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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="y2YvufNGPiysEvqJFShfmakvIR4QQZ4zIwiT8mFJiAHk3zvWE6L3y3oiLUS1iBepHixqCfxBKm4N/ZTDmVq64A==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="On a Crux inBeowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Studia Neophilologica" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rafael J. 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As the editors of Klaeber IV have suggested, the rationale behind such an interpolation probably is that the scribe mistook 1378b, ðǣr þū findan miht, and 1379a as a verse pair, thereby introducing fela in order to remedy the lack of f alliteration. This is a credible hypothesis, since the initial consonant of the word interpolated by the scribe into 1379a alliterates with that of findan in 1378b. Why the scribe should have failed to recognize 1379b, sēċ ġif þū dyrre, as the pair of 1379a in the first place, however, remains an unresolved crux in Beowulf textual criticism. The present essay argues that because of his deficient understanding of the principles of verse construction, the scribe was unable to recognize the finite verb sēċ as the legitimate alliterative link of l. 1379a. By virtue of their intermediate prosodic status, the metrical behaviour of finite verbs, unlike that of stress-words and proclitics, is variable. Such variability is governed by a series of metrical rules whose ultimate rationale is the preservation of the four-position structure of the verse. If the scribe was ignorant of the four-position principle, as this essay argues, then he would have lacked the ability to scan the finite verb sēċ correctly. It is this inability to scan sēċ that would have led him to prefer the pairing of 1378b and 1379a, despite their failure to alliterate, to the pairing of 1379a and 1379b. Besides positing a new metrical rule that has not been fully articulated in previous scholarship, this essay explores the crucial implications that the scribes’ deficient understanding of Old English metre has for textual criticism.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rafael J. Pascual"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-07-10","headline":"On a Crux in Beowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39301730/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Medieval Literature","Anglo-Saxon Studies","Textual Criticism","Old English Literature","Old English Poetry","Beowulf","Old English Language"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ugr"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39301730/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13893036/On_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13893036%2FOn_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13893036%2FOn_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":39301730,"identifier":"Attachment_39301730","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":13893036,"created_at":"2015-07-10T09:42:50.853-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-26T15:27:29.988-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Because of its faulty alliteration and irregular metrical configuration, the manuscript reading felasinniġne secg, corresponding to l. 1379a of Beowulf, has traditionally been emended to sinniġne secg by most editors of the poem, who have thus regarded fela as a scribal interpolation. As the editors of Klaeber IV have suggested, the rationale behind such an interpolation probably is that the scribe mistook 1378b, ðǣr þū findan miht, and 1379a as a verse pair, thereby introducing fela in order to remedy the lack of f alliteration. This is a credible hypothesis, since the initial consonant of the word interpolated by the scribe into 1379a alliterates with that of findan in 1378b. Why the scribe should have failed to recognize 1379b, sēċ ġif þū dyrre, as the pair of 1379a in the first place, however, remains an unresolved crux in Beowulf textual criticism. The present essay argues that because of his deficient understanding of the principles of verse construction, the scribe was unable to recognize the finite verb sēċ as the legitimate alliterative link of l. 1379a. By virtue of their intermediate prosodic status, the metrical behaviour of finite verbs, unlike that of stress-words and proclitics, is variable. Such variability is governed by a series of metrical rules whose ultimate rationale is the preservation of the four-position structure of the verse. If the scribe was ignorant of the four-position principle, as this essay argues, then he would have lacked the ability to scan the finite verb sēċ correctly. It is this inability to scan sēċ that would have led him to prefer the pairing of 1378b and 1379a, despite their failure to alliterate, to the pairing of 1379a and 1379b. Besides positing a new metrical rule that has not been fully articulated in previous scholarship, this essay explores the crucial implications that the scribes’ deficient understanding of Old English metre has for textual criticism. ","ai_title_tag":"Understanding Finite Verbs in Beowulf's Metrical Structure"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"On a Crux in Beowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [11822413]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39301730,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “On a Crux in Beowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39301730/mini_magick20190223-16952-okstvf.png?1550916812" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">On a Crux in Beowulf: The Alliteration of Finite Verbs and the Scribal Understanding of Metre</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11822413" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RafaelJPascual"><img alt="Profile image of Rafael J. Pascual" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/11822413/3411208/31430962/s65_rafael_j..pascual.jpg" />Rafael J. Pascual</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Because of its faulty alliteration and irregular metrical configuration, the manuscript reading felasinniġne secg, corresponding to l. 1379a of Beowulf, has traditionally been emended to sinniġne secg by most editors of the poem, who have thus regarded fela as a scribal interpolation. As the editors of Klaeber IV have suggested, the rationale behind such an interpolation probably is that the scribe mistook 1378b, ðǣr þū findan miht, and 1379a as a verse pair, thereby introducing fela in order to remedy the lack of f alliteration. This is a credible hypothesis, since the initial consonant of the word interpolated by the scribe into 1379a alliterates with that of findan in 1378b. Why the scribe should have failed to recognize 1379b, sēċ ġif þū dyrre, as the pair of 1379a in the first place, however, remains an unresolved crux in Beowulf textual criticism. The present essay argues that because of his deficient understanding of the principles of verse construction, the scribe was unable to recognize the finite verb sēċ as the legitimate alliterative link of l. 1379a. By virtue of their intermediate prosodic status, the metrical behaviour of finite verbs, unlike that of stress-words and proclitics, is variable. Such variability is governed by a series of metrical rules whose ultimate rationale is the preservation of the four-position structure of the verse. If the scribe was ignorant of the four-position principle, as this essay argues, then he would have lacked the ability to scan the finite verb sēċ correctly. It is this inability to scan sēċ that would have led him to prefer the pairing of 1378b and 1379a, despite their failure to alliterate, to the pairing of 1379a and 1379b. Besides positing a new metrical rule that has not been fully articulated in previous scholarship, this essay explores the crucial implications that the scribes’ deficient understanding of Old English metre has for textual criticism. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39301730,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/13893036/On_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39301730,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/13893036/On_a_Crux_in_Beowulf_The_Alliteration_of_Finite_Verbs_and_the_Scribal_Understanding_of_Metre"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 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href="https://www.academia.edu/8740281/%C3%86lfrics_Rhythmical_Prose_and_the_Study_of_Old_English_Metre">Ælfric's Rhythmical Prose and the Study of Old English Metre</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11822413" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RafaelJPascual">Rafael J. Pascual</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A decade ago, Thomas A. Bredehoft designed a new theory of Old English metre that classified Ælfric of Eynsham's rhythmical-alliterative texts as verse. The present article submits Bredehoft's metrical theory to critical scrutiny by means of three case studies. The first deals with Bredehoft's case for simplicity in metrical argumentation; the second assesses the theoretical validity of Bredehoft's exclusively syllabic substitute for the traditional four-position principle; and the third focuses on Bredehoft's metrical system for late Old English metre and its application to Ælfric's rhythmical-alliterative texts. These three case studies demonstrate that Bredehoft's theory is empirically insufficient, since it is unable to account for significant distributional patterns that occur in the surviving manuscripts. Bredehoft's claim about Ælfric's rhythmical texts is therefore devoid of meaning, since it is predicated on the untenable principles of his metrical theory. The essay concludes by characterizing Ælfric's rhythmical-alliterative style as a particular manner of prose composition informed by the didactic temper that obtained during Æthelred's reign.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ælfric's Rhythmical Prose and the Study of Old English Metre","attachmentId":35092668,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8740281/%C3%86lfrics_Rhythmical_Prose_and_the_Study_of_Old_English_Metre","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8740281/%C3%86lfrics_Rhythmical_Prose_and_the_Study_of_Old_English_Metre"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="8810560" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8810560/J_Terasawa_Old_English_Metre_An_Introduction">J. Terasawa, Old English Metre: An Introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11822413" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RafaelJPascual">Rafael J. Pascual</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"J. Terasawa, Old English Metre: An Introduction","attachmentId":35156150,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8810560/J_Terasawa_Old_English_Metre_An_Introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8810560/J_Terasawa_Old_English_Metre_An_Introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="39988375" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39988375/A_Syntactic_Basis_for_the_Distribution_of_Metrical_Types_in_Beowulf">A Syntactic Basis for the Distribution of Metrical Types in Beowulf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121154359" href="https://usi.academia.edu/DONeil">David O'Neil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Mediaeval Journal, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, the distribution of metrical types in Beowulf is examined in the context of several syntactic factors. Special attention is given to the functional parts of speech described in Kuhn’s Laws as Satzpartikeln (‘sentence particles’) and Satzteilpartikeln (‘phrase particles’). In the current sample, metrical type could be narrowly predicted by phrasal type, phrasal cohesiveness at the level of the half-line, and the presence or absence of verse-initial particles. These results suggest that the metrical expression of Beowulf and perhaps other OE poems was syntactically dependent, if not syntactically governed. An important implication is that metrical changes observed in the alliterative tradition in late OE and ME poems may have been caused, at least in part, by syntactic changes in English occurring around the same time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Syntactic Basis for the Distribution of Metrical Types in Beowulf","attachmentId":60180103,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39988375/A_Syntactic_Basis_for_the_Distribution_of_Metrical_Types_in_Beowulf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39988375/A_Syntactic_Basis_for_the_Distribution_of_Metrical_Types_in_Beowulf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="100397230" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100397230/A_New_Theory_of_Old_English_Meter">A New Theory of Old English Meter</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51284700" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LongoJohn">John Longo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, 1987</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A New Theory of Old English Meter","attachmentId":101232782,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100397230/A_New_Theory_of_Old_English_Meter","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100397230/A_New_Theory_of_Old_English_Meter"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7494332" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7494332/Three_Position_Verses_and_the_Metrical_Pratice_of_the_Beowulf_Poet">Three-Position Verses and the Metrical Pratice of the Beowulf Poet</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11822413" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RafaelJPascual">Rafael J. Pascual</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Three-Position Verses and the Metrical Pratice of the Beowulf Poet","attachmentId":39203861,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7494332/Three_Position_Verses_and_the_Metrical_Pratice_of_the_Beowulf_Poet","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7494332/Three_Position_Verses_and_the_Metrical_Pratice_of_the_Beowulf_Poet"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="38090222" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38090222/Alliterative_Metre_and_Medieval_English_Literary_History">Alliterative Metre and Medieval English Literary History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11822413" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RafaelJPascual">Rafael J. Pascual</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Atlantis, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Alliterative Metre and Medieval English Literary History","attachmentId":58117658,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38090222/Alliterative_Metre_and_Medieval_English_Literary_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38090222/Alliterative_Metre_and_Medieval_English_Literary_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="38763290" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line">A unified account of the Old English metrical line</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5782339" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/AndrewCooper">Andrew Cooper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A unified account of the Old English metrical line, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Old English poems are all written in the same style and all share common features regarding alliteration and metrical prominence. However, within poems, lines differ from each other in length considerably, as do the positions of metrically prominent syllables. This thesis provides an analysis which allows all Old English verse lines to be described according to a single model which addresses all the variation in the sizes of lines and verse feet. This model is defended with statistical evidence from a large corpus of Old English verse, and based on an analysis consistent with contemporary phonological theory. To complement the main study, findings regarding the metrical status of compound numbers, derivational nouns and non-Germanic names are presented using a combination of phonological and philological methods. A statistical comparative study is added to show that this analysis applies to all Old English verse, but not to the closely related Old Norse or Old Saxon verse traditions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A unified account of the Old English metrical line","attachmentId":58851869,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38763290/A_unified_account_of_the_Old_English_metrical_line"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39301730,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39301730,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39301730" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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R. Russom, ed. Lindy Brady and M. J. 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