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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jellyfish_and_comb_jellies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jellyfish and comb jellies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jellyfish_and_comb_jellies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobsters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobsters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lobsters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobsters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planarian_flatworms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planarian_flatworms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Planarian flatworms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planarian_flatworms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biological immortality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="خلود بيولوجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلود بيولوجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalisierung" title="Immortalisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Immortalisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιολογική αθανασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολογική αθανασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmortalidad_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Inmortalidad biológica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmortalidad biológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نامیرایی زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامیرایی زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalit%C3%A9_biologique" title="Immortalité biologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immortalité biologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%81%EC%83%9D" title="생물학에서의 영생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물학에서의 영생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանական անմահություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանական անմահություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keabadian_biologis" title="Keabadian biologis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keabadian biologis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalit%C3%A0_biologica" title="Immortalità biologica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immortalità biologica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3giai_halhatatlans%C3%A1g" title="Biológiai halhatatlanság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biológiai halhatatlanság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Биолошка бесмртност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биолошка бесмртност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%81%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%BB" title="生物学における不老不死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物学における不老不死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imortalidade_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Imortalidade biológica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imortalidade biológica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemurire_biologic%C4%83" title="Nemurire biologică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nemurire biologică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Биологическое бессмертие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологическое бессмертие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologinen_kuolemattomuus" title="Biologinen kuolemattomuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biologinen kuolemattomuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Біологічне безсмертя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологічне безсмертя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" title="Immortalised cell line">immortalised cell line</a>.</div> <p><b>Biological immortality</b> (sometimes referred to as <b>bio-indefinite mortality</b>) is a state in which the rate of mortality from <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a> (or aging) is stable or decreasing, thus decoupling it from <a href="/wiki/Chronological" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronological">chronological</a> age. Various unicellular and multicellular species, including some vertebrates, achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough. A <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologically</a> immortal <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living</a> being can still die from means other than senescence, such as through <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>, lack of available resources, or changes to <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. </p><p>This definition of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> has been challenged in the <i>Handbook of the Biology of Aging</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Masoro2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masoro2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age may be negligible at extremely <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old ages</a>, an idea referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Late-life_mortality_deceleration" title="Late-life mortality deceleration">late-life mortality plateau</a>. The rate of mortality may cease to increase in old age, but in most cases that rate is typically very high.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is also used by biologists to describe cells that are not subject to the <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a> on how many times they can divide. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cell_lines">Cell lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cell lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" title="Immortalised cell line">Immortalised cell line</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a> chose the word "immortal" to designate cells that are not subject to the <a href="/wiki/Hayflick_limit" title="Hayflick limit">Hayflick limit</a>, the point at which cells can no longer divide due to <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA damage</a> or shortened <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomeres</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hayflick" title="Leonard Hayflick">Leonard Hayflick</a>'s theory, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> hypothesized that all normal <a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> cells were immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "immortalization" was first applied to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> cells that expressed the telomere-lengthening <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>, and thereby avoided <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>—i.e. cell death caused by intracellular mechanisms. Among the most commonly used cell lines are <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurkat_cells" title="Jurkat cells">Jurkat</a>, both of which are immortalized cancer cell lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Immortal_Life_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immortal_Life-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells have been and still are widely used in biological research such as creation of the <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sex hormone steroid research,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cell metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">Embryonic stem cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a> have also been described as immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immortal cell lines of cancer cells can be created by induction of <a href="/wiki/Oncogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncogenes">oncogenes</a> or loss of <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">tumor suppressor genes</a>. One way to induce immortality is through <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a>-mediated induction of the <a href="/wiki/SV40_Large_T-antigen" class="mw-redirect" title="SV40 Large T-antigen">large T-antigen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly introduced through <a href="/wiki/SV40" title="SV40">simian virus 40</a> (SV-40).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisms">Organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Animal Aging and Longevity Database, the list of animals with negligible aging (along with estimated longevity in the wild) includes:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanding%27s_turtle" title="Blanding's turtle">Blanding's turtle</a> (<i>Emydoidea blandingii</i>) – 77 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olm" title="Olm">Olm</a> (<i>Proteus anguinus</i>) – 102 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_box_turtle" title="Eastern box turtle">Eastern box turtle</a> (<i>Terrapene carolina</i>) – 138 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_sea_urchin" title="Red sea urchin">Red sea urchin</a> (<i>Strongylocentrotus franciscanus</i>) – 200 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rougheye_rockfish" title="Rougheye rockfish">Rougheye rockfish</a> (<i>Sebastes aleutianus</i>) – 205 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_quahog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean quahog">Ocean quahog clam</a> (<i>Arctica islandica</i>) – 507 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_shark" title="Greenland shark">Greenland shark</a> (<i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>) - 250 to 500 years</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria_and_some_yeast">Bacteria and some yeast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bacteria and some yeast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many unicellular organisms age: as time passes, they divide more slowly and ultimately die. Asymmetrically dividing <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> also age. However, symmetrically dividing <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> can be biologically immortal under ideal growing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these conditions, when a cell splits symmetrically to produce two daughter cells, the process of <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> can restore the cell to a youthful state. However, if the parent asymmetrically buds off a daughter only the daughter is reset to the youthful state—the parent is not restored and will go on to age and die. In a similar manner <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> can be regarded as "immortal".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydra">Hydra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydras_(8).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hydras_%288%29.JPG/170px-Hydras_%288%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hydras_%288%29.JPG/255px-Hydras_%288%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hydras_%288%29.JPG/340px-Hydras_%288%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i>Hydra</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">Hydras</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> phylum. All cnidarians can regenerate, allowing them to recover from injury and to reproduce <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a>. Hydras are simple, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> animals possessing <a href="/wiki/Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial symmetry">radial symmetry</a> and contain post-<a href="/wiki/Mitotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitotic">mitotic</a> cells (cells that will never divide again) only in the extremities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All hydra cells continually divide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that hydras do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a>, and, as such, are biologically immortal. In a four-year study, 3 cohorts of hydra did not show an increase in mortality with age. It is possible that these animals live much longer, considering that they reach maturity in 5 to 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does not explain how hydras are subsequently able to maintain <a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">telomere</a> lengths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jellyfish_and_comb_jellies">Jellyfish and comb jellies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jellyfish and comb jellies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii" title="Turritopsis dohrnii">Turritopsis dohrnii</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_nutricula" title="Turritopsis nutricula">Turritopsis nutricula</a></i>, is a small (5 millimeters (0.20 in)) species of <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Transdifferentiation" title="Transdifferentiation">transdifferentiation</a> to replenish cells after <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. This cycle can repeat indefinitely, potentially rendering it biologically immortal. This organism originated in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, but has now spread around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-09_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-09-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key molecular mechanisms of its <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a> appear to involve <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair</a>, and stem cell renewal, according to a <a href="/wiki/Comparative_genomics" title="Comparative genomics">comparative genomics</a> study.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar cases include <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoa" title="Hydrozoa">hydrozoan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_undulata" title="Laodicea undulata">Laodicea undulata</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scyphozoan <i><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelia (genus)">Aurelia</a></i> sp.1<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tentaculata" title="Tentaculata">tentaculata</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mnemiopsis" title="Mnemiopsis">Mnemiopsis leiydi</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobsters">Lobsters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lobsters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lobster#Longevity" title="Lobster">Lobster § Longevity</a></div> <p>Research suggests that lobsters may not slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age, and that older lobsters may be more fertile than younger lobsters. This does not however make them immortal in the traditional sense, as they are significantly more likely to die at a shell moult the older they get.<sup id="cite_ref-smithfor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithfor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their longevity may be due to <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that repairs long repetitive sections of <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequences</a> at the ends of chromosomes, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Telomeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Telomeres">telomeres</a>. Telomerase is expressed by most vertebrates during embryonic stages but is generally absent from adult stages of life.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike vertebrates, lobsters express telomerase as adults through most tissue, which has been suggested to be related to their longevity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Consider_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consider-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief, lobsters are not immortal. Lobsters grow by <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a>, which requires considerable energy, and the larger the shell the more energy is required.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the lobster will die from exhaustion during a moult. Older lobsters are also known to stop moulting, which means that the shell will eventually become damaged, infected, or fall apart, causing them to die.<sup id="cite_ref-smithfor_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithfor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="European lobster">European lobster</a> has an average life span of 31 years for males and 54 years for females.<sup id="cite_ref-smithfor_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithfor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planarian_flatworms">Planarian flatworms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Planarian flatworms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycelis_felina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Polycelis_felina.jpg/240px-Polycelis_felina.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Polycelis_felina.jpg/360px-Polycelis_felina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Polycelis_felina.jpg/480px-Polycelis_felina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><i>Polycelis felina</i>, a freshwater planarian</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Planarian" title="Planarian">Planarian flatworms</a> have both sexually and asexually reproducing types. Studies on genus <i><a href="/wiki/Schmidtea_mediterranea" title="Schmidtea mediterranea">Schmidtea mediterranea</a></i> suggest these planarians appear to regenerate (i.e. heal) indefinitely, and asexual individuals have an "apparently limitless [telomere] regenerative capacity fueled by a population of highly proliferative adult stem cells".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For sexually reproducing planaria: "the lifespan of individual planarian can be as long as 3 years, likely due to the ability of neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells". Whereas for asexually reproducing planaria: "individual animals in clonal lines of some planarian species replicating by fission have been maintained for over 15 years".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_brain" title="Aging brain">Aging brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Anti-Aging_Medicine" title="American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine">American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_(company)" title="Calico (company)">Calico (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">Cryptobiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA damage theory of aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah_Foundation" title="Methuselah Foundation">Methuselah Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_theory_of_aging_and_longevity" title="Reliability theory of aging and longevity">Reliability theory of aging and longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">Rejuvenation (aging)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">Strategies for engineered negligible senescence</a> (SENS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell#Telomerase" title="Cancer cell">Telomerase in cancer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_senescence_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of senescence research">Timeline of senescence research</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Masoro2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masoro2006_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMasoro2006" class="citation book cs1">Masoro, E.J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gourmet.com/magazine/2000s/2004/08/consider_the_lobster?currentPage=1">the original</a> on October 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consider+the+Lobster&rft.btitle=Consider+the+Lobster+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-316-15611-0&rft.au=David+Foster+Wallace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gourmet.com%2Fmagazine%2F2000s%2F2004%2F08%2Fconsider_the_lobster%3FcurrentPage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+immortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211101926/http://www.lobsters.org/tlcbio/biology3.html">"Biotemp"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lobsters.org/tlcbio/biology3.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biotemp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lobsters.org%2Ftlcbio%2Fbiology3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+immortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C._J._TanRuman_RahmanFarah_Jaber-HijaziDaniel_A._Felix2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas C. J. Tan; Ruman Rahman; Farah Jaber-Hijazi; Daniel A. Felix; Chen Chen; Edward J. Louis & Aziz Aboobaker (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/02/22/1118885109.full.pdf+html">"Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>109</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">4209–</span>4214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109.4209T">2012PNAS..109.4209T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1118885109">10.1073/pnas.1118885109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306686">3306686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371573">22371573</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306010425/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/02/22/1118885109.full.pdf+html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Telomere+maintenance+and+telomerase+activity+are+differentially+regulated+in+asexual+and+sexual+worms&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4209-%3C%2Fspan%3E4214&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3306686%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22371573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1118885109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109.4209T&rft.au=Thomas+C.+J.+Tan&rft.au=Ruman+Rahman&rft.au=Farah+Jaber-Hijazi&rft.au=Daniel+A.+Felix&rft.au=Chen+Chen&rft.au=Edward+J.+Louis&rft.au=Aziz+Aboobaker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2F1118885109.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+immortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/planarian/#dev_stages">"<i>Schmidtea </i>, model planarian"</a>. <i>www.geochembio.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230230657/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/planarian/#dev_stages">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geochembio.com&rft.atitle=Schmidtea+%2C+model+planarian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geochembio.com%2Fbiology%2Forganisms%2Fplanarian%2F%23dev_stages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+immortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/RjD1aLm4Thg">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208171657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjD1aLm4Thg">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjD1aLm4Thg&t=538">"What Bodies Think About: Bioelectric Computation Outside the Nervous System - NeurIPS 2018"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=What+Bodies+Think+About%3A+Bioelectric+Computation+Outside+the+Nervous+System+-+NeurIPS+2018&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRjD1aLm4Thg%26t%3D538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+immortality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_immortality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Halperin" title="James L. Halperin">James L. Halperin</a>. <i>The First Immortal</i>, Del Rey, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-42092-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-42092-6">0-345-42092-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ettinger" title="Robert Ettinger">Robert Ettinger</a>. <i>The Prospect of Immortality</i>, Ria University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9743472-3-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9743472-3-X">0-9743472-3-X</a></li> <li>Dr. R. Michael Perry. <i>Forever For All: Moral Philosophy, Cryonics, and the Scientific Prospects for Immortality</i>, Universal Publishers, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58112-724-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58112-724-3">1-58112-724-3</a></li> <li>Martinez, D.E. (1998) "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra." <i>Experimental Gerontology</i> 1998 May;33(3):217–225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/biochem/steele/PDFs/Hydra_senescence_paper.pdf">Full text.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoseRauserMueller2011" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Michael; Rauser, Casandra L.; Mueller, Laurence D. (Spring 2011). <i>Does Aging Stop?</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+Aging+Stop%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Rauser%2C+Casandra+L.&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Laurence+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+immortality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Longevity116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Longevity" title="Template:Longevity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Longevity" title="Template talk:Longevity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Longevity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Longevity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Longevity116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_myths" title="Longevity myths">Longevity myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging-associated_diseases" title="Aging-associated diseases">aging-associated diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerative_disease" title="Degenerative disease">degenerative diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligible_senescence" title="Negligible senescence">negligible senescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogerontology" title="Biogerontology">biogerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_epidemiology" title="Cognitive epidemiology">cognitive epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">Centenarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_into_centenarians" title="Research into centenarians">research into centenarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_life_expectancy" title="LGBT life expectancy">LGBT life expectancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging" title="Biomarkers of aging">Biomarkers of aging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension" title="Outline of life extension">Topic outline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension" title="Index of topics related to life extension">index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodemography_of_human_longevity" title="Biodemography of human longevity">Biodemography of human longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Indefinite lifespan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity" title="Longevity escape velocity">Longevity escape velocity</a></li> <li>Methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_longevity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet and longevity">Diet and longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_printing" title="Organ printing">organ printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">stem-cell therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">SENS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of<br /><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">World macroregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions of countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Argentine provinces and territories by life expectancy">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by life expectancy">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_life_expectancy" title="List of cities in China by life expectancy">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Finnish regions by life expectancy">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Kazakhstan_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Kazakhstan by life expectancy">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tajikistani_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Tajikistani regions by life expectancy">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_oblasts_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Ukrainian oblasts and territories by life expectancy">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_shortest_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy">shortest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_longest_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. counties with longest life expectancy">longest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions by continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African regions by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian regions by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian regions by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American regions by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_claims" title="Longevity claims">Longevity claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_people" title="Oldest people">Oldest people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people" title="List of the verified oldest people">verified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_people_by_country" title="List of the oldest people by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_people" title="List of oldest living people">living</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biological immortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">Regeneration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">Eternal youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">Immortality in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longevity genes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">FOXO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">APOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein" title="Cholesteryl ester transfer protein">CETP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klotho_(biology)" title="Klotho (biology)">Klotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirtuin_1" title="Sirtuin 1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">TNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_zone" title="Blue zone">Blue zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_risk" title="Longevity risk">Longevity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">Longest-living organisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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