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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rabbinic Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Non-Rabbinic Judaism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Rabbinic Judaism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karaite_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karaite_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Karaite Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karaite_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethno-cultural_divisions'_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethno-cultural_divisions'_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ethno-cultural divisions' movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethno-cultural_divisions'_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethno-cultural divisions' movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethno-cultural_divisions'_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sephardic_and_Mizrahi_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic_and_Mizrahi_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sephardic and Mizrahi Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic_and_Mizrahi_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_and_Romaniote_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_and_Romaniote_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Italian and Romaniote Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_and_Romaniote_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashkenazic_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashkenazic_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ashkenazic movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashkenazic_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hasidic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasidic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Hasidic Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasidic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuanian_(Lita'im)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanian_(Lita'im)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Lithuanian (Lita'im) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanian_(Lita'im)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Enlightenment_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Enlightenment_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Post-Enlightenment movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Enlightenment_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3.1 Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3.2 Reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_(Masorti)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_(Masorti)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3.3 Conservative (Masorti) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_(Masorti)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_Judaism_(Ḥevrati)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_Judaism_(Ḥevrati)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3.4 Communal Judaism (Ḥevrati) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_Judaism_(Ḥevrati)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionists_(Datim-leumi)_and_anti-Zionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionists_(Datim-leumi)_and_anti-Zionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Zionists (Datim-leumi) and anti-Zionists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionists_(Datim-leumi)_and_anti-Zionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressures_of_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressures_of_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Pressures of assimilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressures_of_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crypto-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crypto-Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Crypto-Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crypto-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ethnic_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ethnic_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other ethnic movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ethnic_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beta_Israel_(Haymanot)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_Israel_(Haymanot)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Beta Israel (Haymanot) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_Israel_(Haymanot)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_Karaites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_Karaites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Crimean Karaites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_Karaites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igbo_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igbo_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Igbo Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igbo_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subbotniks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subbotniks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Subbotniks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subbotniks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th/21st-century_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th/21st-century_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 20th/21st-century movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th/21st-century_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 20th/21st-century movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-20th/21st-century_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th-century_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 20th-century movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-_and_post-denominational_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-_and_post-denominational_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Trans- and post-denominational Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-_and_post-denominational_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bnei_Noah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bnei_Noah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Bnei Noah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bnei_Noah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_contemporary_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_contemporary_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 List of contemporary movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_contemporary_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jewish religious movements</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="fr" data-title="Courants du judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="זרמים ביהדות המודרנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרמים ביהדות המודרנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="طوايف اليهود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طوايف اليهود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a> <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jewish religious movements, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>", include diverse groups within <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> which have developed among <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from ancient times. Today in the west, the most prominent divisions are between traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> movements (including <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> ultratraditionalist and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodoxy">Modern Orthodox</a> branches) and modernist movements such as <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> Judaism originating in late 18th century Europe, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> (Masorti) originating in 19th century Europe, and other smaller ones,<a href="#cite_note-Blau-1">[1]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a> movements which emerged later in the 20th century in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel#Judaism" title="Religion in Israel">In Israel</a>, variation is moderately similar,<a href="#cite_note-Tabory1990-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabory2004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Ch._18_"Americans_in_the_Israeli_Reform_and_Conservative_Denominations"-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-5">[5]</a> differing from the west in having roots in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a> and pre-to-early-state <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a> infusion, among other influences. For statistical and practical purposes, the distinctions there are based upon a person's attitude to religion. Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">secular</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">hiloni</a>), "traditional" (<a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">masortim</a>), "religious" (<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">dati</a>) or ultra-religious (<a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">haredi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid201733–62Ch._3_"Demensions_of_Jewish_Religiosity"-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-5">[5]</a> The western and Israeli movements <a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">differ in their views</a> on various issues (as do those of other Jewish communities). These issues include the level of observance, the methodology for interpreting and understanding <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">biblical authorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>, and the nature or role of <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">the messiah</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Messianic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic age">messianic age</a>). Across these movements, there are marked differences in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">liturgy</a>, especially in the language in which services are conducted, with the more traditional movements emphasizing Hebrew. The sharpest theological division occurs between traditional Orthodox and the greater number of non-Orthodox Jews adhering to other movements (or to none), such that the non-Orthodox are sometimes referred to collectively as the "liberal" or "progressive streams". Other divisions of Judaism in the world reflect being more <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnically</a> and geographically rooted, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopian Jews</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> (among the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">ancient Jewish communities of India</a>). Normatively, Judaism excludes from its composition certain groups that may name or consider themselves ethnic Jews but hold key beliefs in sharp contradiction, for example, modern or ancient <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Messianic Jews</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Some Jews reject the term denomination as a label for different groups and ideologies within Judaism, arguing that the notion of denomination has a specifically Christian resonance that does not translate easily into the Jewish context. However, in recent years the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Year_Book" title="American Jewish Year Book">American Jewish Year Book</a> has adopted "denomination", as have many scholars and theologians.<a href="#cite_note-Sarna-7">[7]</a> Commonly used terms are movements,<a href="#cite_note-Philipson-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sklare-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudavsky-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner1975-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-20th-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyer1988-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mittleman-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabory2004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Introduct-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mendes-Flohr-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elazar&Geffen-18">[18]</a> as well as denominations,<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer91-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer2018-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deshen95-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazerwitz-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarna-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Introduct-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferziger2012-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rebhum-24">[24]</a> varieties,<a href="#cite_note-Blau-1">[1]</a> traditions,<a href="#cite_note-Raphael-25">[25]</a> groupings,<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer2018103-26">[26]</a> streams,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1975"The_Orthodox_stream"-27">[27]</a> branches,<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_liberal-28">[28]</a> sectors and sects (for some groups),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1975"Orthodox_sectarians"-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferziger2015-30">[30]</a> trends,<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_orthodox-31">[31]</a> and such. Sometimes, as an option, only three main currents of Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative and Reform) are named traditions, and divisions within them are called movements. The Jewish groups themselves reject characterization as <a href="/wiki/Sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects">sects</a>. Sects are traditionally defined as religious subgroups that have broken off from the main body, and this separation usually becomes irreparable over time. Within Judaism, individuals and families often switch affiliation, and individuals are free to marry one another, although the major denominations disagree on <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">who is a Jew</a>. It is not unusual for clergy and Jewish educators trained in one of the liberal denominations to serve in another, and left with no choice, many small Jewish communities combine elements of several movements to achieve a viable level of membership. <a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">Relationships between Jewish religious movements</a> are varied; they are sometimes marked by interdenominational cooperation outside of the realm of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (Jewish law), such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Board_of_Rabbis" title="New York Board of Rabbis">New York Board of Rabbis</a>, and sometimes not. Some of the movements sometimes cooperate by uniting with one another in community federations and in campus organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillel Society">Hillel Foundation</a>. Jewish religious denominations are distinct from, but often linked to, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sects_in_the_Second_Temple_period">Sects in the Second Temple period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sects in the Second Temple period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> Prior to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in 70 CE, Jews of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> were divided into several movements, sometimes warring among themselves: <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">early Christians</a>. Many historic sources such as <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and the recovered fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, attest to the divisions among Jews at this time. <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical writings">Rabbinical writings</a> from later periods, including the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, further attest these ancient schisms.<a href="#cite_note-schiffman-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-33">[33]</a> The main internal struggles during this era were between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, as well as the early Christians, and also the Essenes and Zealots. The Pharisees wanted to maintain the authority and traditions of classical Torah teachings and began the early teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a>, maintaining the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, the supreme Jewish court. According to Josephus, the Sadducees differed from the Pharisees on a number of doctrinal grounds, notably rejecting ideas of life after death. They appear to have dominated the aristocracy and the temple, but their influence over the wider Jewish population was limited. The Essenes preached an ascetic way of life. The Zealots advocated armed rebellion against any foreign power such as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. All were at violent logger-heads with each other, leading to the confusion and disunity that ended with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sacking of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by Rome. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> were the original Jewish followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. The radical interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Moses' Law</a> by Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> and their belief he is the <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">Son of God</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">development of the New Testament</a>, ensured that <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a> would become <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">distinctively different religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schiffman-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rabbinic Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></div> Most streams of modern Judaism developed from the Pharisaic movement, which became known as Rabbinic Judaism (in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> Yahadut Rabanit — יהדות רבנית) with the compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> and the destruction of the Second Temple the other movements disappeared from the historical record, yet the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> probably kept on existing in a non-organized form for at least several more decades.<a href="#cite_note-Neusner2002-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-schiffman-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-rabbinic-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Rabbinic_Judaism">Non-Rabbinic Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-Rabbinic Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karay2617_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Karay2617_%281%29.JPG/220px-Karay2617_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Karay2617_%281%29.JPG/330px-Karay2617_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Karay2617_%281%29.JPG/440px-Karay2617_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>In central Karaite synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></figcaption></figure> Non-Rabbinic Judaism—<a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a>—contrasts with Rabbinic Judaism and does not recognize the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> as a divine authority nor the rabbinic procedures used to interpret Jewish scripture.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karaite_Judaism">Karaite Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Karaite Judaism">edit</a>]</div> The tradition of the Qara'im survives in <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, started in the early 9th century when non-rabbinic sages like <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Nahawandi" title="Benjamin Nahawandi">Benjamin Nahawandi</a> and their followers took the rejection of the Oral Torah by <a href="/wiki/Anan_ben_David" title="Anan ben David">Anan ben David</a> to the new level of seeking the plain meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh's</a> text. Karaite Jews accept only the Tanakh as divinely inspired, not recognizing the authority that Rabbinites ascribe to basic rabbinic works like the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethno-cultural_divisions'_movements">Ethno-cultural divisions' movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethno-cultural divisions' movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Jewish religious and ethno-religious movements. For ethnicity, see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a>.</div> Although there are numerous Jewish ethnic communities, there are several that are large enough to be considered predominant. Generally, they do not constitute separate religious branches within Judaism, but rather separate cultural traditions (<a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">nuschaot</a>) and rites of prayer (<a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhagim</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> compose about 75% of the world's Jewish population. <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> compose the greatest part of the rest, with about 20% of the world's Jewish population. Israel has two <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a>—one for the Ashkenazic, another for the Sephardic with Mizrahi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The remaining 5% of Jews are divided among a wide array of small groups (such as various groups of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">African Jews</a>, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> from Ethiopia who follow the <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a> branch of Judaism), some of which are nearing extinction as a result of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">intermarriage</a> into surrounding non-Jewish cultures or surrounding Jewish cultures. Additionally, special ethnoreligious divisions are also the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian rite Jews</a> and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a>. Both groups are considered distinct from Ashkenazim and Sephardim. The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> had a tremendous effect on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a> and on ideas about the importance and role of Jewish observance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78-40">[40]</a> Due to the geographical distribution and the geopolitical entities affected by the Enlightenment, this <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> revolution essentially affected only the Ashkenazi community; however, because of the predominance of the Ashkenazi community in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israeli politics</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a> worldwide, the effects have been significant for all Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardic_and_Mizrahi_Judaism">Sephardic and Mizrahi Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sephardic and Mizrahi Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baladi-rite_prayer" title="Baladi-rite prayer">Baladi-rite prayer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg/220px-Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg/330px-Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg/440px-Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Torah reading <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic custom</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic Judaism</a> is the practice of Judaism as observed by the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a> (Iberian, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish-Portuguese Jews</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a>) are all Oriental Jewry. Some definitions of "Sephardic" also include Mizrahi, many of whom follow the same traditions of worship but have different ethno-cultural traditions. So far as it is peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim (German rite).<a href="#cite_note-dobrinsky-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zohar-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-weiner-43">[43]</a> Sephardim are primarily the descendants of Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, such as most <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Jews from France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>. They may be divided into the families that left in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Expulsion of 1492</a> and those that remained as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">crypto-Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a> and those who left in the following few centuries. In religious parlance, and by many in modern Israel, the term is used in a broader sense to include all Jews of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> or other Asian or African backgrounds (Mizrahi Jews), whether or not they have any historic link to Spain, although some prefer to distinguish between Sephardim proper and Mizraḥi Jews. Sephardic and Mizrachi Jewish synagogues are generally considered Orthodox or <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a> by non-Sephardic Jews, and are primarily run according to the Orthodox tradition, even though many of the congregants may not keep a level of observance on par with traditional Orthodox belief. For example, many congregants will drive to the synagogue on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, in violation of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, while discreetly entering the synagogue so as not to offend more observant congregants. However, not all Sephardim are Orthodox; among the pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> movement in the 1820s there was the Sephardic congregation <a href="/wiki/Kahal_Kadosh_Beth_Elohim" title="Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim">Beth Elohim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988232–235-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chryssides-45">[45]</a> A part of the European Sephardim were also linked with the Judaic modernization.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Unlike the predominantly Ashkenazic Reform, and Reconstructionist denominations, Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews who are not observant generally believe that Orthodox Judaism's interpretation and legislation of halakha is appropriate, and true to the original philosophy of Judaism. That being said, Sephardic and Mizrachi rabbis tend to hold different, and generally more lenient, positions on halakha than their Ashkenazi counterparts, but since these positions are based on rulings of Talmudic scholars as well as well-documented traditions that can be linked back to well-known codifiers of Jewish law, Ashkenazic and Hasidic Rabbis do not believe that these positions are incorrect, but rather that they are the appropriate interpretation of halakha for Jews of Sephardic and Mizrachi descent.<a href="#cite_note-dobrinsky-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-weiner-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Part_5_"The_Sephardic_Pattern"-47">[47]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YemeniJew1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/YemeniJew1914.jpg/200px-YemeniJew1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/YemeniJew1914.jpg/300px-YemeniJew1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/YemeniJew1914.jpg/400px-YemeniJew1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>A Yemenite Jew in traditional vestments under the <a href="/wiki/Tallit#Tallit_gadol" title="Tallit">tallit gadol</a>, reading from a Torah scroll</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Daim</a> and other movements—use a separate <a href="/wiki/Baladi-rite_prayer" title="Baladi-rite prayer">Baladi-rite</a>. The Yemenite and the Aramaic speaking <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Kurdish Jews</a> are the only communities who maintain the tradition of reading the Torah in the synagogue in both Hebrew and the Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a> ("translation"). Most non-Yemenite synagogues have a specified person called a Baal Koreh, who reads from the Torah scroll when congregants are called to the Torah scroll for an <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_(Torah)" title="Aliyah (Torah)">aliyah</a>. In the Yemenite tradition, each person called to the <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll_(Yemenite)" title="Torah scroll (Yemenite)">Torah scroll</a> for an aliyah reads for himself.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a>, a religious political party in Israel, represents the interests of the Orthodox/Haredi Sephardim and Mizrahim.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_and_Romaniote_Judaism">Italian and Romaniote Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italian and Romaniote Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Nusach" title="Italian Nusach">Italian Nusach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg/220px-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg/330px-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg/440px-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">siddur</a> (סידור איטליני)</figcaption></figure> A relatively small but influential ethnoreligious group in the intellectual circles of Israel are <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian rite Jews</a> (Italkim) who are neither Ashkenazi nor Sephardi. These are exclusively descendants of the ancient Roman Jewish community, not including later Ashkenazic and Sephardic migrants to Italy. They practice traditional Orthodox Judaism. The liturgy is served according to a special <a href="/wiki/Italian_Nusach" title="Italian Nusach">Italian Nusach</a> (Nusach ʾItalqi, a.k.a. Minhag B'nei Romì) and it has similarities with the nusach of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a>. The Romaniote Jews or the Romaniotes (Romanyotim) native to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> is the oldest Jewish community in Europe, whom name is refers to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. They are also distinct from the Ashkenazim and Sephardim. But, nowadays, few synagogues still use the <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Nusach_and_Minhag" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote nusach and minhag</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashkenazic_movements">Ashkenazic movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ashkenazic movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Nusach Ashkenaz</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasidic_Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hasidic Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">List of Hasidic dynasties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judios_ortodoxos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Judios_ortodoxos.jpg/220px-Judios_ortodoxos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Judios_ortodoxos.jpg/330px-Judios_ortodoxos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Judios_ortodoxos.jpg/440px-Judios_ortodoxos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Hasidim</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>—a revivalist movement—was founded by <a href="/wiki/Israel_ben_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel ben Eliezer">Israel ben Eliezer</a> (1700–1760), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>, whose followers had previously called themselves Freylechn ("happy ones") and now they call themselves Hasidim ("pious, holy ones"). His charismatic disciples attracted many followers among Ashkenazi Jews, and they also established numerous Hasidic groups across Europe. The Baal Shem Tov came at a time when the Jewish masses of Eastern Europe were reeling from the bewilderment and disappointment which were engendered in them by the two notorious Jewish <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah_claimants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah claimants">false messiahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> (1626–1676) and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Frank" title="Jacob Frank">Jacob Frank</a> (1726–1791), and their respective <a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms#Sabbateans_and_Frankists" title="Jewish schisms">followers</a>. Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe. The Hasidim are organized into independent "courts" or <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">dynasties</a>, each dynasty is headed by its own hereditary spiritual leader-<a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbe</a>. Unlike other Ashkenazim, most Hasidim use some variation of <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Sefard" title="Nusach Sefard">Nusach Sefard</a>, a blend of Ashkenazi and Sephardi liturgies, based on the innovations of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> is a term which refers to trends of interest in the teachings of Kabbalah and Hasidism which are expressed by members of other existing Jewish movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979116–155-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-AICE_Telushkin-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuanian_(Lita'im)">Lithuanian (Lita'im)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lithuanian (Lita'im)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a></div> In the late 18th century, there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European traditionalist Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Mitnagdim</a> ("opponents") by the followers of the Baal Shem Tov. <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> became the centre of this opposition under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> (Elijah ben Solomon Zalman), which adopted the epithets <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Litvishe</a> (Yiddish word), Litvaks (in Slavic) or Lita'im (in Hebrew) those epithets refer to <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> Jews who are not Hasidim (and not <a href="/wiki/Hardal" title="Hardal">Hardalim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a>). Since then, all of the Hasidic Jewish groups have been theologically subsumed into mainstream Orthodox Judaism, particularly, <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a>, but cultural differences persist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979135–139-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-AICE_Telushkin-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In the 19th century, the Lithuanian spirituality was mainly incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Enlightenment_movements">Post-Enlightenment movements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-Enlightenment movements">edit</a>]</div> Late-18th-century Europe, and then the rest of the world, was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements that taken together were referred to as the Enlightenment. These movements promoted scientific thinking, free thought, and allowed people to question previously unshaken religious dogmas. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">emancipation</a> of the Jews in many European communities, and the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> movement started by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, brought the Enlightenment to the Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78-40">[40]</a> In response to the challenges of integrating Jewish life with Enlightenment values, German Jews in the early 19th century began to develop the concept of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, adapting Jewish practice to the new conditions of an increasingly urbanized and secular community. Staunch opponents of the Reform movement became known as <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>. Later, members of the Reform movement who felt that it was moving away from tradition too quickly formed the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazerwitzWinterDashefskyTabory199815–24-63">[63]</a> At the same time, the notion "traditional Judaism" includes the Orthodox with Conservative<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a> or solely the Orthodox Jews<a href="#cite_note-Mendes-Flohr-16">[16]</a> or exclusively pre-Hasidic pre-modern forms of Orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky197998–115-64">[64]</a> Over time, three main movements emerged (Orthodox, Reform and Conservative Judaism).<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mendes-Flohr-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg/230px-MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg/345px-MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg/460px-MORNING_TORA_READING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox men during morning <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> at the Western Wall</figcaption></figure> Orthodox Jews generally see themselves as practicing normative Judaism, rather than belonging to a particular movement. Within Orthodox Judaism, there is a spectrum of communities and practices, ranging from ultra-Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Heilman&Friedman-65">[65]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Neo-Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Orthodoxy" title="Open Orthodoxy">Open Orthodoxy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>). Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah became known as Haredi Jews (Haredim), including <a href="/wiki/Hardal" title="Hardal">Hardalim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a> (Lita'im), and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardim Haredim</a>. Orthodox Jews who were sympathetic to the Haskalah formed what became known as modern/neo-Orthodox Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979218–270,_367–402-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner1975-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1984125–176-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_orthodox-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-EJorthodoxy-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferziger2015-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silber-70">[70]</a> The German rabbi <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a> is regarded as a Modern Orthodoxy founder,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer201867–100,_143–159-72">[72]</a> while the father of neo-Orthodoxy was German rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, who proclaimed principle <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a>—the strict observance of the Jewish Law in an active social life—in 1851, he become the rabbi of first Orthodox separatist group from Reform community of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In addition, the "Centrist" Orthodoxy was represented by American rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer201867–100,_143–159-72">[72]</a> In Israel, Orthodox Judaism occupies a privileged position: solely an Orthodox rabbi may become the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief rabbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_Rabbinate" title="Military Rabbinate">Chief military rabbi</a>; and only Orthodox synagogues have the right to conduct Jewish <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">marriages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-EJorthodoxy-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reform">Reform</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reform">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformJewishService.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ReformJewishService.jpg/230px-ReformJewishService.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ReformJewishService.jpg/345px-ReformJewishService.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ReformJewishService.jpg/460px-ReformJewishService.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Reform Jewish service with mixed sitting</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></div> Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal (the "Liberal" label can refer only to the British branch)<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_liberal-28">[28]</a> or Progressive Judaism, originally began in Germany, the Netherlands and the United States <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820 as a reaction to modernity, stresses assimilation and integration with society and a personal interpretation of the Torah. The German rabbi and scholar <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> with principles of Judaism as religion and not ethnicity, progressive revelation, historical-critical approach, the centrality of the Prophetic books, and superiority of ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones has become the main ideologist of the "Classical" Reform. Unlike traditional Judaism, the Reform rejects the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Philipson-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979156–185,_285–316-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner1975-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael19841–78-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyer1988-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Reform-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chryssides-45">[45]</a> There are transformations from the purism of "Classical" European to the "New Reform" in America with reincorporation some traditional Jewish elements.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In the United States, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the Reform movement became the first in terms of numbers, ahead of Conservative Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer2002-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer2018103–120-85">[85]</a> In contrast, Israeli Reform is smaller one.<a href="#cite_note-Tabory1990-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabory2004-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conservative_(Masorti)">Conservative (Masorti)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservative (Masorti)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg/230px-BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg/345px-BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg/460px-BirkatHachamaEncino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hachama" title="Birkat Hachama">Birkat Hachama</a> of Conservative Jews, <a href="/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles" title="Encino, Los Angeles">Encino, Los Angeles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabot_-_Torah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rabot_-_Torah.JPG/200px-Rabot_-_Torah.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rabot_-_Torah.JPG/300px-Rabot_-_Torah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rabot_-_Torah.JPG/400px-Rabot_-_Torah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Conservative women rabbis, Israel</figcaption></figure> Conservative or Masorti Judaism, originated in Germany in the 19th century on the ideological foundation of the Historical School studies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979186–217-86">[86]</a> but became institutionalized in the United States, where it was to become the largest Jewish movement<a href="#cite_note-Mendes-Flohr-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elazar&Geffen-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer2018121–142-87">[87]</a> (however, in 1990 Reform Judaism already outpaced Conservatism by 3 percent).<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer2002-84">[84]</a> After the division between Reform and Orthodox Judaism, the Conservative movement tried to provide Jews seeking liberalization of Orthodox theology and practice, such as female rabbi ordination, with a more traditional and halakhically-based alternative to Reform Judaism. It has spread to Ashkenazi communities in Anglophone countries and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Sklare-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979317–346-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner1975-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael198479–124-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabory1990-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabory2004-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gillman-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elazar&Geffen-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog Judaism</a>, a movement in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and in its <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">territories ceded in 1920</a>, is similar to the more traditional branch of American Conservative Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Communal_Judaism_(Ḥevrati)">Communal Judaism (Ḥevrati)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communal Judaism (Ḥevrati)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG/220px-DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG/330px-DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG/440px-DCMinyan_Hanukkah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Members of the DC Minyan light candles in celebration of the Festival of Hanukkah.</figcaption></figure> Communal Judaism, also referred to as יהדות חברתי (Yahadut Ḥevrati) in Hebrew, is a denomination that intertwines the ethnoreligious identity and indigenous tradition within the broader Jewish community. Unlike other movements which may emphasize theological nuances, Communal Judaism places a substantial focus on the social and communal aspects of Jewish life, alongside personal spiritual practices. Practitioners are diverse, found globally with significant numbers in Israel and the United States, extending to European and Middle Eastern countries. This spread is reflective of the movement's inclusive approach to Jewish identity, welcoming those who align with its core values of maintaining communal traditions and customs without the stringent adherence to rabbinical interpretations that some other denominations might require.<a href="#cite_note-Syme,_Daniel_B._1988-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donin,_Hayim_Halevy_1972-94">[94]</a> In terms of religious observance, adherents commonly engage in the lighting of Shabbat candles, recitation of Kiddush, and the enjoyment of communal meals replete with traditional zemirot. This practice is designed to foster a sense of community and spiritual reflection, particularly on Shabbat where the use of technology is often set aside to maintain a contemplative state.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Dietary laws within Communal Judaism adhere to kashrut, the set of Jewish dietary laws, with a focus on traditional observance. This includes abstaining from pork and shellfish and not mixing meat with dairy products, as outlined in the Torah.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The connection to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> stands as a central tenet of Communal Judaism, emphasizing a deep ethnic heritage and historical relationship with the land. This connection is celebrated and remembered through the observance of holidays and commemorations that reflect on the Jewish people's historical experiences of dispersal and return.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Spiritually, Communal Judaism advocates for the integration of tradition into daily life, upholding a heart-centered approach to religious practice. While individual prayer is encouraged, the emphasis is placed on communal worship and support, reflecting the movement's overarching commitment to a life lived in close connection with one's community and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Syme,_Daniel_B._1988-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donin,_Hayim_Halevy_1972-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration">Migration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Migration">edit</a>]</div> The particular forms of Judaism which are practiced by the different Jewish denominations have been shaped by the immigration of the Ashkenazi Jewish communities, once concentrated in eastern and central Europe, to western and mostly Anglophone countries (in particular, in North America). In the middle of the 20th century, the institutional division of North American Jewry between Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox movements still reflected immigrant origins. Reform Jews at that time were predominantly of German or western European origin, while both Conservative and Orthodox Judaism came primarily from eastern European countries.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zionists_(Datim-leumi)_and_anti-Zionists">Zionists (Datim-leumi) and anti-Zionists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Zionists (Datim-leumi) and anti-Zionists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim and Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg/220px-IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg/330px-IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg/440px-IDF_soldier_put_on_tefillin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption>IDF soldier, <a href="/wiki/Asael_Lubotzky" title="Asael Lubotzky">Asael Lubotzky</a> prays with tefillin</figcaption></figure> The issue of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> was once very divisive in the Jewish community. <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>, a.k.a. "Nationalist Orthodoxy" (Dati-leumi) combines Zionism and Orthodox Judaism, based on the teachings of rabbis <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kalischer" title="Zvi Hirsch Kalischer">Zvi Hirsch Kalischer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>. The name <a href="/wiki/Hardal" title="Hardal">Hardalim</a> or Haredi-leumi ("Nationalist Haredim") refers to the Haredi-oriented variety of Religious Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halpern-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aran-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aran1991-104">[104]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Ravitzky96-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Part_4_"Nationalist_Orthodoxy"-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waxman2008-107">[107]</a> Another mode is <a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform Zionism</a> as Zionist arm of Reform Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Ravitzky96-105">[105]</a> Non-Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> leaders joined Zionist mission.<a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Introduct-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> also supports Zionism and "the modern state of Israel plays a central role in its ideology."<a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Reconstruct-108">[108]</a> Religious Zionists (datim) have embraced the Zionist movement, including <a href="/wiki/Religious_Kibbutz_Movement" title="Religious Kibbutz Movement">Religious Kibbutz Movement</a>, as part of the divine plan to bring or speed up the messianic era.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halpern-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Ch._10_"Religious_Kibbutzim:_Judaism_and_Modernization"-109">[109]</a> Before the creation of the State of Israel or the Holocaust, Zionism was rejected by most ultra-Orthodox and Reform Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Halpern-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Introduct-15">[15]</a> Ultra-Orthodox Jewish <a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">non-Zionists</a> believed that the return to Israel could only happen with the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Messiah</a>, and that a political attempt to re-establish a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> through human means alone was contrary to God's plan. Non-Zionists believed that Jews should integrate into the countries in which they lived, rather than moving to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. The original founders of Reform Judaism in Germany rejected traditional prayers for the restoration of Jerusalem. The view among Reform Jews that Judaism was strictly a religion rather than a nation with cultural identity, and that Jews should be assimilated, loyal citizens of their host nations, led to a non-Zionist, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a>, stance. After events of the 20th century, most importantly <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and the establishment of the modern <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, opposition to Zionism largely disappeared within Reform Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Halpern-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravitzky99-110">[110]</a> Among most religious non-Zionists, such as <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>, there is a de facto recognition of Israel, but only as a secular non-religious state. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neturei_karta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Neturei_karta.jpg/220px-Neturei_karta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Neturei_karta.jpg/330px-Neturei_karta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Neturei_karta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naturei_Karta" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturei Karta">Naturei Karta</a> protest, USA</figcaption></figure> A few of the fringe groups of the anti-Zionists, with marginal ideology, does not recognize the legitimacy of the Israeli state. Among them are both the Orthodox (the <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar Hasidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a>) and Reform (<a href="/wiki/American_Council_for_Judaism" title="American Council for Judaism">American Council for Judaism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravitzky99-110">[110]</a> In addition, according to some contemporary scholars, Religious Zionism stands at least outside of Rabbinic Judaism or ever shoots off Judaism as such.<a href="#cite_note-Neusner1991Zionism-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aran-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressures_of_assimilation">Pressures of assimilation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pressures of assimilation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_intermarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish intermarriage">Jewish intermarriage</a></div> Among the most striking differences between the Jewish movements in the 21st century is their response to pressures of assimilation, such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_intermarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish intermarriage">intermarriage</a> between Jews and non-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis have been most accepting of intermarried couples, with some rabbis willing to officiate in mixed religious ceremonies, although most insist that children in such families be raised strictly Jewish. Conservative rabbis are not permitted to officiate in such marriages, but are supportive of couples when the non-Jewish partner wishes to convert to Judaism and raise children as Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Crypto-Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a></div> Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism by people who publicly profess another faith; practitioners of Crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Nowadays, in whole, Crypto-Judaism movements are a historical phenomenon. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> rabbi Jacques Cukierkorn is one of the leaders of the outreach to the descendants of those Crypto-Jews who wish to renew their ties with the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The subgroups of Crypto-Jews are as follows: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_(Jews)" title="Chala (Jews)">Chala (Jews)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbateanism">Sabbateanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankism" title="Frankism">Frankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhadi_Jews" title="Mashhadi Jews">Mashhadi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ethnic_movements">Other ethnic movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other ethnic movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beta_Israel_(Haymanot)">Beta Israel (Haymanot)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Beta Israel (Haymanot)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">History of the Jews in Ethiopia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg/220px-%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg/330px-%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg/440px-%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beta Israel celebrating <a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> (House of Israel), also known as Ethiopian Jews, are a Jewish community that developed in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">lived there for centuries</a>. Most of the Beta Israel emigrated to Israel in the late 20th century. They practiced <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a>, a religion which is generally recognized as a non-Rabbinic form of Judaism (in Israel, they practice a mixture of Haymanot and Rabbinic Judaism). To the Beta Israel, the holiest book is the Orit (a word which means the "law"), and it consists of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the Books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>. Until the middle of the 20th century, the Beta Israel of Ethiopia were the only modern Jewish group which practiced a monastic tradition which the monks adhered to by living in monasteries which were separated from the Jewish villages.<a href="#cite_note-beta-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crimean_Karaites">Crimean Karaites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Crimean Karaites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">History of the Jews in Ukraine</a></div> The Crimean Karaites (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Karaims) are an ethnicity which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>-speaking adherents of <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> in Eastern Europe, especially in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. They were probably Jewish by origin, but due to political pressure and other reasons, many of them began to claim that they were <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>. During the era when Crimea was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the Crimean Karaite leaders persuaded the Russian rulers to exempt Karaites from the anti-Semitic regulations which were imposed upon Jews. These Karaites were recognized as non-Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> occupation. Some of them even served in the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>. The ideology of de-Judaization and the revival of <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> were imbued with the works of the contemporary leaders of the Karaites in Crimea. While the members of several Karaite congregations were registered as Turks, some of them retained Jewish customs. In the 1990s, many Karaites emigrated to Israel, under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The largest Karaite community has since then resided in Israel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Igbo_Jews">Igbo Jews</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Igbo Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">History of the Jews in Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg/220px-Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg/330px-Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg/440px-Rabbis_Howshua_Amariel_and_Hi_Ben_Daniel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a>, Nigeria, presented with a plaque</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> of Nigeria who practice a form of Judaism are referred to as Igbo Jews. Judaism has been documented in parts of Nigeria since the precolonial period, from as early as the 1500s, but is not known to have been practiced in the Igbo region in precolonial times. Nowadays, up to 30,000 Igbos are practicing some form of Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Bruder-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Subbotniks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a> are a movement of Jews of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> ethnic origin which split off from other <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism" title="Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarians</a> in the late 18th century. The majority of the Subbotniks practiced <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, a minority of them practiced <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Subbotnik families settled in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> which was then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, in the 1880s, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a> in order to escape oppression in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and later, most of them married other Jews. Their descendants included Israeli Jews such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Za%C3%AFd" title="Alexander Zaïd">Alexander Zaïd</a>, Major-General Alik Ron,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and the mother of <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th/21st-century_movements">20th/21st-century movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 20th/21st-century movements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_movements">20th-century movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 20th-century movements">edit</a>]</div> Additionally, a number of smaller groups have emerged: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Black_Judaism" title="Black Judaism">Black Judaism</a></dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a>.</div> A type of Judaism that is predominantly practiced in African communities, both inside and outside <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>). It is theologically characterized by the selective acceptance of the Judaic faith (in some cases, such selective acceptance has historical circumstances), and the belief system of Black Judaism is significantly different from the belief system of the mainstream movements of Judaism. In addition, although Black Judaic communities adopt Judaic practices such as the celebration of Jewish holidays and the recital of Jewish prayers, some of them are generally not considered legitimate Jews by mainstream Jewish societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruder2008-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Rather than a type, Judaism as practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>, in eastern Uganda and in Israel, is devout in keeping western halakha, especially as led by the Reform and Conservative movements, with whom most Abayudaya community members in Uganda affiliate.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Sizomu" title="Gershom Sizomu">Gershom Sizomu</a>, the spiritual leader of the Abayudaya and Rosh Yeshiva, first native-born black rabbi in sub-Saharan <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JP-127">[127]</a> also the first chief rabbi of Uganda,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and since 2016 a Member of Uganda Parliament,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> is a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_University" title="American Jewish University">American Jewish University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a> receiving ordination under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative movement</a> in 2008. In June 2016, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin led a Beit Din that performed an Orthodox conversion for the <a href="/wiki/Putti,_Uganda" title="Putti, Uganda">Putti community</a> in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-tjoa-131">[131]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Jewish Science</a></dt></dl> Formed in the early 20th century by Alfred G. Moses and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Lichtenstein" title="Morris Lichtenstein">Morris Lichtenstein</a>, Jewish Science was founded as a counterweight Jewish movement to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>. Jewish Science sees God as a force or energy penetrating the reality of the Universe and emphasis is placed upon the role of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_prayer" title="Affirmative prayer">affirmative prayer</a> in personal healing and spiritual growth. The Society of Jewish Science in New York is the institutional arm of the movement regularly publishing The Interpreter, the movement's primary literary publication.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg/220px-Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg/330px-Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg/440px-Synagogue-reconstructionist-mtl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> at the Reconstructionist synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></figcaption></figure> Founded by rabbi <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan" title="Mordecai Kaplan">Mordecai Kaplan</a>, the 1922 American split from Conservative Judaism that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization with focus on Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-Neusner1975-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979347–366-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1984177–194-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Reconstruct-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The central organization is "Reconstructing Judaism". Assessments of its impact range from being recognized as the 4th major stream of Judaism<a href="#cite_note-Neusner1975-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979347–366-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1984177–194-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittleman1993169-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mendes-Flohr-16">[16]</a> to described as a smaller movement.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> As noted, Reconstructionism is a smaller movement, but its ideas significantly impacted Jewish life in the America.<a href="#cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Introduct-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></dt></dl> A <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheistic</a> worldwide movement that emphasizes Jewish culture and history as the sources of Jewish identity. Originated in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> in 1963 with the founding figure, Reform rabbi <a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Wine" title="Sherwin Wine">Sherwin Wine</a>, in 1969 was established the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="Society for Humanistic Judaism">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Carlebach_movement" title="Carlebach movement">Carlebach movement</a></dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hasidic">neo-Hasidic</a> movement inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a> and founded in the late 1960s in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (where opened the House of Love and Prayer), then in Israel, by a musician, Lubavich's Hasidic rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Carlebach_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Carlebach (musician)">Shlomo Carlebach</a> for the return of secular youth to the bosom of Orthodox Judaism. The movement has no organisational agenda and promotes <a href="/wiki/Carlebach_minyan" title="Carlebach minyan">Carlebach minyan</a>, a song-filled form of Jewish worship.<a href="#cite_note-Magid2005-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magid2013-143">[143]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></dt></dl> Partly syncretistic movement founded in the mid-1970s by ex-Lubavich's Hasidic rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Schachter-Shalomi" title="Zalman Schachter-Shalomi">Zalman Schachter-Shalomi</a> and rooted in the counterculture of the 1960s and the <a href="/wiki/Havurat_Shalom" title="Havurat Shalom">Havurat Shalom</a> group. The "Bnei ʻOr" (Songs of Light) in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>—the first Renewal community—later was established the ambrella organisation "ALEPH: the Alliance for Jewish Renewal". Its syncretism includes Kabbalah, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">neo-Hasidism</a>, Reconstructionist Judaism, Western Buddhist meditation, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>, feminism, liberalism, and so on, tends to embrace the <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">ecstatic</a> worship style. Renewal congregations tend to be inclusive on the subject of who is a Jew and had avoided affiliation with any Jewish communities.<a href="#cite_note-Magid2005-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagid2013-144">[144]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></dt></dl> The term is occasionally applied to describe either individuals or new congregations, especially congregations which were established in the US in 1984 by rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Weiss_Halivni" title="David Weiss Halivni">David Weiss Halivni</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism" title="Union for Traditional Judaism">Union for Traditional Judaism</a>, located between the Conservative and Modern Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-Ament-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michaelson-146">[146]</a> While most scholars consider "Union for Traditional Judaism" (formerly Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism) as a new movement, some attribute it to the right wing of Conservative Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazerwitzWinterDashefskyTabory199824-147">[147]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah_Centre" title="Kabbalah Centre">Kabbalah Centre</a></dt></dl> A "<a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> Judaism"<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> worldwide organisation established in 1984 by American rabbi <a href="/wiki/Philip_Berg" title="Philip Berg">Philip Berg</a>, that popularizes Jewish mysticism among a universal audience.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tahor" title="Lev Tahor">Lev Tahor</a></dt></dl> A Haredi sect formed in the 1980s by Israeli-Canadian rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Helbrans" title="Shlomo Helbrans">Shlomo Helbrans</a>, follows a strict version of halakha, including its own unique practices such as lengthy prayer sessions, <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> between teenagers, and head-to-toe coverings for females.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Open_Orthodoxy" title="Open Orthodoxy">Open Orthodoxy</a></dt></dl> A movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Avi_Weiss" title="Avi Weiss">Avi Weiss</a> in the late 1990s in US, with its own schools for religious ordination, both for men (<a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Chovevei_Torah" title="Yeshivat Chovevei Torah">Yeshivat Chovevei Torah</a>) and women (<a href="/wiki/Maharat" title="Maharat">Yeshivat Maharat</a>). The movement declarates liberal, or inclusive Orthodoxy with women's ordination, full accepting LGBT members, and reducing stringent rules for conversion.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect" title="Haredi burqa sect">Haredi burqa sect</a></dt></dl> A controversial ultra-Orthodox group with a Jewish burqa-style covering of a woman's entire body, including a veil covering the face.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Also known as the "Taliban Women" and the "Taliban Mothers" (נשות הטאליבן).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> of Messianic Jews, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> Made up of followers who seek to combine parts of Rabbinic Judaism with a belief in Jesus as the Messiah and other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> and western Christian beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> It is not regarded as Judaism by the major movements of Judaism, and it is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melton-158">[note 1]</a> People who had become Messianic Jews as, in fact, Christians were not therefore eligible for Aliyah under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> "Scholars are divided as to whether to call Messianic Judaism a Christian or Jewish Sect."<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Remark: <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva movement</a>—a description of the return of secular Jews to religious Judaism and involved with all the Jewish movements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans-_and_post-denominational_Judaism">Trans- and post-denominational Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Trans- and post-denominational Judaism">edit</a>]</div> Already in the 1980s, 20–30 percent of members of the largest American Jewish communities, such as of New York City or <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, rejected a denominational label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer199186–88-161">[160]</a> And "Israeli Democracy Index" commissioned in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a> found that the two thirds of respondents said they felt no connection to any denomination, or declined to respond.<a href="#cite_note-Ettinger-162">[161]</a> The very idea of Jewish denominationalism is contested by some Jews and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational" title="Non-denominational">non-denominational</a> organisations, which consider themselves to be "trans-denominational" or "post-denominational".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerziger2012Lesson_10._Beyond_Denominationalism-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagid2013-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-McHenry-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer2018160–180-166">[165]</a> The term "trans-denominational" also applied to describe new movements located on the religious continuum between some major streams, as an instance, <a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism" title="Union for Traditional Judaism">Union for Traditional Judaism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ament-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michaelson-146">[146]</a> A variety of new Jewish organisations are emerging that lack such affiliations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Havurah movement</a> is the number of small egalitarian experimental spiritual groups (first in 1960 in California) for prayer as autonomous alternatives to Jewish movements. Most notable of them is the <a href="/wiki/Havurat_Shalom" title="Havurat Shalom">Havurat Shalom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagid2013-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_minyan" title="Independent minyan">Independent minyan</a> movement is a <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a>-led Jewish worship and study community that has developed independently of established denominational and synagogue structures and combines halakha with egalitarianism;<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Rabbis" title="International Federation of Rabbis">International Federation of Rabbis</a> (IFR), a non-denominational rabbinical organization for rabbis of all movements and backgrounds;<a href="#cite_note-McHenry-165">[164]</a></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day schools</a> lack affiliation with any one movement;<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-McHenry-165">[164]</a></li> <li>There are several seminaries which are not controlled by a denomination (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Non-denominational" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools § Non-denominational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi#Seminaries_unaffiliated_with_main_denominations" title="Rabbi">Rabbi § Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(California)" title="Academy for Jewish Religion (California)">Academy for Jewish Religion (California)</a> (AJRCA) is a transdenominational seminary based in Los Angeles, California. It draws faculty and leadership from all denominations of Judaism. It has programs for rabbis, cantors, chaplains, community leadership and Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE);<a href="#cite_note-McHenry-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(New_York)" title="Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)">Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)</a> (AJR) is a transdenominational seminary in Yonkers, NY, that trains rabbis and cantors and also offers Master's Program in Jewish Studies;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_College" title="Hebrew College">Hebrew College</a>, a seminary in <a href="/wiki/Newton_Centre,_Massachusetts" title="Newton Centre, Massachusetts">Newton Centre, Massachusetts</a>, near Boston;<a href="#cite_note-McHenry-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Seminary" title="Hebrew Seminary">Hebrew Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie, Illinois</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Other smaller, less traditional institutions include:<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Seminary_International" title="Rabbinical Seminary International">Rabbinical Seminary International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Spiritual_Leaders_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute">Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_Rabbinical_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary">Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimmon_Rabbinical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimmon Rabbinical School">Rimmon Rabbinical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesifta_Adath_Wolkowisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk">Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk</a> aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Organizations such as these believe that the formal divisions that have arisen among the "denominations" in contemporary Jewish history are unnecessarily divisive, as well as religiously and intellectually simplistic. According to Rachel Rosenthal, "the post-denominational Jew refuses to be labeled or categorized in a religion that thrives on stereotypes. He has seen what the institutional branches of Judaism have to offer and believes that a better Judaism can be created."<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Such Jews might, out of necessity, affiliate with a synagogue associated with a particular movement, but their own personal Jewish ideology is often shaped by a variety of influences from more than one denomination. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bnei_Noah">Bnei Noah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bnei Noah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a>, Noahides, or Bnei Noah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: בני נח, "Sons of Noah") is a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> which is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>. Historically, the Hebrew term Bnei Noah has been applied to all non-Jews because Jews believe that they are the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">descendants of Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Nowadays, however, it is specifically used to refer to those "Righteous Gentiles" who observe the Seven Laws of Noah. According to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, non-Jews (<a href="/wiki/Gentile#Judaism" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>) are not obligated to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">convert to Judaism</a>, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah in order to be assured that they will have a place in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come#Jewish_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba)</a>, the final reward of the righteous. The modern Noahide movement was founded in the 1990s by Orthodox rabbis from Israel (mainly tied Hasidic and Zionist).<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2017-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman2018-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_contemporary_movements">List of contemporary movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of contemporary movements">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> (ultra-Orthodox) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na_Nach" title="Na Nach">Na Nach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad-Lubavitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlin-Stolin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)">Karlin-Stolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klausenburg_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)">Sanz-Klausenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomer_Emunim" title="Shomer Emunim">Shomer Emunim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toldos_Aharon" title="Toldos Aharon">Toldos Aharon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties#Dynasties_with_smaller_following" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Other dynasties</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a> (Lita'im, Lithuanian) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Dor Daim</a></li> <li>Other Haredim <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect" title="Haredi burqa sect">Haredi burqa sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tahor" title="Lev Tahor">Lev Tahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlebach_movement" title="Carlebach movement">Carlebach movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Orthodoxy" title="Open Orthodoxy">Open Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> (Masorti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other Rabbinic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-Rabbinic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Jewish schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Jewish views on religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations#Jewish_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">List of religious organizations#Jewish organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jews" title="Religious Jews">Religious Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Melton-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Melton_158-0">^</a> "Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith… By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews."<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blau-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blau_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blau_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlau1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leon_Blau" title="Joseph Leon Blau">Blau, Joseph Leon</a> (1966). Modern Varieties of Judaism. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-23108-668-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-23108-668-7"><bdi>0-23108-668-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Varieties+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-23108-668-7&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabory1990-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory1990_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory1990_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory1990_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabory2004" class="citation book cs1">Tabory, Ephraim (2004) [1990]. "Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel". In Goldscheider, Calvin; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ">Social Foundations of Judaism</a> (Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 240–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59244-943-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59244-943-3"><bdi>1-59244-943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+and+Conservative+Judaism+in+Israel&rft.btitle=Social+Foundations+of+Judaism&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Or&rft.pages=240-258&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59244-943-3&rft.aulast=Tabory&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TxLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabory2004-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory2004_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory2004_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory2004_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabory2004_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabory2004" class="citation book cs1">Tabory, Ephraim (2004). "The Israel Reform and Conservative Movements and the Marker for the Liberal Judaism". In Rebhum, Uzi; <a href="/wiki/Chaim_I._Waxman" title="Chaim I. Waxman">Waxman, Chaim I.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2PYTmFwQxcC">Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns</a>. Brandeis University Press. pp. 285–314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Israel+Reform+and+Conservative+Movements+and+the+Marker+for+the+Liberal+Judaism&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Israel%3A+Contemporary+Social+and+Cultural+Patterns&rft.pages=285-314&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tabory&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2PYTmFwQxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Ch._18_"Americans_in_the_Israeli_Reform_and_Conservative_Denominations"-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Ch._18_"Americans_in_the_Israeli_Reform_and_Conservative_Denominations"_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017">Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017</a>, Ch. 18 "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations". </li> <li id="cite_note-Beit-Hallahmi-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beit-Hallahmi_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeit-Hallahmi2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Beit-Hallahmi" title="Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi">Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA385">"Jewish Religious Life in State of Israel"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC">The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 385–387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Religious+Life+in+State+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=385-387&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975927-9&rft.aulast=Beit-Hallahmi&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid201733–62Ch._3_"Demensions_of_Jewish_Religiosity"-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid201733–62Ch._3_"Demensions_of_Jewish_Religiosity"_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017">Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017</a>, pp. 33–62, Ch. 3 "Demensions of Jewish Religiosity". </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarna-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarna_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarna" title="Jonathan Sarna">Sarna, Jonathan D.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4-EmcMrAy4C&pg=PAxix">American Judaism: A History</a>. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. xix–xx notes the "newfound popularity" of the term "denomination". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300129106" title="Special:BookSources/9780300129106"><bdi>9780300129106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Judaism%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pages=xix-xx+notes+the+%22newfound+popularity%22+of+the+term+%22denomination%22&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780300129106&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4-EmcMrAy4C%26pg%3DPAxix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philipson-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philipson_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philipson_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipson1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Philipson" title="David Philipson">Philipson, David</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1M5CAAAAIAAJ">The Reform Movement in Judaism</a>. London; New York: Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformmovementi00philgoog">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reform+Movement+in+Judaism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Philipson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1M5CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sklare-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sklare_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sklare_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklare1955" class="citation book cs1">Sklare, Marshall (1955). Conservative Judaism: An American Religious Movement. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819144800" title="Special:BookSources/0819144800"><bdi>0819144800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Judaism%3A+An+American+Religious+Movement&rft.place=Glencoe%2C+Il&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0819144800&rft.aulast=Sklare&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudavsky-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudavsky_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudavsky1979" class="citation book cs1">Rudavsky, David (1979) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjewishreli0000ruda/page/n8/mode/1up">Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment</a> (3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87441-286-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87441-286-2"><bdi>0-87441-286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Jewish+Religious+Movements%3A+A+History+of+Emancipation+and+Abjustment&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Behrman+House&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-87441-286-2&rft.aulast=Rudavsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernjewishreli0000ruda%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner1975-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1975_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1975_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1975_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1975_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1975_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner1975_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJvXAAAAMAAJ">The Sectors of American Judaism: Reform, Orthodoxy, Conservatism, and Reconstructionism</a>. Understanding American Judaism: Toward the Description of a Modern Religion, vol. 2. New York: KTAV Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870682792" title="Special:BookSources/0870682792"><bdi>0870682792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sectors+of+American+Judaism%3A+Reform%2C+Orthodoxy%2C+Conservatism%2C+and+Reconstructionism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Understanding+American+Judaism%3A+Toward+the+Description+of+a+Modern+Religion%2C+vol.+2&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0870682792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20th-12"><a href="#cite_ref-20th_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenMendes-Flohr2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Cohen" title="Arthur A. 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Philadelphia, Pa: JPS: The Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0892-4"><bdi>978-0-8276-0892-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20th+Century+Jewish+Religious+Thought%3A+Original+Essays+on+Critical+Concepts%2C+Movements%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa&rft.pub=JPS%3A+The+Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0892-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4VnjMQsUU0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer1988-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer1988_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer1988_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Meyer" title="Michael A. Meyer">Meyer, Michael A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M12toEjI5PEC">Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195051674" title="Special:BookSources/9780195051674"><bdi>9780195051674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Response+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Reform+Movement+in+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780195051674&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM12toEjI5PEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittleman-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Mittleman_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittleman1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Mittleman" title="Alan Mittleman">Mittleman, Alan</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">"Modern Jewish Religious Movements"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8TCgAAQBAJ">The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide</a>. New York; London: NYU Press. pp. 169–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9261-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9261-8"><bdi>0-8147-9261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Jewish+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Jewish+Experience%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=169-180&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8147-9261-8&rft.aulast=Mittleman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G8TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Introduct-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KareshHurvitz_Introduct_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KareshHurvitz_Introduct_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KareshHurvitz_Introduct_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KareshHurvitz_Introduct_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KareshHurvitz_Introduct_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKareshHurvitz2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PAxiii">"Introduction: Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C">Encyclopedia of Judaism</a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. pp. xiii–xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6"><bdi>0-8160-5457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pages=xiii-xxii&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5457-6&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft.au=Hurvitz%2C+Mitchell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C%26pg%3DPAxiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendes-Flohr-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes-Flohr_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes-Flohr_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes-Flohr_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes-Flohr_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendes-Flohr_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes-Flohr2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Mendes-Flohr" title="Paul R. Mendes-Flohr">Mendes-Flohr, Paul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/judaism">"Judaism"</a>. In Riggs, Thomas (ed.). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, Mi: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787666118" title="Special:BookSources/9780787666118"><bdi>9780787666118</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Practices&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780787666118&rft.aulast=Mendes-Flohr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_17-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/judaism">"Judaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elazar&Geffen-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elazar&Geffen_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elazar&Geffen_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elazar&Geffen_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElazarGeffen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Elazar" title="Daniel J. Elazar">Elazar, Daniel J.</a>; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lg6BmMTZGIC">The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities</a>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791492024" title="Special:BookSources/9780791492024"><bdi>9780791492024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Movement+in+Judaism%3A+Dilemmas+and+Opportunities&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780791492024&rft.aulast=Elazar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Geffen%2C+Rela+Mintz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Lg6BmMTZGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheimer91-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer91_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC&pg=PA85">"Recent Trends in American Judaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC">An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 85–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2"><bdi>0-664-25348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Trends+in+American+Judaism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism%3A+A+Textbook+and+Reader&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=85-116&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-664-25348-2&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M8oxDql1KIC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheimer2018-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer2018_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wertheimer" title="Jack Wertheimer">Wertheimer, Jack</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DthDwAAQBAJ">The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today</a>. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18129-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Judaism%3A+How+Jews+Practice+Their+Religion+Today&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18129-5&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DthDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deshen95-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Deshen95_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017" class="citation book cs1">Deshen, Shlomo; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Liebman, Charles S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Shokeid" title="Moshe Shokeid">Shokeid, Moshe</a>, eds. (2017) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ">Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel</a>. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-178-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-178-2"><bdi>978-1-56000-178-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Judaism%3A+The+Sociology+of+Religion+in+Israel&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Studies+of+Israeli+Society%2C+7&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-178-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCNHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazerwitz-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazerwitz_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazerwitzWinterDashefskyTabory1998" class="citation book cs1">Lazerwitz, Bernard Melvin; Winter, J. Alan; Dashefsky, Arnold; Tabory, Ephram (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7I9yXxirckIC">Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism</a>. SUNY series in American Jewish Society in the 1990s. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3581-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-3581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Choices%3A+American+Jewish+Denominationalism&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+American+Jewish+Society+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3581-6&rft.aulast=Lazerwitz&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Melvin&rft.au=Winter%2C+J.+Alan&rft.au=Dashefsky%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Tabory%2C+Ephram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7I9yXxirckIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferziger2012-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferziger2012_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerziger2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferziger" title="Adam Ferziger">Ferziger, Adam S.</a> (2012). Jewish Denominations — Addressing the Challenges of Modernity. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Melton Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-072-000-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-072-000-3"><bdi>978-606-072-000-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Denominations+%E2%80%94+Addressing+the+Challenges+of+Modernity&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem%2C+Melton+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-606-072-000-3&rft.aulast=Ferziger&rft.aufirst=Adam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rebhum-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Rebhum_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebhum2016" class="citation book cs1">Rebhum, Uzi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cb6lDAAAQBAJC">Jews and the American Religious Landscape</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231178266" title="Special:BookSources/9780231178266"><bdi>9780231178266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+American+Religious+Landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780231178266&rft.aulast=Rebhum&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcb6lDAAAQBAJC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Raphael-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Raphael_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael1984" class="citation book cs1">Raphael, Marc Lee (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profilesinameric00raph">Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective</a>. San Francisco, Ca: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06066801-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06066801-6"><bdi>0-06066801-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+American+Judaism%3A+the+Reform%2C+Conservative%2C+Orthodox%2C+and+Reconstructionist+traditions+in+historical+perspective&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Ca&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-06066801-6&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Marc+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofilesinameric00raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertheimer2018103-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertheimer2018103_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWertheimer2018">Wertheimer 2018</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1975"The_Orthodox_stream"-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1975"The_Orthodox_stream"_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeusner1975">Neusner 1975</a>, "The Orthodox stream". </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs_liberal-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_liberal_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_liberal_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886-e-407?rskey=XNHwYJ&result=407">"Liberal Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886">A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion</a> (Online Version). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726446" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726446"><bdi>9780191726446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberal+Judaism&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191726446&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800886.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800886-e-407%3Frskey%3DXNHwYJ%26result%3D407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1975"Orthodox_sectarians"-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1975"Orthodox_sectarians"_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeusner1975">Neusner 1975</a>, "Orthodox sectarians". </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferziger2015-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferziger2015_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferziger2015_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerziger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferziger" title="Adam Ferziger">Ferziger, Adam S.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1RQCgAAQBAJ">Beyond Sectarianism: The Realignment of American Orthodox Judaism</a>. Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3953-4"><bdi>978-0-8143-3953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Sectarianism%3A+The+Realignment+of+American+Orthodox+Judaism&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3953-4&rft.aulast=Ferziger&rft.aufirst=Adam+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1RQCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs_orthodox-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_orthodox_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_orthodox_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886-e-504?rskey=w3KDhK&result=504">"Orthodox Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886">A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion</a> (Online Version). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726446" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726446"><bdi>9780191726446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Judaism&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191726446&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800886.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800886-e-504%3Frskey%3Dw3KDhK%26result%3D504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schiffman-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schiffman_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiffman_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiffman_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence H.</a> (2003). Bloomberg, Jon; Kapustin, Samuel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQDkLzQimk8C">Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</a>. Jersey, NJ: KTAV Publ. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881258134" title="Special:BookSources/9780881258134"><bdi>9780881258134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.place=Jersey%2C+NJ&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780881258134&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQDkLzQimk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC">An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus</a>. London; New York: T&T Clark International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05161-5"><bdi>978-0-567-05161-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Second+Temple+Judaism%3A+History+and+Religion+of+the+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Nehemiah%2C+the+Maccabees%2C+Hillel%2C+and+Jesus&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-05161-5&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di89-9fdNUcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner2002-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Neusner2002_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXrbipOpyhQC">Rabbinic Judaism: Theological System</a>. Boston; Leiden: Brill Academic Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04143-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04143-6"><bdi>0-391-04143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+Theological+System&rft.place=Boston%3B+Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publ.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04143-6&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXrbipOpyhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rabbinic-35"><a href="#cite_ref-rabbinic_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbinic-judaism">"Rabbinic Judaism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. 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University of London: 255–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00024848">10.1017/S0041977X00024848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162698361">162698361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+%26+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Head+of+the+Rabbanite%2C+Karaite+and+Samaritan+Jews%3A+On+the+History+of+a+Title&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-267&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00024848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162698361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sela&rft.aufirst=Shulamit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler,_Kaufmann;_Harkavy,_Abraham_de1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Harkavy" title="Abraham Harkavy">Harkavy, Abraham de</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9211-karaites-and-karaism">"Karaites and Karaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. 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An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, Theology, Practice and Culture. Albany, NY: Qirqisani Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9700775-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9700775-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9700775-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Karaite+Judaism%3A+History%2C+Theology%2C+Practice+and+Culture&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=Qirqisani+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9700775-4-7&rft.aulast=Yaron&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Pessah%2C+Joe&rft.au=Qana%C3%AF%2C+Avraham&rft.au=El-Gamil%2C+Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimelstein2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Himelstein, Shmuel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA166">"Chief Rabbinate"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC">The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chief+Rabbinate&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=166&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975927-9&rft.aulast=Himelstein&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky197950–78_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudavsky1979">Rudavsky 1979</a>, pp. 50–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-dobrinsky-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dobrinsky_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dobrinsky_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrinsky1988" class="citation book cs1">Dobrinsky, Herbert C. (1988). A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America (Rev. ed.). Hoboken, NJ; New York: KTAV Publ. House; Yeshiva University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-031-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-031-7"><bdi>0-88125-031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+treasury+of+Sephardic+laws+and+customs%3A+the+ritual+practices+of+Syrian%2C+Moroccan%2C+Judeo-Spanish+and+Spanish+and+Portuguese+Jews+of+North+America&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ%3B+New+York&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=KTAV+Publ.+House%3B+Yeshiva+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88125-031-7&rft.aulast=Dobrinsky&rft.aufirst=Herbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zohar-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Zohar_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZohar2005" class="citation book cs1">Zohar, Zion, ed. 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New York; London: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9705-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9705-9"><bdi>0-8147-9705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardic+and+Mizrahi+Jewry%3A+From+the+Golden+Age+of+Spain+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8147-9705-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6K1IcaHwd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiner-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weiner_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiner_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner,_Rebecca" class="citation web cs1">Weiner, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html">"Judaism: Sephardim"</a>. 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London; New York: Routledge. pp. 525–526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6"><bdi>9-78-0-415-26707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=525-526&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DheeCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerziger2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferziger" title="Adam Ferziger">Ferziger, Adam S.</a> (Spring 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36844984">"Between 'Ashkenazi' and Sepharad: An Early Modern German Rabbinic Response to Religious Pluralism in the Spanish-Portuguese Community"</a>. 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Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 419–420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shas&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=419-420&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979116–155-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979116–155_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudavsky1979">Rudavsky 1979</a>, pp. 116–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fishman" title="David Fishman">Fishman, David E.</a> (1993). 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New York; London: NYU Press. pp. 151–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9261-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9261-8"><bdi>0-8147-9261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hasidism+and+Its+Opponents&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Jewish+Experience%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=151-157&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8147-9261-8&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G8TCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886-e-285?rskey=SPmE2j&result=285">"Hasidism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886">A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion</a> (Online Version). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726446" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726446"><bdi>9780191726446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hasidism&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191726446&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800886.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800886-e-285%3Frskey%3DSPmE2j%26result%3D285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssaf,_David" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Assaf, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Historical_Overview">"Hasidism: Historical Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a>. Retrieved 2020-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hasidism%3A+Historical+Overview&rft.btitle=YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=YIVO+Institute+for+Jewish+Research&rft.au=Assaf%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FHasidism%2FHistorical_Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AICE_Telushkin-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AICE_Telushkin_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AICE_Telushkin_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF[Telushkin,_Joseph]" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin" title="Joseph Telushkin">[Telushkin, Joseph]</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hasidim-and-mitnagdim">"Orthodox Judaism: Hasidim and Mitnagdim"</a>. 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Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801861826" title="Special:BookSources/9780801861826"><bdi>9780801861826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+the+Mithnagdim%3A+Rabbinic+Responses+to+Hasidic+Rapture&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md&rft.series=Johns+Hopkins+Jewish+studies&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801861826&rft.aulast=Nadler&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadler,_Allan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nadler" title="Allan Nadler">Nadler, Allan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Misnagdim">"Misnagdim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a>. 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Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musar+Movement&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15-volume+Set&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Gershon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fmusar-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886-e-479?rskey=4gJiO7&result=479">"Musar Movement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001/acref-9780192800886">A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion</a> (Online Version). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726446" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726446"><bdi>9780191726446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musar+Movement&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191726446&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800886.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800886-e-479%3Frskey%3D4gJiO7%26result%3D479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsky,_Yehudah" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mirsky, Yehudah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Musar_Movement">"Musar Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a>. 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Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 197–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1"><bdi>0-226-50878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+and+Religious+Jews%3A+The+Case+of+the+Haredim&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+1&rft.pages=197-264&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-50878-1&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979218–270,_367–402-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979218–270,_367–402_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudavsky1979">Rudavsky 1979</a>, pp. 218–270, 367–402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1984125–176-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael1984125–176_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaphael1984">Raphael 1984</a>, pp. 125–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(scholar)" title="Benjamin Brown (scholar)">Brown, Benjamin</a> (2003) [2000]. 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Part I: Samson Raphael Hirch"</a> (PDF). Immanuel (19). Translated by Yohanan Eldad: 107–117. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etrfi.info/immanuel/19/immanuel_19_107.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-03-05. 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Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0196-7053">0196-7053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Social+Context%3A+The+Resurgence+of+Orthodox+Judaism+in+Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+1838%E2%80%931877&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+13&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0196-7053&rft.aulast=Liberles&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWUsen7p1dgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Saul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68huAAAAMAAJ">The Orthodox Union Story: A Centenary Portrayal</a>. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765799531" title="Special:BookSources/9780765799531"><bdi>9780765799531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Union+Story%3A+A+Centenary+Portrayal&rft.place=Northvale%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780765799531&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68huAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979156–185,_285–316-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979156–185,_285–316_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudavsky1979">Rudavsky 1979</a>, pp. 156–185, 285–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael19841–78-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael19841–78_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaphael1984">Raphael 1984</a>, pp. 1–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldscheiderZuckerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldscheider, Calvin; Zuckerman, Alan (2004) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">"The Judaic Reformation as a Sociopolitical Process"</a>. In Goldscheider, Calvin; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ">Social Foundations of Judaism</a> (Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 83–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59244-943-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59244-943-3"><bdi>1-59244-943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Judaic+Reformation+as+a+Sociopolitical+Process&rft.btitle=Social+Foundations+of+Judaism&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Or&rft.pages=83-93&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59244-943-3&rft.aulast=Goldscheider&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft.au=Zuckerman%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TxLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Evan_Kaplan" title="Dana Evan Kaplan">Kaplan, Dana Evan</a> (2003) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C&pg=PA291">"Reform Judaism"</a>. 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Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 291–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57718-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57718-058-5"><bdi>1-57718-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+Judaism&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass&rft.pages=291-310&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publ.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57718-058-5&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Dana+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEyD_MaeqP4C%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Evan_Kaplan" title="Dana Evan Kaplan">Kaplan, Dana Evan</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/reform-judaism">"Reform Judaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Dana+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Funited-states-and-canada%2Fus-history%2Freform-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KareshHurvitz_Reform-81"><a href="#cite_ref-KareshHurvitz_Reform_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKareshHurvitz2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. 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New York: Facts On File. pp. 419–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6"><bdi>0-8160-5457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pages=419-422&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5457-6&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft.au=Hurvitz%2C+Mitchell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA416">"Reconstructionist Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C">Encyclopedia of Judaism</a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. pp. 416–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6"><bdi>0-8160-5457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstructionist+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pages=416-418&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5457-6&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft.au=Hurvitz%2C+Mitchell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Ch._10_"Religious_Kibbutzim:_Judaism_and_Modernization"-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017Ch._10_"Religious_Kibbutzim:_Judaism_and_Modernization"_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017">Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017</a>, Ch. 10 "Religious Kibbutzim: Judaism and Modernization". </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravitzky99-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravitzky99_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravitzky99_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitzky1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ravitzky, Aviezer (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ultra-orthodox-anti-zionist/amp/">"Ultra-Orthodox and Anti-Zionist"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>; et al. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Vol. 3. 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"Judaism outside of Rabbinic Judaism: Zionism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M8oxDql1KIC">An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 309–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25348-2"><bdi>0-664-25348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+outside+of+Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+Zionism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism%3A+A+Textbook+and+Reader&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=309-322&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-664-25348-2&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M8oxDql1KIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobinG._Simon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Tobin" title="Gary Tobin">Tobin, Gary A.</a>; G. 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Institute for Jewish and Community Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893671-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-893671-00-3"><bdi>1-893671-00-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44759291">44759291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbis+Talk+About+Intermarriage&rft.pub=Institute+for+Jewish+and+Community+Research&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44759291&rft.isbn=1-893671-00-3&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft.au=G.+Simon%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom,_Mark2004" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Mark; et al. 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Eks Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939144-46-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-939144-46-8"><bdi>0-939144-46-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/179259677">179259677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+In+The+Tent%3A+Intermarriage+And+Conservative+Judaism&rft.pub=Eks+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F179259677&rft.isbn=0-939144-46-8&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a>, ed. 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Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 195–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975927-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cripto-Jews&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=195-96&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975927-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvWLhuy7sdk">"Are American Jews the New Secret Jews? Interview with Rabbi Jacques Cukierkorn"</a>. Chicago Jewish Cafe. 2018-10-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/GvWLhuy7sdk">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2018-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+American+Jews+the+New+Secret+Jews%3F+Interview+with+Rabbi+Jacques+Cukierkorn&rft.pub=Chicago+Jewish+Cafe&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGvWLhuy7sdk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beta-116"><a href="#cite_ref-beta_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Beta-Israel">"Beta Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. 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The CESNUR 2003 International Conference organized by CESNUR, Center for Religious Studies and Research at Vilnius University, and New Religions Research and Information Center. Vilnius, Lithuania, April 9–12, 2003. <a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Karaites+and+Karaism%3A+Recent+Developments&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Democracy%3A+An+Axchange+of+Experiences+between+East+and+West.+The+CESNUR+2003+International+Conference+organized+by+CESNUR%2C+Center+for+Religious+Studies+and+Research+at+Vilnius+University%2C+and+New+Religions+Research+and+Information+Center.+Vilnius%2C+Lithuania%2C+April+9%E2%80%9312%2C+2003&rft.pub=CESNUR&rft.aulast=Kizilov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesnur.org%2F2003%2Fvil2003_kizilov.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoroz2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moroz, Eugeny (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narodknigi.ru/journals/52/ot_iudaizma_k_tengrianstvu/">"От иудаизма к тенгрианству. Ещё раз о духовных поисках современных крымчаков и крымских караимов»"</a> [From Judaism to Tengrism. Once again about the spiritual quest of the contemporary Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites]. Народ Книги в мире книг [People of the Book in the world of books] (in Russian) (52): 1–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3+%5BPeople+of+the+Book+in+the+world+of+books%5D&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%82+%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83.+%D0%95%D1%89%D1%91+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%C2%BB&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Moroz&rft.aufirst=Eugeny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narodknigi.ru%2Fjournals%2F52%2Fot_iudaizma_k_tengrianstvu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruder-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruder_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruder2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Bruder" title="Edith Bruder">Bruder, Edith</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHBjAgAAQBAJ">The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity</a>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533356-5"><bdi>978-0-19-533356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Jews+of+Africa%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+Identity&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533356-5&rft.aulast=Bruder&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHBjAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalHurwitz1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Rosenthal" title="Herman Rosenthal">Rosenthal, Herman</a>; Hurwitz, S. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14094-subbotniki">"Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians")"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. 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Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. pp. 358–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814335970" title="Special:BookSources/9780814335970"><bdi>9780814335970</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203459/https://books.google.com/books?id=bYnlGaeUBx0C&pg=PT358">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Dissent%3A+Jewish+and+Christian+Mystics+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pages=358-9&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780814335970&rft.aulast=Dynner&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYnlGaeUBx0C%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss,_RuchamaBrackman,_Levi2010" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Ruchama; Brackman, Levi (December 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html">"Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi"</a>. Israel Jewish Scene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501183834/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2015-08-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Subbotnik+Jews+get+rabbi&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ruchama&rft.au=Brackman%2C+Levi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3992298%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichner,_Itamar2014" class="citation news cs1">Eichner, Itamar (March 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html">"Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah"</a>. Israel Jewish Scene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409152315/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2014-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Subbotnik+Jews+to+resume+aliyah&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.au=Eichner%2C+Itamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4497612%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruder2008-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruder2008_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruder2008">Bruder 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanding2002" class="citation book cs1">Landing, James E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cap-press.com/books/isbn/9780890898208/Black-Judaism">Black Judaism: Story of an American Movement</a>. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-820-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-820-8"><bdi>978-0-89089-820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Judaism%3A+Story+of+an+American+Movement&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89089-820-8&rft.aulast=Landing&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcap-press.com%2Fbooks%2Fisbn%2F9780890898208%2FBlack-Judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltz2020" class="citation news cs1">Maltz, Judy (2020-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-in-first-a-ugandan-jewish-wedding-in-israel-1.8354712">"In First, a Ugandan-Jewish Wedding in Israel"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 2020-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=In+First%2C+a+Ugandan-Jewish+Wedding+in+Israel&rft.date=2020-01-05&rft.aulast=Maltz&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-in-first-a-ugandan-jewish-wedding-in-israel-1.8354712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP-127"><a href="#cite_ref-JP_127-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1215330986995">"Over 250 Africans convert to Judaism in Uganda", Jerusalem Post, July 16, 2008</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331079553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331079553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestenbaum2016" class="citation web cs1">Kestenbaum, Sam (2016-02-27) [last updated April 10, 2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/ugandan-rabbi-wins-seat-in-parliament-1.5409364">"Rabbi From Tiny Ugandan Jewish Community Wins Seat in Parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126052824/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/ugandan-rabbi-wins-seat-in-parliament-1.5409364">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Rabbi+From+Tiny+Ugandan+Jewish+Community+Wins+Seat+in+Parliament&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft.aulast=Kestenbaum&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Fugandan-rabbi-wins-seat-in-parliament-1.5409364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The Abayuday:Judaism Emerging, A Spiritual Journey Into Africa, by Menachem Kuchar. </li> <li id="cite_note-tjoa-131"><a href="#cite_ref-tjoa_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewsofuganda.org/history.php">The Committee To Save Ugandan Jewry - A First Hand Account of The History of the Abayudaya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211225854/http://thejewsofuganda.org/history.php">Archived</a> 2007-12-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmansky2005" class="citation book cs1">Umansky, Ellen M. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504400-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504400-2"><bdi>0-19-504400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Christian+Science+to+Jewish+Science%3A+Spiritual+Healing+and+American+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-504400-2&rft.aulast=Umansky&rft.aufirst=Ellen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XI8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979347–366-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979347–366_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudavsky1979347–366_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudavsky1979">Rudavsky 1979</a>, pp. 347–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaphael1984177–194-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael1984177–194_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaphael1984177–194_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaphael1984">Raphael 1984</a>, pp. 177–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, ed. (1993). Conserving Conservative Judaism: Reconstructionist Judaism. Judaism in Cold War America, 1945–1990, vol. 7. New York; London: Garland Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815300786" title="Special:BookSources/9780815300786"><bdi>9780815300786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conserving+Conservative+Judaism%3A+Reconstructionist+Judaism&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.series=Judaism+in+Cold+War+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931990%2C+vol.+7&rft.pub=Garland+Publ.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780815300786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alpert, Rebecca (2011). "Judaism, Reconstructionist". The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA221">"Humanistic Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C">Encyclopedia of Judaism</a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5457-6"><bdi>0-8160-5457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanistic+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions.+J.+Gordon+Melton%2C+Series+Editor&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8160-5457-6&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft.au=Hurvitz%2C+Mitchell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cohn-Sherbok" title="Dan Cohn-Sherbok">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan</a> (2006). "Humanistic Judaism". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Clarke" title="Peter B. Clarke">Clarke, Peter B.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=heeCAgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of new religious movements</a>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 288–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6"><bdi>9-78-0-415-26707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanistic+Judaism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=288-289&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DheeCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magid2005-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magid2005_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magid2005_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Magid" title="Shaul Magid">Magid, Shaul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41218249">"Jewish Renewal Movement"</a> (PDF). In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 4868–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865740-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865740-3"><bdi>0-02-865740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Renewal+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.pages=4868-74&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865740-3&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41218249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magid2013-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Magid2013_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Magid" title="Shaul Magid">Magid, Shaul</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5A8CLx_UqvsC&pg=PA233">American Post-Judaism: Identity and Renewal in a Postethnic Society</a>. Religion in North America. 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Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 354–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57718-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57718-058-5"><bdi>1-57718-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Age+Judaism&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass&rft.pages=354-370&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publ.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57718-058-5&rft.aulast=Salkin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEyD_MaeqP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuttick2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Puttick, Elizabeth (2006). "Kabbalah". 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/package/9789004105836">The Encyclopedia of Judaism</a>. Vol. 1–3. Leiden; New York: Brill; Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004105836" title="Special:BookSources/9789004105836"><bdi>9789004105836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.place=Leiden%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Brill%3B+Continuum&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004105836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fpackage%2F9789004105836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, ed. (2007). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a>. Vol. 1–22 (2nd rev. ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-002-865-928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-002-865-928-2"><bdi>978-002-865-928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-002-865-928-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_religious_movements&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_denominations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jewish denominations">Jewish denominations</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Jewish_Sects" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Jewish Sects">Jewish Sects</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-judaism">Encyclopedia of Judaism Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fbrowse%2Fencyclopaedia-of-judaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+religious+movements" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311133354/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/ModernReligionCulture/Emergence.htm">Emergence of Jewish Denominations</a> (MyJewishLearning.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110062538/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Jewish_World_Today/Denominations.htm">Jewish World Today. Overview: State of the Denominations</a> (MyJewishLearning.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Jewing-Movements.html">Jewing Movements - How Jewish movements will and have evolved</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Orthodox/Haredi</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/">Orthodox Judaism – The Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/">Chabad-Lubavitch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjli.com/index.html">Rohr Jewish Learning Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/08_Orthodoxy.html">The Various Types of Orthodox Judaism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103102409/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/08_Orthodoxy.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/">Aish HaTorah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohr.edu/">Ohr Somayach</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Traditional/Conservadox</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utj.org/">Union for Traditional Judaism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Conservative</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420025531/http://www.uscj.org/index1.html">The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masorti.org/">Masorti (Conservative) Movement in Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usy.org/">United Synagogue Youth</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Reform/Progressive</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urj.org/">The Union for Reform Judaism (USA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/">Reform Judaism (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberaljudaism.org/">Liberal Judaism (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wupj.org/">World Union for Progressive Judaism (Israel)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Reconstructionist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220012139/http://www4.jrf.org/">Jewish Reconstructionist Federation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Renewal</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aleph.org/">ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohalah.org/">OHALAH Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Humanistic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shj.org/">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Karaite</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karaite-korner.org/">World Movement for Karaite Judaism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a 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