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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Munculnya Gorbachev</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Munculnya_Gorbachev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembaruan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembaruan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pembaruan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembaruan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akibat-akibat_yang_tidak_diharapkan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akibat-akibat_yang_tidak_diharapkan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Akibat-akibat yang tidak diharapkan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akibat-akibat_yang_tidak_diharapkan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeltsin_dan_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeltsin_dan_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Yeltsin dan pembubaran Uni Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeltsin_dan_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kronologi_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kronologi_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kronologi pembubaran Uni Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kronologi_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_Pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_Pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Daftar Pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_Pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pembubaran Uni Soviet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 78 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асовет Еидгыла аилабгара – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асовет Еидгыла аилабгара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontbinding_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="تفكيك الاتحاد السوفييتى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفكيك الاتحاد السوفييتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_de_la_Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Disolución de la Xunión Soviética – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disolución de la Xunión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_da%C4%9F%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Sovet İttifaqının dağılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sovet İttifaqının dağılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="СССР тарҡалыуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="СССР тарҡалыуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Распад СССР – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Распад СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Распад СССР – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Распад СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Разпадане на Съветския съюз – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разпадане на Съветския съюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="सोवियत संघ के बिघटन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोवियत संघ के बिघटन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়নের পতন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়নের পতন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freuzadenn_an_Unaniezh_Soviedel" title="Freuzadenn an Unaniezh Soviedel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Freuzadenn an Unaniezh Soviedel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_Sovjetskog_Saveza" title="Raspad Sovjetskog Saveza – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Raspad Sovjetskog Saveza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3_de_la_Uni%C3%B3_Sovi%C3%A8tica" title="Dissolució de la Unió Soviètica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dissolució de la Unió Soviètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpad_Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_svazu" title="Rozpad Sovětského svazu – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozpad Sovětského svazu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="СССР арканăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="СССР арканăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddymiad_yr_Undeb_Sofietaidd" title="Diddymiad yr Undeb Sofietaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diddymiad yr Undeb Sofietaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerfall_der_Sowjetunion" title="Zerfall der Sowjetunion – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zerfall der Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Διάλυση της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλυση της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolvo_de_Sovetunio" title="Dissolvo de Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dissolvo de Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Disolución de la Unión Soviética – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolución de la Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_Liidu_lagunemine" title="Nõukogude Liidu lagunemine – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõukogude Liidu lagunemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Batasunaren_desegitea" title="Sobietar Batasunaren desegitea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Batasunaren desegitea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="فروپاشی اتحاد جماهیر شوروی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروپاشی اتحاد جماهیر شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliiton_hajoaminen" title="Neuvostoliiton hajoaminen – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliiton hajoaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation_de_l%27URSS" title="Dislocation de l'URSS – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dislocation de l'URSS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_da_Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Disolución da Unión Soviética – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución da Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התפרקות ברית המועצות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרקות ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="सोवियत संघ का विघटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोवियत संघ का विघटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_SSSR-a" title="Raspad SSSR-a – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raspad SSSR-a" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Szovjetuni%C3%B3_felboml%C3%A1sa" title="A Szovjetunió felbomlása – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Szovjetunió felbomlása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%8D%D5%80%D5%84_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="ԽՍՀՄ փլուզում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԽՍՀՄ փլուզում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrun_Sov%C3%A9tr%C3%ADkjanna" title="Hrun Sovétríkjanna – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrun Sovétríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoluzione_dell%27Unione_Sovietica" title="Dissoluzione dell'Unione Sovietica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dissoluzione dell'Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%8A" title="ソビエト連邦の崩壊 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦の崩壊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="სსრკ-ის დაშლა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სსრკ-ის დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%9E_%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="КСРО ыдырауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="КСРО ыдырауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="소련의 붕괴 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련의 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolutio_Unionis_Sovieticae" title="Dissolutio Unionis Sovieticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dissolutio Unionis Sovieticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSRS_gri%C5%ABtis" title="TSRS griūtis – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TSRS griūtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSRS_sabrukums" title="PSRS sabrukums – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PSRS sabrukums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Распад на Советскиот Сојуз – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Распад на Советскиот Сојуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%A5%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЗХУ-ын задрал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ЗХУ-ын задрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="सोव्हिएत संघाचे विघटन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोव्हिएत संघाचे विघटन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembubaran_Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सोभियत संघयागु बायेज्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सोभियत संघयागु बायेज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiteenvallen_van_de_Sovjet-Unie" title="Uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uiteenvallen van de Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppl%C3%B8sningen_av_Sovjetunionen" title="Oppløsningen av Sovjetunionen – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppløsningen av Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpad_ZSRR" title="Rozpad ZSRR – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozpad ZSRR" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سوویت اتحاد دی تحلیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوویت اتحاد دی تحلیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%93%D9%86%DA%AB%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="د شوروي اتحاد ړنګېدل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شوروي اتحاد ړنګېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Dissolução da União Soviética – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dissolução da União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destr%C4%83marea_Uniunii_Republicilor_Sovietice_Socialiste" title="Destrămarea Uniunii Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Destrămarea Uniunii Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Распад СССР – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Распад СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="ССРС хайдыыта – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="ССРС хайдыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_Sovjetskog_Saveza" title="Raspad Sovjetskog Saveza – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raspad Sovjetskog Saveza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razpad_Sovjetske_zveze" title="Razpad Sovjetske zveze – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razpad Sovjetske zveze" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shp%C3%ABrb%C3%ABrja_e_Bashkimit_Sovjetik" title="Shpërbërja e Bashkimit Sovjetik – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpërbërja e Bashkimit Sovjetik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Распад Совјетског Савеза – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Распад Совјетског Савеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionens_uppl%C3%B6sning" title="Sovjetunionens upplösning – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetunionens upplösning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D3%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D2%B6%D0%A8%D0%A1" title="Фурӯпошии ИҶШС – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фурӯпошии ИҶШС" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="การล่มสลายของสหภาพโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล่มสลายของสหภาพโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbuwag_ng_Unyong_Sobyet" title="Pagbuwag ng Unyong Sobyet – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagbuwag ng Unyong Sobyet" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi%27nin_da%C4%9F%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılması – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%91_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="ССРБ таркалуы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="ССРБ таркалуы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Розпад СРСР – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розпад СРСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سوویت اتحاد کی تحلیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوویت اتحاد کی تحلیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSRning_qulashi" title="SSSRning qulashi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SSSRning qulashi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4_gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%E1%BB%83" title="Liên Xô giải thể – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên Xô giải thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏联解体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სხუნუეფიშ რსხუშ აკოცჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სხუნუეფიშ რსხუშ აკოცჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="צעלאזונג פון דער סאוועטן פארבאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צעלאזונג פון דער סאוועטן פארבאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联解体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%B4%A9%E6%9E%90" title="蘇聯崩析 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇聯崩析" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-li%C3%A2n_pang-ho%C4%81i" title="So͘-liân pang-hoāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-liân pang-hoāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%A7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="蘇聯解體 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇聯解體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&oldid=26608645" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&id=26608645&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi 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class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color: #f8eaba">Pembubaran Uni Soviet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1991_coup_attempt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="thumbtime="><img alt="Tank di Lapangan Merah pada tahun 1991 sebagai bagian dari upaya kudeta di Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/220px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/330px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1991_coup_attempt1.jpg/440px-1991_coup_attempt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Tank di <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah">Lapangan Merah</a> pada tahun 1991 sebagai bagian dari upaya kudeta di Uni Soviet</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tanggal</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">11 Maret 1985 – 26 Desember 1991 <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%;"><span style="position: relative; bottom: 0.5em;">(6 tahun, 9 bulan, 2 minggu dan 1 hari) </span></div> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lokasi</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partisipan</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Rakyat Uni Soviet</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemerintahan Uni Soviet">Pemerintah Pusat</a></li><li>Pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Republik_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Uni Soviet">Republikan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonom" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom">Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom se-Uni Soviet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hasil</th><td class="infobox-data description"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Pembubaran Uni Soviet dan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_bekas_Uni_Soviet" title="Negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet">negara-negara independen</a> <ul><li>Berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a></li> <li>Kejatuhan Uni Soviet sebagai negara <a href="/wiki/Adikuasa" title="Adikuasa">Adikuasa</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/389px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png" decoding="async" width="389" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/584px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/778px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_bekas_Uni_Soviet" title="Negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet">Negara-negara pasca-Soviet</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(sesuai urut abjad)</span> <table style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="width:10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li>2. <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li>3. <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li>4. <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td> <td style="width:10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>5. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a></li><li>6. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li>7. <a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a></li><li>8. <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td> <td style="width:10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>9. <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a></li><li>10. <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li>11. <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></li><li>12. <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td> <td style="width:12em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>13. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li><li>15. <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="width:1.25em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>Berikut ini adalah sejarah <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> hingga <b>pembubarannya</b> pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Desember" title="Desember">Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Munculnya_Gorbachev">Munculnya Gorbachev</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Munculnya Gorbachev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Munculnya Gorbachev"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meskipun pembaruan di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> terhalang antara <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a>–<a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>, suatu peralihan generasi memberikan momentum baru untuk pembaruan itu. Perubahan-perubahan dalam hubungan dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> mungkin juga merupakan pendorong bagi pembaruan. Sementara <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> secara hsnua resmi mengakhiri kebijakan <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> setelah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Soviet_Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Soviet Afganistan">campur tangan Soviet di Afganistan</a>, ketegangan-ketegangan antara Timur dan Barat pada masa jabatan pertama <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat">Presiden</a> AS <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>–<a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>) meningkat ke level yang baru yang tidak pernah terjadi sejak <a href="/wiki/Krisis_misil_Kuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis misil Kuba">krisis misil Kuba</a> <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>. </p><p>Setelah kemacetan selama bertahun-tahun, <i>apparatchik</i> komunis muda yang berpikiran baru mulai muncul. Setelah kematian <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> yang lanjut usia, <a href="/wiki/Politbiro_Komite_Sentral_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Politbiro Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Politbiro Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet</a> mengangkat <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a> <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>, menandai bangkitnya generasi kepemimpinan yang baru. Di bawah Gorbachev, yang relatif masih muda, para teknokrat yang berorientasi pembaruan, yang telah memulai kariernya pada puncak "de-Stalinisasi" di bawah <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953-1964), dengan segera mengonsolidasikan kekuasaan di ling <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">PKUS</a>, memberikan momentum baru untuk liberalisasi politik dan ekonomi, dan dorongan untuk mengembangkan hubungan-hubungan yang lebih hangat dan perdagangan dengan Barat. </p><p>Pada saat Gorbachev memperkenalkan proses yang akan menyebabkan runtuhnya ekonomi komando administrative Soviet melalui program-programnya: <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> (keterbukaan politik), <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> (restrukturisasi ekonomi), dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uskoreniye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uskoreniye (halaman belum tersedia)">uskoreniye</a></i> (percepatan pembangunan ekonomi), ekonomi Soviet menderita karena <a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a> tersembunyi dan kekurangan pasokan yang terjadi di mana-mana yang diperparah oleh semakin meningkatnya <a href="/wiki/Pasar_gelap" title="Pasar gelap">pasar gelap</a> yang terbuka yang menggerogoti ekonomi resmi. Selain itu, biaya status sebagai negara adikuasa –militer, <a href="/wiki/KGB" class="mw-redirect" title="KGB">KGB</a>, subsidi bagi negara-negara klien –sudah sangat berlebih-lebihan, melampaui ekonomi Soviet. Gelombang baru industrialisasi yang didasarkan pada teknologi informasi telah membuat Uni Soviet kelabakan mencari teknologi barat dan kredit untuk mengatasi keterbelakangannya yang kian menjadi-jadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembaruan">Pembaruan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pembaruan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembaruan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Law_on_Cooperatives" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Law on Cooperatives">Undang-undang Koperasi</a> yang diberlakukan pada Mei 1988 barangkali adalah yang paling radikal di antara semua langkah pembaruan ekonomi pada masa tahap awal era Gorbachev. Untuk pertama klainya sejak <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_Ekonomi_Baru" title="Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru">Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, undang-undang memungkinkan pemilikan pribadi bisnis dalam sektor-sektor jasa, manufaktur, dan perdagangan luar negeri. Di bawah aturan ini, restoran-restoran koperasi, toko-toko dan para pengusaha manufaktur menjadi bagian dari wajah Soviet. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i> memberikan kebebasan berbicara yang lebih besar. Pers menjadi jauh lebih merdeka, dan ribuan tahanan politik dan banyak pembangkang di bebaskan. Sementara tujuan utama Gorbachev dalam mengadakan <i>glasnost</i> adalah untuk menekan kaum konservatif yang menentang kebijakan-kebijakan restrukturisasi ekonominya, ia pun berharap melalui berbagai keterbukaan, debat dan partisipasi, rakyat Soviet akan mendukung inisiatif-inisiatif pembaruannya. </p><p>Pada Januari 1987, Gorbachev menyerukan diadakannya demokratisasi: memperkenalkan unsur-unsur demokratis seperti misalnya pemilu dengan banyak kandidat di dalam proses politik Soviet. Pada Juni 1988, dalam Konferensi Partai ke-19 PKUS, Gorbachev meluncurkan pembaruan-pembaruan radikal yang dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi kontrol partai terhadap aparat-aparat pemerintahan. Pada Desember 1988, <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Dewan Tertinggi Uni Soviet</a> menyetujui dibentuknya suatu <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Perwakilan_Rakyat_Uni_Soviet" title="Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat Uni Soviet">Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat</a> yang sebelumnya telah ditetapkan oleh amendemen konstitusi sebagai dewan legislatif Uni Soviet yang baru. Pemilihan umum untuk anggota kongres diadakan di seluruh Uni Soviet pada Maret dan April 1989. Pada <a href="/wiki/15_Maret" title="15 Maret">15 Maret</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> Gorbachev terpilih sebagai <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden</a> eksekutif pertama <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akibat-akibat_yang_tidak_diharapkan">Akibat-akibat yang tidak diharapkan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Akibat-akibat yang tidak diharapkan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Akibat-akibat yang tidak diharapkan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upaya-upaya Gorbachev untuk merampingkan sistem komunis menawarkan harapan, namun akhirnya terbukti tidak dapat dikendalikan dan mengakibatkan serangkaian peristiwa yang akhirnya ditutup dengan pembubaran imperium Soviet. Kebijakan-kebijakan yang mulanya dimaksudkan sebagai alat untuk merangsang ekonomi Soviet, <i>perestroika</i> dan <i>glasnost</i> segera menimbulkan akibat-akibat yang tidak diharapkan. </p><p>Pengenduran <a href="/wiki/Sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor">sensor</a> di bawah <i>glasnost</i> mengakibatkan Partai Komunis kehilangan genggamannya yang mutlak terhadap <a href="/wiki/Media" class="mw-disambig" title="Media">media</a>. Tak lama kemudian, dan yang akibatnya mempermalukan pemerintah, media mulai menyingkapkan masalah-masalah sosial dan ekonomi yang parah yang telah lama disangkal dan ditutup-tutupi oleh pemerintah Soviet. Masalah-masalah seperti perumahan yang buruk, <a href="/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme">alkoholisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyalahgunaan_obat-obatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyalahgunaan obat-obatan (halaman belum tersedia)">penyalahgunaan obat-obatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi">polusi</a>, pabrik-pabrik yang sudah ketinggalan zaman dari masa <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, dan korupsi kecil-kecilan hingga yang besar-besaran, yang kesemuaya selama ini telah diabaikan oleh media resmi, mendapatkan perhatian yang semakin besar. Laporan-laporan media juga menyingkapkan kejahatan-kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> dan rezim Soviet, seperti misalnya <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_Besar" title="Pembersihan Besar">Pembersihan Besar</a> yang diabaikan oleh media resmi. Lebih dari itu, <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Soviet_atas_Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Soviet atas Afganistan">perang di Afganistan</a> yang berkelanjutan dan kekeliruan di dalam penanganan <a href="/wiki/Kecelakaan_Chernobyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecelakaan Chernobyl">kecelakaan Chernobyl</a> <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> lebih jauh merusakkan kredibilitas pemerintahan Soviet pada masa ketika ketidakpuasan kian meningkat. </p><p>Secara keseluruhan, pandangan yang sangat positif mengenai kehidupan Soviet yang telah lama disajikan kepada publik oleh media resmi, dengan cepat menjadi rontok, dan aspek-aspek kehidupanu negatif ditampilkan ke permukaan. Hal ini menggerogoti keyakinan publik terhadap sistem Soviet dan merontokkan basis kekuasaan sosial Partai Komunis, mengancam identitas dan integritas Uni Soviet sendiri. </p><p>Pertikaian di antara negara-negara anggota <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Warsawa" title="Pakta Warsawa">Pakta Warsawa</a> dan ketidakstabilan dari sekutu-sekutu baratnya, yang pertama-tama diperlihatkan oleh bangkitnya <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> pada <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a> ke tampuk pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Serikat_buruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Serikat buruh">serikat buruh</a> <a href="/wiki/Solidaritas" title="Solidaritas">Solidaritas</a> berlangsung cepat, sehingga membuat Uni Soviet tidak mampu mengandalkan negara-negara satelitnya untuk melindungi perbatasannya, sebagai negara-negara peredam. Pada 1989, Moskow sudah meninggalkan <a href="/wiki/Doktrin_Brezhnev" title="Doktrin Brezhnev">Doktrin Brezhnev</a> dan lebih memilih kebijakan non-intervensi dalam urusan-urusan dalam negeri sekutu-sekutu Eropa Timurnya, yang dengan fatal membuat rezim-rezim Eropa Timur kehilangan jaminan bantuan dan intervensi Soviet apabila mereka menghadapi pemerontakan rakyatnya. Perlahan-lahan, masing-masing negara Pakta Warsawa menyaksikan pemerintahan Komunis mereka kalah dalam pemilihan-pemilihan umum, dan dalam kasus <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a>, munculnya suatu pemberontakan dengan kekerasan. Pada 1991, pemerintahan-pemerintahan komunis <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a> dan Rumania yang dipaksakan setelah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> runtuh sementara revolusi melanda <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a>. </p><p>Uni Soviet juga mulai mengalami pergolakan ketika akibat-akibat politik dari <i>glasnost</i> dirasakan getarannya di seluruh negeri. Meskipun dilakukan upaya-upaya untuk meredamnya, ketidakstabilan di Eropa Timur mau tidak mau menyear ke negara-negara di lingkungan Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Pemilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemilu">pemilu-pemilu</a> untuk dewan-dewan daerah di republik-republik Uni Soviet, kaum <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme">nasionalis</a> maupun para tokoh pembaruan yang radikal menyapu kursi di dewan. sementara Gorbachev telah memperlemah sistem penindasan politik internal, kemampuan pemerintahan sentral Moskow untuk memaksakan kehendaknya pada republik-republik anggota RSUS pada umumnya telah diperlemah. </p><p>Bangkitnya nasionalisme di bawah <i>glasnost</i> segera membangkitkan kembali ketegangan-ketegangan etnis yang bergolak di berbagai republik Soviet, sehingga semakin mendiskreditkan cita-cita tentang persatuan rakyat Soviet. Sebuah contohnya terjadi pada Februari 1988, ketika pemerintahan di <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, suatu wilayah yang didominasi oleh etnis Armenia di Republik Azerbaijan, meluluskan sebuah resolusi yang menyerukan unifikasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Armenia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Armenia">Republik Sosialis Soviet Armenia</a>. Kekerasan terhadap orang-orang Azerbaijan setempat dilaporkan di televisi Soviet, sehingga menimbulkan pembantaian terhadap orang-orang Armenia di kota <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumgait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumgait (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumgait</a>, di Azerbaijan. </p><p>Ketidakpuasan masyarakat terhadap kondisi-kondisi ekonomi, yang menjadi lebih berani karena kebebasan oleh <i>glasnost</i>, jauh lebih luas daripada yang sebelumnya pada masa Soviet. Meskipun <i>perestroika</i> dianggap berani dalam konteks sejarah Soviet, upaya-upaya Gorbachev untuk melakukan pembaruan ekonomi tidak cukup radikal untuk memulai kembali ekonomi negara yang sangat lesu pada akhir 1980-an. Upaya-upaya pembaruan mengalami berbagai terobosan dalam desentralisasi, namun Gorbachev dan timnya sama sekali tidak menyinggung unsur-unsur fundamental dari sistem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stalinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stalinis (halaman belum tersedia)">Stalinis</a>, termasuk pengendalian harga, mata uang rubel yang tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak diakuinya pemilikan pribadi, dan monopoli pemerintah atas sebagian terbesar sarana produksi. </p><p>Pada 1990 pemerintah Soviet praktis telah kehilangan seluruh kendali terhadap kondisi-kondisi ekonomi. Pengeluaran pemerintah meningkat dengan tajam karena semakin meningkatnya usaha-usaha yang tidak menguntungkan yang membutuhkan dukungan negara sementara subsini harga konsumen juga berlanjut. Perolehan pajak menurun karena perolehan dari penjualan vodka merosot drastic karena kampanye anti alkohol dan karena pemerintahan republik dan pemerintah-pemerintah setempat menahan perolehan pajak dari pemerintah pusat di bawah semangat otonomi regional. Penghapusan kontrol pemerintah pusat terhadap keputusan-keputusan produksi, khususnya dalam sektor barang-barang konsumen, menyebabkan runtuhnya hubungan pemasok-produsen sementara hubungan yang baru tidak terbentuk. Jadi, bukannya merampingkan sistem, program desentralisasi Gorbachev menyebabkan kemacetan-kemacetan produksi yang baru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yeltsin_dan_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet">Yeltsin dan pembubaran Uni Soviet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Yeltsin dan pembubaran Uni Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Yeltsin dan pembubaran Uni Soviet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:295px;max-width:295px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png/152px-Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png/228px-Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png/304px-Gorbachev_Cropped_Image.png 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="2623" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/135px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Gorbachev menuduh <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> lawan lamanya dan presiden <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> pertama pada masa pasca-Soviet, telah mencabik-cabik negara itu untuk mengutamakan kepentingan-kepentingan pribadinya sendiri.</div></div></div></div> <p>Pada <a href="/wiki/7_Februari" title="7 Februari">7 Februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> Komite Sentral Partai Komunis Uni Soviet setuju untuk melepaskan monopoli atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekuasaan_(sosiologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekuasaan (sosiologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">kekuasaan</a>. Republik-republik anggota Uni Soviet mulai menegaskan kedaulatan nasional mereka terhadap Moskow, dan mulai melancarkan "perang undang-undang" dengan pemerintah pusat di Moskow. Dalam hal ini, pemerintahan republik-republik anggota Uni Soviet membatalkan semua undang-undang negara kesatuan apabila undang-undang itu bertentangan dengan undang-undang daerah, menegaskan kendali mereka terhadap ekonomi daerah dan menolak membayar pajak kepada pemerintah pusat di Moskow. Pergumulan ini menyebabkan macetnya ekonomi, karena garis pasokan dalam ekonomi rusak, dan menyebabkan ekonomi Soviet semakin merosot. </p><p>Dengan berakhirnya kekuasaan komunis di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, banyak simbol <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">Komunisme</a>, misalnya patung dari mantan pemimpin seperti <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, dibongkar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kronologi_pembubaran_Uni_Soviet">Kronologi pembubaran Uni Soviet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kronologi pembubaran Uni Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kronologi pembubaran Uni Soviet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>: 11 Maret 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: 4 Mei 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>: 9 April 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: 20 Agustus 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>: 24 Agustus 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>: 27 Agustus 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a>: 31 Agustus 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>: 31 Agustus 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>: 9 September 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>: 21 September 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>: 18 Oktober 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>: 27 Oktober 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>: 10 Desember 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>: 12 Desember 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>: 16 Desember 1991</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Uni_Soviet_(1953-1985)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet (1953-1985) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Uni Soviet (1953-1985)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_Pustaka">Daftar Pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar Pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar Pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Chancellor Press. 2002. <i>Tell Me When?-History and Events</i>. London:Octopus Publishing Group Ltd<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/coldwar/soviet_end_01.shtml">Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State</a> oleh Profesor Archie Brown.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/buk.html">Soviet Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425065643/http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/buk.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-04-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. dikumpulkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Bukovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Bukovsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch33.htm">The Soviet Union Disintegrates</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Smitha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Smitha (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank E. Smitha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Helene Carrere D'Encausse, <i>The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations</i>, Basic Books, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0465098185" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-465-09818-5</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Ronald Grigor Suny, <i>The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union</i>, Stanford University Press, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0804722471" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8047-2247-1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Sosialis_Albania" title="Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Bulgaria" title="Republik Rakyat Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Cekoslowakia" title="Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Hungaria" title="Republik Rakyat Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Polandia" title="Republik Rakyat Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Rumania" title="Republik Sosialis Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Federal_Sosialis_Yugoslavia" title="Republik Federal Sosialis 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