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searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">China-South Africa relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_South_Africa_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of China and South Africa"><img alt="Map indicating locations of China and South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_South_Africa_Locator.svg/250px-China_South_Africa_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_South_Africa_Locator.svg/375px-China_South_Africa_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_South_Africa_Locator.svg/500px-China_South_Africa_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/68px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/90px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_China,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embassy of China, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Embassy of China, Pretoria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%A7%90%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:中國駐南非大使館">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Embassy of South Africa, Beijing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Ambassador Chen Xiaodong</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Siyabonga_Cwele" title="Siyabonga Cwele">Siyabonga Cwele</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Taiwan, see <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="South Africa–Taiwan relations">South Africa–Taiwan relations</a>.</div> <p><b>People's Republic of China – South Africa relations</b> refer to the <a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">current and historical relationship</a> between the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) and the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> (RSA). </p><p>South Africa is one of the African countries that China most prioritizes within <a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Chinese-African foreign relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> In 2010, China was South Africa's largest trading partner.<sup id="cite_ref-CSMonitor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSMonitor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2007 China-South African relations have become increasingly close with increasing trade, policy and political ties.<sup id="cite_ref-SAinexLove_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAinexLove-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FutureFP2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutureFP2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010 Beijing Declaration, South Africa was upgraded to the diplomatic status of <i>Strategic Comprehensive Partner</i> by the Chinese government.<sup id="cite_ref-Behind_the_Smoke_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behind_the_Smoke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_comparison">Country comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Country comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Official name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Flag </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/88px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/132px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/176px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/88px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/132px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/176px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a> </td> <td>1,411,750,000 </td> <td>63,793,744 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">Population density</a> </td> <td>145/km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>50.8/km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" title="List of national capitals">Capital</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities proper by population">Largest city</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population_and_built-up_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in China by population and built-up area">Shanghai</a> (26,317,104) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> (5,635,127) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Government </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Official languages </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Mongol_and_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haixi</a> in Qinghai, <a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala</a> in Xinjiang) <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yanbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanbian">Yanbian</a> in Jilin), <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>), <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan</a> in Yunnan), <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a> in Xinjiang), <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Liangshan</a> in Sichuan, <a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe</a> in Yunnan) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sepedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepedi">Sepedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho">Sesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/SiSwati" class="mw-redirect" title="SiSwati">siSwati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshivenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshivenda">Tshivenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xitsonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Xitsonga">Xitsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">isiNdebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/IsiXhosa" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiXhosa">isiXhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/IsiZulu" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiZulu">isiZulu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Currency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Rand">South African Rand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> </td> <td>$17.70 trillion </td> <td>$380,91 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> </td> <td>$32.897 trillion </td> <td>$991.444 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">Military expenditures</a> </td> <td>$292 billion </td> <td>$3.4 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">Military personnel</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>2,000,000 (active)</li> <li>14,510,000 (reserve)</li> <li>18,660,000 (paramilitary)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>413,628 (active)</li> <li>572,500 (reserve)</li> <li>0 (paramilitary)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear warheads</a> </td> <td>800<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG/220px-South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG/330px-South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG/440px-South_African_Embassy_in_Beijing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of South Africa in China</figcaption></figure> <p>Official relations between the PRC and South Africa were established on January 1, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 349">: 349 </span></sup> The dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in the early 1990s opened up the possibility of official relations being established between the PRC and South Africa. Before the 1990s South Africa had a close official relationship with the government in Taiwan for strategic and economic reasons. </p><p>Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> established "<a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy">cultural centres</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, known as the South African Centre for Chinese Studies and the Chinese Centre for South African Studies respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Centres, each headed by a Director, did not use <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic title">diplomatic titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="National flags">national flags</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a>, their staff used <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic passport">diplomatic passports</a> and were issued with diplomatic identity documents, while their vehicles had <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Embassies_and_consulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the People's Republic of China">diplomatic number plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also performed visa and consular services.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">handover</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to the PRC in 1997 was a factor in the switch in official recognition, as South Africa had strong <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa–Hong Kong relations">trade links</a> with the territory, then under <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British administration</a>. Pretoria was concerned that after the handover, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> might downgrade its consulate and the country would no longer be allowed to use Hong Kong as a transit route for air traffic and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Statement_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statement-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, key South African politicians and government officials in the post-apartheid government, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of South Africa">Communist Party of South Africa</a>, lobbied strongly in support of shifting recognition to the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Taiwan lobbied hard for continued South African recognition and initiated an expensive public relations drive to convince members of the anti-apartheid government. Then President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> argued in favour of a 'Two Chinas' policy that was incompatible with the Beijing's <a href="/wiki/One_China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One China policy">One China policy</a>. </p><p>After many years of strong lobbying and engagement with Mandela in November 1996 the South African government announced that it would switch recognition from Taiwan to the PRC in January 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visit by Taipei's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Chiang_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chiang (Taiwan)">John Chiang</a> to meet with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Nzo">Alfred Nzo</a> and attempt to salvage the situation produced no results, and so Taipei's ambassador to Pretoria <a href="/wiki/Loh_I-Cheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Loh I-Cheng">Gene Loh</a> was recalled on 6 December 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-TaipeiTimes20020418_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaipeiTimes20020418-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/250px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/375px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/500px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, trade between China and South Africa amounted to <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>14 million, but by the time the two countries had established relations in 1998, this had swelled to US$1.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-VerwoerdMandela_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerwoerdMandela-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 182">: 182 </span></sup> By 2010 trade between the two countries had increased to US$25.6 billion with imports from South Africa reaching US$14.8 billion. Cross country investment had grown to US$7 billion in the same year. Most South African exports to China in 2010 were <a href="/wiki/Primary_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary products">primary products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PeoplesDaily_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeoplesDaily-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-way trade between China and South Africa reached US$60.3 billion by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Billions_in_Investments_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billions_in_Investments-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, South Africa was invited to join China in <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> group of emerging economies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the invitation, it was expected that South Africa would expand its trade relations with other BRIC countries, including China. Some see the BRICS relationship as potentially competing with South Africa's relations with the <a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA Dialogue Forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2010, the South African publication <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Day_(South_Africa)" title="Business Day (South Africa)">Business Day</a></i> reported that 45% of <a href="/wiki/SABMiller" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a>'s growth would come from its China operations by 2014. The anomalous growth of South African media company <a href="/wiki/Naspers" title="Naspers">Naspers</a> in 2009 was largely owed to its stake in the Chinese company <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MG201207_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG201207-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2015 the two countries signed twenty-five agreements worth a combined value of US$16.5 billion at an event at the <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum on China-Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a> (FOCAC) Business Forum held in South Africa and attended by about 400 business people from both countries. At the same event, the two countries discussed economic priority such as the "alignment of industries to accelerate South Africa's industrialisation process; enhancement of cooperation in Special Economic Zones (SEZs); marine cooperation; infrastructure development, human resources cooperation; and financial cooperation."<sup id="cite_ref-Billions_in_Investments_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billions_in_Investments-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015/16 there were over 140 medium-sized or large Chinese companies in South Africa with a combined investment of US$13 billion, employing around 30,000 South Africans. Significant investments by Chinese firms in South Africa include the China First Automotive assembly plant in Coega Industrial Park, a <a href="/wiki/Hisense_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisense Group">Hisense Group</a> white goods factory, and a Hebei Jidong Development Group cement plant.<sup id="cite_ref-iolCScooperation_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iolCScooperation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasingly the South African government, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">China's success</a> in reducing poverty and promoting economic growth, is looking to China for policy ideas and inspiration in its efforts at promoting growth.<sup id="cite_ref-MG201207_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG201207-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loans">Loans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Loans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020 South Africa was estimated to owe the equivalent of 4% of its annual GDP to Chinese lenders.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoYD-12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoYD-12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, China announced to invest $15 billion in South Africa's economy which included loans for power utilities and infrastructure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chinese loans to South African power utility <a href="/wiki/Eskom#Chinese_debt" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> have proven controversial amidst accusations that it was an example of <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">debt-trap diplomacy</a> by China.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 an additional <a href="/wiki/South_African_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Rand">R</a>370 billion (US$25.8 billion) loan from the China Development Bank was issued to the South African government as part of an <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">economic stimulus package</a>. The size of loan and the lack of public information about it was controversial<sup id="cite_ref-AutoYD-15_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoYD-15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iol_17094525_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iol_17094525-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and criticized by opposition parties as a possibly pushing South Africa into a "debt trap".<sup id="cite_ref-fin24_20180916_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fin24_20180916-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_development_finance_to_South_Africa">Chinese development finance to South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese development finance to South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2000 to 2011, there are approximately 37 Chinese official development finance projects identified in South Africa through various media reports.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These projects range from a financial cooperation agreement worth of $2.5 US billion between the Development Bank of South Africa and the China Development Bank,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to an investment of $877 million by China's state-owned miner Jinchuan and China Development Bank in South Africa's platinum industry,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an investment of US$250 million by China's Huaqiang Holdings in a theme park in Johannesburg.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visits">Visits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Visits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg/250px-SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg/375px-SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg/500px-SA_Deputy_Prez_2007_visit_to_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>South African former Deputy President <a href="/wiki/Phumzile_Mlambo-Ngcuka" title="Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</a> giving a speech at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University's</a> School of Public Policy and Management on China-South African relations in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early nineties, before South Africa officially recognised the PRC, Chinese Foreign Minister and <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo</a> member <a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a> (钱其琛) paid an unofficial and very quiet visit to South Africa to meet senior government ministers and inspect possible future embassy sites. Then South African Minister for Foreign Relations, <a href="/wiki/Pik_Botha" title="Pik Botha">Pik Botha</a>, interrupted his participation in the <a href="/wiki/CODESA" class="mw-redirect" title="CODESA">CODESA</a> talks to have the first high-level meeting between South Africa and the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-VerwoerdMandela_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerwoerdMandela-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177">: 177 </span></sup> In October 1991 a South African delegation including Pik Botha went to Beijing to meet Qian Qichen.<sup id="cite_ref-VerwoerdMandela_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerwoerdMandela-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168–169">: 168–169 </span></sup> </p><p>In September 2007 then South African Deputy President <a href="/wiki/Phumzile_Mlambo-Ngcuka" title="Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</a> visited Beijing and met with <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> (胡锦涛).<sup id="cite_ref-CMFA2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMFA2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After which she gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> on building China-South African relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsinghua2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsinghua2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China-South African relations expanded significantly in 2010 following a number of high-level official visits and exchanges by officials from both countries. In late March 2010 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a> (贾庆林) visited South Africa and met with South Africa's President Jacob Zuma and signed contracts worth more than US$300 million.<sup id="cite_ref-MFAchina_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFAchina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2010 President Jacob Zuma led a South African delegation of 17 cabinet members and 300 businesspeople to China<sup id="cite_ref-CSMonitor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSMonitor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TV2Africa_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TV2Africa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they signed the <i>Beijing Declaration on the Establishment of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa</i>. This was followed by a visit to China by speaker of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly of South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Sisulu" title="Max Sisulu">Max Sisulu</a> in October 2010. In November 2010 Chinese Vice President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (习近平) travelled to South Africa to meet with South African Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Motlanthe</a> and signed bilateral cooperation agreements in energy, trade statistics, banking regulation and other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-MFAchina_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFAchina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His visit was followed by an official goodwill visit to South Africa by China's top legislator <a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a> (吴邦国) in May 2011 as part of his Africa-Asia tour which included Namibia and Angola.<sup id="cite_ref-PeoplesDailyW_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeoplesDailyW-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late September 2011 South African Vice President Motlanthe lead a trade delegation to Beijing at the invitation of Chinese Vice President Xi. During the visit the <a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Bank of South Africa">Development Bank of South Africa</a> signed a US$2.5 billion agreement. The two countries also signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> on geological exploration and mineral resources.<sup id="cite_ref-2point6billion_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2point6billion-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 17 July 2012 President Zuma led a South African delegation that included International Relations Minister <a href="/wiki/Maite_Nkoana-Mashabane" title="Maite Nkoana-Mashabane">Maite Nkoana-Mashabane</a>, Minister in the Presidency <a href="/wiki/Collins_Chabane" title="Collins Chabane">Collins Chabane</a> and Trade and Industry Minister <a href="/wiki/Rob_Davies_(South_African_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rob Davies (South African minister)">Rob Davies</a> to attend the fifth <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China-Africa_Co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum on China-Africa Co-operation">Forum on China-Africa Co-operation</a> (FOCAC) in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-MG2012Focac_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG2012Focac-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The emergence of China as a power among others gives or offers an opportunity to African countries to be able to free themselves from the shackles that are really colonially designed </p><p>- Jacob Zuma, speaking at Tsinghua University, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-iolts_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iolts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>In December 2014 President Zuma led another delegation of South African government ministers and a 100 representatives of South African business to China<sup id="cite_ref-iolts_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iolts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a further consolidation of warm South African-China relations.<sup id="cite_ref-bdaylive_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdaylive-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the South African side trade imbalances, China's impact on South African industry, and concerns over China's influence over South Africa's domestic and international affairs remain issues of concern for bilateral relations.<sup id="cite_ref-ibt2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2015 South Africa's deputy president, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a>, led a trade and economic delegation to China.<sup id="cite_ref-New24Ramaphosadel2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New24Ramaphosadel2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2015 President Zuma attended the Chinese <a href="/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">70th anniversary celebrations</a> since the end of World War 2.<sup id="cite_ref-bdayZuma2015visit_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdayZuma2015visit-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was closely followed by a visit from, now <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> to Pretoria, South Africa on the 2nd December 2015 where agreements to finalise the China-South Africa 5-10 Year Framework on Cooperation were signed.<sup id="cite_ref-ZumaXihost_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZumaXihost-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The administration of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> saw an expansion of China-South African warm relations with implementation of joint naval exercises with Chinese and Russian naval vessels off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> in November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaafricaproject.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaafricaproject.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2023, Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> visited South Africa for a summit of the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>-bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the post-apartheid establishment of bilateral relations, China began building support form South Africa for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 104">: 104 </span></sup> </p><p>During the 2000s, party-to-party exchanges between the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> significantly expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 104">: 104 </span></sup> The ANC was one of six African ruling parties that supported the Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School, which opened in February 2022 in Tanzania, financed by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been alleged that South Africa's ruling political party, the African National Congress, has received funding for election campaigns from foreign countries particularity for the <a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009 national elections</a>. Amongst the foreign countries accused of giving money to the ANC is the CCP. Other countries and the ruling political parties and figures accused of giving money to the ANC include the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> administration of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M&Gelections_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&Gelections-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PolWeb_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolWeb-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 it was announced that the Chinese Communist Party will support and construct a political training school for South Africa's ruling political party the ANC in <a href="/wiki/Venterskroon" title="Venterskroon">Venterskroon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time2014school_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time2014school-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing number of South African government functionaries are being sent to Chinese government schools in Beijing. South Africa plans to send increasing numbers of executives from <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise#South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprise">South African Parastatals</a> to study China's relationship with its <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise#China.2C_People.27s_Republic_of" title="State-owned enterprise">State Owned Enterprises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FutureFP2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutureFP2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChinesedreamSA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinesedreamSA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAChinaLoveMG_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAChinaLoveMG-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of annalists such as Patrick Heller,<sup id="cite_ref-Time2014school_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time2014school-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that South Africa's ruling ANC sees the Chinese Communist Party as a model for maintaining control over the country as a de facto <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a> and/or as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a> feeling by South African government elites.<sup id="cite_ref-SAinexLove_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAinexLove-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FutureFP2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutureFP2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalai_Lama_&_Tibet"><span id="Dalai_Lama_.26_Tibet"></span>Dalai Lama & Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dalai Lama & Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> visited South Africa in 1996, meeting then-president <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M&Gdalai_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&Gdalai-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2009 the Dalai Lama was refused entry to South Africa, officially to keep Tibetan politics from overshadowing the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSMdalai_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSMdalai-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XinhuaDalai1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XinhuaDalai1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The refusal to allow the Dalai Lama to visit South Africa sparked a political debate within South Africa about the country's political and business interests with China, with some accusing the government of "selling out" sovereignty, and others pointing out the negative consequences to <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">China-French business relations</a> after French president <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> met with the Dalai Lama.<sup id="cite_ref-TelegraphDalai_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphDalai-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 the Dalai Lama was invited to attend and give a lecture at the 80th birthday of <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> in October. The Dalai Lama's staff accused the South African government of delaying consideration of his visa application because of Chinese pressure, but the government denied such pressure and counteraccused the Dalai Lama of not submitting any visa applications.<sup id="cite_ref-M&Gdalai_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&Gdalai-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M&GTutu80_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&GTutu80-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days before Tutu's birthday the Dalai Lama announced that he would not attend the event as he did not expect to be granted a visa. Tutu responded by calling the ANC government "worse than the apartheid government" and suggested that the government should be toppled in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalai Lama joined Tutu on his birthday by <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>, calling China a country "built on lies" and "run by hypocrites", and implored Tutu to continue inviting him to South Africa to "test [South Africa's] government".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition and <a href="/wiki/COSATU" class="mw-redirect" title="COSATU">COSATU</a> politicians again accused the ANC government of "betraying South Africa's sovereignty and Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-M&Glama2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&Glama2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others in South Africa argued that the Dalai Lama's physical nonattendance was ultimately in South Africa's interests, reasoning that "it's easier to <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> in the Dalai Lama than [to find] billions in alternative investments."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalai Lama was again unable to enter South Africa when he was invited to attend the Nobel Peace Laureates world summit in October 2014. It is alleged by the mayor of Cape Town that he was asked by national government to withdraw his application for a visa to visit SA for reasons “in the national interest” so as to avoid embarrassment by his visa being officially rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-iolDali_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iolDali-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2018 visit to South Africa of <a href="/wiki/President_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="President in exile">President in exile</a> of Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Sangay" title="Lobsang Sangay">Lobsang Sangay</a>, strained relations as the South African government refused Chinese demands to expel Sangay despite threats that the visit might impact Chinese investment into South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_cooperation">Space cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Space cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">South African National Space Agency</a> (SANSA) joined the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> space program, of which the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a> is also a member.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 303">: 303 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2021, SANSA signed a memorandum of understanding with the China Satellite Network Office to collaborate on satellite navigation and strengthen exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 303">: 303 </span></sup> </p><p>China has built a satellite data receiving station in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 303">: 303 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_South_Africans">Chinese South Africans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese South Africans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese South Africans</a></div> <p>Chinese South Africans are an ethnic group of Chinese diaspora in South Africa. They and their ancestors immigrated to South Africa beginning during the Dutch colonial era in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>. Since 2000 an estimated 350,000 Chinese immigrations, most of whom came from mainland China, have settled in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa has the largest African-born population of Chinese of any country on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 187">: 187 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_events">Other events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_fishing">Illegal fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Illegal fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2016, the South African Department of Fisheries stated that a total of nine Chinese owned vessels were spotted in South African waters allegedly engaged in <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a>. The vessels initially agreed to be escorted into port for inspection but on the way broke up and evaded the escorting South African patrol vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine vessels were part of a fleet of 28 Chinese trawlers that were accused by local anglers of illegal fishing within 3 kilometers of South African waters allegedly fishing the annual <a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregular_tenders_to_Gupta_family">Irregular tenders to Gupta family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Irregular tenders to Gupta family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></div> <p>In June 2016 the state owned Chinese locomotive manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/CSR_Corporation_Limited" title="CSR Corporation Limited">CSR Corporation Limited</a>, was implicated in a 2012 R51 billion (US$6 billion) tender to deliver 600 locomotives to the state owned <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Agency_of_South_Africa" title="Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa">Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later reported that the future South African Public Protector <a href="/wiki/Busisiwe_Mkhwebane" title="Busisiwe Mkhwebane">Busisiwe Mkhwebane</a> was allegedly implicated in the deal when she worked as Counselor Immigration and Civic Services in South Africa's embassy in China.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020 it was reported that funds allocated to pay for an adjusted contract to deliver the locomotives produced by CSR Corporation, now reformed and renamed <a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a><b>,</b> had been frozen by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Revenue_Service" title="South African Revenue Service">South African Revenue Service</a> due to possible instances of corruption paid to associates of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a> to secure the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extradition">Extradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Extradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has an <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> treaty with South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 188">: 188 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCardenalAraújo2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Cardenal" title="Juan Pablo Cardenal">Cardenal, Juan Pablo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Heriberto Araújo">Araújo, Heriberto</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC"><i>La silenciosa conquista china</i></a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 51–54, 91, 115, 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788498922578" title="Special:BookSources/9788498922578"><bdi>9788498922578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+silenciosa+conquista+china&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=51-54%2C+91%2C+115%2C+137&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788498922578&rft.aulast=Cardenal&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&rft.au=Ara%C3%BAjo%2C+Heriberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQ2fvBVpQpYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215180551/https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/lbfw_673061/fgzl_673083/202201/t20220114_10495616.shtml">"驻华大使到任顺序及递交国书日期"</a>. 中华人民共和国外交部. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+inexplicable+love+affair+with+China&rft.pub=The+China+Africa+Project&rft.date=2015-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fchinatalkingpoints%2Fsouth-africas-inexplicable-love-affair-with-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FutureFP2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FutureFP2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FutureFP2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FutureFP2015_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison,_Simon2015" class="citation web cs1">Allison, Simon (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-08-20-ancs-future-foreign-policy-all-roads-lead-to-china/#.Vf1CNRGqqkr">"ANC's future foreign policy: All roads lead to China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Maverick" title="Daily Maverick">Daily Maverick</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANC%27s+future+foreign+policy%3A+All+roads+lead+to+China&rft.pub=Daily+Maverick&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.au=Allison%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2015-08-20-ancs-future-foreign-policy-all-roads-lead-to-china%2F%23.Vf1CNRGqqkr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behind_the_Smoke-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behind_the_Smoke_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_Ross2016" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Ross (11 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2016-01-11-south-africa-and-china-behind-the-smoke-and-mirrors">"South Africa and China: Behind the smoke and mirrors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mail_and_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail and Guardian">Mail and Guardian</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+and+China%3A+Behind+the+smoke+and+mirrors&rft.pub=Mail+and+Guardian&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2016-01-11-south-africa-and-china-behind-the-smoke-and-mirrors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/">"Status of World Nuclear Forces"</a>. Federation Of American Scientists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+World+Nuclear+Forces&rft.pub=Federation+Of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fissues%2Fnuclear-weapons%2Fstatus-world-nuclear-forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nti.org/countries/south-africa/#:~:text=From%20the%201940s%2D1990s%2C%20South,capability%20and%20voluntarily%20relinquish%20it.">South Africa relinquishes Nuclear Capability in 1989</a>, From the 1940s-1990s, South Africa’s apartheid government engaged in research and development of weapons of mass destruction. In 1989, however, its decision to end the nuclear program made South Africa the only country to achieve a nuclear weapon capability and voluntarily relinquish it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKmnESFGY8MC&dq=Chinese+Centre+for+South+African+Studies+Pretoria&pg=PA68"><i>Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy: The Micro-macro Linkage Approach</i></a>, Quansheng Zhao Oxford University Press, 1996, page 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-embassy.org.za/eng/zxxx/t419835.htm">Establishing the SA Mission in the PRC</a>, Embassy of the People's Republic of China, 31 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIxFBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Chinese+Centre+for+South+African+Studies%22&pg=PA424"><i>Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa</i></a>, Hong Kong University Press, 1996, page 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statement-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statement_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109234316/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1997/06130x66197.htm">Statement on Future South Africa/Hong Kong Relations by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Aziz Pahad, June 12, 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2IWAHsz5VMC&dq=%22South+African+Communist+Party%22+Taipei&pg=PA104">South Africa and Taiwan: Pariahs, International Redemption and Global Change</a>, Peter Vale in <i>Taiwan's Expanding Role in the International Arena</i>, Maysing H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Veteran+diplomat+tells+it+like+it+was&rft.date=2002-04-18&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2002%2F04%2F18%2F0000132308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1996" class="citation news cs1">McNeil, Donald G. (1996-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/06/world/taiwan-snubbed-by-south-africa-ends-aid-and-recalls-envoy.html">"Taiwan, Snubbed by South Africa, Ends Aid and Recalls Envoy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan%2C+Snubbed+by+South+Africa%2C+Ends+Aid+and+Recalls+Envoy&rft.date=1996-12-06&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F12%2F06%2Fworld%2Ftaiwan-snubbed-by-south-africa-ends-aid-and-recalls-envoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VerwoerdMandela-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VerwoerdMandela_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VerwoerdMandela_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VerwoerdMandela_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolvaardt,_PieterWheeler,_TomScholtz,_Tom2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolvaardt, Pieter; Wheeler, Tom; Scholtz, Tom (2010). <i>From Verwoerd to Mandela: South African Diplomats Remember. Vol 2</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amabhungane.co.za&rft.atitle=amaBhungane+-+Guptas%27+R51bn+train+grab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famabhungane.co.za%2Farticle%2F2016-06-19-guptas-r51bn-train-grab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSOLE" class="citation web cs1">SOLE, STEFAANS BRÜMMER and SAM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/investigations/2016/06/19/The-Guptas-R51bn-train-grab">"The Guptas' R51bn train grab"</a>. <i>Sunday Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Foreign relations of South Africa"><abbr 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Algeria–South Africa relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Angola–South Africa relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Botswana–South Africa relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–South Africa relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Egypt–South Africa relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Eswatini–South Africa relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ethiopia–South Africa relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ghana–South Africa relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Kenya–South Africa relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Lesotho–South Africa relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Libya–South Africa relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Madagascar–South Africa relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malawi–South Africa relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mauritius–South Africa relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mozambique–South Africa relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Namibia–South Africa relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Nigeria–South Africa relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Rwanda–South Africa relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–South Africa relations">Sahrawi Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="South Africa–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="South Africa–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="South Africa–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Argentina–South Africa relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bolivia–South Africa relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Colombia–South Africa relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Cuba–South Africa relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mexico–South Africa relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Peru–South Africa relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="South Africa–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="South Africa–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Azerbaijan–South Africa relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bangladesh–South Africa relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Hong Kong–South Africa relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Indonesia–South Africa relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Japan–South Africa relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malaysia–South Africa relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="North Korea–South Africa relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Pakistan–South Africa relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Palestine–South Africa relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Philippines–South Africa relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Qatar–South Africa relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Africa relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Singapore–South Africa relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="South Africa–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="South Africa–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="South Africa–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="South Africa–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bulgaria–South Africa relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Denmark–South Africa relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Finland–South Africa relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="France–South Africa relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Greece–South Africa relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ireland–South Africa relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Italy–South Africa relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Netherlands–South Africa relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Poland–South Africa relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Portugal–South Africa relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Serbia–South Africa relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="South Africa–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="South Africa–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="South Africa–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="South Africa–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Australia–South Africa relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="New Zealand–South Africa relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="South Africa–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Africa–India Forum Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Africa">Diplomatic missions of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Africa">Diplomatic missions in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">UNSC reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China–South_Africa_relations&oldid=1257895024">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China–South_Africa_relations&oldid=1257895024</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Category:China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" 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