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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Satale_(298)" title="Bitka kod Satale (298) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka kod Satale (298)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Satala_(297)" title="Schlacht bei Satala (297) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Satala (297)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_(%DB%B2%DB%B9%DB%B8)" title="نبرد ساتالا (۲۹۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد ساتالا (۲۹۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Satala_(298)" title="Battaglia di Satala (298) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Satala (298)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Satala" title="Slag bij Satala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Satala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Satala_(298)" title="Batalha de Satala (298) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Satala (298)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Satale_(298)" title="Bitka kod Satale (298) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Satale (298)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_(298)" title="Битва при Саталі (298) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Саталі (298)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503605#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the battle between the ancient Romans and the Sassanid Empire. For the 530 battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Satala_(530)" title="Battle of Satala (530)">Battle of Satala (530)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Satala</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Roman-Persian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg/250px-Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg/375px-Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg/500px-Arch-of-Galerius-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><br />Detail of Galerius attacking Narseh on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch of Galerius">Arch of Galerius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>298 AD</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Unknown - possibly <a href="/wiki/Basean" class="mw-redirect" title="Basean">Basean</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nisibis_(299)" title="Peace of Nisibis (299)">Treaty of Nisibis</a></li><li>Roman sack of Ctesiphon</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-CEJSH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEJSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown, very heavy<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars"><span class="wrap">Roman–Persian Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Caesar's planned invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates" title="Battle of the Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass" title="Battle of Amanus Pass">Amanus Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus" title="Battle of Mount Gindarus">Mt Gindarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign" title="Antony's Atropatene campaign">Mark Antony's campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War of 58–63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Trajan's Parthian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Lucius Verus' campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (198)">2nd Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Caracalla" title="Parthian war of Caracalla">Parthian war of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nisibis_(217)" title="Battle of Nisibis (217)">Nisibis</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Sasanian wars">Roman–Sasanian wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaigns_of_Ardashir_I" title="Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_campaign_of_Severus_Alexander" title="Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander">Campaign of Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(235)" title="Siege of Nisibis (235)">Nisibis (235)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Hatra" title="Fall of Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaena" title="Battle of Resaena">Resaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misiche" title="Battle of Misiche">Misiche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nisibis_(252)" title="Siege of Nisibis (252)">Nisibis (252)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barbalissos" title="Battle of Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(253)" title="Siege of Antioch (253)">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dura-Europos_(256)" title="Siege of Dura-Europos (256)">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa" title="Battle of Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caesarea_Cappadocia_(260)" title="Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260)">Caesarea (260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(263)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (263)">3rd Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae_(296)" title="Battle of Carrhae (296)">Carrhae (296)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361" title="Perso-Roman wars of 337–361">Perso-Roman wars of 337–361</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singara_(344)" title="Battle of Singara (344)">1st Singara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amida_(359)" title="Siege of Amida (359)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Singara_(360)" title="Siege of Singara (360)">2nd Singara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian%27s_Persian_expedition" title="Julian's Persian expedition">Julian's Persian expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirisabora" title="Siege of Pirisabora">Pirisabora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maiozamalcha" title="Siege of Maiozamalcha">Maiozamalcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maranga" title="Battle of Maranga">Maranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)" title="Battle of Samarra (363)">Samarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagavan" title="Battle of Bagavan">Bagrevand</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine-Sasanian Wars">Byzantine-Sasanian Wars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_421%E2%80%93422" title="Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422">War of 421–422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_440" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440">War of 440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_War" title="Anastasian War">Anastasian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_572%E2%80%93591" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591">War of 572–591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">War of 602–628</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Satala</b> was fought in 298, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> and the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire of Persia</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> (Narses). The battle was an overwhelming victory for the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Roman army</a>, with the Persian army destroyed as a fighting force. The Romans obtained an enormous amount of plunder from the defeated Persians, and captured Narseh's principal wife. The campaign concluded with a very favourable peace treaty for Rome, with Persia ceding considerable territory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though traditionally known as the Battle of Satala, the precise location of the battle is not known; the town of <a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a> may have served as the Roman base of operations. In an early Armenian history it is stated that the battle was fought in the region of <a href="/wiki/Basean" class="mw-redirect" title="Basean">Basean</a>, at a village called Osxay. Basean (Phasiana) is usually placed to the east of <a href="/wiki/Erzerum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzerum">Erzerum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CEJSH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEJSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to King <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III of Armenia</a> in the peace of 287. Narseh then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the Eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (<a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, Turkey) and Callinicum (<a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, Syria).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative views have the opening of the war in 296 or 297. Ammianus' history is not consistent with some other sources, including Narseh's <a href="/wiki/Paikuli_inscription" title="Paikuli inscription">Paikuli inscription</a>. According to historian Ursula Weber, "it is quite certain" that the whole of Armenia continued to a part of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd-century, until it was later ceded to the Romans in 298/9 after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nisibis_(299)" title="Peace of Nisibis (299)">Peace of Nisibis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galerius was reinforced, probably in the spring of 298, by a new contingent of troops collected from the empire's best recruiting grounds in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyricum</a>. Narseh did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia, allowing Galerius to take the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia. Narseh withdrew his army into Armenia, which would ensure that Galerius could not move south to attack the Persian capital, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, as it would expose his communications, and nearby Roman provinces, to attack. However, this strategic move was to Narseh's tactical disadvantage: the rugged Armenian terrain was favourable to the Roman army, whose strength was its infantry, but was unfavourable to cavalry operations, in which the Sassanid army excelled. Galerius entered Armenia in company with King Tiridates. Local aid also gave the Romans the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galerius_follis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Galerius_follis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Galerius as Caesar, his full name was Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus - rendered MAXIMIANUS NOBILissimus Caesar on the coin</figcaption></figure> <p>During the second encounter, the Battle of Satala, the Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>, and his wife. Detailed descriptions of the dispositions of the two armies have not survived, but sources unambiguously indicate that the Roman army unexpectedly came across Narseh's troops and caught the Persians unprepared whilst encamped, and describe the ensuing conflict as "a massacre."<sup id="cite_ref-CEJSH_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEJSH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably, the active aid of the local Armenian population allowed the Romans to approach and trap the Persians without being detected.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> describes the habit of kings of the Near East to campaign while accompanied by their entire household. He ascribes the defeat that Narseh suffered to the severe limitation on the mobility of Persian army that this habit caused.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the account of <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus of Byzantium">Faustus of Byzantium</a> (in Armenian: P'awstos Buzand): </p> <dl><dd>[The Romans] came and attacked the army of the king of Iran encamped in that same place [Osxay], finding them negligently unconcerned and unsuspectingly at rest. Attacking during the daytime, they fell upon the Iranian king, putting everything to the sword and sparing no one. Then they took the <i>banak</i> [mobile royal treasury?] as loot, the king's women, the <i>bambish</i> [queen of queens] and the women with their possessions and goods into captivity — their women and treasures, provisions and equipage. Only the king was able to escape by a hairsbreadth and go free as a fugitive, thanks to a swift running <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Narseh was himself wounded in the battle and fled Armenia into the Persian heartland, presumably in the hope of raising more troops; the booty taken by the victors was so great that it achieved legendary status and its transport back to Roman territory posed a logistical challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was the origin of a well-known anecdote, related by the historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, that a simple Roman soldier had looted a highly decorated leather bag filled with pearls from the Persians; the soldier threw away the pearls as useless, but kept the bag.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narseh's wife, Arsane, would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galerius advanced into <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, winning continuous victories, most prominently near <a href="/wiki/Resaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Resaina">Resaina</a> (Ras al-Ayn), and securing <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a> (Nusaybin) before 1 October 298. He then moved down the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, taking Narseh's capital, Ctesiphon. Having gazed on the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, Galerius and his victorious army returned to Roman territory via the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/270px-NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/405px-NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/540px-NarsehCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Image of King Narseh on a coin minted during his reign</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nisibis_(299)" title="Peace of Nisibis (299)">Treaty of Nisibis</a>, highly advantageous to Rome. It ended the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Roman–Sasanian war</a>; Tiridates was restored to his throne in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> as a Roman vassal, and the Georgian Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberia">Iberia</a> was acknowledged as also falling under Roman authority. Rome itself received a part of Upper <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> that extended even beyond the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> - including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tigranocerta" title="Tigranocerta">Tigranokert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siirt" title="Siirt">Saird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvan,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Silvan, Diyarbakır">Martyropolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Balalesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray">Moxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duhok,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Duhok, Iraq">Daudia</a>, and Arzan. Peace was thus assured for some decades until its collapse with the military resurgence of Persia under <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> in the 330s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans celebrated their victory by commemorative medallions and coin issues. In 304, Galerius had a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius</a>) erected in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&q=siege+of+nisibis+252+sassanian+victory%2F&pg=PA468">The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337</a> "Galerius led one army into Armenia While Diocletian advanced into northern Mesopotamia. Narseh, who had concentrated his army in Armenia, was surprised by Galerius and decisively defeated</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEJSH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEJSH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEJSH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEJSH_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMAKSYMIUKHOSSEIN_TALAEE2022" class="citation journal cs1">MAKSYMIUK, Katarzyna; HOSSEIN TALAEE, Parviz (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-9d965fbf-28b3-44fc-8323-c0470c93ad63/c/MAKSYMIUK.pdf">"Consequences of the Battle of Satala (298)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historia i Świat</i>. <b>11</b>: 145–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34739%2Fhis.2022.11.08">10.34739/his.2022.11.08</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+i+%C5%9Awiat&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+the+Battle+of+Satala+%28298%29&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=145-154&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34739%2Fhis.2022.11.08&rft.aulast=MAKSYMIUK&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=HOSSEIN+TALAEE%2C+Parviz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.desklight-9d965fbf-28b3-44fc-8323-c0470c93ad63%2Fc%2FMAKSYMIUK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Satala+%28298%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Armenians by Faustus of Byzantium, Book 3.21.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus 23.5.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber2016">Weber 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dignas and Winter, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, 22.4.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dignas and Winter, p. 84 (footnote)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge Ancient History, pp. 494-495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dignas and Winter, pp. 86-88</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Ammianus_Marcellinus">Roman History</a></i> (late 4th century)</li> <li>Faustus of Byzantium (P'awstos Buzand) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192440/http://rbedrosian.com/pbtoc.html">History of the Armenians</a></i> (4th-5th century) Faustus places the battle anachronistically in his chronicle, but his identification of the Persian king involved as Narseh, and his description of capture of the queen, makes it certain that he is referring to the campaign of Galerius.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnes, Timothy D. <i>Constantine and Eusebius.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-16531-1">978-0-674-16531-1</a></li> <li>Boardman, John et al. (2005), The Cambridge Ancient History, pp. 494–495. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30199-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30199-8">0-521-30199-8</a></li> <li>Dignas, Beate and Winter, Engelbert (2007) <i>Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals.</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521849258" title="Special:BookSources/9780521849258">9780521849258</a></li> <li>Williams, Stephen (1985) <i>Diocletian and the Roman Recovery,</i> Batsford, London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weber, Ursula (2016). "Narseh". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/narseh-sasanian-king"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narseh&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnarseh-sasanian-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Satala+%28298%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&oldid=1245636942">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Satala_(298)&oldid=1245636942</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Roman%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Category:Battles of the Roman–Sasanian Wars">Battles of the Roman–Sasanian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:290s_conflicts" title="Category:290s conflicts">290s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:298" title="Category:298">298</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:290s_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:290s in the Roman Empire">290s in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd_century_in_Iran" title="Category:3rd century in Iran">3rd century in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd_century_in_Armenia" title="Category:3rd century in Armenia">3rd century in Armenia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2017">Use dmy dates from June 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 05:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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