CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Immortality - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"468a395f-f0f9-48ad-810e-0e3868298ddc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Immortality","wgTitle":"Immortality","wgCurRevisionId":1277113917,"wgRevisionId":1277113917,"wgArticleId":177052,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from September 2021","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list", "CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Articles needing additional references from June 2015","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from November 2022","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015","All articles lacking reliable references","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015", "Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012","Articles to be expanded from June 2019","All articles to be expanded","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links","Immortality","Afterlife","Duration","Life extension","Mythological powers","Technological utopianism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Immortality","wgRelevantArticleId":177052,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193942","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1601"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1068"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="854"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Immortality - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Immortality rootpage-Immortality skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Immortality" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Immortality" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Immortality" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Immortality" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scientific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_immortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_immortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical immortality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_immortality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical immortality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_immortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Causes of death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Environmental change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_immortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_immortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biological immortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_immortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biologically_immortal_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologically_immortal_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Biologically immortal species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologically_immortal_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Evolution of aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immortality_of_the_germline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immortality_of_the_germline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Immortality of the germline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immortality_of_the_germline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospects_for_human_biological_immortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospects_for_human_biological_immortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prospects for human biological immortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospects_for_human_biological_immortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life-extending_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life-extending_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Life-extending substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-extending_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_immortality,_biological_machines,_and_"swallowing_the_doctor"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_immortality,_biological_machines,_and_"swallowing_the_doctor""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Technological immortality, biological machines, and "swallowing the doctor"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_immortality,_biological_machines,_and_"swallowing_the_doctor"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Cryonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mind-to-computer_uploading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind-to-computer_uploading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Mind-to-computer uploading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind-to-computer_uploading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybernetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybernetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Cybernetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybernetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_immortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_immortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Digital immortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_immortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abrahamic religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ancient religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Philosophical religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_arguments_for_the_immortality_of_the_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_arguments_for_the_immortality_of_the_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophical arguments for the immortality of the soul</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_arguments_for_the_immortality_of_the_soul-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical arguments for the immortality of the soul subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_arguments_for_the_immortality_of_the_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcmaeon_of_Croton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcmaeon_of_Croton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alcmaeon of Croton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcmaeon_of_Croton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plotinus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plotinus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Plotinus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plotinus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metochites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metochites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Metochites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metochites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avicenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avicenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Avicenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avicenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquinas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquinas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Aquinas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquinas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descartes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descartes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Descartes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descartes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leibniz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leibniz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Leibniz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leibniz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moses_Mendelssohn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moses_Mendelssohn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Moses Mendelssohn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moses_Mendelssohn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undesirability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undesirability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Undesirability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undesirability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_and_spiritual_prospects_for_immortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_spiritual_prospects_for_immortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Religious and spiritual prospects for immortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_spiritual_prospects_for_immortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Immortality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsterflikheid" title="Onsterflikheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onsterflikheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF" title="خلود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCms%C3%BCzl%C3%BCk" title="Ölümsüzlük – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölümsüzlük" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="অমরত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অমরত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imortalidad" title="Imortalidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imortalidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Безсмъртие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безсмъртие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒས་མེད་ཚེ་རིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒས་མེད་ཚེ་རིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalitat" title="Immortalitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Immortalitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BC%D1%81%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Вилĕмсĕрлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вилĕмсĕрлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesmrtelnost" title="Nesmrtelnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nesmrtelnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsterblichkeit" title="Unsterblichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unsterblichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surematus" title="Surematus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surematus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αθανασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθανασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmortalidad" title="Inmortalidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmortalidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senmorteco" title="Senmorteco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senmorteco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilezkortasun" title="Hilezkortasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilezkortasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="جاودانگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاودانگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalit%C3%A9" title="Immortalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immortalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstjerlikens" title="Unstjerlikens – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Unstjerlikens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neamhbh%C3%A1smhaireacht" title="Neamhbhásmhaireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neamhbhásmhaireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmortalidade" title="Inmortalidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inmortalidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%83%9D" title="영생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Հավիտենական կյանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավիտենական կյանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besmrtnost" title="Besmrtnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Besmrtnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keabadian" title="Keabadian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keabadian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalit%C3%A0" title="Immortalità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immortalità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%97" title="חיי נצח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיי נצח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzima_wa_milele" title="Uzima wa milele – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzima wa milele" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemirst%C4%ABba" title="Nemirstība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nemirstība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бесмртност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бесмртност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsy_feteza-maty" title="Tsy feteza-maty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsy feteza-maty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="അമരത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമരത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keabadian" title="Keabadian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keabadian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsterfelijkheid" title="Onsterfelijkheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onsterfelijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB" title="不老不死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不老不死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalitat" title="Immortalitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Immortalitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%C5%9Bmiertelno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Nieśmiertelność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nieśmiertelność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imortalidade" title="Imortalidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imortalidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemurire" title="Nemurire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nemurire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бессмертие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бессмертие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavdek%C3%ABsia" title="Pavdekësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pavdekësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalit%C3%A0" title="Immortalità – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Immortalità" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Immortality" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesmrte%C4%BEnos%C5%A5" title="Nesmrteľnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nesmrteľnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نەمری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەمری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бесмртност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бесмртност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besmrtnost" title="Besmrtnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Besmrtnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolemattomuus" title="Kuolemattomuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuolemattomuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%B6dlighet" title="Odödlighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odödlighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imortalidad" title="Imortalidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imortalidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCms%C3%BCzl%C3%BCk" title="Ölümsüzlük – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölümsüzlük" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Безсмертя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безсмертя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_b%E1%BA%A5t_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Trường sinh bất tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường sinh bất tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E5%BC%97%E8%80%81" title="长生弗老 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长生弗老" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB" title="長生不死 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="長生不死" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81" title="长生不老 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长生不老" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Immortality" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Immortality"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Immortality"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Immortality" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Immortality" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&oldid=1277113917" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Immortality&id=1277113917&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImmortality"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImmortality"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Immortality&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Immortality" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Immortality" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193942" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_immortality.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept of eternal life</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Immortal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Immortal (disambiguation)">Immortal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Immortality" title="Special:EditPage/Immortality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Immortality%22">"Immortality"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Immortality%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Immortality%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Immortality%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Immortality%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Immortality%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg/220px-Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg/330px-Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg/440px-Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life" title="Fountain of Eternal Life">Fountain of Eternal Life</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, United States, is described as symbolizing "Man rising above death, reaching upward to God and toward Peace."<sup id="cite_ref-GVCM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVCM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Immortality</b> is the concept of eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> possess "<a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">biological immortality</a>" due to an apparent lack of the <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamians</a>, there has been a conviction that gods may be physically immortal, and that this is also a state that the gods at times offer humans. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the conviction that God may offer physical immortality with the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_flesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the flesh">resurrection of the flesh</a> at the end of time has traditionally been at the center of its beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndsjø20232–5,_28–30,_110–12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndsjø20232–5,_28–30,_110–12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What form an unending human life would take, or whether an immaterial <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> exists and possesses immortality, has been a major point of focus of religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullmann1955_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann1955-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the subject of speculation and debate. In religious contexts, immortality is often stated to be one of the promises of divinities to human beings who perform <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> or follow <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scientists, <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurists</a> and philosophers have theorized about the immortality of the human body, with some suggesting that human immortality may be achievable in the first few decades of the 21st century with the help of certain speculative <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Technologies">technologies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">digital immortality</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Immortality" title="Special:EditPage/Immortality">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a> technologies claim to be developing a path to complete <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">rejuvenation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a> holds out the hope that the dead can be revived in the future, following sufficient medical advancements. While, as shown with creatures such as <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">hydra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planarian" title="Planarian">Planarian</a> worms, it is indeed possible for a creature to be <a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">biologically immortal</a>, these are animals which are physiologically very different from humans, and it is not known if something comparable will ever be possible for humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander20035–10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander20035–10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolonkin20102–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolonkin20102–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></div> <p>Immortality in religion refers usually to either the belief in physical immortality or a more spiritual <i><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a></i>. In traditions such as ancient Egyptian beliefs, Mesopotamian beliefs and ancient Greek beliefs, the immortal gods consequently were considered to have physical bodies. In Mesopotamian and Greek religion, the gods also made certain men and women physically immortal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohde1925_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohde1925-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202328–30,_33–39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202328–30,_33–39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in Christianity, many believe that all true believers will be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrected</a> to physical immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar beliefs that physical immortality is possible are held by <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafarians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rebirthing-Breathwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebirthing-Breathwork">Rebirthers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_immortality">Physical immortality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical immortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical immortality is a state of life that allows a person to avoid death and maintain conscious thought. It can mean the unending existence of a person from a physical source other than organic life, such as a computer. </p><p>Pursuit of physical immortality before the advent of modern science included <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a>, who sought to create the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's Stone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paracelsus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paracelsus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various cultures' legends such as the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Peaches of Immortality</a> inspiring attempts at discovering an <a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">elixir of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZorea201735–39_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZorea201735–39-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202388–100_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202388–100-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scientific trends, such as <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">digital immortality</a>, breakthroughs in <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">rejuvenation</a>, or predictions of an impending <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, to achieve genuine human physical immortality, must still overcome all causes of death to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200345–57_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200345–57-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolonkin201072–83_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolonkin201072–83-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_death">Causes of death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes of death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div> <p>There are three main causes of death: <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">natural aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such issues can be resolved with the solutions provided in research to any end providing such alternate theories at present that require unification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aging">Aging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA damage theory of aging</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">Aubrey de Grey</a>, a leading researcher in the field,<sup id="cite_ref-Garreau_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garreau-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> as "a collection of cumulative changes to the <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> structure of an adult <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>, which result in essential <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> processes, but which also, once they progress far enough, increasingly disrupt metabolism, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> and death." The current causes of aging in humans are cell loss (without replacement), <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA damage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epimutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimutation">epimutations</a>, cell <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> mutations, <a href="/wiki/Lysosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysosomal">lysosomal</a> aggregates, extracellular aggregates, random extracellular cross-linking, <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> decline, and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> changes. Eliminating aging would require finding a solution to each of these causes, a program de Grey calls <a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">engineered negligible senescence</a>. There is also a huge body of knowledge indicating that change is characterized by the loss of molecular fidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease">Disease</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disease is theoretically surmountable by technology. In short, it is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism, something the body should not typically have to deal with its natural make up.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human understanding of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> is leading to cures and treatments for a myriad of previously incurable diseases. The mechanisms by which other diseases do damage are becoming better understood. Sophisticated methods of detecting diseases early are being developed. <a href="/wiki/Preventative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventative medicine">Preventative medicine</a> is becoming better understood. Neurodegenerative diseases like <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> may soon be curable with the use of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">stem cells</a>. Breakthroughs in <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomere</a> research are leading to treatments for cancer. <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a> are being researched for AIDS and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Genes associated with <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a> and certain types of cancer have been discovered, allowing for new therapies to be developed. Artificial devices attached directly to the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> may restore sight to the blind. Drugs are being developed to treat a myriad of other diseases and ailments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trauma">Trauma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">Physical trauma</a> would remain as a threat to perpetual physical life, as an otherwise immortal person would still be subject to unforeseen accidents or catastrophes. The speed and quality of <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Disaster_relief_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief operation">response</a> remains a determining factor in surviving severe trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A body that could automatically repair itself from severe trauma, such as speculated uses for <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, would mitigate this factor. The brain cannot be risked to trauma if a continuous physical life is to be maintained. This aversion to trauma risk to the brain would naturally result in significant behavioral changes that would render physical immortality undesirable for some people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_change">Environmental change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Immortality" title="Special:EditPage/Immortality">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Organisms otherwise unaffected by these causes of death would still face the problem of obtaining sustenance (whether from currently available agricultural processes or from hypothetical future technological processes) in the face of changing availability of suitable resources as environmental conditions change. After avoiding aging, disease, and trauma, death through resource limitation is still possible, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>. </p><p>If there is no limitation on the degree of gradual mitigation of risk then it is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_probability" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulative probability">cumulative probability</a> of death over an infinite horizon is less than <a href="/wiki/Certainty" title="Certainty">certainty</a>, even when the risk of fatal trauma <a href="/wiki/Hazard_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard rate">in any finite period</a> is greater than zero. Mathematically, this is an aspect of achieving <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_lifespan#Actuarial_escape_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite lifespan">'actuarial escape velocity'</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_immortality">Biological immortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biological immortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telomere_caps.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Telomere_caps.gif/220px-Telomere_caps.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Telomere_caps.gif/330px-Telomere_caps.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Telomere_caps.gif/440px-Telomere_caps.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Human <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> (grey) capped by telomeres (white)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">Biological immortality</a></div> <p>Biological immortality is an absence of aging. Specifically it is the absence of a sustained increase in <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate of mortality">rate of mortality</a> as a function of chronological age. A cell or organism that does not experience aging, or ceases to age at some point, is biologically immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a> have chosen the word "immortal" to designate cells that are not limited by the <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a>, where cells no longer divide because of <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA damage</a> or shortened <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a>. The first and still most widely used immortal cell line is <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a>, developed from cells taken from the malignant cervical tumor of <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a> without her consent in 1951. Prior to the 1961 work of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hayflick" title="Leonard Hayflick">Leonard Hayflick</a>, there was the erroneous belief fostered by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> that all normal <a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> cells are immortal. By preventing cells from reaching senescence one can achieve biological immortality; telomeres, a "cap" at the end of DNA, are thought to be the cause of cell aging. Every time a cell divides the telomere becomes a bit shorter; when it is finally worn down, the cell is unable to split and dies. <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">Telomerase</a> is an enzyme which rebuilds the telomeres in stem cells and cancer cells, allowing them to replicate an infinite number of times.<sup id="cite_ref-LinKahWai_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinKahWai-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No definitive work has yet demonstrated that telomerase can be used in human somatic cells to prevent healthy tissues from aging. On the other hand, scientists hope to be able to grow organs with the help of stem cells, allowing organ transplants without the risk of rejection, another step in extending human life expectancy. These technologies are the subject of ongoing research, and are not yet realized.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biologically_immortal_species">Biologically immortal species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biologically immortal species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">List of longest-living organisms</a></div> <p>Life defined as biologically immortal is still susceptible to causes of death besides aging, including disease and trauma, as defined above. Notable immortal species include: </p> <ul><li><i>Bacteria</i> – Bacteria reproduce through <a href="/wiki/Fission_(biology)" title="Fission (biology)">binary fission</a>. A parent bacterium splits itself into two identical daughter cells which eventually then split themselves in half. This process repeats, thus making the bacterium essentially immortal. A 2005 <a href="/wiki/PLoS_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS Biology">PLoS Biology</a> paper<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that after each division the daughter cells can be identified as the older and the younger, and the older is slightly smaller, weaker, and more likely to die than the younger.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii" title="Turritopsis dohrnii">Turritopsis dohrnii</a></i>, a jellyfish (phylum <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, class <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a>, order <a href="/wiki/Anthoathecata" title="Anthoathecata">Anthoathecata</a>), after becoming a sexually mature adult, can transform itself back into a <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)" title="Polyp (zoology)">polyp</a> using the cell conversion process of <a href="/wiki/Transdifferentiation" title="Transdifferentiation">transdifferentiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CheatingDeath_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CheatingDeath-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Turritopsis dohrnii</i> repeats this cycle, meaning that it may have an <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_lifespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite lifespan">indefinite lifespan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CheatingDeath_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CheatingDeath-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its immortal adaptation has allowed it to spread from its original habitat in the Caribbean to "all over the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph-immortal-jellyfish_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-immortal-jellyfish-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">Hydra</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> belonging to the phylum <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, the class <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</a> and the order <a href="/wiki/Anthomedusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthomedusae">Anthomedusae</a>. They are simple fresh-water <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a> animals possessing <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">radial symmetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolution_of_aging">Evolution of aging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evolution of aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of aging">Evolution of aging</a></div> <p>As the existence of biologically immortal species demonstrates, there is no <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> necessity for senescence: a defining feature of life is that it takes in <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">free energy</a> from the environment and unloads its <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> as waste. Living systems can even build themselves up from seed, and routinely repair themselves. Aging is therefore presumed to be a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, but why mortality should be selected for remains a subject of research and debate. Programmed cell death and the telomere "end replication problem" are found even in the earliest and simplest of organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be a tradeoff between selecting for cancer and selecting for aging.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern theories on the evolution of aging include the following: </p> <ul><li>Mutation accumulation is a theory formulated by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> in 1952 to explain how evolution would select for aging. Essentially, aging is never selected against, as organisms have offspring before the mortal mutations surface in an individual.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">Antagonistic pleiotropy</a> is a theory proposed as an alternative by <a href="/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Williams (biologist)">George C. Williams</a>, a critic of Medawar, in 1957. In antagonistic pleiotropy, genes carry effects that are both beneficial and detrimental. In essence this refers to genes that offer benefits early in life, but exact a cost later on, i.e. decline and death.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The disposable soma theory was proposed in 1977 by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kirkwood" title="Tom Kirkwood">Thomas Kirkwood</a>, which states that an individual body must allocate energy for metabolism, reproduction, and maintenance, and must compromise when there is food scarcity. Compromise in allocating energy to the repair function is what causes the body gradually to deteriorate with age, according to Kirkwood.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immortality_of_the_germline">Immortality of the germline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immortality of the germline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual organisms ordinarily age and die, while the germlines which connect successive generations are potentially immortal. The basis for this difference is a fundamental problem in biology. The Russian biologist and historian <a href="/wiki/Zhores_A._Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhores A. Medvedev">Zhores A. Medvedev</a><sup id="cite_ref-Medvedev1981_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medvedev1981-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered that the accuracy of <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> replicative and other synthetic systems alone cannot explain the immortality of <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germlines</a>. Rather Medvedev thought that known features of the biochemistry and genetics of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> indicate the presence of unique information maintenance and restoration processes at the different stages of <a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">gametogenesis</a>. In particular, Medvedev considered that the most important opportunities for information maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a> are created by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination during meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>; he saw these as processes within the germ cells that were capable of restoring the integrity of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> from the types of damage that cause irreversible aging in <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prospects_for_human_biological_immortality">Prospects for human biological immortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prospects for human biological immortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan,_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Prometheus gifting mankind fire"><img alt="Statue of Prometheus gifting mankind fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/175px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/263px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/350px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Advocacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b>Rationale</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantropy" title="Pantropy"><i>Adaptionist</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">"Beneficient"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Emancipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Compensatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Democratic_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)" title="Directed evolution (transhumanism)">"Directive"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Libertarian</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner#Nietzsche,_posthumanism_and_transhumanism" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Metahumanistic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanistic</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani#The_Prometheist_Manifesto" title="Jason Jorjani">Prometheist</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Preventative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Paradigm</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biohappiness" title="Biohappiness">Biohappiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis#Prosthetic_enhancement" title="Prosthesis">Prostheses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>De facto</i>)</span> germline interventions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning"><i>Selective</i> Cloning</a></li> <li>Counseling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_counseling" title="Genomic counseling">Genomic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenome_editing" title="Epigenome editing">Epigenome editing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">PGD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_quality" title="Embryo quality">Embryo quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_selection" title="Oocyte selection">Oocyte selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenic_score" title="Polygenic score">Polygenic (risk) score</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(technical article)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion"><i>Selective</i> abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">Sex selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_sorting" title="Sperm sorting">Sperm sorting</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">"Nobelist sperm banks"</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Somatic interventions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_hacking" title="Body hacking">Body hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_gene_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic gene therapy">Somatic gene therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy_for_color_blindness" title="Gene therapy for color blindness">for color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_doping" title="Gene doping">in sports doping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">Stem-cell therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell#Utilizations" title="Embryonic stem cell">Embryonic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_tissue_implant" title="Fetal tissue implant">Fetal tissue implant</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing substances">Chemical</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">Stimulants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritalin">Ritalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootropics">Nootropics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine derivatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neurological</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation#Other_clinical_applications" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Man-Computer_Symbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-Computer Symbiosis">Man-Computer Symbiosis</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">Appeal to nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World#Common_misunderstandings" title="Brave New World"><i>Brave New World</i> Argument</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.K._Chesterton#Opposition_to_eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama#Other_works" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Posthuman_Future" title="Our Posthuman Future">Our Posthuman Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_cloning" title="Ethics of cloning">Cloning prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" title="Stem cell controversy">Stem cell controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Designer_baby" title="Designer baby">Designer baby</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_affair" title="Hwang affair">Hwang affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Ethics_and_politics" title="Life extension">Against life extension</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Undesirability">Undesirability of immortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Nikolas Kompridis</a></li> <li>Legal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Dignity_of_the_Human_Being_with_regard_to_the_Application_of_Biology_and_Medicine" title="Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine">EU convention on Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_Cell_Research_Enhancement_Act" title="Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act">Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act</a> (vetoed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_Human_Cloning" title="United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning">United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning</a></li> <li>In the UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_1990" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990">1990 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_(Deceased_Fathers)_Act_2003" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Deceased Fathers) Act 2003">2003 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_2008" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008">2008 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Reproductive_Cloning_Act_2001" title="Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001">2001 act</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)" title="Playing God (ethics)">"Playing God"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to <i>ART</i>s</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">Wisdom of repugnance</a>"</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology"><i>ART</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_womb" title="Artificial womb"><i>Exo</i>wombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis#In_vitro_gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis"><i>IVG</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_learning" title="Augmented learning">Augmented learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_dysfunction#Treatment" title="Executive dysfunction">Treating executive dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Secular_humanism" title="Julian Huxley"><i>Evolutionary humanism</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">Rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natura_naturans" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura naturans">Natura naturans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_and_Promethean_man" title="Pontifical and Promethean man">Pontifical and Promethean man</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Collapse of the therapy-enhancement divide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Promethean_gap" title="Promethean gap">Promethean gap</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Therapy-enhancement distinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Template:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life-extending_substances">Life-extending substances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Life-extending substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> scientists believe that boosting the amount or proportion of <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a> in the body, a naturally forming enzyme that helps maintain the protective caps at the ends of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, could prevent cells from dying and so may ultimately lead to extended, healthier lifespans. A team of researchers at the Spanish National Cancer Centre (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>) tested the hypothesis on mice. It was found that those mice which were "<a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> to produce 10 times the normal levels of telomerase lived 50% longer than normal mice".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In normal circumstances, without the presence of telomerase, if a cell divides repeatedly, at some point all the progeny will reach their <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a>. With the presence of telomerase, each dividing cell can replace the lost bit of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and any single cell can then divide unbounded. While this unbounded growth property has excited many researchers, caution is warranted in exploiting this property, as exactly this same unbounded growth is a crucial step in enabling cancerous growth. If an organism can replicate its body cells faster, then it would theoretically stop aging. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cells">Embryonic stem cells</a> express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual. In adults, telomerase is highly expressed in cells that need to divide regularly (e.g., in the immune system), whereas most <a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> cells express it only at very low levels in a cell-cycle dependent manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technological_immortality,_biological_machines,_and_"swallowing_the_doctor""><span id="Technological_immortality.2C_biological_machines.2C_and_.22swallowing_the_doctor.22"></span>Technological immortality, biological machines, and "swallowing the doctor"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technological immortality, biological machines, and "swallowing the doctor""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_machine" title="Molecular machine">Molecular machine</a></div> <p>Technological immortality is the prospect for much longer life spans made possible by scientific advances in a variety of fields: nanotechnology, emergency room procedures, genetics, <a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">biological engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_medicine" title="Regenerative medicine">regenerative medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, and others. Contemporary life spans in the advanced industrial societies are already markedly longer than those of the past because of better nutrition, availability of health care, standard of living and bio-medical scientific advances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Technological immortality predicts further progress for the same reasons over the near term. An important aspect of current scientific thinking about immortality is that some combination of <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">human cloning</a>, cryonics or nanotechnology will play an essential role in extreme life extension. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Freitas" title="Robert Freitas">Robert Freitas</a>, a nanorobotics theorist, suggests tiny medical <a href="/wiki/Nanorobot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanorobot">nanorobots</a> could be created to go through human bloodstreams, find dangerous things like cancer cells and bacteria, and destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freitas anticipates that gene-therapies and nanotechnology will eventually make the human body effectively self-sustainable and capable of living indefinitely in empty space, short of severe brain trauma. This supports the theory that we will be able to continually create biological or synthetic replacement parts to replace damaged or dying ones. Future advances in <a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a> could give rise to <a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Nanotechnology" title="Life extension">life extension</a> through the repair of many processes thought to be responsible for aging. <a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">K. Eric Drexler</a>, one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, postulated cell repair devices, including ones operating within cells and using as yet hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Biological_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological machine">biological machines</a>, in his 1986 book <a href="/wiki/Engines_of_Creation" title="Engines of Creation">Engines of Creation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kurzweil" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Kurzweil">Raymond Kurzweil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transhumanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumanist">transhumanist</a>, stated in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near">The Singularity Is Near</a></i> that he believes that advanced medical <a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">nanorobotics</a> could completely remedy the effects of aging by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, it was his former graduate student and collaborator <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hibbs" title="Albert Hibbs">Albert Hibbs</a> who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a <i>medical</i> use for Feynman's theoretical micromachines (see <a href="/wiki/Biological_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological machine">biological machine</a>). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) "swallow the doctor". The idea was incorporated into Feynman's 1959 essay <i><a href="/wiki/There%27s_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottom" title="There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom">There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cryonics">Cryonics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cryonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Immortality" title="Special:EditPage/Immortality">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a>, the practice of preserving organisms (either intact specimens or only their brains) for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped, can be used to 'pause' for those who believe that life extension technologies will not develop sufficiently within their lifetime. Ideally, cryonics would allow clinically dead people to be brought back in the future after cures to the patients' diseases have been discovered and <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">aging is reversible</a>. Modern cryonics procedures use a process called <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation#Vitrification" title="Cryopreservation">vitrification</a> which creates a glass-like state rather than <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> as the body is brought to low temperatures. This process reduces the risk of ice crystals damaging the cell-structure, which would be especially detrimental to cell structures in the brain, as their minute adjustment evokes the individual's mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mind-to-computer_uploading">Mind-to-computer uploading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mind-to-computer uploading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</a></div> <p>One idea that has been advanced involves <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">uploading</a> an individual's habits and memories via <a href="/wiki/Direct_mind-computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct mind-computer interface">direct mind-computer interface</a>. The individual's memory may be loaded to a computer or to a new organic body. <a href="/wiki/Extropian" class="mw-redirect" title="Extropian">Extropian</a> <a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">futurists</a> like Moravec and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Kurzweil</a> have proposed that, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponentially growing</a> computing power, it will someday be possible to <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">upload human consciousness</a> onto a computer system, and exist indefinitely in a virtual environment. </p><p>This could be accomplished via advanced cybernetics, where computer hardware would initially be installed in the brain to help sort memory or accelerate thought processes. Components would be added gradually until the person's entire brain functions were handled by artificial devices, avoiding sharp transitions that would lead to issues of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, thus running the risk of the person to be declared dead and thus not be a legitimate owner of his or her property. After this point, the human body could be treated as an optional accessory and the program implementing the person could be transferred to any sufficiently powerful computer. </p><p>Another possible mechanism for mind upload is to perform a detailed scan of an individual's original, organic brain and simulate the entire structure in a computer. What level of detail such scans and simulations would need to achieve to emulate awareness, and whether the scanning process would destroy the brain, is still to be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is suggested that achieving immortality through this mechanism would require specific consideration to be given to the role of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> in the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>. An uploaded mind would only be a copy of the original mind, and not the conscious mind of the living entity associated in such a transfer. Without a simultaneous upload of consciousness, the original living entity remains mortal, thus not achieving true immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on <a href="/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">neural correlates of consciousness</a> is yet inconclusive on this issue. Whatever the route to mind upload, persons in this state could then be considered essentially immortal, short of loss or traumatic destruction of the machines that maintained them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cybernetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Immortality" title="Special:EditPage/Immortality">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></div> <p>Transforming a human into a <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborg</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Brain_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain implants">brain implants</a> or extracting a human processing unit and placing it in a robotic life-support system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even replacing biological organs with robotic ones could increase life span (e.g. pace makers) and depending on the definition, many technological upgrades to the body, like genetic modifications or the addition of nanobots would qualify an individual as a cyborg. Some people believe that such modifications would make one impervious to aging and disease and theoretically immortal unless killed or destroyed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_immortality">Digital immortality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Digital immortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></div> <p>As late as 1952, the editorial staff of the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Syntopicon:_An_Index_to_The_Great_Ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Syntopicon: An Index to The Great Ideas">Syntopicon</a></i> found in their compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a>, that "The philosophical issue concerning immortality cannot be separated from issues concerning the existence and nature of man's soul."<sup id="cite_ref-Syntopicon_I_788_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syntopicon_I_788-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the vast majority of speculation on immortality before the 21st century was regarding the nature of the afterlife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religion">Abrahamic religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viewpoints of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> regarding the concept of immortality diverge as each <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> system encapsulates unique <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> interpretations and doctrines on the enduring <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life (Christianity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Christian conditionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Christian mortalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg/220px-Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg/330px-Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg/440px-Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>Adam and Eve condemned to mortality. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <i>Danse Macabre</i>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian theology</a> holds that <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> lost physical immortality for themselves and all their descendants through <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">the Fall</a>, although this initial "imperishability of the bodily frame of man" was "a preternatural condition".<sup id="cite_ref-Syntopicon_I_784_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syntopicon_I_784-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians who profess the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> believe that every dead person (whether they believed in Christ or not) will be resurrected from the dead at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>; this belief is known as <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">universal resurrection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, in following his past life as a <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a> (a Jewish social movement that held to a future physical resurrection<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), proclaims an amalgamated view of resurrected believers where both the physical and the spiritual are rebuilt in the likeness of post-resurrection Christ, who "will transform our lowly body to be like his glorious body" (ESV).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This thought mirrors Paul's depiction of believers having been "buried therefore with him [that is, Christ] by baptism into death" (ESV).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, a theologian and former <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>, has said many people forget the physical aspect of what Jesus promised. He told <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>: "Jesus' resurrection marks the beginning of a restoration that he will complete upon <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">his return</a>. Part of this will be the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">resurrection of all the dead</a>, who will 'awake', be embodied and participate in the renewal. Wright says <a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a>, a physicist and a priest, has put it this way: 'God will download our software onto his hardware until the time he gives us new hardware to run the software again for ourselves.' That gets to two things nicely: that the period after death (the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">Intermediate state</a>) is a period when we are in God's presence but not active in our own bodies, and also that the more important transformation will be when we are again embodied and administering <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">Christ's kingdom</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kingdom will consist of <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">Heaven and Earth "joined together in a new creation"</a>, he said. </p><p>Christian apocrypha include immortal human figures such as <a href="/wiki/Cartaphilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartaphilus">Cartaphilus</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were cursed with physical immortality for various transgressions against Christ during the Passion. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> believed in the immortality of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_2021_p._5-PA48_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis_2021_p._5-PA48-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of sects such as <a href="/wiki/John_Asgill" title="John Asgill">John Asgill</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wroe" title="John Wroe">John Wroe</a> taught followers that physical immortality was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleridge_Coburn_Winer_2019_p._233_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleridge_Coburn_Winer_2019_p._233-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newport_Gribben_2006_p._222_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newport_Gribben_2006_p._222-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Patristic writers have connected the immortal rational soul to the image of God found in Genesis 1:26. Among them is Athanasius of Alexandria and Clement of Alexandria, who say that the immortal rational soul itself is the image of God.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Early Christian Liturgies exhibit this connection between the immortal rational soul and the creation of humanity in the image of God.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic beliefs bear the concept of spiritual immortality within it; following the death of a certain individual, it will be arbitrated consistent with its beliefs as well as actions and will embark on the ever-lasting place where they will abate. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> who holds the <a href="/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a> will make an entrance into the <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a>, where they will inhabit eternally. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">Al-Baqarah</a></i> (2:25): "But give glad tidings to those who believe and work righteousness, that their portion is gardens, beneath which rivers flow. Every time they are fed with fruits therefrom, they say, 'Why, this is what we were fed with before,' for they are given things in similitude; and they have therein companions pure (and holy); and they abide therein forever." </p><p>In contrast, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a></i> hold the contradictory notion that they abide in <i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> perpetually.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in Islam</a> are reckoned as immortals from the perspective of Islam but most people believe is that the angels will die and that the Angel of Death will die, but there is no clear text concerning this. Rather there are texts which may indicate this, and there is the well known <i>hadeeth</i> (narration) about the "trumpet", which is a <i>munkar hadeeth</i> (rejected report).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> have a long lifespan between 1000 and 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystics, <i><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a></i> is given a long life but not immortality or there is more than a little argument stated about the demise of <i>khidr</i>; however, it is the matter of debate,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is a fabrication point that goes around the Khidr drank from the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Life" title="Fountain of Life">fountain of Life</a>, which is thoroughly invalid. <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a> was summoned to the sky by Allah's sanction to preserve him from the cross<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and endow him with long life until the advent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajjal">Dajjal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dajjal</i> is, additionally, given a long life. Jesus Christ dispatches the <i>Dajjal</i> as he stays after 40 days, one like a year, one like a month, one like a week, and the rest of his days like normal days.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qur'an">Qur'an</a> states that it is the ultimate fate of all life, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate fate of humanity">including humans</a>, to die eventually. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ذَائِقَةُ الْمَوْتِ (Every soul will taste death)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> 3:185</cite></div></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav/Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav/Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Kullu_nafsin_ja_lekatul_maut_new_ringtone_2023_Arabic_ringtone_Arabic_Allah_sa_daro_virl_arabic.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>It symbolize the transient nature of life and challenge the concept of immortality in the physical world. This phrase reflects the impermanence of all things.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Immortality%22">"Immortality"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Immortality%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Immortality%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Immortality%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Immortality%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Immortality%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The traditional concept of an immaterial and immortal soul distinct from the body was not found in Judaism before the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">Babylonian exile</a>, but developed as a result of interaction with <a href="/wiki/Persian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian philosophy">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophies</a>. Accordingly, the Hebrew word <i><a href="/wiki/Nephesh" title="Nephesh">nephesh</a></i>, although translated as <i>"soul"</i> in some older English-language Bibles, actually has a meaning closer to "living being".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (February 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Nephesh</i> was rendered in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> as <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχή</span></span> </span> (<i>psūchê</i>), the Greek word for 'soul'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The only Hebrew word traditionally translated "soul" (<i>nephesh</i>) in English language Bibles refers to a living, breathing conscious body, rather than to an immortal soul.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the New Testament, the Greek word traditionally translated "soul" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχή</span></span>) has substantially the same meaning as the Hebrew, without reference to an immortal soul.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Soul"</i> may refer either to the whole person, the self, as in "three thousand <i>souls</i>" were converted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:41&version=nrsv">Acts 2:41</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:23&version=nrsv">Acts 3:23</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> speaks about <i><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></i> (שאול), originally a synonym of the grave – the repository of the dead or the cessation of existence, until the <a href="/wiki/Techiyat_hamaysim" class="mw-redirect" title="Techiyat hamaysim">resurrection of the dead</a>. This doctrine of resurrection is mentioned explicitly only in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+12:1">Daniel 12:1–4</a> although it may be implied in several other texts. New theories arose concerning Sheol during the <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental period</a>. </p><p>The views about immortality in Judaism is perhaps best exemplified by the various references to this in <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. The concept of resurrection of the physical body is found in <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></span>, according to which it will happen through recreation of the flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resurrection of the dead is specified in detail in the extra-canonical books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch">Apocalypse of Baruch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the British scholar in ancient Judaism <a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Davies" title="Philip R. Davies">P.R. Davies</a>, there is "little or no clear reference ... either to immortality or to resurrection from the dead" in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Sea scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> record that the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> did not believe in an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the sources vary on the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>. The New Testament claims that the Pharisees believed in the resurrection, but does not specify whether this included the flesh or not.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of good people will be <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnated</a> and "pass into other bodies", while "the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> seems to refer to the resurrection of the soul only, or to a more general idea of an immortal soul.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> claims that the righteous dead will be resurrected in the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>, with the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah</a>. They will then be granted immortality in a perfect world. The wicked dead, on the other hand, will not be resurrected at all. This is not the only Jewish belief about the afterlife. The <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> is not specific about the afterlife, so there are wide differences in views and explanations among believers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The perspectives on immortality within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> exhibit nuanced differences, with each <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> offering distinctive <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> interpretations and doctrines concerning the <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a> essence of the <a href="/wiki/Human_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Human soul">human soul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chiranjivi" title="Chiranjivi">Chiranjivi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka (Hinduism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reincarnation_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/220px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/330px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a soul undergoing <i><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">punarjanma</a></i>. Illustration from <i>Hinduism Today</i>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> believe in an immortal soul which is <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnated</a> after death. According to Hinduism, people repeat a process of life, death, and rebirth in a cycle called <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i>. If they live their life well, their <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i> improves and their station in the next life will be higher, and conversely lower if they live their life poorly. After many life times of perfecting its karma, the soul is freed from the cycle and lives in perpetual bliss. There is no place of eternal torment in Hinduism, although if a soul consistently lives very evil lives, it could work its way down to the very bottom of the cycle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are explicit renderings in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> alluding to a physically immortal state brought about by purification, and sublimation of the 5 elements that make up the body. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> (Chapter 2, Verse 12), it is stated "When earth, water, fire, air and sky arise, that is to say, when the five attributes of the elements, mentioned in the books on yoga, become manifest then the yogi's body becomes purified by the fire of yoga and he is free from illness, old age and death." </p><p>Another view of immortality is traced to the Vedic tradition by the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>: </p> <blockquote><p> That man indeed whom these (contacts)<br />do not disturb, who is even-minded in<br />pleasure and pain, steadfast, he is fit<br />for immortality, O best of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>To Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the verse means, "Once a man has become established in the understanding of the permanent reality of life, his mind rises above the influence of pleasure and pain. Such an unshakable man passes beyond the influence of death and in the permanent phase of life: he attains eternal life ... A man established in the understanding of the unlimited abundance of absolute existence is naturally free from existence of the relative order. This is what gives him the status of immortal life."<sup id="cite_ref-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Indian Tamil saint known as <a href="/wiki/Vallalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallalar">Vallalar</a> claimed to have achieved immortality before disappearing forever from a locked room in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2012)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the three marks of existence in Buddhism is <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anattā</a>, "non-self". This teaching states that the body does not have an eternal soul but is composed of five <a href="/wiki/Skandhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandhas">skandhas</a> or aggregates. Additionally, another mark of existence is impermanence, also called <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">anicca</a>, which runs directly counter to concepts of immortality or permanence. According to one <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> teaching, <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>, individuals can transform the physical body into an immortal <a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">body of light</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_body" title="Rainbow body">rainbow body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangdrolMatthieu2001153_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangdrolMatthieu2001153-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_religions">Ancient religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancient religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greek_religion">Ancient Greek religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immortality in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a> originally always included an eternal union of body and soul as can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, and various other ancient texts. The soul was considered to have an eternal existence in Hades, but without the body the soul was considered dead. Although almost everybody had nothing to look forward to but an eternal existence as a disembodied dead soul, a number of men and women were considered to have gained physical immortality and been brought to live forever in either <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Blessed" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of the Blessed">Islands of the Blessed</a>, heaven, the ocean or literally right under the ground. Among those humans made immortal were <a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a>, and a great number of those who fought in the Trojan and Theban wars. <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> was killed by Zeus, and by <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s request, was subsequently immortalized as a star.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabine_G_p.47_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabine_G_p.47-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theony_Condos_p.141_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theony_Condos_p.141-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a> a number of men and women have been interpreted as being resurrected and made <a href="#Ancient_Greek_religion">immortal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, after being killed, was snatched from his funeral pyre by his divine mother <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> and brought to an immortal existence in either Leuce, the <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian plains</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Islands of the Blessed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a>, who was killed by Achilles, seems to have received a similar fate. <a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a>, are also among the figures interpreted to have been resurrected to physical immortality. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i></a>, the seventh century BC sage <a href="/wiki/Aristeas_of_Proconnesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristeas of Proconnesus">Aristeas of Proconnesus</a> was first found dead, after which his body disappeared from a locked room. He would reappear alive years later.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Greek attitudes towards resurrection were generally negative, and the idea of resurrection was considered neither desirable nor possible.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> was killed by Zeus for using herbs to resurrect the dead, but by his father <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s request, was subsequently immortalized as a star.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabine_G_p.47_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabine_G_p.47-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theony_Condos_p.141_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theony_Condos_p.141-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing his <i>Lives of Illustrious Men</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a>) in the first century, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in his chapter on <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> gave an account of the king's mysterious disappearance and subsequent deification, comparing it to Greek tales such as the physical immortalization of Alcmene and Aristeas the <a href="/wiki/Proconnesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proconnesian">Proconnesian</a>, "for they say Aristeas died in a fuller's work-shop, and his friends coming to look for him, found his body vanished; and that some presently after, coming from abroad, said they met him traveling towards Croton". Plutarch openly scorned such beliefs held in ancient Greek religion, writing, "many such improbabilities do your fabulous writers relate, deifying creatures naturally mortal."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, he writes that while something within humans comes from the gods and returns to them after death, this happens "only when it is most completely separated and set free from the body, and becomes altogether pure, fleshless, and undefiled."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parallel between these traditional beliefs and the later resurrection of Jesus was not lost on early Christians, as <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> argued: </p> <dl><dd>"when we say ... Jesus Christ, our teacher, was crucified and died, and rose again, and ascended into heaven, we propose nothing different from what you believe regarding those whom you consider sons of Zeus."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The philosophical idea of an immortal soul was a belief first appearing with either <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Orphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphics">Orphics</a>, and most importantly advocated by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and his followers. This, however, never became the general norm in Hellenistic thought. As may be witnessed even into the Christian era, not least by the complaints of various philosophers over popular beliefs, many or perhaps most traditional Greeks maintained the conviction that certain individuals were resurrected from the dead and made physically immortal and that others could only look forward to an existence as disembodied and dead, though everlasting, souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohde1925_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohde1925-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a> believe that on the fourth day after death, the human soul leaves the body and the body remains as an empty shell. Souls would go to either heaven or hell; these concepts of the afterlife in Zoroastrianism may have influenced Abrahamic religions. The Persian word for "immortal" is associated with the month "Amurdad", meaning "deathless" in Persian, in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a> (near the end of July). The month of Amurdad or <a href="/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat">Ameretat</a> is celebrated in Persian culture as ancient Persians believed the "Angel of Immortality" won over the "Angel of Death" in this month.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_religions">Philosophical religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Philosophical religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the realm of philosophical religious paradigms, engage in a profound exploration of the concept of immortality. Simultaneously, expand the breadth and depth of this intellectual inquiry to afford a more intricate examination of the subject matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taoism">Taoism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_and_death" title="Taoism and death">Taoism and death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian (Taoism)</a></div> <p>It is repeatedly stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a></i> that death is unavoidable.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Maspero" title="Henri Maspero">Henri Maspero</a> noted that many scholarly works frame Taoism as a school of thought focused on the quest for immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isabelle Robinet asserts that Taoism is better understood as a <i>way of life</i> than as a religion, and that its adherents do not approach or view Taoism the way non-Taoist historians have done.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Tractate of Actions and their Retributions, a traditional teaching, spiritual immortality can be rewarded to people who do a certain amount of good deeds and live a simple, pure life. A list of good deeds and sins are tallied to determine whether or not a mortal is worthy. Spiritual immortality in this definition allows the soul to leave the earthly realms of afterlife and go to pure realms in the Taoist cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_arguments_for_the_immortality_of_the_soul">Philosophical arguments for the immortality of the soul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Philosophical arguments for the immortality of the soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcmaeon_of_Croton">Alcmaeon of Croton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Alcmaeon of Croton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon of Croton</a> argued that the soul is continuously and ceaselessly in motion. The exact form of his argument is unclear, but it appears to have influenced Plato, Aristotle, and other later writers.<sup id="cite_ref-alcmaeon_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alcmaeon-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plato">Plato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i> advances four arguments for the soul's immortality:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Phaedo#The_Cyclical_Argument" title="Phaedo">Cyclical Argument</a>, or Opposites Argument explains that <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Forms</a> are eternal and unchanging, and as the soul always brings life, then it must not die, and is necessarily "imperishable". As the body is mortal and is subject to physical death, the soul must be its indestructible opposite. Plato then suggests the analogy of fire and cold. If the form of cold is imperishable, and fire, its opposite, was within close proximity, it would have to withdraw intact as does the soul during death. This could be likened to the idea of the opposite charges of magnets.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Theory of Recollection</a> explains that we possess some non-empirical knowledge (e.g. The Form of Equality) at birth, implying the soul existed before birth to carry that knowledge. Another account of the theory is found in Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i>, although in that case Socrates implies anamnesis (previous knowledge of everything) whereas he is not so bold in <i>Phaedo</i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phaedo#The_Affinity_Argument" title="Phaedo">Affinity Argument</a>, explains that invisible, immortal, and incorporeal things are different from visible, mortal, and corporeal things. Our soul is of the former, while our body is of the latter, so when our bodies die and decay, our soul will continue to live.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phaedo#The_Argument_from_Form_of_Life" title="Phaedo">Argument from Form of Life</a> or The Final Argument explains that the Forms, incorporeal and static entities, are the cause of all things in the world, and all things participate in Forms. For example, beautiful things participate in the Form of Beauty; the number four participates in the Form of the Even, etc. The soul, by its very nature, participates in the Form of Life, which means the soul can never die.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plotinus">Plotinus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Plotinus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> offers a version of the argument that Kant calls "The Achilles of Rationalist Psychology". Plotinus first argues that the soul is <a href="/wiki/Simple_(philosophy)" title="Simple (philosophy)">simple</a>, then notes that a simple being cannot decompose. Many subsequent philosophers have argued both that the soul is simple and that it must be immortal. The tradition arguably culminates with <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phaedon" title="Phaedon">Phaedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metochites">Metochites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Metochites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Metochites" title="Theodore Metochites">Theodore Metochites</a> argues that part of the soul's nature is to move itself, but that a given movement will cease only if what causes the movement is separated from the thing moved – an impossibility if they are one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-metochites_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metochites-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avicenna">Avicenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Avicenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> argued for the distinctness of the soul and the body, and the incorruptibility of the former.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquinas">Aquinas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Aquinas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full argument for the immortality of the soul and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>' elaboration of Aristotelian theory is found in Question 75 of the First Part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descartes">Descartes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Descartes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> endorses the claim that the soul is simple, and also that this entails that it cannot decompose. Descartes does not address the possibility that the soul might suddenly disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leibniz">Leibniz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Leibniz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early work, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> endorses a version of the argument from the simplicity of the soul to its immortality, but like his predecessors, he does not address the possibility that the soul might suddenly disappear. In his <a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">monadology</a> he advances a sophisticated novel argument for the immortality of monads.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moses_Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Moses Mendelssohn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedon" title="Phaedon">Phaedon</a></i> is a defense of the simplicity and immortality of the soul. It is a series of three dialogues, revisiting the Platonic dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> argues for the immortality of the soul, in preparation for his own death. Many philosophers, including Plotinus, Descartes, and Leibniz, argue that the soul is simple, and that because simples cannot decompose they must be immortal. In the Phaedon, Mendelssohn addresses gaps in earlier versions of this argument (an argument that Kant calls the Achilles of Rationalist Psychology). The Phaedon contains an original argument for the simplicity of the soul, and also an original argument that simples cannot suddenly disappear. It contains further original arguments that the soul must retain its rational capacities as long as it exists.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Ethics_and_politics" title="Life extension">Life extension § Ethics and politics</a></div> <p>The possibility of clinical immortality raises a host of medical, philosophical, and religious issues and ethical questions. These include <a href="/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent vegetative state">persistent vegetative states</a>, the nature of personality over time, technology to mimic or copy the mind or its processes, <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement#Inequality_and_Social_Disruption" title="Human enhancement">social and economic</a> disparities created by <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>, and survival of the <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death of the universe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undesirability">Undesirability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Undesirability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical immortality has also been imagined as a form of eternal torment, as in the myth of <a href="/wiki/Tithonus" title="Tithonus">Tithonus</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</a></i>, where the protagonist lives to witness everyone he cares about die around him. For additional examples in fiction, see <a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">Immortality in fiction</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Kagan" title="Shelly Kagan">Kagan</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-Kagan-2012-Death_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kagan-2012-Death-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that any form of human immortality would be undesirable. Kagan's argument takes the form of a dilemma. Either our characters remain essentially the same in an immortal afterlife, or they do not: </p> <ul><li>If our characters remain basically the same – that is, if we retain more or less the desires, interests, and goals that we have now – then eventually, over an infinite stretch of time, we will get bored and find eternal life unbearably tedious.</li> <li>If, on the other hand, our characters are radically changed – e.g., by God periodically erasing our memories or giving us rat-like brains that never tire of certain simple pleasures – then such a person would be too different from our current self for us to care much what happens to them.</li></ul> <p>Either way, Kagan argues, immortality is unattractive. The best outcome, Kagan argues, would be for humans to live as long as they desired and then to accept death gratefully as rescuing us from the unbearable tedium of immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Kagan-2012-Death_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kagan-2012-Death-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If human beings were to achieve immortality, there would most likely be a change in the world's <a href="/wiki/Social_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structures">social structures</a>. Sociologists argue that human beings' awareness of their own <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mortality" class="extiw" title="wikt:mortality">mortality</a> shapes their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advancements in medical technology in extending human life, there may need to be serious considerations made about future social structures. The world is already experiencing a global <a href="/wiki/Demographic_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic shift">demographic shift</a> of increasingly ageing populations with lower replacement rates.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social changes that are made to accommodate this new population shift may be able to offer insight on the possibility of an immortal society. </p><p>Sociology has a growing body of literature on the sociology of immortality, which details the different attempts at reaching immortality (whether actual or symbolic) and their prominence in the 21st century. These attempts include renewed attention to the dead in the West,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> practices of online memorialization,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and biomedical attempts to increase longevity.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attempts at reaching immortality and their effects in societal structures have led some to argue that we are becoming a "Postmortal Society".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreseen changes to societies derived from the pursuit of immortality would encompass societal paradigms and worldviews, as well as the institutional landscape. Similarly, different forms of reaching immortality might entail a significant reconfiguration of societies, from becoming more technologically oriented to becoming more aligned with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immortality would increase population growth,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing with it many consequences as for example the impact of population growth on the environment and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some scientists state that radical life extension, delaying and stopping aging are achievable,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are no international or national programs focused on stopping aging or on radical life extension. In 2012 in Russia, and then in the United States, Israel and the Netherlands, pro-immortality political parties were launched. They aimed to provide political support to anti-aging and radical life extension research and technologies and at the same time transition to the next step, radical life extension, life without aging, and finally, immortality and aim to make possible access to such technologies to most currently living people.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars critique the increasing support for immortality projects. Panagiotis Pentaris speculates that defeating ageing as the cause of death comes with a cost: "heightened stratification of humans in society and a wider gap between social classes".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest that other immortality projects like transhumanist digital immortality, radical life extension and cryonics are part of the capitalist fabric of exploitation and control,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aims to extend privileged lives of the economic elite.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, immortality could become a political-economic battleground for the twenty-first century between the haves and have-nots.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ankh.svg/80px-Ankh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ankh.svg/120px-Ankh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ankh.svg/160px-Ankh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>The ankh</figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous symbols representing immortality. The <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a> is an Egyptian symbol of life that holds connotations of immortality when depicted in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_deities" title="Category:Egyptian deities">gods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>, who were seen as having control over the journey of life. The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip" title="Möbius strip">Möbius strip</a> in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Trefoil_knot" title="Trefoil knot">trefoil knot</a> is another symbol of immortality. Most symbolic representations of infinity or the life cycle are often used to represent immortality depending on the context they are placed in. Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a>, the Chinese fungus of longevity, the <i>ten</i> <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> in Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the colors amaranth (in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>) and peach (in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">Amrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogerontology" title="Biogerontology">Biogerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Greenberg" title="Brooke Greenberg">Brooke Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Immortality" title="Crown of Immortality">Crown of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_eternal_intelligence" title="Dyson's eternal intelligence">Dyson's eternal intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">Eternal youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortal_DNA_strand_hypothesis" title="Immortal DNA strand hypothesis">Immortal DNA strand hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortalist_Society" title="Immortalist Society">Immortalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">Immortality in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Lich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_immortal_in_myth_and_legend" title="List of people claimed to be immortal in myth and legend">List of people claimed to be immortal in myth and legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah_Mouse_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Methuselah Mouse Prize">Methuselah Mouse Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">Molecular nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligible_senescence" title="Negligible senescence">Negligible senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Point_(Tipler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega Point (Tipler)">Tipler's Omega Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organlegging" class="mw-redirect" title="Organlegging">Organlegging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">Posthuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Queen Mother of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_animation" title="Suspended animation">Suspended animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration (theology)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain. <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>— Sandberg & Boström (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Sandberg-Boström-2008-Roadmap_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandberg-Boström-2008-Roadmap-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Even as we are conscious of the broad and very common biblical usage of the term <i>"soul"</i>, we must be clear that scripture does not present even a rudimentarily developed theology of the soul. The creation narrative is clear that all life originates with God. Yet the Hebrew scripture offers no specific understanding of the origin of individual souls, of when and how they become attached to specific bodies, or of their potential existence, apart from the body, after death. The reason for this is that, as we noted at the beginning, the Hebrew Bible does not present a theory of the soul developed much beyond the simple concept of a force associated with respiration, hence, a life-force."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. full editors' names, publisher, etc.; ISBN would be nice (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></i>, "soul" (orig. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχή</span></span> </span>) retains its basic Hebrew sense of meaning. "Soul" refers to one's life: Herod sought Jesus' <i>soul</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202:20&version=nrsv">Matt. 2:20</a>); one might save a <i>soul</i> or take it (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:4&version=nrsv">Mark 3:4</a>); death occurs when God "requires your <i>soul</i>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2012:20&version=nrsv">Luke 12:20</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>'s views, see: Moussa, Dunya, & Zayed (1960);<sup id="cite_ref-Moussa-Dunya-Zayed-1960-Metaphys_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussa-Dunya-Zayed-1960-Metaphys-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arberry (1964);<sup id="cite_ref-Arberry-1964-IslCiv_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arberry-1964-IslCiv-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michot (1986);<sup id="cite_ref-Michot-1986-destinée_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michot-1986-destinée-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janssen (1987);<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen-1987-ibnSînâ_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen-1987-ibnSînâ-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marmura (2005)(complete translation).<sup id="cite_ref-Marmura-2005-Avicenna_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marmura-2005-Avicenna-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GVCM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GVCM_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Fredericks2003" class="citation web cs1">Marshall Fredericks (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216170723/http://www.clevelandvetsmemorial.org/GCVM_History.html">"GCVM History and Mission"</a>. Greater Cleveland Veteran’s Memorial, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandvetsmemorial.org/GCVM_History.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCVM+History+and+Mission&rft.pub=Greater+Cleveland+Veteran%E2%80%99s+Memorial%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Marshall+Fredericks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandvetsmemorial.org%2FGCVM_History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-immortality" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/6198259326">"immortality"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F6198259326">10.1093/OED/6198259326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=immortality&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F6198259326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F6198259326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthold2018" class="citation web cs1">Berthold, Emma (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org.au/curious/earth-environment/animals-can-live-forever">"The animals that can live forever"</a>. <i>Curious</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Curious&rft.atitle=The+animals+that+can+live+forever&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.aulast=Berthold&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Fcurious%2Fearth-environment%2Fanimals-can-live-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rd.com/list/animals-that-live-forever/">"7 Immortal Animals That Can Basically Live Forever"</a>. <i>Reader's Digest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=7+Immortal+Animals+That+Can+Basically+Live+Forever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.com%2Flist%2Fanimals-that-live-forever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins198417–18_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins1984">Perkins 1984</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEaf_Hällström19889–10_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFaf_Hällström1988">af Hällström 1988</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndsjø20232–5,_28–30,_110–12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndsjø20232–5,_28–30,_110–12_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndsjø2023">Endsjø 2023</a>, pp. 2–5, 28–30, 110–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann1955-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullmann1955_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullmann1955">Cullmann 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foundations.vision.org/immortality-soul-149">"Religion and Spirituality: On the Immortality of the Soul | Foundations"</a>. <i>foundations.vision.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foundations.vision.org&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Spirituality%3A+On+the+Immortality+of+the+Soul+%7C+Foundations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundations.vision.org%2Fimmortality-soul-149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurzweilai.net/daily-mail-well-be-uploading-our-entire-minds-to-computers-by-2045-and-our-bodies-will-be-replaced-by-machines-within-90-years-google-expert-claims">"We'll be uploading our entire minds to computers by 2045 and our bodies will be replaced by machines within 90 years, Google expert claims "Kurzweil"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We%27ll+be+uploading+our+entire+minds+to+computers+by+2045+and+our+bodies+will+be+replaced+by+machines+within+90+years%2C+Google+expert+claims+%22Kurzweil%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurzweilai.net%2Fdaily-mail-well-be-uploading-our-entire-minds-to-computers-by-2045-and-our-bodies-will-be-replaced-by-machines-within-90-years-google-expert-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander20035–10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander20035–10_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, pp. 5–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolonkin20102–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolonkin20102–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolonkin2010">Bolonkin 2010</a>, pp. 2–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohde1925-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohde1925_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohde1925_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRohde1925">Rohde 1925</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202328–30,_33–39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202328–30,_33–39_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndsjø2023">Endsjø 2023</a>, pp. 28–30, 33–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paracelsus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paracelsus_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophrastus Paracelsus. <i>The Book of the Revelation of Hermes</i>. 16th century</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZorea201735–39-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZorea201735–39_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZorea2017">Zorea 2017</a>, pp. 35–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202388–100-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndsjø202388–100_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndsjø2023">Endsjø 2023</a>, pp. 88–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200345–57-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200345–57_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, pp. 45–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolonkin201072–83-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolonkin201072–83_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolonkin2010">Bolonkin 2010</a>, pp. 72–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayflick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hayflick, L. (2007). "Biological aging is no longer an unsolved problem". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1100</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NYASA1100....1H">2007NYASA1100....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1395.001">10.1196/annals.1395.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17460161">17460161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14685889">14685889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biological+aging+is+no+longer+an+unsolved+problem&rft.volume=1100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1395.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14685889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17460161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NYASA1100....1H&rft.aulast=Hayflick&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garreau-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garreau_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarreau2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Garreau" title="Joel Garreau">Garreau, Joel</a> (31 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/30/AR2007103002222_pf.html">"The Invincible Man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. C‑01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Invincible+Man&rft.pages=C%E2%80%9101&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft.aulast=Garreau&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F10%2F30%2FAR2007103002222_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinBernstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, C.; Bernstein, H. (1991). <i>Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair</i>. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0120928606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0120928606"><bdi>978-0120928606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aging%2C+Sex%2C+and+DNA+Repair&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0120928606&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0120928604" title="Special:BookSources/0120928604">0120928604</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd.htm">"Classification of diseases functioning and disability"</a>. 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+of+diseases+functioning+and+disability&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Ficd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walker-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walker_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1991" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Peter (1991). <i>International Search and Rescue Teams</i>. League Discussion Paper. Geneva, CH: <a href="/wiki/IFRC" class="mw-redirect" title="IFRC">League of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Search+and+Rescue+Teams&rft.place=Geneva%2C+CH&rft.series=League+Discussion+Paper&rft.pub=League+of+the+Red+Cross+and+Red+Crescent+Societies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immortality.foundation/aging">"What is Aging?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Aging%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immortality.foundation%2Faging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinKahWai-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LinKahWai_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin_Kah_Wai2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Kah_Wai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Kah Wai (page does not exist)">Lin Kah Wai</a> (18 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1435592">"Telomeres, Telomerase, and Tumorigenesis – A Review"</a>. <i>MedGenMed</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 19. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1435592">1435592</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15520642">15520642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MedGenMed&rft.atitle=Telomeres%2C+Telomerase%2C+and+Tumorigenesis+%E2%80%93+A+Review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2004-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1435592%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15520642&rft.au=Lin+Kah+Wai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1435592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2017" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/science/chimera-stemcells-organs.html">"New Prospects for Growing Human Replacement Organs in Animals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Prospects+for+Growing+Human+Replacement+Organs+in+Animals&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F26%2Fscience%2Fchimera-stemcells-organs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/08/01/54/PDF/stewart_Plos.pdf">"Aging and Death in an Organism That Reproduces by Morphologically Symmetric Division"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aging+and+Death+in+an+Organism+That+Reproduces+by+Morphologically+Symmetric+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fdocs%2F00%2F08%2F01%2F54%2FPDF%2Fstewart_Plos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg18524855.800-bacteria-death-reduces-human-hopes-of-immortality.html">"Bacteria Death Reduces Human Hopes of Immortality"</a>. <i>New Scientist magazine, issue 2485</i>. 5 February 2005. p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist+magazine%2C+issue+2485&rft.atitle=Bacteria+Death+Reduces+Human+Hopes+of+Immortality&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2005-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fchannel%2Fhealth%2Fmg18524855.800-bacteria-death-reduces-human-hopes-of-immortality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CheatingDeath-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CheatingDeath_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CheatingDeath_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2006" class="citation web cs1">Gilbert, Scott F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121052612/http://10e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=2&id=6">"Cheating Death: The Immortal Life Cycle of Turritopsis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://10e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=2&id=6">the original</a> on 21 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheating+Death%3A+The+Immortal+Life+Cycle+of+Turritopsis&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Scott+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F10e.devbio.com%2Farticle.php%3Fch%3D2%26id%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-immortal-jellyfish-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph-immortal-jellyfish_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130115250/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/4357829/Immortal-jellyfish-swarming-across-the-world.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.15em;">'</span>Immortal' jellyfish swarming across the world"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">Telegraph Media Group</a>. 30 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/4357829/Immortal-jellyfish-swarming-across-the-world.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-left%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3EImmortal%27+jellyfish+swarming+across+the+world&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fwildlife%2F4357829%2FImmortal-jellyfish-swarming-across-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202063305/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/01/090130-immortal-jellyfish-swarm.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Immortal" Jellyfish Swarm World's Oceans"</a>. <i>news.nationalgeographic.com</i>. 29 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/01/090130-immortal-jellyfish-swarm.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.nationalgeographic.com&rft.atitle=%22Immortal%22+Jellyfish+Swarm+World%27s+Oceans&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F01%2F090130-immortal-jellyfish-swarm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilberson, Lance, <i>Zoology Lab Manual</i>, 4th edition. Primis Custom Publishing. 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/53178-hydra-may-live-forever.html">"Hail the Hydra, an Animal That May Be Immortal"</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Hail+the+Hydra%2C+an+Animal+That+May+Be+Immortal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F53178-hydra-may-live-forever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, W.R. 1999. <i>A Means to an End: The biological basis of aging and death.</i> New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511212036/http://www.wrclarkbooks.com/means_to_an_end.html">"A Means to an End – Why do we age? Is aging inevitable? Questions and Answers are available here by downloading a sample chapter of WR Clark's book. The WRClark Site also features a chat room for you to ask your questions about aging"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrclarkbooks.com/means_to_an_end.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Means+to+an+End+%E2%80%93+Why+do+we+age%3F+Is+aging+inevitable%3F+Questions+and+Answers+are+available+here+by+downloading+a+sample+chapter+of+WR+Clark%27s+book.+The+WRClark+Site+also+features+a+chat+room+for+you+to+ask+your+questions+about+aging&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrclarkbooks.com%2Fmeans_to_an_end.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> About telomeres and programmed cell death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, <i>Principles of Internal Medicine</i>, Ch. 69, "Cancer cell biology and angiogenesis", Robert G. Fenton and Dan L. Longo, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, G.C. 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence. <i>Evolution</i>, <b>11</b>:398–411. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713071204/http://www.telomere.org/Downloads/Williams_searchable.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telomere.org/Downloads/Williams_searchable.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telomere.org%2FDownloads%2FWilliams_searchable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> Paper in which Williams describes his theory of antagonistic pleiotropy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkwood, T.B.L. 1977. Evolution of aging. <i>Nature</i>, <b>270</b>: 301–304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v270/n5635/abs/270301a0.html">[1]</a> Origin of the disposable soma theory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medvedev1981-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medvedev1981_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1981" class="citation journal cs1">Medvedev, Zhores A. (1981). "On the immortality of the germ line: Genetic and biochemical mechanisms. A review". <i>Mechanisms of Ageing and Development</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-6374%2881%2990052-X">10.1016/0047-6374(81)90052-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-6374">0047-6374</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6173551">6173551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35719466">35719466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanisms+of+Ageing+and+Development&rft.atitle=On+the+immortality+of+the+germ+line%3A+Genetic+and+biochemical+mechanisms.+A+review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0047-6374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35719466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6173551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0047-6374%2881%2990052-X&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Zhores+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2008" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201081233/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/3489881/Scientists-take-a-step-closer-to-an-elixir-of-youth.html">"Scientists take a step closer to an elixir of youth"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/3489881/Scientists-take-a-step-closer-to-an-elixir-of-youth.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scientists+take+a+step+closer+to+an+elixir+of+youth&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fhealthnews%2F3489881%2FScientists-take-a-step-closer-to-an-elixir-of-youth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Freitas Jr., <i>Microbivores: Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes using Digest and Discharge Protocol</i>, self-published, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/Microbivores.htm">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kurzweil" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Kurzweil">Kurzweil, Ray</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near"><i>The Singularity Is Near</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03384-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57201348">57201348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+Is+Near&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57201348&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03384-3&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_P._Feynman1959" class="citation web cs1">Richard P. Feynman (December 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211190050/http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html">"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+Plenty+of+Room+at+the+Bottom&rft.date=1959-12&rft.au=Richard+P.+Feynman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.caltech.edu%2F~feynman%2Fplenty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandberg-Boström-2008-Roadmap-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandberg-Boström-2008-Roadmap_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbergBoström2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sandberg, Anders; Boström, Nick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/Reports/2008-3.pdf"><i>Whole Brain Emulation: A roadmap</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Future of Humanity Institute. Technical Report. Vol. #2008-3. Oxford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whole+Brain+Emulation%3A+A+roadmap&rft.series=Technical+Report&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Bostr%C3%B6m%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhi.ox.ac.uk%2FReports%2F2008-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuparel2018" class="citation web cs1">Ruparel, Bhavik (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/iva-to/on-achieving-immortality-3ed1d567f7a2">"On achieving immortality"</a>. <i>Iva.to</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iva.to&rft.atitle=On+achieving+immortality&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Ruparel&rft.aufirst=Bhavik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fiva-to%2Fon-achieving-immortality-3ed1d567f7a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelbourne2017" class="citation web cs1">Melbourne, Dr Alan Lai, University of (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/part-human-part-robot-the-future-of-medical-implantables">"Part human, part robot: The future of medical implantables"</a>. <i>Pursuit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pursuit&rft.atitle=Part+human%2C+part+robot%3A+The+future+of+medical+implantables&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Melbourne&rft.aufirst=Dr+Alan+Lai%2C+University+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpursuit.unimelb.edu.au%2Farticles%2Fpart-human-part-robot-the-future-of-medical-implantables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syntopicon_I_788-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syntopicon_I_788_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler,_Mortimer_J.,_ed.1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Adler">Adler, Mortimer J., ed.</a>; et al. (1952). <a href="/wiki/Syntopicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntopicon"><i>The Great Ideas: A Syntopicon of Great Books of the Western World</i></a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 788.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ideas%3A+A+Syntopicon+of+Great+Books+of+the+Western+World&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=788&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Adler%2C+Mortimer+J.%2C+ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syntopicon_I_784-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syntopicon_I_784_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler,_Mortimer_J.,_ed.1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Adler">Adler, Mortimer J., ed.</a>; et al. (1952). <a href="/wiki/Syntopicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntopicon"><i>The Great Ideas: A Syntopicon of Great Books of the Western World</i></a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ideas%3A+A+Syntopicon+of+Great+Books+of+the+Western+World&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Adler%2C+Mortimer+J.%2C+ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+23:6">Acts 23:6–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Philippians+3:20">Philippians 3:20–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Romans+6:4">Romans 6:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Biema2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Van Biema, David (7 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209101034/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1710844,00.html">"Christians Wrong About Heaven, Says Bishop"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1710844,00.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Christians+Wrong+About+Heaven%2C+Says+Bishop&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft.aulast=Van+Biema&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1710844%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendover1849" class="citation book cs1">Wendover, Roger of (1849). <i>Roger of Wendover's Flowers of history, Comprising the history of England from the descent of the Saxons to A.D. 1235; formerly ascribed to Matthew Paris</i>. Bohn's antiquarian library. London. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fyale.39002013002903">2027/yale.39002013002903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roger+of+Wendover%27s+Flowers+of+history%2C+Comprising+the+history+of+England+from+the+descent+of+the+Saxons+to+A.D.+1235%3B+formerly+ascribed+to+Matthew+Paris.&rft.series=Bohn%27s+antiquarian+library&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1849&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fyale.39002013002903&rft.aulast=Wendover&rft.aufirst=Roger+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis_2021_p._5-PA48-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_2021_p._5-PA48_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMeEEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA48"><i>Routledge Library Editions: Sociology of Religion</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. 2021. p. 5-PA48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-65793-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-65793-1"><bdi>978-0-429-65793-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.pages=5-PA48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-429-65793-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMeEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA5-PA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleridge_Coburn_Winer_2019_p._233-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coleridge_Coburn_Winer_2019_p._233_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeridgeCoburnWiner2019" class="citation book cs1">Coleridge, S.T.; Coburn, K.; Winer, B. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCCmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233"><i>The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Volume 14: Table Talk, Part I</i></a>. Bollingen Series. Princeton University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20069-9"><bdi>978-0-691-20069-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Samuel+Taylor+Coleridge%2C+Volume+14%3A+Table+Talk%2C+Part+I&rft.series=Bollingen+Series&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20069-9&rft.aulast=Coleridge&rft.aufirst=S.T.&rft.au=Coburn%2C+K.&rft.au=Winer%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCCmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newport_Gribben_2006_p._222-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newport_Gribben_2006_p._222_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewportGribben2006" class="citation book cs1">Newport, K.G.C.; Gribben, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3lsZkm6qxcC&pg=PA222"><i>Expecting the End: Millennialism in Social and Historical Context</i></a>. Millennium (Eschatology). Baylor University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-38-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-38-6"><bdi>978-1-932792-38-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expecting+the+End%3A+Millennialism+in+Social+and+Historical+Context&rft.series=Millennium+%28Eschatology%29&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-932792-38-6&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=K.G.C.&rft.au=Gribben%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3lsZkm6qxcC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zakhary, Beniamin (2023). "Imago Dei in Early Christian Anaphoras". <i>Studia Liturgica</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 24–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1177/00393207221144062" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1177/00393207221144062">10.1177/00393207221144062</a> <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> 0039-3207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myreligionislam.com/detail.asp?Aid=5972">"Disbelievers Will Go to Hell – My Religion Islam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disbelievers+Will+Go+to+Hell+%E2%80%93+My+Religion+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myreligionislam.com%2Fdetail.asp%3FAid%3D5972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/en/answers/27075/degrees-and-levels-of-paradise-and-hell">"Degrees and Levels of Paradise and Hell – Islam Question & Answer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Degrees+and+Levels+of+Paradise+and+Hell+%E2%80%93+Islam+Question+%26+Answer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Fen%2Fanswers%2F27075%2Fdegrees-and-levels-of-paradise-and-hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/en/answers/45804/the-people-of-hell-will-abide-therein-forever">"The people of Hell will abide therein forever – Islam Question & Answer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+people+of+Hell+will+abide+therein+forever+%E2%80%93+Islam+Question+%26+Answer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Fen%2Fanswers%2F45804%2Fthe-people-of-hell-will-abide-therein-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/en/answers/96306/gender-of-angels-and-do-they-die">"Gender of Angels and do They Die? – Islam Question & Answer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+of+Angels+and+do+They+Die%3F+%E2%80%93+Islam+Question+%26+Answer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Fen%2Fanswers%2F96306%2Fgender-of-angels-and-do-they-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdxdqhv/revision/4#">"Angels – Key beliefs in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – AQA – BBC Bitesize"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angels+%E2%80%93+Key+beliefs+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+GCSE+Religious+Studies+Revision+%E2%80%93+AQA+%E2%80%93+BBC+Bitesize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzdxdqhv%2Frevision%2F4%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahmedhulusi.org/en/article/the-make-up-of-the-jinn-and-their-common-attributes">"The Make-Up of the Jinn and Their Common Attributes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Make-Up+of+the+Jinn+and+Their+Common+Attributes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahmedhulusi.org%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-make-up-of-the-jinn-and-their-common-attributes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/en/answers/20505/is-al-kihdr-living-on-the-face-of-the-earth">"Is al-Kihdr living on the face of the earth? – Islam Question & Answer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+al-Kihdr+living+on+the+face+of+the+earth%3F+%E2%80%93+Islam+Question+%26+Answer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Fen%2Fanswers%2F20505%2Fis-al-kihdr-living-on-the-face-of-the-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/who-was-al-khadir/">"Who Was Al-Khadir? – Fiqh"</a>. 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Al-Khadir%3F+%E2%80%93+Fiqh&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiqh.islamonline.net%2Fen%2Fwho-was-al-khadir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4/157?translations=17,19,20,21,85,18,22,95,84,101">"Surah An-Nisa – 157"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+An-Nisa+%E2%80%93+157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F4%2F157%3Ftranslations%3D17%2C19%2C20%2C21%2C85%2C18%2C22%2C95%2C84%2C101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/jesus-return-born-virgin-sky/">"How Will Jesus Return? Born of a Virgin or from the Sky?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Will+Jesus+Return%3F+Born+of+a+Virgin+or+from+the+Sky%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faboutislam.net%2Fcounseling%2Fask-about-islam%2Fjesus-return-born-virgin-sky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamqa.info/en/answers/8806/who-is-the-dajjal-comprehensive-answer">"Who is the Dajjal? (Comprehensive Answer) – Islam Question & Answer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+Dajjal%3F+%28Comprehensive+Answer%29+%E2%80%93+Islam+Question+%26+Answer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamqa.info%2Fen%2Fanswers%2F8806%2Fwho-is-the-dajjal-comprehensive-answer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatisquran.com/1095-how-long-will-dajjal-live-on-earth.html">"How long will Dajjal live on earth? – Your Guide to get to know the Quran"</a>. 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+long+will+Dajjal+live+on+earth%3F+%E2%80%93+Your+Guide+to+get+to+know+the+Quran&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatisquran.com%2F1095-how-long-will-dajjal-live-on-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Notes". <i>New English Translation</i>. Biblical Studies Press. 2006. Note 23, for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:7&version=nrsv">Gen 2:7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes&rft.btitle=New+English+Translation&rft.pages=Note+23%2C+for+Gen+2%3A7&rft.pub=Biblical+Studies+Press&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery-Peck2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Avery-Peck, Alan J. (2000). "Soul". In Neusner; et al. (eds.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Judaism</i>. p. 1343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soul&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pages=1343&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Avery-Peck&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%207:11&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 7.11, 28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch"><i>1 Enoch</i></a>. 61.2, 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Enoch&rft.pages=61.2%2C+5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch"><i>2 Baruch</i></a>. 50.2, 51.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2+Baruch&rft.pages=50.2%2C+51.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Davies" title="Philip R. Davies">Davies, P.R.</a> (2000). "Death, resurrection and life after death in the Qumran Scrolls". In Avery-Peck, Alan J.; Neusner, Jacob (eds.). <i>Judaism in Late Antiquity</i>. Vol. Part Four: Death, life-after-death, resurrection, and the World-to-Come in the Judaisms of antiquity. Leiden. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death%2C+resurrection+and+life+after+death+in+the+Qumran+Scrolls&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=P.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. 18.16;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=18.16&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:23&version=nrsv">Matthew 22.23</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:18&version=nrsv">Mark 12.18</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2020:27&version=nrsv">Luke 20.27</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:8&version=nrsv">Acts 23.8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:8&version=nrsv">Acts 23.8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">Jewish War</a></i>. 2.8.14;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+War&rft.pages=2.8.14&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span> cf.<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. 8.14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=8.14-15&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></i>. 23.31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Jubilees&rft.pages=23.31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita, a New Translation and Commentary, Chapter 1–6. Penguin Books, 1969, pp. 94–95 (v 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vallalar.org">"vallalar.org"</a>. vallalar.org. 7 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vallalar.org&rft.pub=vallalar.org&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vallalar.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Schroeder2010" class="citation book cs1">Adam Schroeder (6 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1RgQC-hw1MC&q=Vallalar+immortality+1874&pg=PA174"><i>In the Fabled East: A Novel</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">D & M Publishers</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1553656159" title="Special:BookSources/978-1553656159"><bdi>978-1553656159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Fabled+East%3A+A+Novel&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=D+%26+M+Publishers&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1553656159&rft.au=Adam+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1RgQC-hw1MC%26q%3DVallalar%2Bimmortality%2B1874%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERangdrolMatthieu2001153-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangdrolMatthieu2001153_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangdrolMatthieu2001">Rangdrol & Matthieu 2001</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma and Ludwig Edelstein, <i>Asclepius: Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, Volume 1, Page 51</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabine_G_p.47-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabine_G_p.47_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabine_G_p.47_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_G._MacCormack" title="Sabine G. MacCormack">Sabine G. MacCormack</a> <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology</i> p.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theony_Condos_p.141-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theony_Condos_p.141_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theony_Condos_p.141_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theony Condos, <i>Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans</i>, p.141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endsjø, <i>Greek Resurrection Beliefs</i>, 54–64; cf. Finney, <i>Resurrection, Hell and the Afterlife</i>, 13–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, <i>The Resurrection of the Son of God</i> (2003), p.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a>, Life of Romulus 28:4–6</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Adela Yarbro (2009), <i>"Ancient Notions of Transferal and Apotheosis"</i>, pp 46,51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Martyr" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>. <i>First Apology</i>. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Apology&rft.pages=21&rft.au=Justin+Martyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoshangnd" class="citation web cs1">Hoshang, J. Bhadha, Dr. (nd). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727145155/http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/topi33.html">"Effect of wearing cap on Zarathustri Urvaan"</a>. <i>Zoroastrianism</i>. topic 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/topi33.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoroastrianism&rft.atitle=Effect+of+wearing+cap+on+Zarathustri+Urvaan&rft.aulast=Hoshang&rft.aufirst=J.+Bhadha%2C+Dr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftenets.zoroastrianism.com%2Ftopi33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreel1982" class="citation book cs1">Creel, Herrlee G. (1982). <i>What is Taoism?: and other studies in Chinese cultural history</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226120478" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226120478"><bdi>978-0226120478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Taoism%3F%3A+and+other+studies+in+Chinese+cultural+history&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0226120478&rft.aulast=Creel&rft.aufirst=Herrlee+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion (University of Massachusetts Press, 1981), p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinet, Isabelle. <i>Taoism: Growth of a Religion</i> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997 [original French 1992]), p. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated by Legge, James. <i>The Texts of Taoism.</i> 1962, Dover Press. NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alcmaeon-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alcmaeon_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/#immort">"Alcmaeon"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcmaeon&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Falcmaeon%2F%23immort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">"Plato"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry, D. (2008) "The Neoplatonic Achilles" in "The Achilles of Rationalist Psychology". Springer. Volume 7 of the series Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind pp. 59–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metochites-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metochites_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/byzantine-philosophy/#ImmSou">"Byzantine Philosophy"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab. Stanford University. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbyzantine-philosophy%2F%23ImmSou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moussa-Dunya-Zayed-1960-Metaphys-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moussa-Dunya-Zayed-1960-Metaphys_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussaDunyaZayed1960" class="citation book cs1">Moussa, Mohammad Youssef; Dunya, Solayman; Zayed, Sa'id, eds. (1960). <i>Avicenna's Metaphysics: Al-Shifâ', Al-Ilâhiyyât</i>. Vol. II. Cairo, EG: Organisme Général des Imprimeries Gouvernementales. pp. <span class="nowrap">431–</span>432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%27s+Metaphysics%3A+Al-Shif%C3%A2%27%2C+Al-Il%C3%A2hiyy%C3%A2t&rft.place=Cairo%2C+EG&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.pub=Organisme+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+Imprimeries+Gouvernementales&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arberry-1964-IslCiv-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arberry-1964-IslCiv_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Aspects of Islamic Civilization</i>. Translated by Arberry, A.J. London, UK: George Allen & Unwin. 1964. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Islamic+Civilization&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michot-1986-destinée-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michot-1986-destinée_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichot1986" class="citation book cs1">Michot, Jean R. (1986). <i>La destinée de l'homme selon Avicenne</i>. Louvain: Peeters. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>56, esp. 26–27, 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+destin%C3%A9e+de+l%27homme+selon+Avicenne&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E56%2C+esp.+26-27%2C+43&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Michot&rft.aufirst=Jean+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janssen-1987-ibnSînâ-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janssen-1987-ibnSînâ_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, J. (1987). "Ibn Sînâ's ideas of ultimate realities, neoplatonism and the Qur'ân as problem-solving paradigms in the Avicennian system". <i>Ultimate Reality and Meaning</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">259–</span>261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultimate+Reality+and+Meaning&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C3%AEn%C3%A2%27s+ideas+of+ultimate+realities%2C+neoplatonism+and+the+Qur%27%C3%A2n+as+problem-solving+paradigms+in+the+Avicennian+system&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marmura-2005-Avicenna-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marmura-2005-Avicenna_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmura2005" class="citation book cs1">Marmura, Michael (2005). <i>Avicenna: The metaphysics of the healing</i>. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avicenna%3A+The+metaphysics+of+the+healing&rft.place=Provo%2C+UT&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Marmura&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/">"Saint Thomas Aquinas"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faquinas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rozemond, M. (2010). "Descartes and the Immortality of the Soul". in Mind, Method and Morality: Essays in Honor of Anthony Kenny. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/">"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fleibniz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sassen, B. (2008). "Kant and Mendelssohn on the Implications of the 'I Think' ".in "The Achilles of Rationalist Psychology". Springer. Volume 7 of the series Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind pp. 59–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kagan-2012-Death-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kagan-2012-Death_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kagan-2012-Death_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagan2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Kagan" title="Shelly Kagan">Kagan, Shelly</a> (2012). <i>Death</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><br /> Kagan notes that his argument is an adaptation of a similar argument given by the British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">B. Williams</a> (1973).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams, B.</a> (1973). <i>Problems of the Self</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+the+Self&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Dossey, Larry; In: Explore: The Journal of Science & Healing; Mar/Apr2017; v.13. n.2, 81–87. 7p. (editorial) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1550-8307">1550-8307</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28108110">28108110</a>, Database: CINAHL Complete]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe,_Goodkind,_Kowal2016" class="citation journal cs1">He, Goodkind, Kowal, Wan, Daniel, Paul (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.gov">"An Aging World: 2015"</a>. <i>International Population Reports: U.S. Census Bureau</i>. <b>1</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Population+Reports%3A+U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=An+Aging+World%3A+2015&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=He%2C+Goodkind%2C+Kowal&rft.aufirst=Wan%2C+Daniel%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2019" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, Tony (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2017.1415317">"The pervasive dead"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2017.1415317">10.1080/13576275.2017.1415317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-6275">1357-6275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=The+pervasive+dead&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2017.1415317&rft.issn=1357-6275&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13576275.2017.1415317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_Kasket_MA2012" class="citation journal cs1">Elaine Kasket MA, Psy D (1 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2012.710493">"Continuing bonds in the age of social networking: Facebook as a modern-day medium"</a>. <i>Bereavement Care</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02682621.2012.710493">10.1080/02682621.2012.710493</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-2621">0268-2621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218602211">218602211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bereavement+Care&rft.atitle=Continuing+bonds+in+the+age+of+social+networking%3A+Facebook+as+a+modern-day+medium&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218602211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-2621&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02682621.2012.710493&rft.aulast=Elaine+Kasket+MA&rft.aufirst=Psy+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F02682621.2012.710493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafontaine2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lafontaine, Céline (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09505430903123008">"The Postmortal Condition: From the Biomedical Deconstruction of Death to the Extension of Longevity"</a>. <i>Science as Culture</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09505430903123008">10.1080/09505430903123008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-5431">0950-5431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145387514">145387514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+as+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Postmortal+Condition%3A+From+the+Biomedical+Deconstruction+of+Death+to+the+Extension+of+Longevity&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145387514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-5431&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09505430903123008&rft.aulast=Lafontaine&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09505430903123008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107015985"><i>Postmortal society towards a sociology of immortality</i></a>. Michael Hviid Jacobsen. London; New York. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-08538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-08538-4"><bdi>978-0-367-08538-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107015985">1107015985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmortal+society+towards+a+sociology+of+immortality&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107015985&rft.isbn=978-0-367-08538-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1107015985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hurtado Hurtado, Joshua (25 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2021.1878349">"Towards a postmortal society of virtualised ancestors? The Virtual Deceased Person and the preservation of the social bond"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">90–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2021.1878349">10.1080/13576275.2021.1878349</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F353467">10138/353467</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-6275">1357-6275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=Towards+a+postmortal+society+of+virtualised+ancestors%3F+The+Virtual+Deceased+Person+and+the+preservation+of+the+social+bond&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F353467&rft.issn=1357-6275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2021.1878349&rft.aulast=Hurtado+Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13576275.2021.1878349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hurtado Hurtado, Joshua (18 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2022.2100250">"Envisioning postmortal futures: six archetypes on future societal approaches to seeking immortality"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2022.2100250">10.1080/13576275.2022.2100250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-6275">1357-6275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250650618">250650618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=Envisioning+postmortal+futures%3A+six+archetypes+on+future+societal+approaches+to+seeking+immortality&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250650618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1357-6275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2022.2100250&rft.aulast=Hurtado+Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13576275.2022.2100250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilovGavrilova2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gavrilov, Leonid A.; Gavrilova, Natalia S. (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192186">"Demographic Consequences of Defeating Aging"</a>. <i>Rejuvenation Research</i>. <b>13</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">329–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Frej.2009.0977">10.1089/rej.2009.0977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-1684">1549-1684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192186">3192186</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20426616">20426616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rejuvenation+Research&rft.atitle=Demographic+Consequences+of+Defeating+Aging&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3192186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1549-1684&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20426616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Frej.2009.0977&rft.aulast=Gavrilov&rft.aufirst=Leonid+A.&rft.au=Gavrilova%2C+Natalia+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3192186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/">"Scientists' Open Letter on Aging"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists%27+Open+Letter+on+Aging&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imminst.org%2Fcureaging%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/07/a-single-issue-political-party-for-longevity-science.php">"A Single-Issue Political Party for Longevity Science"</a>. <i>Fight Aging!</i>. 27 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fight+Aging%21&rft.atitle=A+Single-Issue+Political+Party+for+Longevity+Science&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fightaging.org%2Farchives%2F2012%2F07%2Fa-single-issue-political-party-for-longevity-science.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentaris2021" class="citation book cs1">Pentaris, Panagiotis (2021). <i>Dying in a transhumanist and posthuman society</i>. Abingdon / New York: Routledge. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+in+a+transhumanist+and+posthuman+society&rft.place=Abingdon+%2F+New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Pentaris&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hurtado Hurtado, Joshua (9 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2023.2266373">"Exploited in immortality: techno-capitalism and immortality imaginaries in the twenty-first century"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">903–</span>920. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2023.2266373">10.1080/13576275.2023.2266373</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-6275">1357-6275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=Exploited+in+immortality%3A+techno-capitalism+and+immortality+imaginaries+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E903-%3C%2Fspan%3E920&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2023.2266373&rft.issn=1357-6275&rft.aulast=Hurtado+Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13576275.2023.2266373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuberman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Huberman, Jenny (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-sur-la-mort-2022-1-page-151.htm">"Funding Immortality: Making Futures in the Era of Techno-Philanthropy"</a>. <i>Études sur la mort</i>. <b>157</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+sur+la+mort&rft.atitle=Funding+Immortality%3A+Making+Futures+in+the+Era+of+Techno-Philanthropy&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Huberman&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-etudes-sur-la-mort-2022-1-page-151.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Ralph_F." class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Ralph F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesuswalk.com/christian-symbols/peacock.htm">"Peacock as an Ancient Christian Symbol of Eternal Life"</a>. Jesus Walk Bible Study Series<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peacock+as+an+Ancient+Christian+Symbol+of+Eternal+Life&rft.pub=Jesus+Walk+Bible+Study+Series&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Ralph+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuswalk.com%2Fchristian-symbols%2Fpeacock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangdrolMatthieu2001" class="citation book cs1">Rangdrol, Shabkar Tsogdruk; Matthieu, Richard, tr. (2001). <i>The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogin</i>. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559391542" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559391542"><bdi>978-1559391542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Shabkar%3A+The+Autobiography+of+a+Tibetan+Yogin&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1559391542&rft.aulast=Rangdrol&rft.aufirst=Shabkar+Tsogdruk&rft.au=Matthieu%2C+Richard%2C+tr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Allen" title="Richard James Allen">Allen, Richard James</a> (1999). <i>Thursday's Fictions</i>. Wollongong: Five Islands Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86418-596-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86418-596-9"><bdi>978-0-86418-596-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thursday%27s+Fictions&rft.place=Wollongong&rft.pub=Five+Islands+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86418-596-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bolonkin_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bolonkin (author) (page does not exist)">Alexander, Brian</a> (2003). <i>Rapture: How Biotech Became the New Religion</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0761-2"><bdi>978-0-7382-0761-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapture%3A+How+Biotech+Became+the+New+Religion&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0761-2&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolonkin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Alexander_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Alexander (author) (page does not exist)">Bolonkin, Alexander</a> (2010). <i>Rapture: Human Immortality and Electronic Civilization</i>. Publish America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4489-3367-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4489-3367-9"><bdi>978-1-4489-3367-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapture%3A+Human+Immortality+and+Electronic+Civilization&rft.pub=Publish+America&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4489-3367-9&rft.aulast=Bolonkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBova2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bova" title="Ben Bova">Bova, Ben</a> (2000). <i>Immortality: How Science Is Extending Your Life Span-and Changing the World</i>. New York: Avon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-79318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-79318-1"><bdi>978-0-380-79318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortality%3A+How+Science+Is+Extending+Your+Life+Span-and+Changing+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-380-79318-1&rft.aulast=Bova&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave2012" class="citation book cs1">Cave, Stephen (2012). <i>Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How it Drives Civilization</i>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88491-6"><bdi>978-0-307-88491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortality%3A+The+Quest+to+Live+Forever+and+How+it+Drives+Civilization&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-88491-6&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullmann1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann" title="Oscar Cullmann">Cullmann, Oscar</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026200705/http://geocities.com/pastorkeith/cullmann.html"><i>Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead?</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/pastorkeith/cullmann.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortality+of+the+Soul+or+Resurrection+of+the+Dead%3F&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Cullmann&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fpastorkeith%2Fcullmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(philosopher)" title="Paul Edwards (philosopher)">Edwards, Paul</a> (1997). <i>Immortality</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-130-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-130-5"><bdi>978-1-57392-130-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortality&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-130-5&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndsjø2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dag_%C3%98istein_Endsj%C3%B8" title="Dag Øistein Endsjø">Endsjø, Dag Øistein</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnHAAAAQBAJ"><i>Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61729-2"><bdi>978-0-230-61729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Resurrection+Beliefs+and+the+Success+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61729-2&rft.aulast=Endsj%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Dag+%C3%98istein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXnHAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndsjø2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dag_%C3%98istein_Endsj%C3%B8" title="Dag Øistein Endsjø">Endsjø, Dag Øistein</a> (2023). <i>Flesh and Bones Forever</i>. Hannacroix: Apocryphile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1958061367" title="Special:BookSources/978-1958061367"><bdi>978-1958061367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh+and+Bones+Forever&rft.place=Hannacroix&rft.pub=Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1958061367&rft.aulast=Endsj%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Dag+%C3%98istein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElixxir2001" class="citation book cs1">Elixxir (2001). <i>The Immortalist Manifesto: Stay Young & Save the World</i>. Authorhouse Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7596-5339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7596-5339-9"><bdi>978-0-7596-5339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortalist+Manifesto%3A+Stay+Young+%26+Save+the+World&rft.pub=Authorhouse+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7596-5339-9&rft.au=Elixxir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreitas_Jr.Robert_A.2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Freitas_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Freitas Jr.">Freitas Jr.</a>; Robert A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/DeathIsAnOutrage.htm">"Death is an Outrage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+is+an+Outrage&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Freitas+Jr.&rft.au=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfreitas.com%2FNano%2FDeathIsAnOutrage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GreyRae,_Michael2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">de Grey, Aubrey</a>; Rae, Michael (September 2007). <a href="/wiki/Ending_Aging" title="Ending Aging"><i>Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endingagingrejuv00degr/page/416">416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36706-0"><bdi>978-0-312-36706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ending+Aging%3A+The+Rejuvenation+Breakthroughs+that+Could+Reverse+Human+Aging+in+Our+Lifetime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36706-0&rft.aulast=de+Grey&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft.au=Rae%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGertz2011" class="citation book cs1">Gertz, Sebastian R. P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/20281"><i>Death and Immortality in Late Neoplatonism</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20717-2"><bdi>978-90-04-20717-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Immortality+in+Late+Neoplatonism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20717-2&rft.aulast=Gertz&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F20281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2003" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Stephen S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merchantsofimmor00hall"><i>Merchants of Immortality: Chasing the Dream of Human Life Extension</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-09524-7"><bdi>978-0-618-09524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+of+Immortality%3A+Chasing+the+Dream+of+Human+Life+Extension&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-618-09524-7&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stephen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerchantsofimmor00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFaf_Hällström1988" class="citation book cs1">af Hällström, Gunnar (1988). <i>Carnis Resurrection: The Interpretation of a Credal Formula</i>. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnis+Resurrection%3A+The+Interpretation+of+a+Credal+Formula&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Societas+Scientiarum+Fennica&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=af+H%C3%A4llstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmortality_Institute2004" class="citation book cs1">Immortality Institute (2004). <i>The Scientific Conquest Of Death</i>. Libros En Red. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-561-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-561-135-1"><bdi>978-987-561-135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Conquest+Of+Death&rft.pub=Libros+En+Red&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-987-561-135-1&rft.au=Immortality+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehtipuu2015" class="citation cs2">Lehtipuu, Outi (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uZcBgAAQBAJ&q=%22belief+in+resurrection+was+far+from+being+an+established+doctrine%22&pg=PA32"><i>Debates Over the Resurrection of the Dead: Constructing Early Christian Identity</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198724810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198724810"><bdi>978-0198724810</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debates+Over+the+Resurrection+of+the+Dead%3A+Constructing+Early+Christian+Identity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0198724810&rft.aulast=Lehtipuu&rft.aufirst=Outi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0uZcBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522belief%2Bin%2Bresurrection%2Bwas%2Bfar%2Bfrom%2Bbeing%2Ban%2Bestablished%2Bdoctrine%2522%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (1984). <i>Resurrection: New Testament Witness and Contemporary Reflection</i>. Garden City: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17256-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-17256-7"><bdi>0-385-17256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection%3A+New+Testament+Witness+and+Contemporary+Reflection&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-385-17256-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2000" class="citation book cs1">Perry, R. Michael (2000). <i>Forever For All: Moral philosophy, Cryonics, and the Scientific Prospects for Immortality</i>. New York: Universal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-724-9"><bdi>978-1-58112-724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forever+For+All%3A+Moral+philosophy%2C+Cryonics%2C+and+the+Scientific+Prospects+for+Immortality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-724-9&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=R.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickover2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Pickover" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Pickover">Pickover, Clifford</a> (2007). <i>A Beginner's Guide to Immortality: Extraordinary People, Alien Brains, and Quantum Resurrection</i>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56025-984-8"><bdi>978-1-56025-984-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Immortality%3A+Extraordinary+People%2C+Alien+Brains%2C+and+Quantum+Resurrection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56025-984-8&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohde1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Rohde, Erwin</a> (1925). <i>Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psyche%3A+The+Cult+of+Souls+and+Belief+in+Immortality+among+the+Greeks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Rohde&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Salmond" title="Stewart Salmond">Salmond, Stewart</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924029320524/cu31924029320524.pdf"><i>The Christian Doctrine of Immortality</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Doctrine+of+Immortality&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fcu31924029320524%2Fcu31924029320524.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2003" class="citation book cs1">West, Michael D. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonestarnationho00bran"><i>The Immortal Cell: One Scientist's Quest to Solve the Mystery of Human Aging</i></a></span>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50928-2"><bdi>978-0-385-50928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Cell%3A+One+Scientist%27s+Quest+to+Solve+the+Mystery+of+Human+Aging&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50928-2&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonestarnationho00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorea2017" class="citation book cs1">Zorea, Aharon (2017). <i>Finding the Fountain of Youth: The Science and Controversy Behind Extending Life and Cheating Death</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3798-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-3798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Fountain+of+Youth%3A+The+Science+and+Controversy+Behind+Extending+Life+and+Cheating+Death&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3798-2&rft.aulast=Zorea&rft.aufirst=Aharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">31</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1859" data-mwtitle="Wiki_immortality.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Wiki_immortality.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Wiki_immortality.ogg/Wiki_immortality.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_immortality.ogg" title="File:Wiki immortality.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 27 July 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-07-27</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immortality" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:immortality">immortality</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Immortality" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Immortality">Immortality</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Immortality" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Immortality">Immortality</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/immortal">"Immortality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immortality&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fimmortal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmortality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104143837/http://scienceray.com/biology/scientists-are-close-to-finding-a-way-to-be-immortal/">Scientists are Close to Finding a Way to be Immortal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_nutricula" title="Turritopsis nutricula">Turritopsis nutricula</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palscience.com/2009/01/28/the-only-immortal-species-on-planet-earth">Palscience</a> Meet The Only Immortal Species on Planet Earth</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methuselahfoundation.com/">The Methuselah Foundation</a> Aubrey de Grey's non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for aging</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/">KurzweilAI.net</a> Ray Kurzweil resource site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologicalgerontology.com">BiologicalGerontology.com</a> Chris Smelick's Biogerontology site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitaeinstitute.org/">Vitae Institute</a> Chris Smelick's non-profit organization</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907145429/http://www.elpistheory.info/">ELPIs Theory</a> Marios Kyriazis' theory of human biological immortality</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longecity.org/">Immortality Institute</a> Scientific and sociological discussions, activism, research</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_spiritual_prospects_for_immortality">Religious and spiritual prospects for immortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Religious and spiritual prospects for immortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311081839/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-76">"Death and Immortality"</a> <i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>, etext at the University of Virginia Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibletopicsonline.org/immortality-what-will-eternal-life-be-like">"Immortality"</a> <i>Immortality – What Will Eternal Life Be Like?</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614100206/http://www.wlsessays.net/authors/V/VogelImmortality/VogelImmortality.PDF">The Immortality of the Soul and the Resurrection of the Body</a></i> Lecture by Heinrich J. Vogel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27237"><i>An Essay on the Scriptural Doctrine of Immortality</i></a> by James Challis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614100157/http://www.wlsessays.net/authors/M/MeyerEternity/MeyerEternity.PDF"><i>Eternity: Christ's Return, Chiliasm, Resurrection of the Dead, Judgment, Hell, Luther on Eternity, Heaven</i></a> J.P. Meyer, <i>The Northwestern Lutheran</i>, 22 August 1954, Vol. 41, # 17 to 14 April 1957, Vol. 44, No. 8</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/how-you-can-have-eternal-life-through-the-cross-of-jesus-christ-11528905.html">"How you Can Have Eternal Life"</a> Jack Graham, PowerPoint Ministries, Crosswalk.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personaltao.com/tao/immortality.pdf">Immortality</a> Taoist essay, personaltao.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yogam.org">The Trial to Conquer Death</a> Ancient Scientific Yoga – The First Atom's Final Attempt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518024043/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Fenwick%20Book%20Review%20Human%20Immortality%3B%20%20Death%20and%20Adjustment%20Hypotheses%20Elaborated.x.x.pdf">Search</a> A review by Dr. Peter Fenwick of the book Human Immortality by Mohammad Samir Hossain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immortality&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wondersmith.com/scifi/mortal.htm">The Mortal Immortal</a></i> (on <a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">Wikipedia</a>)</li> <li>Abraham Cummings' (1859) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74156">Immortality proved by the testimony of sense</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Longevity116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Longevity" title="Template:Longevity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Longevity" title="Template talk:Longevity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Longevity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Longevity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Longevity116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_myths" title="Longevity myths">Longevity myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging-associated_diseases" title="Aging-associated diseases">aging-associated diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerative_disease" title="Degenerative disease">degenerative diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligible_senescence" title="Negligible senescence">negligible senescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogerontology" title="Biogerontology">biogerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_epidemiology" title="Cognitive epidemiology">cognitive epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">Centenarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_into_centenarians" title="Research into centenarians">research into centenarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_life_expectancy" title="LGBT life expectancy">LGBT life expectancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging" title="Biomarkers of aging">Biomarkers of aging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension" title="Outline of life extension">Topic outline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension" title="Index of topics related to life extension">index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodemography_of_human_longevity" title="Biodemography of human longevity">Biodemography of human longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Indefinite lifespan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity" title="Longevity escape velocity">Longevity escape velocity</a></li> <li>Methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_longevity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet and longevity">Diet and longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_printing" title="Organ printing">organ printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">stem-cell therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">SENS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of<br /><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">World macroregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions of countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Argentine provinces and territories by life expectancy">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by life expectancy">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_life_expectancy" title="List of cities in China by life expectancy">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Finnish regions by life expectancy">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Kazakhstan_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Kazakhstan by life expectancy">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tajikistani_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Tajikistani regions by life expectancy">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_oblasts_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by life expectancy">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_shortest_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy">shortest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_longest_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with longest life expectancy">longest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions by continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African regions by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian regions by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian regions by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American regions by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_claims" title="Longevity claims">Longevity claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_people" title="Oldest people">Oldest people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people" title="List of the verified oldest people">verified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_people_by_country" title="List of the oldest people by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_people" title="List of oldest living people">living</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immortality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">Biological immortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">Regeneration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">Eternal youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">Immortality in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longevity genes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">FOXO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">APOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein" title="Cholesteryl ester transfer protein">CETP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klotho_(biology)" title="Klotho (biology)">Klotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirtuin_1" title="Sirtuin 1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">TNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_zone" title="Blue zone">Blue zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_risk" title="Longevity risk">Longevity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">Longest-living organisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193942#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1929" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193942#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Immortality"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064531">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Immortalité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932095g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Immortalité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932095g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nesmrtelnost"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph669149&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Inmortalidad"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525593">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059815&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541087705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/huld">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortality&oldid=1277113917">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortality&oldid=1277113917</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immortality" title="Category:Immortality">Immortality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afterlife" title="Category:Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Duration" title="Category:Duration">Duration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_extension" title="Category:Life extension">Life extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythological_powers" title="Category:Mythological powers">Mythological powers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technological_utopianism" title="Category:Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2015">Articles needing additional references from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2022">Articles needing additional references from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_February_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2012" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2019">Articles to be expanded from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links">Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 19:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immortality&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Immortality</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>56 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-85db9df4c9-brcv8","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.302","walltime":"2.653","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13259,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":411520,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17154,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":460461,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2264.928 1 -total"," 32.06% 726.214 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.37% 370.842 56 Template:Cite_book"," 8.46% 191.627 34 Template:Cite_web"," 6.86% 155.321 17 Template:Sfn"," 6.08% 137.712 3 Template:Lang"," 6.07% 137.562 2 Template:Mvar"," 5.71% 129.246 1 Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar"," 5.60% 126.913 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.58% 126.353 12 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.496","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23124477,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Schroeder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdler,_Mortimer_J.,_ed.1952\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlleyne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvery-Peck2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernsteinBernstein1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerthold2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolonkin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBova2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCave2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeridgeCoburnWiner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreel1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullmann1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElaine_Kasket_MA2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElixxir2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndsjø2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndsjø2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreitas_Jr.Robert_A.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarreau2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavrilovGavrilova2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGertz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayflick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHe,_Goodkind,_Kowal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoshangnd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuberman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmortality_Institute2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephus\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_Martyr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzweil2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafontaine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehtipuu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin_Kah_Wai2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarmura2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Fredericks2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedvedev1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelbourne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichot1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoussaDunyaZayed1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewportGribben2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentaris2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickover2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRangdrolMatthieu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_P._Feynman1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohde1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuparel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmond1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandbergBoström2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Biema2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendover1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_Ralph_F.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorea2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFaf_Hällström1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_GreyRae,_Michael2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"-'\"] = 1,\n [\"Americana Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref\"] = 3,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 13,\n [\"Block quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Human enhancement sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Longevity\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Mvar\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PMID\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary sources\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Time topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 4,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","9.1"],["match","80","5.2"],["type","80","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.9"],["[others]","420","27.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-74d7b686d8-t5hpr","timestamp":"20250224181953","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Immortality","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immortality","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193942","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193942","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-31T06:24:06Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T19:06:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3f\/Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg","headline":"ability to live forever, or eternal life"}</script> </body> </html>