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We assume that the meter is quantitative in a principled way, and based on vowel quantity","publication_date":"2020,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Scansion and alliteration in Beowulf *","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [68280702]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":85661208,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Scansion and alliteration in Beowulf *”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85661208/mini_magick20220524-28757-1yrhnsk.png?1653403871" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Scansion and alliteration in Beowulf *</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68280702" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CGolston"><img alt="Profile image of Chris Golston" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Chris Golston</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper outlines a model of metrical scansion of Beowulf. We assume that the meter is quantitative in a principled way, and based on vowel quantity</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":85661208,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/78708822/Scansion_and_alliteration_in_Beowulf_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":85661208,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/78708822/Scansion_and_alliteration_in_Beowulf_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="85661208" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/78708822/Scansion_and_alliteration_in_Beowulf_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13893036" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13893036/On_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre">On a Crux in Beowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11822413" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RafaelJPascual">Rafael J. Pascual</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Because of its faulty alliteration and irregular metrical configuration, the manuscript reading felasinniġne secg, corresponding to l. 1379a of Beowulf, has traditionally been emended to sinniġne secg by most editors of the poem, who have thus regarded fela as a scribal interpolation. As the editors of Klaeber IV have suggested, the rationale behind such an interpolation probably is that the scribe mistook 1378b, ðǣr þū findan miht, and 1379a as a verse pair, thereby introducing fela in order to remedy the lack of f alliteration. This is a credible hypothesis, since the initial consonant of the word interpolated by the scribe into 1379a alliterates with that of findan in 1378b. Why the scribe should have failed to recognize 1379b, sēċ ġif þū dyrre, as the pair of 1379a in the first place, however, remains an unresolved crux in Beowulf textual criticism. The present essay argues that because of his deficient understanding of the principles of verse construction, the scribe was unable to recognize the finite verb sēċ as the legitimate alliterative link of l. 1379a. By virtue of their intermediate prosodic status, the metrical behaviour of finite verbs, unlike that of stress-words and proclitics, is variable. Such variability is governed by a series of metrical rules whose ultimate rationale is the preservation of the four-position structure of the verse. If the scribe was ignorant of the four-position principle, as this essay argues, then he would have lacked the ability to scan the finite verb sēċ correctly. It is this inability to scan sēċ that would have led him to prefer the pairing of 1378b and 1379a, despite their failure to alliterate, to the pairing of 1379a and 1379b. Besides positing a new metrical rule that has not been fully articulated in previous scholarship, this essay explores the crucial implications that the scribes’ deficient understanding of Old English metre has for textual criticism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On a Crux in Beowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre","attachmentId":39301730,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13893036/On_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13893036/On_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="39988375" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39988375/A_Syntactic_Basis_for_the_Distribution_of_Metrical_Types_in_Beowulf">A Syntactic Basis for the Distribution of Metrical Types in Beowulf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121154359" href="https://usi.academia.edu/DONeil">David O'Neil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Mediaeval Journal, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, the distribution of metrical types in Beowulf is examined in the context of several syntactic factors. Special attention is given to the functional parts of speech described in Kuhn’s Laws as Satzpartikeln (‘sentence particles’) and Satzteilpartikeln (‘phrase particles’). In the current sample, metrical type could be narrowly predicted by phrasal type, phrasal cohesiveness at the level of the half-line, and the presence or absence of verse-initial particles. These results suggest that the metrical expression of Beowulf and perhaps other OE poems was syntactically dependent, if not syntactically governed. An important implication is that metrical changes observed in the alliterative tradition in late OE and ME poems may have been caused, at least in part, by syntactic changes in English occurring around the same time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Syntactic Basis for the Distribution of Metrical Types in Beowulf","attachmentId":60180103,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39988375/A_Syntactic_Basis_for_the_Distribution_of_Metrical_Types_in_Beowulf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39988375/A_Syntactic_Basis_for_the_Distribution_of_Metrical_Types_in_Beowulf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="113496391" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113496391/Progress_in_Middle_English_Alliterative_Metrics">Progress in Middle English Alliterative Metrics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="134826679" href="https://utexas.academia.edu/ThomasCable">Thomas Cable</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Yearbook of Langland studies, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Progress in Middle English Alliterative Metrics","attachmentId":110440725,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113496391/Progress_in_Middle_English_Alliterative_Metrics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113496391/Progress_in_Middle_English_Alliterative_Metrics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="39988463" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39988463/Reconstructing_Alliterative_Verse_The_Pursuit_of_a_Medieval_Meter_by_Ian_Cornelius_Book_Review_">Reconstructing Alliterative Verse: The Pursuit of a Medieval Meter by Ian Cornelius[Book Review]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121154359" href="https://usi.academia.edu/DONeil">David O'Neil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philological Quarterly, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reconstructing Alliterative Verse: The Pursuit of a Medieval Meter by Ian Cornelius[Book Review]","attachmentId":60180166,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39988463/Reconstructing_Alliterative_Verse_The_Pursuit_of_a_Medieval_Meter_by_Ian_Cornelius_Book_Review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39988463/Reconstructing_Alliterative_Verse_The_Pursuit_of_a_Medieval_Meter_by_Ian_Cornelius_Book_Review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="64918343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64918343/On_The_Diachronic_Analysis_of_Old_English_Metre">On The Diachronic Analysis of Old English Metre</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1352238" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/InnaMatyushina">Inna Matyushina</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Language & Linguistics, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On The Diachronic Analysis of Old English Metre","attachmentId":76730439,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64918343/On_The_Diachronic_Analysis_of_Old_English_Metre","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64918343/On_The_Diachronic_Analysis_of_Old_English_Metre"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="43048577" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43048577/SOUND_IMITATIVE_WORDS_IN_BEOWULF">SOUND IMITATIVE WORDS IN BEOWULF</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15909029" href="https://bamberg.academia.edu/MariaFlaksman">Maria Flaksman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">DISCOURSE. 2019, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 99-111, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article is devoted to the study of imitative (onomatopoeic and mimetic) lexicon of the Anglo- Saxon poem Beowulf. The poem is, probably, the most well-known work of Anglo-Saxon literature, characterized by its archaic language as well by its expressivity. The study focuses on quantitative and contextual analysis of the imitative words found in the poem from diachronic perspective. Materials and methods. Methods for the research include the method of continuous sampling, etymological analysis, historical-comparative analysis, elements of quantitative analysis, and the method of phonosemantic analysis. The study is conducted on the material of the full unabridged version of the Anglo- Saxon poem Beowulf written in Old English. Results. The results have revealed that all imitative words in the poem can be divided into three major semantic categories: 1) words denoting sounds of battle; 2) words denoting grief; 3) words denoting singing and playing musical instruments. There are altogether 43 imitative words identified in Beowulf, used 134 times. The calculations have shown that only 15 (or 35 %) out of them have been preserved since Old English. Discussion. We suggest the following reasons for the possible obsolesce of the Old English imitative words: 1) their replacement by the French loans, 2) their belonging to poetic language and subsequent fall out of use, 3) their replacement by other, newly-coined English imitative words. The last argument we deem as the most probable. The iconic treadmill hypothesis introduced earlier explains that the mass obsolesce of the Beowulf’s imitative words might have been caused by natural, evolutionary processes - regular sense and meaning development leading to the expressivity loss and overall de-iconization of the language's imitative lexicon. Conclusions. The study of the poem demonstrated the diversity and dynamic nature of the English imitative lexicon as well as revealed the underlying tendency of imitative words' de-iconization and replacement on the later stages of the language's development.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SOUND IMITATIVE WORDS IN BEOWULF","attachmentId":63307854,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43048577/SOUND_IMITATIVE_WORDS_IN_BEOWULF","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43048577/SOUND_IMITATIVE_WORDS_IN_BEOWULF"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="10718739" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10718739/The_Metrical_Organization_of_Beowulf_Prototype_and_Isomorphism">The Metrical Organization of Beowulf: Prototype and Isomorphism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26138458" href="https://kansaigaidai.academia.edu/SeiichiSuzuki">Seiichi Suzuki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Metrical Organization of Beowulf: Prototype and Isomorphism","attachmentId":57391677,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10718739/The_Metrical_Organization_of_Beowulf_Prototype_and_Isomorphism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10718739/The_Metrical_Organization_of_Beowulf_Prototype_and_Isomorphism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="100230548" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100230548/The_Elusive_Transformation_of_Alliterative_Meter">The Elusive Transformation of Alliterative Meter</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36565828" href="https://bc.academia.edu/EricWeiskott">Eric Weiskott</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chaucer Review, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An article in a special issue in honor of Thomas Cable, tracing the effect of four eccentric features of Old English meter on the evolution that led to Middle English alliterative meter. Examples are drawn from Exodus, Lawman’s Brut, and Patience.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Elusive Transformation of Alliterative Meter","attachmentId":101112838,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100230548/The_Elusive_Transformation_of_Alliterative_Meter","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100230548/The_Elusive_Transformation_of_Alliterative_Meter"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31024605" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31024605/Rum_ram_ruf_and_rym_Middle_English_alliterative_meters">Rum, ram, ruf, and rym: Middle English alliterative meters</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="163771" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/KristinLynnCole">Kristin Lynn Cole</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chapter 1 establishes the current intractability of Middle English metrical studies, defines the English context in which these poems were written, and challenges the traditional bifurcation of English poetry into accentual and syllable-stress . The largest group of poems shares a ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rum, ram, ruf, and rym: Middle English alliterative meters","attachmentId":56610387,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31024605/Rum_ram_ruf_and_rym_Middle_English_alliterative_meters","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31024605/Rum_ram_ruf_and_rym_Middle_English_alliterative_meters"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="113290366" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113290366/The_Metre_of_Beowulf_A_Constraint_Based_Approach_review_">The Metre of Beowulf: A Constraint-Based Approach (review)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="224971925" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RiadTomas">Tomas Riad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Language, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Metre of Beowulf: A Constraint-Based Approach (review)","attachmentId":110287930,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113290366/The_Metre_of_Beowulf_A_Constraint_Based_Approach_review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113290366/The_Metre_of_Beowulf_A_Constraint_Based_Approach_review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":85661208,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":85661208,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_85661208" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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