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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Birth of the Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>End of the Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="العصر الذهبي للثقافة اليهودية في إيبيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الذهبي للثقافة اليهودية في إيبيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Залаты век яўрэяў у Іспаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Залаты век яўрэяў у Іспаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Златен век на еврейската култура в Испания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Златен век на еврейската култура в Испания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdische_Kultur_im_islamischen_al-Andalus" title="Jüdische Kultur im islamischen al-Andalus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüdische Kultur im islamischen al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_de_oro_de_la_cultura_jud%C3%ADa_en_al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Edad de oro de la cultura judía en al-Ándalus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad de oro de la cultura judía en al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="عصر طلایی فرهنگ یهودی در اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر طلایی فرهنگ یهودی در اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_d%27or_de_la_culture_juive_en_Espagne" title="Âge d'or de la culture juive en Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge d'or de la culture juive en Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_keemasan_budaya_Yahudi_di_Spanyol" title="Zaman keemasan budaya Yahudi di Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman keemasan budaya Yahudi di Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_d%27oro_della_cultura_ebraica_in_Spagna" title="Epoca d'oro della cultura ebraica in Spagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epoca d'oro della cultura ebraica in Spagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%94%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="תור הזהב של יהודי ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תור הזהב של יהודי ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_de_Oro_de_la_Kultura_djudia_en_Espanya" title="Edad de Oro de la Kultura djudia en Espanya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Edad de Oro de la Kultura djudia en Espanya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="العصر الذهبى للثقافه اليهوديه فى اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العصر الذهبى للثقافه اليهوديه فى اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oty_wiek_kultury_%C5%BCydowskiej_na_P%C3%B3%C5%82wyspie_Iberyjskim" title="Złoty wiek kultury żydowskiej na Półwyspie Iberyjskim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złoty wiek kultury żydowskiej na Półwyspie Iberyjskim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_de_Ouro_da_cultura_judaica_no_Al-Andalus" title="Idade de Ouro da cultura judaica no Al-Andalus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade de Ouro da cultura judaica no Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Золотой век евреев в Испании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Золотой век евреев в Испании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya%27daki_Yahudi_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BCn%C3%BCn_alt%C4%B1n_%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İspanya'daki Yahudi kültürünün altın çağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanya'daki Yahudi kültürünün altın çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Золота доба євреїв в Іспанії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Золота доба євреїв в Іспанії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of Jewish history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the period of Spanish cultural flourishing in the 17th century, see <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">History of the Jews in Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">History of the Jews in Portugal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrids</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(756–1031)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ibn_Abi_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir">Al-Mansur Ibn Abi 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>golden age of Jewish culture in Spain</b> was a Muslim ruled era of Spain, with the state name of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, lasting 800 years, whose state lasted from 711 to 1492 A.D. This coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> within <a href="/wiki/Islamic_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic empire">Muslim ruled territories</a>, while Christian Europe experienced the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>Under Muslim rule, Jews were labeled as "protected people" — "<a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a>" which afforded them religious freedom and protection, exclusion from military service, offered many but not all rights. The coexistence in Muslim society allowed Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life to flourish into a parallel Golden Age. </p><p>The nature and length of this "Golden Age" has been debated, as there were at least three periods during which non-Muslims were oppressed. A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest of Iberia</a>. Others date it from 912, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a>. The end of the age is variously given as 1031, when the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a> ended; 1066, the date of the <a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a>; 1090, when the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> invaded; or the mid-12th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> invaded. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography_and_nature_of_Golden_Age">Historiography and nature of Golden Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historiography and nature of Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanishhaggadah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Spanishhaggadah.jpg/200px-Spanishhaggadah.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Spanishhaggadah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Image of a <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantor</a> reading the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> story in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, from the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having invaded southern Spain and coming to rule in a matter of seven years, Islamic rulers were confronted with many questions relating to the implementation of Islamic rule of a non-Islamic society. The coexistence of Muslims, Jews, and Christians during this time is revered by many writers. <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> was a key center of Jewish life during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">María Rosa Menocal</a>, a specialist in Iberian literature at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, claims that "tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menocal's 2003 book, <i>The Ornament of the World</i>, argues that the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a> living under the Caliphate were allowed fewer rights than Muslims but were still better off than in the Christian parts of Europe. Jews from other parts of Europe made their way to <i>al-Andalus</i>, where in parallel to Christian sects regarded as heretical by Catholic Europe, they were not just tolerated, but where opportunities to practise faith and trades were open without restriction save for the prohibitions on <a href="/wiki/Proselytisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytisation">proselytisation</a> and, sometimes, on <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> construction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> takes issue with this view, calling it ahistorical and exaggerated. He argues that Islam traditionally did not offer equality or even pretend that it did and argues that it would have been both a "theological as well as a logical absurdity."<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Generally, the Jewish people were allowed to practice their religion and live according to the laws and scriptures of their community. Furthermore, the restrictions to which they were subject were social and symbolic rather than tangible and practical in character. That is to say, these regulations served to define the relationship between the two communities, and not to oppress the Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Mark R. Cohen</a>, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, in his <i>Under Crescent and Cross</i>, calls the idealized interfaith utopia a "myth" that was first promulgated by Jewish historians such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a> in the 19th century as a rebuke to Christian countries for their treatment of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This myth was met with the "counter-myth" of the "neo-lachrymose conception of Jewish-Arab history" by <a href="/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or" title="Bat Ye'or">Bat Ye'or</a> and others,<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also "cannot be maintained in the light of historical reality".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_of_the_Golden_Age">Birth of the Golden Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth of the Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 589, the Jewish population of Spain was tolerated by its <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Visigoth rulers and placed on equal footing with the other ethnic and religious communities of the region. The Arians may have preferred the Jewish population to the Catholic one, as they did not fear political enmity from the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> were mainly indifferent towards Jews and allowed them to grow and prosper. After the Visigoths joined the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, they placed ever greater economic burdens on the Jewish population, and later persecuted them severely. It is possible that Jews welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and mainly-<a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> conquerors in the 8th century. </p><p>A period of tolerance dawned for the Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Their number was considerably augmented by immigration from North Africa in the wake of the Muslim conquest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East bolstered the Jewish population and made Muslim Spain probably the largest centre of contemporary Jews. Especially after 912, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">Al-Hakam II</a>, the Jews prospered culturally, and some notable figures held high posts in the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>. Jewish philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, poets and rabbinical scholars composed highly-rich cultural and scientific work. Many devoted themselves to the study of the sciences and philosophy, composing many of the most valuable texts of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>. Jews took part in the overall prosperity of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Jewish economic expansion was unparallelled. In Toledo, after the Christian reconquest in 1085, Jews were involved in translating Arabic texts to the romance languages in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators" title="Toledo School of Translators">Toledo School of Translators</a>, as they had been previously in translating Greek and Hebrew texts to Arabic. Jews also contributed to botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'Abd al-Rahman's court physician and minister was <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a>, the patron of <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Saruq" title="Menahem ben Saruq">Menahem ben Saruq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a> and other Jewish scholars and poets. In following centuries, Jewish thought flourished under famous figures such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ha-Nagid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ha-Nagid">Samuel Ha-Nagid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 'Abd al-Rahman's term of power, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Hanoch" title="Moses ben Hanoch">Moses ben Hanoch</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, and as a consequence <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> became the center of <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> study, and Córdoba the meeting-place of Jewish savants. </p><p>It was a time of partial Jewish autonomy. As "<a href="/wiki/Dhimmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimmis">dhimmis</a>", "protected non-Muslims", Jews in the Islamic world paid the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, which was administered separately from the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> paid by Muslims. The jizya has been viewed variously as a head tax, as payment for non-conscription in the military (as non-Muslims were normally prohibited from bearing arms or receiving martial training) or as a tribute. Jews had their own <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monotheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheist">Monotheist</a> religions of the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> were tolerated but conspicuous displays of faith, such as bells and processions, were discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparing the treatment of Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a> and medieval <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christian Europe</a>, the Jews were far more integrated in <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">the political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">economic life of Islamic society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually faced far less violence from Muslims, but there were some instances of persecution in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> as well from the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic world classified Jews and Christians as dhimmis and allowed Jews to practice their religion more freely than they could in Christian Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other authors criticize the modern notion of Al-Andalus being a tolerant society of equal opportunities for all religious groups as a "myth".<sup id="cite_ref-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were living in an uneasy coexistence with Muslims and Catholics, and the relationship between the groups was more often than not marked by segregation and mutual hostility. In the <a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">1066 Granada massacre</a> of much of the Jewish population of the city, the Jewish death toll was higher than in the much-publicized Christian pogroms in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland</a> slightly later.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notable Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> (1135–1204) was forced to flee from Al-Andalus to avoid conversion by the Almohads. In <i>Letter to Yemen</i>, Maimonides wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dear brothers, because of our many sins Hashem has cast us among this nation, the Arabs, who are treating us badly. They pass laws designed to cause us distress and make us despised.... Never has there been a nation that hated, humiliated and loathed us as much as this one.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Golden_Age">End of the Golden Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: End of the Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the death of Al-Hakam II in 976, the caliphate began to dissolve, and the position of the Jews became more precarious under the various smaller kingdoms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first major persecution was the 1066 Granada massacre, which occurred on 30 December in which a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a> the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Naghrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ibn Naghrela">Joseph ibn Naghrela</a> and massacred many of the Jewish population of the city. According to one source, "more than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first persecution of Jews on the Peninsula under Islamic rule. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/150px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/225px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/300px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript page by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, one of the greatest Jewish scholars of Al Andalus, born in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1090, the situation deteriorated further with the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>, a puritan Muslim dynasty from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Even under the Almoravids, some Jews prospered although far more so under <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali III</a>, than under his father, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>. Among those who held the title of "<a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">nasi</a>" in Almoravid times were the poet and physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ayyub_Solomon_ibn_al-Mu%27allam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Ayyub Solomon ibn al-Mu'allam (page does not exist)">Abu Ayyub Solomon ibn al-Mu'allam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_ibn_Me%C3%AFr_ibn_Kamnial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Kamnial (page does not exist)">Abraham ibn Meïr ibn Kamnial</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Isaac_ibn_Muhajar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Isaac ibn Muhajar (page does not exist)">Abu Isaac ibn Muhajar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_ibn_Farusal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon ibn Farusal (page does not exist)">Solomon ibn Farusal</a>. The Almoravids were ousted from the peninsula in 1148, but the region was again invaded, this time by the even more puritanical <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>. </p><p>During the reign of the Berber dynasties, many Jewish and even Muslim scholars left the Muslim-controlled portion of Iberia for the city of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1085)" title="Siege of Toledo (1085)">conquered in 1085</a> by <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castille</a>. </p><p>The major Jewish presence in Iberia continued until the Jews were forced to leave or to convert to Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> of 1492 and a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">similar decree</a> by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1496. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Located_in_central_Spain,_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Located_in_central_Spain%2C_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg/220px-Located_in_central_Spain%2C_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Located_in_central_Spain%2C_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg/330px-Located_in_central_Spain%2C_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Located_in_central_Spain%2C_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg/440px-Located_in_central_Spain%2C_70_km_south_of_Madrid._It_is_the_capital_of_the_province_of_Toledo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Street (<a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Spain)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_al_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaula al Yahudi">Kaula al Yahudi</a>, military commander appointed by <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_ibn_Hasdai" title="Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai">Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai</a>, philosopher, vizier at <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Taifa of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_ibn_Hasdai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph ibn Hasdai (page does not exist)">Joseph ibn Hasdai</a>, poet, father of Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yekutiel_ben_Isaac_ibn_Hassan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yekutiel ben Isaac ibn Hassan (page does not exist)">Yekutiel ben Isaac ibn Hassan</a>, poet, talmudist and vizier at Taifa of Zaragoza, fell from favor, executed.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ruiz_ibn_Dahri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Ruiz ibn Dahri (page does not exist)">Abu Ruiz ibn Dahri</a> fought in the war against the <a href="/wiki/Almohades" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohades">Almohades</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a>, traveller, probably a merchant.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amram_ben_Isaac_ibn_Shalbib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amram ben Isaac ibn Shalbib (page does not exist)">Amram ben Isaac ibn Shalbib</a>, scholar and diplomat in the service of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of Castile">Alfonso VI of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a>, philosopher and author of <i><a href="/wiki/Chovot_HaLevavot" title="Chovot HaLevavot">Chovot HaLevavot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Bodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Bodo">Bishop Bodo</a>-Eleazar; according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, "a convert to Judaism ... [who]... went to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, where he is said to have endeavored to win proselytes for Judaism from among the Spanish Christians."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a> (920–990), poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Albalia" title="Isaac Albalia">Isaac Albalia</a>, astronomer and rabbi at <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehiel_ben_Asher" title="Jehiel ben Asher">Jehiel ben Asher</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a>, diplomat for Granada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, also known by the acronym 'Rambam', author of Mishnah Torah, Guide to the Perplexed, and commentator on the Mishnah, rabbi, scholar, physician, and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Saruq" title="Menahem ben Saruq">Menahem ben Saruq</a>, philologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a>, also referred to by the acronym Ramban, scholar, rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a>, poet and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses ben Enoch">Moses ben Enoch</a>, rabbi and Talmudic scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a>, poet and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ha-Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ha-Levi">Samuel ha-Levi</a>, treasurer of king <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro I of Castile">Pedro I "the Cruel" of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>, rabbi and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a>, philosopher and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, traveler and explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah" title="Samuel ibn Naghrillah">Samuel ibn Naghrillah</a>, king's minister at <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada" title="Taifa of Granada">Taifa of Granada</a> and poet</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_ibn_Naghrillah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph ibn Naghrillah (page does not exist)">Joseph ibn Naghrillah</a>, king's minister, son of Samuel ibn Naghrillah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a>, royal physician and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Saul_ibn_Tibbon" title="Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon">Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon</a>, translator and physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a>, rabbi, poet and philosopher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a>, astronomer, historian, and philosopher. He is sometimes known by the abbreviation Rabad I or Ravad I.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Judaeorum">Paradisus Judaeorum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a> of the Jews")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">History of the Jews in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">History of the Jews in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Convivencia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Convivencia">La Convivencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews#Jews_in_Muslim_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim under Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition#Repression_of_Jews" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition and repression of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline of Portuguese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula">Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050828225825/http://twbookmark.com/books/52/0316566888/press_release.html">"Press Release: The Ornament of the World by María Rosa Menocal"</a>. August 28, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twbookmark.com/books/52/0316566888/press_release.html">the original</a> on 2005-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release%3A+The+Ornament+of+the+World+by+Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa+Menocal&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwbookmark.com%2Fbooks%2F52%2F0316566888%2Fpress_release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+age+of+Jewish+culture+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard W (1984). <i>The Jews of Islam</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cohen_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohen_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1995" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Mark R. (October 1995). <i>Under Crescent and Cross</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X"><bdi>0-691-01082-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995-10&rft.isbn=0-691-01082-X&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+age+of+Jewish+culture+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_J._Lasker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel J. Lasker (1997). "Review of Under Crescent and Cross. The Jews in the Middle Ages by Mark R. Cohen". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>88</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1455066">10.2307/1455066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1455066">1455066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Under+Crescent+and+Cross.+The+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages+by+Mark+R.+Cohen&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1455066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1455066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Lasker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+age+of+Jewish+culture+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1757-arianism">Arianism</a>, Kaufmann Kohler, Samuel Krauss, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weiner_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiner_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html">Sephardim</a> by Rebecca Weiner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred J. Hill et al., <i>A History of the Islamic World</i> 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-1015-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-1015-9">0-7818-1015-9</a>, p.73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_R._Cohen1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Mark R. Cohen</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross"><i>Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages</i></a>, Princeton University Press, pp. 66–7 & 88, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X"><bdi>0-691-01082-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross%3A+The+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=66-7+%26+88&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-01082-X&rft.au=Mark+R.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgbib5exskUC%26q%3Dcohen%2BUnder%2BCrescent%2Band%2BCross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+age+of+Jewish+culture+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_R._Cohen1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Mark R. Cohen</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross"><i>Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages</i></a>, Princeton University Press, pp. xvii, xix, 22, 163, 169, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X"><bdi>0-691-01082-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross%3A+The+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=xvii%2C+xix%2C+22%2C+163%2C+169&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-01082-X&rft.au=Mark+R.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgbib5exskUC%26q%3Dcohen%2BUnder%2BCrescent%2Band%2BCross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+age+of+Jewish+culture+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_R._Cohen1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Mark R. Cohen</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross"><i>Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X"><bdi>0-691-01082-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross%3A+The+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-01082-X&rft.au=Mark+R.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgbib5exskUC%26q%3Dcohen%2BUnder%2BCrescent%2Band%2BCross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+age+of+Jewish+culture+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Morera,_2006,_29_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Darío Fernández-Morera: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-myth-of-the-andalusian-paradise">"The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise"</a>, <i>The Intercollegiate Review</i>, Fall 2006, pp. 23–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avraham Yaakov Finkel (translator): "Rambam: Selected Letters of Maimonides", Yeshivat Beit Moshe, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9626226-3-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9626226-3-X">0-9626226-3-X</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada">Granada</a> by Richard Gottheil, <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Kayserling" title="Meyer Kayserling">Meyer Kayserling</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1906 ed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Esperanza Alfonso, <i>Islamic culture through Jewish eyes : al-Andalus from the tenth to twelfth century</i>, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43732-5">978-0-415-43732-5</a></li> <li>Mark Cohen, <i>Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages</i> 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X">0-691-01082-X</a></li> <li>Joel Kraemer, "Comparing Crescent and Cross," The Journal of Religion, Vol. 77, No. 3. (Jul., 1997), pp. 449–454. (Book review)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmisi.org/ir/41_02/fernandez-morera.pdf">"The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise"</a> by Darío Fernández-Morera – critique of view of Al-Andalus as tolerant society</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13940-spain"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> article on Spain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526200748/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/TheStory6321666/TheIslamicWorld/Spain.htm">Excerpt from Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered</a> by Howard M. Sachar, at MyJewishLearning</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204040054/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/57/Al-Andalus-Dwight+Reynolds">The Musical Legacy of Al-Andalus</a> an interview between Banning Eyre (Afropop Worldwide) and Dwight Reynolds, Associate Professor in the Department of Religious Studies, Director of the Center for Middle East Studies, and Chair of Islamic and Near Eastern Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213104234/http://www.medievalhebrewpoetry.org/">Medieval Hebrew Poetry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html">The Sephardim</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template talk:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sephardi_Jewish_topics276" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion from Portugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">Degredados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7ados" title="Lançados">Lançados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Mediterranean</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Synagogue" title="Dubrovnik Synagogue">Ragusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Synagogue" title="Split Synagogue">Splicani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Rhodes" title="History of the Jews in Rhodes">Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessalonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Hungary" title="Sephardic Jews in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">Monastir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Romania" title="Sephardic Jews in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Istanbul" title="History of the Jews in Istanbul">Istanbulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_%C4%B0zmir" title="History of the Jews in İzmir">Symirniote</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North Africa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan#Jewish_presence" title="Tétouan">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Europe and overseas</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Antwerp (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam" title="Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#History" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Hamburg" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg">Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Sephardi_Jews_in_Italy" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Crypto-Sephardim</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belmonte" title="History of the Jews in Belmonte">Belmonte Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagitto">Bagitto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Religion and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Rite and customs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardi_chief_rabbis_of_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel">Sephardi chief rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Haredim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim_and_Oriental_Communities" title="Sephardim and Oriental Communities">Sephardim and Oriental Communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Community_Council" title="Sephardi Community Council">Sephardi Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Sephardi_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Sephardi Federation (page does not exist)">World Sephardi Federation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:הפדרציה הספרדית העולמית">he</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Center_of_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Sefard%C3%ADes_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Sephardic_Studies_and_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture (page does not exist)">Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Institute for Sephardic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosephardism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosephardism (page does not exist)">Philosephardism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosefardismo" class="extiw" title="es:Filosefardismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardization (page does not exist)">Sephardization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&oldid=1276967167">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain&oldid=1276967167</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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