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id="toc-Manorial_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_of_the_honour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_the_honour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Court of the honour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_of_the_honour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_baron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_baron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Court baron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_baron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_customary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_customary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Court customary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_customary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Royal courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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<p>The <b>manorial courts</b> were the lowest courts of law in England during the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> period. They had a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> jurisdiction limited both in subject matter and geography. They dealt with matters over which the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> had jurisdiction, primarily <a href="/wiki/Torts" class="mw-redirect" title="Torts">torts</a>, local contracts and land tenure, and their powers only extended to those who lived within the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> and such lands as the lord had <a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">enfeoffed</a> to others, and to those who held land therein. Historians have divided manorial courts into those that were primarily <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">seignorial</a> – based on feudal responsibilities – and those based on separate delegation of authority from the monarch. There were three types of manorial court: the court of the honour; the court baron; and the court customary, also known as the halmote court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each manor had its own laws promulgated in a document called the <a href="/wiki/Custumal" title="Custumal">custumal</a>, and anyone in breach of those laws could be tried in a manorial court. The earlier Anglo-Saxon method of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Compurgation" title="Compurgation">compurgation</a> was modified by the Normans into trial by a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> made up of 12 local freemen. The lord or his steward would be the chairman, whilst the parish clerk would write the record on the <a href="/wiki/Manorial_roll" title="Manorial roll">manorial rolls</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manorial_courts">Manorial courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manorial courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three types of manorial court were distinguished by the importance of those who made use of them. The court of honour was for the manor's chief tenants, the court baron for other free tenants, and the court customary was for unfree tenants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_of_the_honour">Court of the honour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Court of the honour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The honour court, also known as the <i>curia ducis</i> ("duke's court") or <i>curia militum</i> ("soldiers' court"), was made up of the most important of a lord's tenants, particularly those who owed him <a href="/wiki/Knight_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight service">knight service</a>. Unlike the other two types of manorial court its jurisdiction could extend over a number of manors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dealing as it did with the most important of the lord's tenants it was initially the principal manorial court, and may have acted as a superior court of appeal for the lower manorial courts, at least until 1267.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_baron">Court baron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Court baron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main business of the court baron was the resolution of disputes involving a lord's free tenants within a single manor, to enforce the feudal services owed to the lord of the manor by his tenants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to admit new tenants who had acquired <a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">copyholds</a> by inheritance or purchase, for which they were obliged to pay a <a href="/wiki/Fine_of_lands" title="Fine of lands">fine</a> to the lord of the manor. The English jurist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> described the court in his <i>The Compleate Copyholder</i> (1644) as "the chief prope and pillar of a manor which no sooner faileth than the manor falleth to the ground".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge2006112_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge2006112-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court baron was constituted by the lord of the manor or his steward and a representative group of tenants known as the manorial homage, whose job was to make presentations to the court and act as a jury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge2006112_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge2006112-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court baron was originally held every three weeks, although its sittings became increasingly infrequent during the 14th century, and by the 15th century it was often convened only twice a year. Those required to attend were summoned to appear, often by an announcement in church on Sunday or by a notice pinned to the church door. "Reasonable notice" had to be given, usually three days. Attendance at the court was a feudal duty, and those who failed to appear could be <a href="/wiki/Amercement" title="Amercement">amerced</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-amerced_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amerced-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. arbitrarily fined. After 1267 however, generally only a manor's <a href="/wiki/Villein_(feudal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Villein (feudal)">unfree tenants</a> could be compelled to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 13th century compilations of precedents such as <i>Le Court de Baron</i> had begun to appear, partly to standardise and formalise the proceedings of the courts baron, but also in response to increasing competition from the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> courts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2011148_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2011148-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were administered nationwide under the authority of the monarch. As it became increasingly acknowledged by the legal establishment during the 15th and 16th centuries that custom had "a secure place in law",<sup id="cite_ref-BedfordBoroughCouncil_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BedfordBoroughCouncil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plaintiffs were able to resort to the common law courts to resolve their differences over tenure rather than the court baron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_customary">Court customary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Court customary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The court customary, or halmote court, was the equivalent of the court baron for the lord's unfree tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the use of the court baron declined, the court customary became the predominant type of manorial court, and gradually the court's distinction between free and unfree tenants disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265–66_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265–66-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_courts">Royal courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Royal courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases the manorial court functioned as a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Court_leet" title="Court leet">court leet</a>. </p><p>The lord of the manor could be given a post by the central government, such as sheriff or officer in charge of the county, in return for a small payment. In these cases the manorial court's jurisdiction could in effect become county-wide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alternatively, the lord could acquire a <a href="/wiki/Government-granted_monopoly" title="Government-granted monopoly">franchise</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> to hold court for criminal matters. This jurisdiction was that of court leet and view of <a href="/wiki/Frankpledge" title="Frankpledge">frankpledge</a> (the two terms define the same assembly), the manor freemen being the jury of a "crown" court within the manor's area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">Harvey, P. D. A. (1984), <i>Manorial Records</i>, Archives and the User, vol. 5, <a href="/wiki/British_Records_Association" title="British Records Association">British Records Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900222-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900222-06-9"><bdi>0-900222-06-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manorial+Records&rft.series=Archives+and+the+User&rft.pub=British+Records+Association&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-900222-06-9&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=P.+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chris Briggs & Phillipp R. Schofield (2020) "<a href="//doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2020.1731189" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/01440365.2020.1731189">The Evolution of Manor Courts in Medieval England, c.1250–1350: The Evidence of the Personal Actions.</a>" <i>The Journal of Legal History</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-amerced-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amerced_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Amerced" was a medieval legal term derived from the Anglo-Norman <i>ammercier</i>, which means to assess or to fine. The word ultimately derives from the French <i>ester en la merci</i>, "to be at the mercy [of]".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200383_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulholland2003">Mulholland 2003</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulholland2002">Mulholland 2002</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge2006112-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge2006112_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge2006112_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge2006">Large 2006</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"amerce, v.", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6333"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=amerce%2C+v.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F6333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2011148-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2011148_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2011">Davis 2011</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BedfordBoroughCouncil-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BedfordBoroughCouncil_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Copyhold tenure", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003075517/http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/GuidesToCollections/ManorialRecords3CopyholdTenure.aspx"><i>Manorial Records 3 Copyhold Tenure</i></a>, Bedford Borough Council and Central Bedfordshire Council, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk/CommunityAndLiving/ArchivesAndRecordOffice/GuidesToCollections/ManorialRecords3CopyholdTenure.aspx">the original</a> on 3 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copyhold+tenure&rft.btitle=Manorial+Records+3+Copyhold+Tenure&rft.pub=Bedford+Borough+Council+and+Central+Bedfordshire+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedfordshire.gov.uk%2FCommunityAndLiving%2FArchivesAndRecordOffice%2FGuidesToCollections%2FManorialRecords3CopyholdTenure.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265–66-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulholland200265–66_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulholland2002">Mulholland 2002</a>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation cs2">Davis, James (2011), <i>Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00343-9"><bdi>978-1-107-00343-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Market+Morality%3A+Life%2C+Law+and+Ethics+in+the+English+Marketplace%2C+1200%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00343-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge2006" class="citation cs2">Large, Peter (2006), "Rural Society and Agricultural Change: Ombersley 1580–1700", in Chartres, Charles; Hey, David (eds.), <i>English Rural Society, 1500-1800: Essays in Honour of Joan Thirsk</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 105–138, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03156-1"><bdi>978-0-521-03156-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rural+Society+and+Agricultural+Change%3A+Ombersley+1580%E2%80%931700&rft.btitle=English+Rural+Society%2C+1500-1800%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Joan+Thirsk&rft.pages=105-138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03156-1&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulholland2002" class="citation cs2">Mulholland, Maureen (2002), "The Jury in English Manorial Courts", in Cairns, John; McLeod, Grant (eds.), <i>The Dearest Birth Right of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law</i>, Hart Publishing, pp. 63–74, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84113-325-6"><bdi>978-1-84113-325-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jury+in+English+Manorial+Courts&rft.btitle=The+Dearest+Birth+Right+of+the+People+of+England%3A+The+Jury+in+the+History+of+the+Common+Law&rft.pages=63-74&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84113-325-6&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulholland2003" class="citation cs2">Mulholland, Maureen (2003), "Trials in Manorial Courts in Late Medieval England", in Mulholland, Maureen; Pullan, Brian (eds.), <i>The Trial in History: England and Europe from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century</i>, Manchester University Press, pp. 81–101, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6342-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6342-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6342-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trials+in+Manorial+Courts+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.btitle=The+Trial+in+History%3A+England+and+Europe+from+the+Thirteenth+to+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=81-101&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6342-8&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRound1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Horace_Round" title="J. Horace Round">Round, John Horace</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Court Baron"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Court_Baron">"Court Baron" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Court+Baron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=324&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Round&rft.aufirst=John+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManorial+court" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&oldid=1152894270#Court_baron">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manorial_court&oldid=1152894270#Court_baron</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Law of the United Kingdom">Law of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feudalism_in_the_British_Isles" title="Category:Feudalism in the British Isles">Feudalism in the British Isles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 May 2023, at 23:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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