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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Cold_War_and_foundation_of_PRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Cold_War_and_foundation_of_PRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early Cold War and foundation of PRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Cold_War_and_foundation_of_PRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Soviet_collapse_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Soviet_collapse_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post Soviet collapse (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Soviet_collapse_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military cooperation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_cooperation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military cooperation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wakhan_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wakhan_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Wakhan base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wakhan_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic cooperation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_cooperation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic cooperation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belt_and_Road_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belt_and_Road_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Belt and Road Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belt_and_Road_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الأفغانية الصينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الأفغانية الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="আফগানিস্তান-চীন সম্পর্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফগানিস্তান-চীন সম্পর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Afganist%C3%A1n-Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="Relaciones Afganistán-República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Afganistán-República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="روابط افغانستان و چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط افغانستان و چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_l%27Afghanistan_et_la_Chine" title="Relations entre l'Afghanistan et la Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Afghanistan et la Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangantakar_Afghanistan_da_China" title="Dangantakar Afghanistan da China – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dangantakar Afghanistan da China" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Afganistan_dengan_Tiongkok" title="Hubungan Afganistan dengan Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Afganistan dengan Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יחסי אפגניסטן–סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי אפגניסטן–סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Afeganist%C3%A3o_e_China" title="Relações entre Afeganistão e China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Afeganistão e China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Афгано-китайские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афгано-китайские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganistan-%C3%87in_ili%C5%9Fkileri" title="Afganistan-Çin ilişkileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afganistan-Çin ilişkileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="افغان-چین تعلقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افغان-چین تعلقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E2%80%94%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="中国—阿富汗关系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国—阿富汗关系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4689206#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="View the content page [c]" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Afghanistan–China relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Afghanistan and China"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Afghanistan and China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg/250px-Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg/375px-Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg/500px-Afghanistan_China_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Afghan Embassy, Beijing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Chinese Embassy, Kabul</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Afghanistan_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of Afghanistan to China">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Karimi" title="Bilal Karimi">Bilal Karimi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_Afghanistan" title="List of ambassadors of China to Afghanistan">Ambassador</a> Zhao Xing</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Diplomatic relations between <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> were established in the 18th century, when Afghanistan was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> and China by <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a>. But trade relations between these nations date back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> with the profitable <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, China has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and Afghanistan has one in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. The two countries share a 92 km (57 mi) <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_border" title="Afghanistan–China border">border</a>. </p><p>During the 20th century, China extended economic aid and multi-million dollar of loans to develop Afghanistan during the early <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period. This friendship was briefly interrupted after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> (1979), with the USSR installing pro-Soviet and anti-Chinese regimes in Afghanistan. However, since the withdrawal of Soviet troops and détente of Soviet and subsequent Russian-Chinese relations, China-Afghan relations have also improved significantly in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the recent <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">war in Afghanistan</a>, Chinese political involvement initially has been somewhat limited,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but trade relations have still been continuing with China as Afghanistan's largest trading partner and China giving Afghanistan millions of dollars in aid throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's influence and <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomatic</a> role in Afghanistan has also been growing over the years, and China could help broker peace<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the war-torn country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Taliban regained control of the country</a> in 2021, China, like all other countries as of 2024, does not recognize the reinstated Islamic Emirate but allows its embassy to operate in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its non-recognition, China negotiates issues of trade, investment, and aid with the Taliban government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_(Han_to_Qing)"><span id="History_.28Han_to_Qing.29"></span>History (Han to Qing)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History (Han to Qing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various Chinese dynasties have also occupied parts of Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> around their current border; and Afghanistan has historically been at the center of the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_dynasty">Han dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Han dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Han defeated the <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Han-Dayuan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Han-Dayuan war">Han-Dayuan war</a>, thereby establishing Chinese control over parts of northern Afghanistan. Later the Han dynasty set up the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> to protect Silk Road trade through Central Asia. In antiquity, the region that is now Afghanistan was known for its devotion to Buddhism, which had been founded in India in the 5th century BC. Chinese records from the Han dynasty refer to Kabul as "Kao-fu", which is described as a wealthy cite located in the Hindu Kush mountains on a strategic location on the trade routes linking Central Asia to India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Buddhist monk from what is now Afghanistan arrived in China in 2 BC and converted the first Chinese to Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan was often visited by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India in antiquity, and Buddhist sites such as <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a> attracted many Chinese visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese records credit craftsmen from Afghanistan with producing the first glass in China between 424 and 428 AD, through archaeological evidence suggests that glass was being produced earlier in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_dynasty">Tang dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 605, emissaries from what is now Afghanistan arrived in Luoyang (at the time China's capital) to pay tribute to the Emperor in exchange for greater rights to trade with China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Tang dynasty was established in 618 AD, the claim to see Afghanistan as part of China's sphere of influence was inherited, a claim that successive Tang emperors were willing to enforce via military means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> parts of Afghanistan were under the control of China's <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a>. In 659, <a href="/wiki/Soghd" class="mw-redirect" title="Soghd">Soghd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Ferghana</a>, along with cities like Tashkent, Samarkand, Balkh, Herat, and Kabul, became part of the protectorate under Emperor Gaozong.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan's Herat and Uzbekistan's Bukhara and Samarkand became part of the Tang protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian historian K. P. S. Menon wrote about the Chinese "performed the remarkable feat of sending an army of 100,000 men which marched up the Pamirs from Kashgar" and then crossed Afghanistan to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a> in what is now Pakistan under Tang General <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat of the Western Turks and the defeat of the Sassanids by the Arabs had facilitated the Chinese expansion under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a> into <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, northeastern Iran and Afghanistan (Tukharistan), Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and Soghdiana, which previously belonged to the western Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Derven2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derven2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Tang dynasty, a period of prosperity and wealth that many Chinese see as one of the highlights of their history, trade flourished along the Silk Road between Afghanistan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213-214_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966213-214-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> passed through Afghanistan on his way to India and described with awe his wonder at viewing the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religions such as Nestorian Christianity first reached China in the Tang dynasty via Afghanistan, to be followed later by Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Yu1966214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> Christians like the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> Priest Yisi of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> helped the Tang dynasty general <a href="/wiki/Guo_Ziyi" title="Guo Ziyi">Guo Ziyi</a> militarily crush the Sogdian-Turk led <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a>, with Yisi personally acting as a military commander and Yisi and the Church of the East were rewarded by the Tang dynasty with titles and positions as described in the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_Empire">Mongol Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both regions were briefly unified under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. This also contributed to the sustenance and growth of the Silk Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silk_Road">Silk Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Silk Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade relations between Afghanistan and China mostly involved trade of fruit and tea via caravans through <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a> on the border between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist monks from the area of what is now Afghanistan were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> China. <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> traveled to Afghanistan in the 5th century. In the 21st century, China and Afghanistan are making efforts to revive a New Silk Road through the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing dynasty in Inner Asia</a></div> <p>Around 1760, tensions in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkistan">Turkistan</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>) were high due to threats by China's <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> empire against the various Muslim rulers in the region. Relations between the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durranis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> was cold - <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Shah Abdali">Ahmad Shah Abdali</a>, the powerful Afghan emir, was unhappy with China's expansion into that region, with the Chinese having dispatched an envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_sultanate" title="Kazakh sultanate">Kazakh sultanate</a>. Rulers in the region including <a href="/wiki/Irdana_Khan" title="Irdana Khan">Irdana Khan</a> (the Khan of <a href="/wiki/Khokand" class="mw-redirect" title="Khokand">Khokand</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> chiefs asked Ahmad Shah to protect the area from an attack by "non-believers".<sup id="cite_ref-Newby_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newby-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad Shah sent a letter to a Qing court in 1762 demanding a withdrawal from Muslim territories. He also mentioned (likely as a threat) the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> that occurred a year earlier, when he defeated the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> in northern India. Subsequently, Ahmad Shah sent troops to Khokand and <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> (probably as a precaution) in case of a Qing attack; however according to Russian records the Afghans had a coordinated plan to attack Chinese territory. Chinese troops were also at <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> ready for a potential war with the Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-Newby_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newby-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg/220px-Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg/330px-Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg/440px-Horse_Lingkunbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Lingkunbai, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Afghan_Steeds" title="Four Afghan Steeds">Four Afghan Steeds</a></i>, gifted to Qianlong</figcaption></figure> <p>War between Afghanistan and China however did not break out. In a change of mood, the Afghans sent an envoy to Beijing gifting four splendid horses to emperor <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a> in 1763. The horses became the subject of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Castiglione_(Jesuit_painter)" title="Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)">Giuseppe Castiglione</a>'s series of paintings, <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Afghan_Steeds" title="Four Afghan Steeds">Four Afghan Steeds</a></i>. However, the envoy failed to make a good impression to Qianlong after refusing to perform the <i><a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtow</a></i>, a bow to the emperor that was customary for visitors as a sign of respect. The Qing courts viewed the Afghans as troublemakers and discouraged Ahmad Shah from sending more envoys, pointing out that other visiting Muslim envoys as well as Russian and European ones had performed the bow.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qianlong further disapproved the Durrani <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">conquests of India</a> in a letter, in which he also demonstrated himself to Ahmad Shah by saying that he was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the lord of all under Heaven [<i><a href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">tianxia</a></i>] who watches over everything inside and outside the empire and who rewards good and punishes evil.</p></blockquote> <p>Later that decade, Ahmad Shah together with the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> and killed its ruler Sultan Shah for betraying <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">Khojas</a> to the Qing. Qianlong did not intervene to save Sultan Shah from the Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sino-Afghan relations remained ambiguous in the early part of the 20th century, with mainly opium and horses being traded between the border.<sup id="cite_ref-AfCh1981_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfCh1981-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Chinese Muslims fought against Japan in World War II</a>. In order to gain war support for China from Muslim countries, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuliang</a> (馬賦良<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Yusuf Alptekin">Isa Yusuf Alptekin</a> visited Egypt, Syria, and Turkey in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> both discussed the war with the Chinese Muslim delegation led by Ma Fuliang. In Turkey <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> met with the Chinese Muslim delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers in China reported the visit.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Fuliang and Isa were working for Zhu Jiahua.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bombardment of Chinese Muslims by the warplanes of the Japanese was reported in the newspapers of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon were all toured by the Chinese delegation. The Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, and President of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> met with the Chinese Muslim delegation after they came via Egypt in May 1939. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Isa Alptekin as they denounced Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Cold_War_and_foundation_of_PRC">Early Cold War and foundation of PRC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Cold War and foundation of PRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a> recognized the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in January 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-AfCh1981_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfCh1981-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although diplomatic relations did not begin until January 20, 1955. Abdul Samad was the first Afghan Ambassador posted to Peking in 1955. Afghanistan was also one of the first countries to recognize the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China">Vice Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> visited Afghanistan in January 1957. This was the first ever visit taken by Chinese leadership to Afghanistan in the history of Sino-Afghan relations. During the visit, the Chinese Premier and Vice Premier met with King <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Mohammad Zahir Shah</a> of Afghanistan, and held respective talks with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Daud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Daud Khan">Mohammad Daud Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Prime Minister">Vice Prime Minister</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Mohammad_(Afghan_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Mohammad (Afghan politician) (page does not exist)">Ali Mohammed</a> and Vice Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Afghanistan">Foreign Minister</a> Mr. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Naim" title="Mohammad Naim">Mohammad Naim</a>. The Chinese Premier's visit to Afghanistan enhanced mutual understanding between the two countries and laid a solid foundation for the development of friendly relations between China and Afghanistan. In October 1957, Prime Minister Mohammad Daud of Afghanistan visited China under China's invitation. During the visit, he held meetings with Chairman Mao Zedong, Vice Chairman <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> and Chairman <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China</a>. </p><p>China's lack of support for Afghan claims in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a> was disapproved by Kabul, and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> (with Afghanistan being close to the Soviet Union) was also a negative; however relations remained generally positive. Trade pacts as well as a treaty of friendship and non-aggression were signed between the two nations in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-AfCh1981_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfCh1981-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg/300px-1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg/450px-1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg/600px-1964-12_1964%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5_%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Mohammed Zahir Shah</a> and the visiting Afghan delegation with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and the Chinese leadership in Beijing on November 1, 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 November 1963 Beijing and Kabul signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_Treaty_of_1963&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boundary Treaty of 1963 (page does not exist)">Boundary Treaty</a>. This treaty settled the territorial dispute over the Afghan-controlled <a href="/wiki/Wakhan" title="Wakhan">Wakhan</a> on the border between <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> in Afghanistan and the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-govdoc_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govdoc-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The China-Afghanistan border is 92.45 kilometers long.<sup id="cite_ref-fmprc.gov.cn_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmprc.gov.cn-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979)"><span id="Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_.281979.29"></span>Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> in Afghanistan, China reacted negatively to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> as it viewed it as a Soviet advance and a threat to its friendly relations with Iran and Pakistan. Beijing recognized the new government two weeks after the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 December 1979, Soviet troops were deployed in Afghanistan. On December 30, Chinese government made announcement condemning the Soviet military invasion, and refused to recognize the Soviet-backed Karmal government. The official relationship was stopped, and the Chinese embassy was degraded to representative office, and only dealt with consular and visa issues.<sup id="cite_ref-fmprc.gov.cn_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmprc.gov.cn-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, strained relations between China and the USSR resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing for the opponent's enemies. China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule. When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile. The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China's then-enemy <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and blamed China for supporting Afghan anticommunist militants. China responded to the Soviet war in Afghanistan by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang. China acquired military equipment from America to defend itself from Soviet attack.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s, China viewed Afghanistan as posing a moderately high risk because of its ties with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan was one of the conditions pushed by China for any détente in China-Soviet relations. China saw the Soviet presence as a regional threat to itself (to prevent the USSR from encircling China) and a threat to its ally Pakistan. With possible United States support, China supplied weapons to Afghan guerrillas against the Soviet puppet government.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Soviet_collapse_(1991)"><span id="Post_Soviet_collapse_.281991.29"></span>Post Soviet collapse (1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post Soviet collapse (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China distanced itself from Afghanistan following the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China severed its diplomatic relationship with the Taliban and did not recognize the Taliban government.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned by the Taliban's connections to East Turkistan terrorist organizations, Chinese security concerns increased.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China also feared that chaos in Afghanistan could spill across the countries' border.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivated by its concerns about <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict#1990s_to_2007" title="Xinjiang conflict">violence in Xinjiang</a>, China sent a delegation to meet with the Taliban in early 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2000, China's then ambassador to Pakistan, Lu Shulin, became the first senior representative of a non-Muslim country to meet with <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the past two decades, China has kept a low profile in Afghanistan, focusing more on resource and material mining than on peace brokering. However, since 2014 China has assumed an increased responsibility in maintaining regional stability.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has maintained open communications with Afghan governments on a non-ideological basis and avoided military involvement in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 215">: 215 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of the Taliban regime after the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> intervention in 2001, relations between China and Afghanistan had greatly improved and were reestablished. In December 2001, China sent to Afghanistan a working team of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which attended the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Afghan Interim Administration</a>'s foundation ceremony and sent a message of congratulations to President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The establishment of Afghanistan's new government drew the two countries closer.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2002, President Karzai visited China, and met respectively with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chinese President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> and Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>. The two sides exchanged the notes of China providing 30 million yuan of emergent material aid and US$1 million in cash to Afghanistan. President Jiang Zemin announced that China would provide US$150 million-worth of assistance to Afghanistan for its reconstruction. The 30 million yuan of emergent material aid had been delivered to Kabul by the end of March 2002. The Chinese Embassy in Afghanistan was reopened on February 6.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 2002, Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Tang_Jiaxuan" title="Tang Jiaxuan">Tang Jiaxuan</a> visited Afghanistan. During the visit, the Chinese Foreign Minister met with Hamid Karzai, Chairman of the Interim Administration of Afghanistan and ex-King <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a>, and held talks with his counterpart <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a>. The two sides signed the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation of US$30 million Chinese aid to Afghanistan. In November, Afghan Foreign Minister Abdullah visited China. During his visit, the Chinese and Afghan sides exchanged the notes of China providing US$1 million of material aid to Afghanistan. In December, China, together with the other 5 neighboring countries of Afghanistan signed Kabul Declaration on Good Neighborly Relations, reaffirming its commitment to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan and to continuously support Afghanistan's peace process and reconstruction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 2003, President Karzai passed through China twice. In May, the Vice President of Afghan Islamic Transitional Government Nematullah Sharhrani paid a working visit to China. During the visit he held talks with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Vice President">Chinese Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a> and met with NPC Chairman <a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a> and Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>. The two sides signed three cooperative documents including the Agreement of Economic and Technical Cooperation, under which the Chinese Government provides US$15 million grant to the Afghan Government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After 2012, China began to occupy a more prominent place in China's foreign relations towards its neighboring countries, particularly under China's new neighborhood policy established during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidents Hamid Karzai and Ashraf Ghani visited China in 2013 and October 2014 respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_peacekeeping_efforts">Chinese peacekeeping efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chinese peacekeeping efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China expanded its peacemaking role in the Afghan war.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2017, foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomacy</a> between Pakistan and Afghanistan, who over the course of the war have accused each other of attacks and bombings. The three countries—China, Afghanistan, and Pakistan—have agreed to establish a trilateral dialogue forum and revive the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>'s Contact Group on Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some claim the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a> would be the most effective way to integrate Afghanistan into the regional <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter regional instability, China has since 2015 joined the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrilateral_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrilateral Coordination Group (page does not exist)">Quadrilateral Coordination Group</a> and the Moscow Format. In 2015, China hosted negotiations between the Taliban and Afghan officials in Xinjiang's capital <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Urumqi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 to 2018, China developed good ties with the Taliban by meeting them several times. The US has also stepped up negotiation efforts with the Taliban.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, following the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">ensuing Taliban offensive</a>, the Chinese government signaled its willingness to work with a new Taliban-led government. The Chinese government is concerned about the possibility of Taliban support for militants in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, a <a href="/wiki/June_2022_Afghanistan_earthquake" title="June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake">magnitude 5.9 earthquake</a> killed over 1,150 people and caused widespread destruction in southeastern Afghanistan. China participated in the humanitarian efforts by providing <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$7.5 million</span> worth of humanitarian assistance for the affected.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least seven Chinese planes arrived to distribute aid.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ambassador_to_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Ambassador to Afghanistan">Chinese Ambassador to Afghanistan</a> also provided 18 tons of supplies and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$200,000</span> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Red_Crescent_Society" title="Afghan Red Crescent Society">Afghan Red Crescent Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a press conference, the Taliban thanked Chinese officials for the assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2023, China appointed Zhao Xing as its Ambassador in Afghanistan, becoming the first country to appoint a new ambassador after the 2021 Taliban victory.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao was received by acting prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a> and acting foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Arg,_Kabul" title="Arg, Kabul">Presidential Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, <a href="/wiki/Bilal_Karimi" title="Bilal Karimi">Bilal Karimi</a> was accepted as Afghanistan's Ambassador to China.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karimi presented his credentials to Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> in January 2024, making China the first country to accept credentials from Taliban diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, China has not stated whether it recognizes the Taliban government.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its non-recognition of the Taliban government, China negotiates with the Taliban on issues of trade, investment, and aid.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 215">: 215 </span></sup> Among the reasons China seeks to maintain influence with the Taliban is to prevent Uyghur separatists from using Afghanistan as a base from which to conduct separatist activity in Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_cooperation">Military cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> trained and supported the Afghan mujahideen during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan war</a>. The training camps were moved from Pakistan into China itself. Anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers and machine guns, valued at hundreds of millions, were given to the mujahideen by the Chinese. Chinese military advisors and army troops were present with the Mujahidin during training.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2018, Afghanistan's Ambassador to China, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janan_Mosazai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janan Mosazai (page does not exist)">Janan Mosazai</a>, announced that China will train Afghan soldiers in China, joining plane crews already training in China.<sup id="cite_ref-straittrain_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-straittrain-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wakhan_base">Wakhan base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wakhan base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has reportedly built a base for the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghan Armed Forces</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gaz_Khan" title="Gaz Khan">Gaz Khan</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_District" title="Wakhan District">Wakhan District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a> of Afghanistan,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the goal of strengthening counter-terrorism cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per General Dawlat Waziri of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Defense</a>, China will cover all<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the base's material and technical expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China wants to ensure stability of the region to counter the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkistan Islamic Movement">East Turkistan Islamic Movement</a> (ETIM). The ETIM has bases in Afghanistan, and China wants to prevent them from 'radicalizing' Uyghurs in Xinjiang and prevent them from carrying jihadist and terrorist attacks on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana News">Ferghana news</a>:</p><blockquote><p>The Afghan delegation led by Defence Minister Tariq Shah Bahrami visited China during which the parties agreed to build the base. Tariq Shah with his Chinese colleague General Chang Wanquan and other military officials discussed security issues and agreed to cooperate on fighting terrorism in the Afghan province of Badakhshan and the entire northern region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to General Amarhel of Afghanistan, many Chinese Uyghurs were seen receiving training from the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014, at China's request, Pakistan launched a successful military counterattack against the Taliban in North Waziristan. The Taliban movement in North Pakistan allegedly hosted the ETIM.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 2017, China has promised to provide $85 million for Afghan army to create a 'mountain <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>' to defend the Afghan-Chinese border, a move welcomed by the Afghanistan military.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Rupert Stone of <i><a href="/wiki/TRT_World" title="TRT World">TRT World</a></i>,</p><blockquote><p>Beijing has also been concerned about what they call the threat posed by Uighur and other terrorists using Afghanistan as a base for attacks against the Chinese mainland. In response, China has intensified security on its border, reportedly engaging in joint patrols with Afghan forces and building a base in Badakhshan province, while also launching the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrilateral_Coordination_and_Cooperation_Mechanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrilateral Coordination and Cooperation Mechanism (page does not exist)">Quadrilateral Coordination and Cooperation Mechanism</a> (QCCM) with Afghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_cooperation">Economic cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/240px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/360px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/480px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></figcaption></figure> <p>China is Afghanistan's largest foreign investor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2007 it has provided Afghanistan telecom equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China also purchased rare mineral rights, an investment the US supported.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2010, China has increased its economic aid and investment in Afghanistan, notably with announcement by Metallurgical Corporation of China (MCC) pledging $3.5 billion to develop <a href="/wiki/Aynak" title="Aynak">Aynak</a> Copper mines.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has since been mining copper outside of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2012 and 2013 China lent $240 million in aid and pledged a similar amount over the next four years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 the two countries signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a>, with Beijing pledging at least $100 million to Kabul. In September 2016, the first direct train crossed from China to <a href="/wiki/Hairatan" title="Hairatan">Hairatan</a>. There are also plans of air corridors between <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2017 it has built <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cables for Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 2018, China started extracting oil in the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2023, Chinese oil extractor Xinjiang Central Asia Petroleum and Gas Co (CAPEIC) signed its first major contract with the Taliban-led government worth US$150 million in the first year and a total of US$540 million by 2026 to further expand oil extraction from the Amu Darya basin and develop an oil reserve in the country's northern <a href="/wiki/Sar-e_Pol_Province" title="Sar-e Pol Province">Sar-e Pol Province</a>. The projects would create about 3000 jobs in the region. A Chinese mining company is also in talks to extend a resource contract over the continued operation of a <a href="/wiki/Copper_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper mine">copper mine</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Logar_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Logar province">Logar province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, CAPEIC invested US$49 million in the project, or around one-third of the original target.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belt_and_Road_Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Belt and Road Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></div> <p>Success of China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI) depends on the stability and success of China's neighbor Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan would fit nicely into the BRI, providing the shortest route between China and the Middle East, Persian gulf and Arabian sea; as well as helping develop and repair Afghanistan's infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional instability could threaten not just BRI but also the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a> (CPEC).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One major initiative is the '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-nations_railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Five-nations railway (page does not exist)">Five-nations railway</a>' linking China, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with routes also connecting Afghanistan to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CPEC would be the most efficient way to integrate Afghanistan into the BRI, providing Afghanistan the most direct access to the sea via Pakistan. Despite enmity between Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, with mutual Chinese cooperation, India has agreed to cooperate with Pakistan on the effort.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China and India have cooperated on training Afghanistan diplomats in New Delhi as security is a common ground for the two countries. Both see al-Qaeda, ISIS-Khorasan, ETIM, Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Haqqani Network, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) as threats to regional peace and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China has also cooperated with the US on increasing stability.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Zhao Hong, Afghanistan also helps China implement its 'March West' strategy to 'expand economic and strategic influence in Central Asia, the Middle East, and beyond.'<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, Afghanistan's security situation has prevented it from becoming a major part of the BRI.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 215">: 215 </span></sup> Afghanistan attended the <a href="/wiki/2023_Belt_and_Road_Forum" title="2023 Belt and Road Forum">3rd Belt and Road Forum</a> held in Beijing between 17 and 18 October 2023, represented by acting minister of commerce and industry <a href="/wiki/Nooruddin_Azizi" title="Nooruddin Azizi">Nooruddin Azizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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LIT Verlag Münster. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643903297" title="Special:BookSources/9783643903297"><bdi>9783643903297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Belligerent+Priest+-+Yisi+and+his+Political+Context&rft.btitle=From+the+Oxus+River+to+the+Chinese+Shores%3A+Studies+on+East+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783643903297&rft.aulast=Deeg&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYaMuV3N5vUC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2018" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, R. 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Millward. <i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.au=James+A.+Millward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Mosca" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Mosca. <i>From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Frontier+Policy+to+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Question+of+India+and+the+Transformation+of+Geopolitics+in+Qing+China&rft.au=Matthew+Mosca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfCh1981-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AfCh1981_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfCh1981_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfCh1981_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>China and Afghanistan</i>, Gerald Segal, Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 11 (Nov., 1981), University of California Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Hsiao-ting Lin</a> (13 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8YtCgAAQBAJ&q=%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%A6%E8%89%AF&pg=PA126"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 126–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92393-7"><bdi>978-1-136-92393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=126-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92393-7&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8YtCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E8%25B3%25A6%25E8%2589%25AF%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b09c1314a8114431b90dd89a.html?re=view">http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b09c1314a8114431b90dd89a.html?re=view</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lin2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA90"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84497-7"><bdi>978-0-203-84497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84497-7&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin (13 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBPJBQAAQBAJ&q=fuliang&pg=PA90"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92392-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92392-0"><bdi>978-1-136-92392-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92392-0&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBPJBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfuliang%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin (13 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8YtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7656-1318-2&rft.au=S.+Frederick+Starriditor%3DS.+Frederick+Starr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXj4a3gss8wC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingar2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fingar" title="Thomas Fingar">Fingar, Thomas</a> (2016). 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Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-9764-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939553543">939553543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+and+South+and+Central+Asia+in+the+Era+of+Reform+and+Opening&rft.btitle=The+new+great+game+%3A+China+and+South+and+Central+Asia+in+the+era+of+reform&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939553543&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1&rft.aulast=Fingar&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHUASHENG2016" class="citation journal cs1">HUASHENG, ZHAO (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24757681">"Afghanistan and China's new neighbourhood diplomacy"</a>. <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>92</b> (4): 891–892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12654">10.1111/1468-2346.12654</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24757681">24757681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+and+China%27s+new+neighbourhood+diplomacy&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=891-892&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24757681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2346.12654&rft.aulast=HUASHENG&rft.aufirst=ZHAO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24757681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Swaran (2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Afghan+Oil+Production+Jumps+With+%2449+Million+Chinese+Investment&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Dawi&rft.aufirst=Akmal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fafghan-oil-production-jumps-with-49-million-chinese-investment-%2F7473728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/five-asian-countries-implement-new-railway-corridor/">"Five Asian countries to implement a new railway corridor"</a>. <i>Railway PRO Communication Platform</i>. 2017-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+PRO+Communication+Platform&rft.atitle=Five+Asian+countries+to+implement+a+new+railway+corridor&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaypro.com%2Fwp%2Ffive-asian-countries-implement-new-railway-corridor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCash2023" class="citation news cs1">Cash, Joe (2023-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/taliban-representative-arrives-beijing-attend-belt-road-forum-2023-10-17/">"Taliban representative arrives in Beijing to attend Belt and Road Forum"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Taliban+representative+arrives+in+Beijing+to+attend+Belt+and+Road+Forum&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft.aulast=Cash&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Ftaliban-representative-arrives-beijing-attend-belt-road-forum-2023-10-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardenalAraújo2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Cardenal" title="Juan Pablo Cardenal">Cardenal, Juan Pablo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Heriberto Araújo">Araújo, Heriberto</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC"><i>La silenciosa conquista china</i></a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 81, 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788498922578" title="Special:BookSources/9788498922578"><bdi>9788498922578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+silenciosa+conquista+china&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=81%2C+123&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788498922578&rft.aulast=Cardenal&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&rft.au=Ara%C3%BAjo%2C+Heriberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQ2fvBVpQpYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen-Yu1966" class="citation journal cs1">Shen-Yu, Dai (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/china-and-afghanistan/78DCAD6C838CE2A31728547CF2B0B3D1">"China and Afghanistan"</a>. <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 213–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000027867">10.1017/S0305741000027867</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2648">1468-2648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154014250">154014250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China+and+Afghanistan&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-221&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154014250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-2648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000027867&rft.aulast=Shen-Yu&rft.aufirst=Dai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fchina-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchina-and-afghanistan%2F78DCAD6C838CE2A31728547CF2B0B3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Afghanistan–China relations</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Afghanistan%E2%80%93China+relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://af.china-embassy.gov.cn/">Chinese Embassy in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afghanistan.visahq.com/embassy/China/">Embassy of Afghanistan in Beijing, China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanlord.org/2011/09/it-is-said-that-afghan-chinese.html">Sino-Afghan relations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Algeria–China relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Angola–China relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Benin–China relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Botswana–China relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burkina Faso–China relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burundi–China relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cameroon–China relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cape Verde–China relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Central African Republic–China relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chad–China relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Comoros_relations" title="China–Comoros relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Djibouti_relations" title="China–Djibouti relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Equatorial_Guinea_relations" title="China–Equatorial Guinea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Eritrea_relations" title="China–Eritrea relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="China–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gambia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Gambia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="China–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="China–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Foreign relations of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations of Afghanistan</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Afghanistan–Canada relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Afghanistan–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Bangladesh_relations" title="Afghanistan–Bangladesh relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Afghanistan–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Afghanistan–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Afghanistan–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Afghanistan–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Afghanistan–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Afghanistan–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="Afghanistan–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Afghanistan–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Afghanistan–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Afghanistan–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Afghanistan–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Afghanistan–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Afghanistan–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/1973_Non-Aligned_Standing_Committee_Conference" title="1973 Non-Aligned Standing Committee Conference">1973 Kabul Meeting</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan–China_relations&oldid=1221084337">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan–China_relations&oldid=1221084337</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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