (2007). <i>Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control</i>. Routledge. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134095735" title="Special:BookSources/9781134095735"><bdi>9781134095735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+Under+Roman+Control&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134095735&rft.aulast=Edwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Hatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mid-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mid_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mid East</i>. Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_of_the_Middle_East" title="American Friends of the Middle East">American Friends of the Middle East</a>. 1967. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid+East&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=American+Friends+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Hatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wieseh%C3%B6fer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Wiesehöfer">Wiesehöfer, Joseph</a> (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i">"ARDAŠĪR I i. History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ARDA%C5%A0%C4%AAR+I+i.+History&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fardasir-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Hatra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Hatra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcato2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marcato, Enrico (2020). "An Aramaic Incantation Bowl and the Fall of Hatra". <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 133–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjaneh-2020-0004">10.1515/janeh-2020-0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225421630">225421630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+History&rft.atitle=An+Aramaic+Incantation+Bowl+and+the+Fall+of+Hatra&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-157&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjaneh-2020-0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225421630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marcato&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Hatra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Hatra&oldid=1245637253">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Hatra&oldid=1245637253</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Category:Roman–Sasanian Wars">Roman–Sasanian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hatra" title="Category:Hatra">Hatra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_in_the_Roman_era" title="Category:Iraq in the Roman era">Iraq in the Roman era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Category:Battles of the Roman–Sasanian Wars">Battles of the Roman–Sasanian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:240" title="Category:240">240</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:241" title="Category:241">241</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:240s_conflicts" title="Category:240s conflicts">240s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:240s_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:240s in the Roman Empire">240s in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sasanian_Empire" title="Category:Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shapur_I" title="Category:Shapur I">Shapur I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Sieges involving the Roman Empire">Sieges involving the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="Category:Sieges involving the Sasanian Empire">Sieges involving the Sasanian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_of_Hatra" title="Category:Sieges of Hatra">Sieges of Hatra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_of_the_Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Category:Sieges of the Roman–Persian Wars">Sieges of the Roman–Persian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd_century_in_Iran" title="Category:3rd century in Iran">3rd century in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Looting_in_Iraq" title="Category:Looting in Iraq">Looting in Iraq</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 05:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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