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<li id="toc-Early_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Apartheid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-apartheid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-apartheid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-apartheid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Nuclear deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Russian_electoral_interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Russian_electoral_interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Alleged Russian electoral interference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Russian_electoral_interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_National_Congress_support_for_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_National_Congress_support_for_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3.1</span> <span>African National Congress support for Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_National_Congress_support_for_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economic ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russia–South Africa relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Russia–South Africa relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Russia and South Africa"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Russia and South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png/250px-Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png/375px-Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png/500px-Russia_South_Africa_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/68px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/90px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Ambassador I I Rogachev</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Ambassador M J Maqetuka</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Russia–South Africa relations</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Российско-южноафриканские отношения</span>) are foreign relations between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Full diplomatic relations were established between both countries in 1942 as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Russia has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and a consulate-general in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. South Africa has an embassy in Moscow. Both countries are also members of <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_relations">Early relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg/220px-Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg/330px-Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg/440px-Lt._Col._Maximov_in_South_Africa_with_General_Kolbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Russian soldier Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Maximov" title="Yevgeny Maximov">Yevgeny Maximov</a> (right) with Free State Gen. Kolbe (left) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. A significant number of Russian nationals <a href="/wiki/Boer_foreign_volunteers" title="Boer foreign volunteers">volunteered</a> to fight on the Boer side.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1896, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> established diplomatic relations with Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer war</a> was extensively covered by the Russian media and numerous books, articles, plays, pamphlets and poems were published about the war, usually with a pronounced pro-Boer slant. One Russian writer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> complained: "Wherever you go these days you hear the same story – the Boers, the Boers and only the Boers". The national anthem of the Transvaal <i>Transvaal, Transvaal, My Country</i> was frequently played by Russian orchestras, numerous committees were founded to collect money for the Transvaal, and church services offered up prayers for a British defeat. In countless newspaper serials and novels, the men of the <i>kommandos</i> were portrayed as heroes battling the arrogant British. Such was the popular enthusiasm that inns, restaurants, and cafés were given Afrikaans names and redecorated in the "Boer style" to improve business.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British historian <a href="/wiki/R._W._Johnson" title="R. W. Johnson">R.W. Johnson</a> wrote: "Russian conservatives were pro-Boer not only for the usual nationalist, anti-British reasons but because they thought the Boers were like the best sort of Russians – conservative, rural, Christian folk resisting the invasion of their land by foreign (especially Jewish) capitalists." One Moscow newspaper<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> in an editorial stated: "The deep historical meaning of this war is that faith, patriotism . . . the patriarchal family, primordial tribal unity, iron discipline and the complete lack of so-called modern civilisation have . . . become such an invincible force that even the seemingly invincible British have begun to tremble." However, though several hundred Russians did make their way to fight for the Transvaal, upon arriving they were often shocked by the corruption of the Transvaal government, its disorganized ways, and the casual brutality of the Afrikaners towards blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid_era">Apartheid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apartheid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> withdrew its ambassador after the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a> in 1960. After South Africa became a republic in 1961, relations were very cold. South Africa considered the Soviet Union an enemy because it financially and militarily supported communism on the African continent. During the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>, the Soviets supplied and trained <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> fighters. However, by the late 1980s, Soviet interference in Africa minimized and relations between the two slightly warmed as the Cold War was ending.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the widely reported Soviet support for the ANC and otherwise <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movements</a>, the Soviet Union also engaged in some trade with South Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid era</a>, mostly involving arms and some mineral resources. From 1960 to 1964, <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> had a unique arrangement to market Soviet diamonds from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s, a convoluted series of arms sales involving the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>, the Danish ship <i>Pia Vesta</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> ultimately aimed to transfer Soviet arms and military vehicles to South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, the South African military's <a href="/wiki/Armscor_(South_Africa)" title="Armscor (South Africa)">Armscor</a> had a team of experts working in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> involved in jet engine development.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid_era">Post-apartheid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma,_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma%2C_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma%2C_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma%2C_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma%2C_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma%2C_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Jacob_Zuma%2C_BRICS_summit_2015_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian President Vladimir Putin (right) meets with South African President Jacob Zuma (left) at the 2015 BRICS summit. Russian-South African relations significantly warmed during the Putin-Zuma administrations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Directly after the collapse of the Soviet Union, South Africa recognized the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in December 1991 and established diplomatic relations on February 28, 1992, becoming the first African nation to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993 the two countries signed trade agreements which was followed by the signing of a military cooperation agreement in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The April 1999 visit to Russia by President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> started a period of warming relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putin's 2006 visit to South Africa is noted as a particular turning point in the strengthening of bilateral relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> Russian-South Africa ties warmed significantly as the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> administration sought to move a strategic country away from <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> and gain a foothold in Africa; for its part South Africa sought to distance itself from Western actions in <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">Libya</a> during the fall of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Africa joined the <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS group</a> of nations in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a key foreign policy goal of the Zuma administration,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the active support of the Russian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also saw a period of closer ties with South Africa's security apparatus as members of South Africa's <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State Security Agency</a> traveled to Russia for training and the country sought to build its own satellite surveillance capabilities with Russian assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Zuma administration bilateral agreements on agriculture, arts and culture, defence, education, energy, fisheries, mining, science and technology and transport were signed with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his presidency Zuma made a number of medically related trips to Russia to receive treatment for alleged incidents of poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> academic, Sean Gossel, has stated that bilateral relations between the two countries strengthened the most during the "<a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State Capture</a> years" between 2013 and 2017; thereby linking the growth of relations with the growth of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">corruption in South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa,_26_july_2018_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa%2C_26_july_2018_%285%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa%2C_26_july_2018_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa%2C_26_july_2018_%285%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa%2C_26_july_2018_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa%2C_26_july_2018_%285%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa%2C_26_july_2018_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian-South African relations remained strong during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> despite <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite a very slight cooling of relations during the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> support for Russia remains strong amongst the political left in South Africa<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who support Russia's stance challenging the hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and what they see as a country that supports a global order based on <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and respect for the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_deal">Nuclear deal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nuclear deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of an effort to resolve the <a href="/wiki/South_African_energy_crisis" title="South African energy crisis">South African energy crisis</a> the Russian government offered to build and operate up to eight nuclear power plants at a cost of R1 trillion (US$66 billion). Both the Russian government and the administration of South African president Jacob Zuma put pressure on the South African government to force through the deal by attempting to circumvent South Africa's procurement laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then South African Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Nhlanhla_Nene" title="Nhlanhla Nene">Nhlanhla Nene</a> gave testimony to the Zondo Commission that he was fired for not approving a US$100 billion version of the deal in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was canceled by court order in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_Russian_electoral_interference">Alleged Russian electoral interference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alleged Russian electoral interference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election" title="2019 South African general election">2019 South African general election</a> allegations that Russia was conducting an <a href="/wiki/Russian_influence_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian influence operations">influence operation</a> to support the reelection of the ruling <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daiy_Maverick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daiy Maverick (page does not exist)">The Daily Maverick</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> newspapers reported that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> associate <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a> worked to undermine support for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> while increasing support for the ANC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Daily Maverick and Dossier Center report stated that Russian political analysis worked "under the auspices of Afric and the International Anti-Crisis Center"<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to conduct an influence-buying and <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian embassy in South Africa denied the accusation and stated that the accusation does "not stand [up to] basic scrutiny."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="South Africa–Ukraine relations">South Africa–Ukraine relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14th_BRICS_Summit_(2022-06-23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/14th_BRICS_Summit_%282022-06-23%29.jpg/220px-14th_BRICS_Summit_%282022-06-23%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/14th_BRICS_Summit_%282022-06-23%29.jpg/330px-14th_BRICS_Summit_%282022-06-23%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/14th_BRICS_Summit_%282022-06-23%29.jpg/440px-14th_BRICS_Summit_%282022-06-23%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and South African President <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> at the virtual <a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">14th BRICS summit</a> on 23 June 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>, the Zuma administration avoided criticizing Russia, arguing instead for <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> members to unite in order to defend common interests of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South African government was initially critical of <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine</a> calling on the country to "immediately withdraw its forces from Ukraine in line with the United Nations Charter."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However these statements were soon withdrawn and in an effort to repair Russian-South African relations. President Ramaphosa reportedly disciplined International Relations and Cooperation Minister <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a> for making the statement on behalf of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the invasion and resulting international diplomatic condemnation Russian-South Africa relations have reportedly remained strong<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with South Africa being one of 35 countries to abstain from a subsequent <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> vote demanding that Russia withdraw from Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2YAN_5330_(52766236393).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2YAN_5330_%2852766236393%29.jpg/220px-2YAN_5330_%2852766236393%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2YAN_5330_%2852766236393%29.jpg/330px-2YAN_5330_%2852766236393%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2YAN_5330_%2852766236393%29.jpg/440px-2YAN_5330_%2852766236393%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> and South African Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on 22 September 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to public criticism by the South African media of the South African government's non-critical position towards Russia minister Pandor has postulated that the local media might be "part of orchestrated propaganda campaign" by presenting a "narrative which has tended to support the actions of the big powers."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war Russian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> described South Africa as a "friendly state" and that South Africa's support has helped counter <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> pressure on Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa's Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Thandi Modise</a> visited Moscow in August 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_(2023-03-17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-17%29.jpg/220px-Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-17%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-17%29.jpg/330px-Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-17%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-17%29.jpg/440px-Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula_with_Vyacheslav_Volodin_%282023-03-17%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a> at the “Russia-Africa” parliamentary conference in Moscow on 17 March 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Reacting to the <a href="/wiki/ICC_arrest_warrants_for_Vladimir_Putin_and_Maria_Lvova-Belova" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova">ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin</a>, South African Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a> criticized the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) for not having what she called an "evenhanded approach" to all leaders responsible for violations of international law.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa, which failed in its obligation to arrest visiting Sudanese President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> in June 2015, invited Russian President Vladimir Putin to the <a href="/wiki/BRICS#Summits" title="BRICS">15th BRICS Summit</a> in South Africa in August 2023. As South Africa is a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>, the presence of Vladimir Putin remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin, his officials and other Russians while attending the <a href="/wiki/BRICS#Summits" title="BRICS">15th BRICS Summit</a>. It is widely assumed this was an attempt to circumvent the ICC arrest warrant,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the government's claim that such immunity was routinely granted ahead of international inter-governmental events of this magnitude. In July 2023, Vladimir Putin announced that he would not attend the summit of the BRICS group of emerging economies in South Africa in August and that Russia would instead be represented by its Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergei Lavrov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Alan_Winde" title="Alan Winde">Alan Winde</a> criticized the ruling <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) government for inviting Putin to South Africa and said that he would instruct the provincial Law Enforcement Advancement Plan (LEAP) officers to arrest Putin "if he sets foot in the Western Cape".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South African minister <a href="/wiki/Khumbudzo_Ntshavheni" title="Khumbudzo Ntshavheni">Khumbudzo Ntshavheni</a> disputed Winde's words, saying that "If President Putin is in the country and he is protected by the presidential protection service, I don't know how Premier Winde, who does not have even policing functions, will get through the presidential protection service."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23–26 January 2023, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> visited South Africa and several other African states.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandor thanked Lavrov for the "most wonderful meeting" and described Russia as a "valued partner."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early morning of December 6, 2022, a <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctioned</a> Russian cargo ship named <a href="/wiki/Lady_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady R">Lady R</a>, which had turned off its marine tracking system, made an unexpected and controversial port call at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Simon%27s_Town" title="Naval Base Simon's Town">Naval Base in Simon's Town</a>. The ship was loaded and unloaded with cargo under armed guard during nighttime and departed three days later.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The docking was shrouded in secrecy, and neither the South African nor Russian government commented on it, as noted by the media.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six months later South Africa allowed the secretive landing of a US-sanctioned Russian cargo aircraft to land at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Waterkloof" title="Air Force Base Waterkloof">Waterkloof Air Force Base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions further strained South Africa's relationship with Western countries whilst increasing skepticism of South Africa's self-proclaimed non-aligned or neutral position on the war in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_(2023-06-17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_%282023-06-17%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_%282023-06-17%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_%282023-06-17%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_%282023-06-17%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_%282023-06-17%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Cyril_Ramaphosa_%282023-06-17%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Cyril Ramaphosa with Vladimir Putin in St. Petersburg on 17 June 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2023 the American ambassador to South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Brigety" title="Reuben Brigety">Reuben Brigety</a>, accused South Africa of supplying arms to Russia during the December 2022 docking of the Lady R. South Africa denied the allegation and claimed Bridgety later apologized for the statement, Russia responded by stating that their government “expressed their intention to further intensify mutually beneficial relations” in a possible attempt to exploit the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 May 2023, Ramaphosa announced that the leaders of African countries came up with a new <a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">initiative for peace in Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2023, Ramaphosa led a delegation to Russia and Ukraine, which also included heads of state from <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. Both Russia and Ukraine welcomed the African leaders’ mission, but Ukrainian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Kuleba" title="Dmytro Kuleba">Dmytro Kuleba</a> warned that "Any peace initiative should respect the territorial integrity of Ukraine, it should not imply, even in-between the lines, any cessation of Ukrainian territory to Russia. Second, any peace plan should not lead to the freezing of the conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting,_at_Johannesburg,_in_South_Africa_on_August_23,_2023_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg/220px-PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg/330px-PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg/440px-PM_in_a_family_photograph_during_the_BRICS_Leaders_Retreat_Meeting%2C_at_Johannesburg%2C_in_South_Africa_on_August_23%2C_2023_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Ramaphosa and other <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> leaders during the <a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS Summit</a> in Johannesburg, August 2023. Russia was represented by Foreign Minister Lavrov.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 June 2023, Ramaphosa met with Vladimir Putin in St. Petersburg. He told Putin that the war must end,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Putin rejected the delegation's peace plan based on accepting Ukraine's internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/State_Border_of_Ukraine" title="State Border of Ukraine">borders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2023, Ramaphosa attended the <a href="/wiki/2023_Russia%E2%80%93Africa_Summit" title="2023 Russia–Africa Summit">2023 Russia–Africa Summit</a> in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="African_National_Congress_support_for_Russia">African National Congress support for Russia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: African National Congress support for Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa's ruling political party since 1994, the ANC, has notably not condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine. A position which the ANC has received criticism for from opposition parties,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public commentators,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> academics,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civil society organisations,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former ANC members.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ANC_Youth_League" class="mw-redirect" title="ANC Youth League">ANC Youth League</a> has meanwhile condemned <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">sanctions against Russia</a> and denounced NATO's eastward expansion as "fascistic".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials representing the ANC Youth League acted as international observers for Russia's <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">staged referendum</a> to annex Ukrainian territory conquered during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2024 ANC Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a> attended a "forum on combating Western neocolonialism"<sup id="cite_ref-:03_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted by Russia, thereby drawing further criticism for the party's perceived support for Russia's invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ANC has received large donations from he Putin linked Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, whilst the party's investment arm, Chancellor House, has a joint investment with Vekselberg in a South African manganese mine.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_ties">Economic ties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South African exports to Russia are dominated by food products and capital equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022 South African companies have invested R77 billion (US$5.13 billion) in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes investments by major South African companies such as <a href="/wiki/Naspers" title="Naspers">Naspers</a> (owner of <a href="/wiki/VK_(company)" title="VK (company)">Mail.ru</a>), <a href="/wiki/AB_InBev" title="AB InBev">AB Inbev</a> (formally <a href="/wiki/SABMiller" title="SABMiller">SABMiller</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Barloworld_Limited" title="Barloworld Limited">Barloworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa has invested a further R25 billion in the BRICS bank thereby further tying the country to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's investments in South Africa in the same period amounted to R23 billion (US$1.5 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Russia%E2%80%93Africa_Summit" title="2019 Russia–Africa Summit">2019 Russia–Africa Summit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, R.W. (16 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n14/rw-johnson/rogues-paradise">"Rogue's Paradise"</a>. London Review of Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rogue%27s+Paradise&rft.pub=London+Review+of+Books&rft.date=1998-07-16&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv20%2Fn14%2Frw-johnson%2Frogues-paradise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/17/archives/de-beers-ends-pact-to-sell-soviet-gems.html">"De Beers Ends Pact To Sell Soviet Gems"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1964-05-17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=De+Beers+Ends+Pact+To+Sell+Soviet+Gems&rft.date=1964-05-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F05%2F17%2Farchives%2Fde-beers-ends-pact-to-sell-soviet-gems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut" class="citation web cs1">Plaut, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/africa/1449906/china-soviets-backed-both-south-africa-apartheid-and-liberation/">"The Chinese and Soviets had a bigger role in supporting apartheid than we previously knew"</a>. <i>Quartz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+and+Soviets+had+a+bigger+role+in+supporting+apartheid+than+we+previously+knew&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F1449906%2Fchina-soviets-backed-both-south-africa-apartheid-and-liberation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1986" class="citation news cs1">Guerrero, Alina (1986-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/c13b61653d7e8d3204fbea0ce6308da1">"Danish Ship Caught Carrying Soviet-Made Weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Danish+Ship+Caught+Carrying+Soviet-Made+Weapons&rft.date=1986-06-18&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fc13b61653d7e8d3204fbea0ce6308da1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Vuuren2018" class="citation book cs1">Van Vuuren, Hennie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgyXDwAAQBAJ"><i>Apartheid guns and money : a tale of profit</i></a>. London. pp. 260–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-247-3"><bdi>978-1-78738-247-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100767741">1100767741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apartheid+guns+and+money+%3A+a+tale+of+profit&rft.place=London&rft.pages=260-269&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100767741&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-247-3&rft.aulast=Van+Vuuren&rft.aufirst=Hennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgyXDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Vuuren2018" class="citation book cs1">Van Vuuren, Hennie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100767741"><i>Apartheid guns and money : a tale of profit</i></a>. 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These are the companies with exposure"</a>. <i>BusinessInsider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=WAR+IN+EUROPE+EXPLAINER%3A+Untangling+the+narrative+web+surrounding+South+Africa%E2%80%99s+stance+on+the+Russia-Ukraine+conflict&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2022-03-08-untangling-the-narrative-web-surrounding-south-africas-stance-on-the-russia-ukraine-conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia%E2%80%93South+Africa+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Benin–Russia relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Botswana–Russia relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Russia relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burundi–Russia relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cameroon–Russia relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Central African Republic–Russia relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Djibouti–Russia relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Russia relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eritrea–Russia relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eswatini–Russia relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ethiopia–Russia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Russia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Russia relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kenya–Russia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lesotho–Russia relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Libya–Russia relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Madagascar–Russia relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mali–Russia relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritania–Russia relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritius–Russia relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Morocco–Russia relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Namibia–Russia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nigeria–Russia relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Russia–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Russia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Russia–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Russia–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Russia–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Russia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Russia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Russia–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Russia–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Russia–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Argentina–Russia relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bolivia–Russia relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Chile–Russia relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Colombia–Russia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Costa Rica–Russia relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ecuador–Russia relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guatemala–Russia relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guyana–Russia relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Honduras–Russia relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nicaragua–Russia relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Panama–Russia relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Paraguay–Russia relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Peru–Russia relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Russia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Russia–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bahrain–Russia relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Russia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bhutan–Russia relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brunei–Russia relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cambodia–Russia relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="East Timor–Russia relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Abkhazia–Russia relations">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_relations" title="Russia–South Ossetia relations">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Indonesia–Russia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Russia relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Jordan–Russia relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kuwait–Russia relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Laos–Russia relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lebanon–Russia relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malaysia–Russia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Maldives–Russia relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mongolia–Russia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Myanmar–Russia relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nepal–Russia relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Oman–Russia relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Qatar–Russia relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Russia–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Russia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Russia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Russia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Russia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Russia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Russia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Albania–Russia relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belgium–Russia relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bulgaria–Russia relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Croatia–Russia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cyprus–Russia relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Denmark–Russia relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Greece–Russia relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Hungary–Russia relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iceland–Russia relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ireland–Russia relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Italy–Russia relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Liechtenstein–Russia relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luxembourg–Russia relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malta–Russia relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Moldova–Russia relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Transnistria_relations" title="Russia–Transnistria relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Monaco–Russia relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Montenegro–Russia relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Netherlands–Russia relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Macedonia–Russia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Portugal–Russia relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Russia–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Russia–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Russia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Russia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Russia–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations">Donetsk PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations">Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Holy See–Russia relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Australia–Russia relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Fiji–Russia relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nauru–Russia relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="New Zealand–Russia relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Russia–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Russia–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:Russia and the Antarctic">Russia and the Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Abroad">Near Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Russia">Diplomatic missions of Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">European energy sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_military_cooperation_agreements_with_other_countries" title="List of Russian military cooperation agreements with other countries">Military Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Russia" title="Category:Treaties of Russia">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Foreign relations of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this 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data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Algeria–South Africa relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Angola–South Africa relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Botswana–South Africa relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–South Africa relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Egypt–South Africa relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Eswatini–South Africa relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ethiopia–South Africa relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ghana–South Africa relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Kenya–South Africa relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Lesotho–South Africa relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Libya–South Africa relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Madagascar–South Africa relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malawi–South Africa relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mauritius–South Africa relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mozambique–South Africa relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Namibia–South Africa relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Nigeria–South Africa relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Rwanda–South Africa relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–South Africa relations">Sahrawi Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="South Africa–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="South Africa–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="South Africa–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Argentina–South Africa relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bolivia–South Africa relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Colombia–South Africa relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Cuba–South Africa relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mexico–South Africa relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Peru–South Africa relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="South Africa–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="South Africa–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Azerbaijan–South Africa relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bangladesh–South Africa relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Hong Kong–South Africa relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Indonesia–South Africa relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Japan–South Africa relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malaysia–South Africa relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="North Korea–South Africa relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Pakistan–South Africa relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Palestine–South Africa relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Philippines–South Africa relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Qatar–South Africa relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–South Africa relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Singapore–South Africa relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="South Africa–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="South Africa–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="South Africa–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="South Africa–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Bulgaria–South Africa relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Denmark–South Africa relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Finland–South Africa relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="France–South Africa relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Greece–South Africa relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ireland–South Africa relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Italy–South Africa relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Netherlands–South Africa relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Poland–South Africa relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Portugal–South Africa relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Serbia–South Africa relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="South Africa–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="South Africa–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="South Africa–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="South Africa–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Australia–South Africa relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="New Zealand–South Africa relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="South Africa–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Africa–India Forum Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Africa">Diplomatic missions of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Africa" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Africa">Diplomatic missions in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">UNSC reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Antarctic_Programme" title="South African National Antarctic Programme">South African National Antarctic Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development 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