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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classic_feudalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_feudalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classic feudalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vassalage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vassalage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vassalage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vassalage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_feudal_revolution_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_feudal_revolution_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The feudal revolution in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_feudal_revolution_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_European_feudalism_(1500–1850s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_European_feudalism_(1500–1850s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>End of European feudalism (1500–1850s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_European_feudalism_(1500–1850s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Feudal society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Evolution of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heinrich_Brunner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heinrich_Brunner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Heinrich Brunner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heinrich_Brunner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karl_Marx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Marx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Karl Marx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Marx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Later studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_the_feudal_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_the_feudal_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Challenges to the feudal model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_the_feudal_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiographical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historiographical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_feudalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_feudalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>End of feudalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Global Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Feudalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إقطاعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقطاعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աւատատիրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աւատատիրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismu" title="Feudalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Feudalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizm" title="Feodalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feodalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فئودالیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فئودالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সামন্ততন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামন্ততন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феадалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Феадалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фэадалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэадалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Феодализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Феодализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Feudalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladdalc%27helezh" title="Gladdalc'helezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gladdalc'helezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Феодалисăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Феодалисăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyudalismo" title="Piyudalismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Piyudalismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiwdaliaeth" title="Ffiwdaliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiwdaliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalism" title="Feodalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Feodalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φεουδαρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεουδαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%C5%ADdismo" title="Feŭdismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Feŭdismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ارباب‌رعیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارباب‌رعیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9odalit%C3%A9" title="Féodalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Féodalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodachas" title="Feodachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feodachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B4%89%EA%B1%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="봉건제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="봉건제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավատատիրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավատատիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सामंतवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामंतवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feudalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudismo" title="Feudismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Feudismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9nsskipulag" title="Lénsskipulag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lénsskipulag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalesimo" title="Feudalesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Feudalesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פיאודליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיאודליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ ಪದ್ಧತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಊಳಿಗಮಾನ ಪದ್ಧತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფეოდალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეოდალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukabaila" title="Ukabaila – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukabaila" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodal%C3%AEzm" title="Feodalîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Feodalîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feod%C4%81lisms" title="Feodālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Feodālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismus" title="Feudalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Feudalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizmas" title="Feodalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Feodalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8nsjt%C3%A8lsel" title="Liènsjtèlsel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liènsjtèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizmus" title="Feudalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feudalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Феудализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феудализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഫ്യൂഡലിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്യൂഡലിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჭკორპატჷნობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭკორპატჷნობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اقطاع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقطاع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalisme" title="Feudalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Feudalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပဒေသရာဇ်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပဒေသရာဇ်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Feodalisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सामन्तवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सामन्तवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6" title="封建制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="封建制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8ydalisme" title="Føydalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Føydalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8ydalisme" title="Føydalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Føydalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalitat" title="Feudalitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Feudalitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਗੀਰਦਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗੀਰਦਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جاگیردارانہ نظام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاگیردارانہ نظام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="ပဒေႏသရာဇ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပဒေႏသရာဇ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ځمکواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiodalit%C3%A8" title="Fiodalitè – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fiodalitè" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizm" title="Feudalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Feudalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derebeylik" title="Derebeylik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Derebeylik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феодализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal%C3%A8simu" title="Feudalèsimu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Feudalèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizmi" title="Feudalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feudalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalesimu" title="Feudalesimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Feudalesimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feudalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="جاگيرداري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاگيرداري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizmus" title="Feudalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feudalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevdalizem" title="Fevdalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fevdalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دەرەبەگایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەرەبەگایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Феудализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феудализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feudalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9odalisme" title="Féodalisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Féodalisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalismi" title="Feodalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Feodalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalism" title="Feodalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feodalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyudalismo" title="Piyudalismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Piyudalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நில மானிய முறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நில மானிய முறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5" title="భూస్వామ్య వ్యవస్థ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూస్వామ్య వ్యవస్థ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ระบบฟิวดัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบฟิวดัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizm" title="Feodalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Feodalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Феодалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феодалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جاگیردارانہ نظام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاگیردارانہ نظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuda%C5%82%C3%A8zemo" title="Feudałèzemo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Feudałèzemo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_ki%E1%BA%BFn_(ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u)" title="Phong kiến (châu Âu) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong kiến (châu Âu)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismo" title="Feudalismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Feudalismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%88%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%EF%BC%89" title="封建制度（欧洲） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="封建制度（欧洲）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="封建社會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="封建社會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodalizm" title="Feodalizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Feodalizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="封建制度 (歐洲)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal and military structure in medieval Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the classic, medieval, Western European form of feudalism. For feudalism in other societies, as well as that of the Europeans, see <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism" title="Examples of feudalism">Examples of feudalism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg/220px-BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg/330px-BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg/440px-BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a> of a knight (miniature from the statutes of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit#Order_of_the_Knot" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Knot</a>, founded in 1352 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Naples" title="Louis I of Naples">Louis I of Naples</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg/220px-Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg/330px-Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg/440px-Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orava_Castle" title="Orava Castle">Orava Castle</a> in Slovakia. Medieval castles are often a traditional symbol of a feudal society.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Feudalism</b>, also known as the <b>feudal system</b>, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. </p><p>The classic definition, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Ganshof" title="François Louis Ganshof">François Louis Ganshof</a> (1944),<sup id="cite_ref-ganshof_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes a set of reciprocal legal and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">military obligations</a> of the warrior <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and revolved around the key concepts of <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ganshof_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A broader definition, as described by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a> (1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a>: the nobility, the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>, all of whom were bound by a system of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorialism</a>; this is sometimes referred to as a "feudal society". </p><p>Although it is derived from the Latin word <i>feodum</i> or <i>feudum</i> (fief),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was used during the Medieval period, the term <i>feudalism</i> and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> by the people who lived during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the publication of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._R._Brown" title="Elizabeth A. R. Brown">Elizabeth A. R. Brown</a>'s "The Tyranny of a Construct" (1974) and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Reynolds" title="Susan Reynolds">Susan Reynolds</a>'s <i>Fiefs and Vassals</i> (1994), there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjective <i>feudal</i> was in use by at least 1405, and the noun <i>feudalism</i> was in use by the end of the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-ebo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> paralleling the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">féodalité</i></span>. </p><p>According to a classic definition by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Ganshof" title="François Louis Ganshof">François Louis Ganshof</a> (1944),<sup id="cite_ref-ganshof_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">military obligations</a> of the warrior nobility that revolved around the key concepts of <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ganshof_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Ganshof himself noted that his treatment was only related to the "narrow, technical, legal sense of the word." </p><p>A broader definition, as described in <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a>'s <i>Feudal Society</i> (1939),<sup id="cite_ref-bloch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a>: the nobility, the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, and those who lived off their labour, most directly the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>, which was bound by a system of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorialism</a>. This order is often referred to as a <i>feudal society</i>, echoing Bloch's usage. </p><p>Outside its European context,<sup id="cite_ref-ebo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concept of feudalism can be extended to <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogous</a> social structures in other regions, most often in discussions of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan" title="History of Japan">feudal Japan</a> under the <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shoguns</a></i>, and sometimes in discussions of the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ethiopia in the Middle Ages">medieval Ethiopia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jessee1996_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jessee1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had some feudal characteristics (sometimes called "semifeudal").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have taken the feudalism analogy further, seeing feudalism (or traces of it) in places as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> China, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">India until the Mughal dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jessee1996_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jessee1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>feudalism</i> has also been applied—often pejoratively—to non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> Europe are perceived to prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians and political theorists believe that the term <i>feudalism</i> has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.<sup id="cite_ref-ebo_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebrown_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The applicability of the term feudalism has also been questioned in the context of some <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern European</a> countries, such as Poland and Lithuania, with scholars observing that the medieval political and economic structure of those countries bears some, but not all, resemblances to the Western European societies commonly described as feudal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg/220px-Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg/330px-Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg/440px-Codex_Manesse_Reinmar_von_Zweter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Herr <a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Zweter" title="Reinmar von Zweter">Reinmar von Zweter</a>, a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesinger</a>, was depicted with his noble arms in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>feudal</i> comes from the medieval Latin <i>feudālis</i>, the adjectival form of <i>feudum</i> 'fee, feud', first attested in a charter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> in 884, which is related to Old French <i>fé, fié,</i> Provençal <i>feo, feu, fieu,</i> and Italian <i>fio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate origin of <i>feudālis</i> is unclear. It may come from a Germanic word, perhaps <i>fehu</i> or <i>*fehôd</i>, but these words are not attested in this meaning in Germanic sources, or even in the Latin of the Frankish laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One theory about the origin of <i>fehu</i> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Hendrik_Caspar_Kern" title="Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern">Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern</a> in 1870,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being supported by, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a><sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloch-ety1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-ety1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloch-ety2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-ety2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kern derived the word from a putative <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> term <i>*fehu-ôd</i>, in which <i>*fehu</i> means "cattle" and <i>-ôd</i> means "goods", implying "a movable object of value".<sup id="cite_ref-bloch-ety1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-ety1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloch-ety2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-ety2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloch explains that by the beginning of the 10th century it was common to value land in monetary terms but to pay for it with objects of equivalent value, such as arms, clothing, horses or food. This was known as <i>feos</i>, a term that took on the general meaning of paying for something in lieu of money. This meaning was then applied to land itself, in which land was used to pay for fealty, such as to a vassal. Thus the old word <i>feos</i> meaning movable property would have changed to <i>feus</i>, meaning the exact opposite: landed property.<sup id="cite_ref-bloch-ety1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-ety1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloch-ety2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-ety2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Ross_Lewis" title="Archibald Ross Lewis">Archibald Ross Lewis</a> proposes that the origin of 'fief' is not <i>feudum</i> (or <i>feodum</i>), but rather <i>foderum</i>, the earliest attested use being in <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Hludovici" title="Vita Hludovici">Vita Hludovici</a></i> (840) by Astronomus.<sup id="cite_ref-arlewis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arlewis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that text is a passage about <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> that says <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant</i></span>, which can be translated as "Louis forbade that military <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/provender" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:provender">provender</a> (which they popularly call "fodder") be furnished."<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially in medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service was called a <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Beneficium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficium">beneficium</a></i></span> (Latin).<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the term <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">feudum</i></span>, or <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">feodum</i></span>, began to replace <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">beneficium</i></span> in the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one-hundred years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">feudum</i></span> and why it replaced <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">beneficium</i></span> has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below.<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "féodal" was first used in 17th-century French legal treatises (1614)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and translated into English legal treatises as an adjective, such as "feodal government". </p><p>In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, seeking to describe economic systems, effectively coined the forms "feudal government" and "feudal system" in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> (1776).<sup id="cite_ref-cheyette_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "feudal system" appeared in 1736, in <i>Baronia Anglica</i>, published nine years after the death of its author <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Madox" title="Thomas Madox">Thomas Madox</a>, in 1727. In 1771, in his book <i>The History of Manchester</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whitaker_(historian)" title="John Whitaker (historian)">John Whitaker</a> first introduced the word "feudalism" and the notion of the feudal pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-earbrown160_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earbrown160-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Samarrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alauddin Samarrai (page does not exist)">Alauddin Samarrai</a> suggests an Arabic origin, from <i>fuyū</i> (the plural of <i>fay</i>, which literally means "the returned", and was used especially for 'land that has been conquered from enemies that did not fight').<sup id="cite_ref-lubetski_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-samarrai_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samarrai-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samarrai's theory is that early forms of 'fief' include <i>feo</i>, <i>feu</i>, <i>feuz</i>, <i>feuum</i> and others, the plurality of forms strongly suggesting origins from a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>. The first use of these terms is in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, one of the least Germanic areas of Europe and bordering <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (Muslim Spain). Further, the earliest use of <i>feuum</i> (as a replacement for <i>beneficium</i>) can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at <a href="/wiki/Fraxinetum" title="Fraxinetum">Fraxinetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Garde-Freinet" title="La Garde-Freinet">La Garde-Freinet</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> was established. It is possible, Samarrai says, that French scribes, writing in Latin, attempted to <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterate</a> the Arabic word <i>fuyū</i> (the plural of <i>fay</i>), which was used by the Muslim invaders and occupiers at the time, resulting in a plurality of forms – <i>feo, feu, feuz, feuum</i> and others—from which eventually <i>feudum</i> derived. Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Medieval and Early Modern Muslim</a> scribes often used etymologically "fanciful roots" to support outlandish claims that something was of Arabian or Muslim origin.<sup id="cite_ref-samarrai_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samarrai-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feudalism, in its various forms, usually emerged as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of an empire: such as in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in the 9th century AD, which lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><i>clarification needed</i></a>]</sup> necessary to support <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> without allocating land to these mounted troops. Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres. </p><p>These acquired powers significantly <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">diminished unitary power</a> in these empires. However, once the infrastructure to maintain unitary power was re-established—as with the European monarchies—feudalism began to yield to this new power structure and eventually disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Gat,_Azar_2006._pp._332_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat,_Azar_2006._pp._332-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_feudalism">Classic feudalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classic feudalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">Feudalism in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire">Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism" title="Examples of feudalism">Examples of feudalism</a></div> <p>The classic <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Ganshof" title="François Louis Ganshof">François Louis Ganshof</a> version of feudalism<sup id="cite_ref-ebo_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ganshof_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations of the warrior nobility based on the key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. In broad terms a lord was a noble who held land, a vassal was a person granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the use of the fief and protection by the lord, the vassal provided some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">feudal land tenure</a>, consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-ganshof_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vassalage">Vassalage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vassalage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png/220px-Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png/330px-Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png/440px-Hommage_du_comt%C3%A9_de_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clermont,_Oise" title="Clermont, Oise">Clermont-en-Beauvaisis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before a lord could grant land (a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>) to someone, he had to make that person a vassal. This was done at a formal and symbolic ceremony called a <a href="/wiki/Commendation_ceremony" title="Commendation ceremony">commendation ceremony</a>, which was composed of the two-part act of <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> and oath of <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a>. During homage, the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, whilst the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces. <i>Fealty</i> comes from the Latin <i>fidelitas</i> and denotes the <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a> owed by a vassal to his feudal lord. "Fealty" also refers to an oath that more explicitly reinforces the commitments of the vassal made during homage; such an oath follows homage.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another. The vassal's principal obligation to the lord was to provide aid or military service. Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from the fief, the vassal had to answer calls to military service by the lord. This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship. In addition, the vassal could have other obligations to his lord, such as attendance at his court, whether <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">manorial</a>, baronial, both termed <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court#Court_baron" title="Manorial court">court baron</a>, or at the king's court.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_France_1477-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_France_1477-en.svg/220px-Map_France_1477-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_France_1477-en.svg/330px-Map_France_1477-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_France_1477-en.svg/440px-Map_France_1477-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>France in the late 15th century: a mosaic of feudal territories</figcaption></figure> <p>It could also involve the vassal providing "counsel", so that if the lord faced a major decision he would summon all his vassals and hold a council. At the level of the <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> this might be a fairly mundane matter of agricultural policy, but also included sentencing by the lord for criminal offences, including capital punishment in some cases. Concerning the king's feudal court, such deliberation could include the question of declaring war. These are <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism" title="Examples of feudalism">examples of feudalism</a>; depending on the period of time and location in Europe, feudal customs and practices varied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_feudal_revolution_in_France">The feudal revolution in France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The feudal revolution in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its origin, the feudal grant of land had been seen in terms of a personal bond between lord and vassal, but with time and the transformation of fiefs into hereditary holdings, the nature of the system came to be seen as a form of "politics of land" (an expression used by the historian <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a>). The 11th century in France saw what has been called by historians a "<a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages#Vassalage_and_feudal_land" title="France in the Middle Ages">feudal revolution</a>" or "mutation" and a "fragmentation of powers" (Bloch) that was unlike the development of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">feudalism in England</a> or Italy or <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire">in Germany</a> in the same period or later:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522–523_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522–523-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties and duchies began to break down into smaller holdings as <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellans</a> and lesser <i><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneurs</a></i> took control of local lands, and (as <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">comital</a> families had done before them) lesser lords usurped/privatized a wide range of prerogatives and rights of the state, including travel dues, market dues, fees for using woodlands, obligations, use the lord's mill and, most importantly, the highly profitable rights of justice, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (what <a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Georges Duby</a> called collectively the "<i>seigneurie banale</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Power in this period became more personal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This "fragmentation of powers" was not, however, systematic throughout France, and in certain counties (such as <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Toulouse" title="County of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>), counts were able to maintain control of their lands into the 12th century or later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010523_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010523-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in some regions (like <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>), the vassal/feudal system was an effective tool for <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">ducal</a> and comital control, linking vassals to their lords; but in other regions, the system led to significant confusion, all the more so as vassals could and frequently did pledge themselves to two or more lords. In response to this, the idea of a "liege lord" was developed (where the obligations to one lord are regarded as superior) in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_European_feudalism_(1500–1850s)"><span id="End_of_European_feudalism_.281500.E2.80.931850s.29"></span>End of European feudalism (1500–1850s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End of European feudalism (1500–1850s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of feudalism in France</a></div> <p>Around this time, rich, "middle-class" commoners chafed at the authority and powers held by feudal <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">overlords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a>, and preferred the idea of <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> rule where a king and one royal court held almost all the power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feudal nobles regardless of ethnicity generally thought of themselves as arbiters of a politically free system, so this often puzzled them before the fall of most feudal laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the military aspects of feudalism effectively ended by about 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was partly since the military shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters thus reducing the nobility's claim on power, but also because the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reduced the nobility's hold over the lower classes. Vestiges of the feudal system hung on in France until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of the 1790s. Even when the original feudal relationships had disappeared, there were many institutional remnants of feudalism left in place. Historian <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Georges Lefebvre</a> explains how at an early stage of the French Revolution, on just one night of 4 August 1789, France abolished the long-lasting remnants of the feudal order. It announced, "The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> abolishes the feudal system entirely." Lefebvre explains: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without debate the Assembly enthusiastically adopted equality of taxation and redemption of all manorial rights except for those involving personal servitude—which were to be abolished without indemnification. Other proposals followed with the same success: the equality of legal punishment, admission of all to public office, abolition of venality in office, conversion of the tithe into payments subject to redemption, freedom of worship, prohibition of plural holding of benefices ... Privileges of provinces and towns were offered as a last sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Originally the peasants were supposed to pay for the release of seigneurial dues; these dues affected more than a quarter of the farmland in France and provided most of the income of the large landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority refused to pay and in 1793 the obligation was cancelled. Thus the peasants got their land free, and also no longer paid the <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, following the French Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">feudalism was abolished</a> with a decree of 11 August 1789 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">Constituent Assembly</a>, a provision that was later extended to various parts of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italian kingdom</a> following the invasion by French troops. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> abolished feudalism with the law of 2 August 1806, then implemented with a law of 1 September 1806 and a royal decree of 3 December 1808. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> the abolishing law was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicilian Parliament</a> on 10 August 1812. In <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> feudalism ceased by virtue of the edicts of 7 March, and 19 July 1797 issued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_IV_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel IV</a>, although in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>, specifically on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, feudalism was abolished only with an edict of 5 August 1848. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, feudalism was abolished with the law of 5 December 1861 n.º 342 were all feudal bonds abolished. The system lingered on in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Slavery in Romania</a> was abolished in 1856. <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia#Abolition" title="Serfdom in Russia">Russia finally abolished serfdom</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently in Scotland, on 28 November 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Feudal_Tenure_etc._(Scotland)_Act_2000" title="Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000">Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000</a> entered into full force putting an end to what was left of the Scottish feudal system. The last feudal regime, that of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, was abolished in December 2008, when the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sark_general_election" title="2008 Sark general election">first democratic elections</a> were held for the election of a local parliament and the appointment of a government. The "revolution" is a consequence of the juridical intervention of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, which declared the local constitutional system as contrary to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and, following a series of legal battles, imposed <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feudal_society">Feudal society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feudal society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/220px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/330px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/440px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a> on the royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> in feudal England, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The phrase "feudal society" as defined by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a><sup id="cite_ref-bloch_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a wider definition than Ganshof's and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage, but also the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a> bound by manorialism, and the estates of the Church. Thus the feudal order embraces society from top to bottom, though the "powerful and well-differentiated social group of the urban classes" came to occupy a distinct position to some extent outside the classic feudal hierarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of <i>feudalism</i> was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism, how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers, how it changed over time, and modern debates about its use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_the_concept">Evolution of the concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolution of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of a feudal state or period, in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige, became widely held in the middle of the 18th century, as a result of works such as <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">De L'Esprit des Lois</i></span> (1748; published in English as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Henri de Boulainvilliers</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire des anciens Parlements de France</i></span> (1737; published in English as <i>An Historical Account of the Ancient Parliaments of France or States-General of the Kingdom</i>, 1739).<sup id="cite_ref-cheyette_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheyette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, writers of the Enlightenment wrote about feudalism to denigrate the antiquated system of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span>, or French monarchy. This was the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, when writers valued reason and the Middle Ages were viewed as the "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>". Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the "Dark Ages" including feudalism, projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain. For them "feudalism" meant <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">seigneurial</a> privileges and prerogatives. When the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">French Constituent Assembly</a> abolished the "feudal regime" in August 1789, this is what was meant.<sup id="cite_ref-bartlett_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartlett-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> used the term "feudal system" to describe a social and economic system defined by inherited social ranks, each of which possessed inherent social and economic privileges and obligations. In such a system, wealth derived from agriculture, which was arranged not according to market forces but on the basis of customary labour services owed by <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> to landowning nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heinrich_Brunner">Heinrich Brunner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heinrich Brunner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg/220px-Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg/330px-Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg/440px-Francia_at_the_death_of_Pepin_of_Heristal_714-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>The Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel (boundaries approximate), primarily modern day France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czech Republic and Austria</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brunner" title="Heinrich Brunner">Heinrich Brunner</a>, in his <i>The Equestrian Service and the Beginnings of the Feudal System</i> (1887), maintained that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> laid the foundation for feudalism during the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunner believed Martel to be a brilliant warrior who secularized church lands for the purpose of providing <i><a href="/wiki/Precaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Precaria">precarias</a></i> (or leases) for his followers, in return for their military service. Martel's military ambitions were becoming more expensive as it changed into a cavalry force, thus the need to maintain his followers through the despoiling of church lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FouracreIntroduction_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FouracreIntroduction-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responding to Brunner's thesis, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fouracre" title="Paul Fouracre">Paul Fouracre</a> theorizes that the church itself held power over the land with its own <i>precarias</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly utilized <i>precarias</i> was the gifting of land to the church, done for various spiritual and legal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Charles Martel did indeed utilize <i>precaria</i> for his own purposes, and even drove some of the bishops out of the church and placed his own laymen in their seats, Fouracre discounts Martel's role in creating political change, that it was simply a military move in order to have control in the region by hording land through tenancies, and expelling the bishops who he did not agree with, but it did not specifically create feudalism.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Karl Marx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> also uses the term in the 19th century in his analysis of society's economic and political development, describing feudalism (or more usually feudal society or the feudal <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>) as the order coming before <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. For Marx, what defined feudalism was the power of the ruling class (the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>) in their control of arable land, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Social_class#Class_society" title="Social class">class society</a> based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> and principally by means of labour, produce and money rents.<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deemed feudalism a 'democracy of unfreedom', juxtaposing the oppression of feudal subjects with a holistic integration of political and economic life of the sort lacking under industrial capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also took it as a paradigm for understanding the power-relationships between capitalists and wage-labourers in his own time: "in pre-capitalist systems it was obvious that most people did not control their own destiny—under feudalism, for instance, serfs had to work for their lords. Capitalism seems different because people are in theory free to work for themselves or for others as they choose. Yet most workers have as little control over their lives as feudal serfs."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later Marxist theorists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a>) have applied this label to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">imperial China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>, as 'tributary' societies .<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_studies">Later studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Feudal titles and status</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/200px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/300px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/400px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">Tenant-in-chief</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a> / <a href="/wiki/Advocatus" title="Advocatus">Vogt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Husbandman" title="Husbandman">Husbandman</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic servant</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">Vagabond</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">Villein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bordar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordar">Bordar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cotter_(farmer)" title="Cotter (farmer)">Cottar</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slave</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feudal_status" title="Template:Feudal status"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feudal_status" title="Template talk:Feudal status"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feudal_status" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feudal status"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/J._Horace_Round" title="J. Horace Round">J. Horace Round</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a>, both historians of medieval Britain, arrived at different conclusions about the character of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon English society</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> in 1066. Round argued that the Normans had brought feudalism with them to England, while Maitland contended that its fundamentals were already in place in Britain before 1066. The debate continues today, but a consensus viewpoint is that England before the Conquest had commendation (which embodied some of the personal elements in feudalism) while <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> introduced a modified and stricter northern French feudalism to England incorporating (1086) oaths of loyalty to the king by all who held by feudal tenure, even the vassals of his principal vassals (holding by feudal tenure meant that vassals must provide the quota of <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> required by the king or a money payment in substitution). </p><p>In the 20th century, two outstanding historians offered still more widely differing perspectives. The French historian <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a>, arguably the most influential 20th-century medieval historian,<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approached feudalism not so much from a legal and military point of view but from a sociological one, presenting in <i>Feudal Society</i> (1939; English 1961) a feudal order not limited solely to the nobility. It is his radical notion that peasants were part of the feudal relationship that sets Bloch apart from his peers: while the vassal performed military service in exchange for the fief, the peasant performed physical labour in return for protection – both are a form of feudal relationship. According to Bloch, other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms; all the aspects of life were centred on "lordship", and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure, a feudal courtly (and anti-courtly) literature, and a feudal economy.<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contradistinction to Bloch, the Belgian historian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Ganshof" title="François Louis Ganshof">François Louis Ganshof</a> defined feudalism from a narrow legal and military perspective, arguing that feudal relationships existed only within the medieval nobility itself. Ganshof articulated this concept in <i>Qu'est-ce que la féodalité?</i> ("What is feudalism?", 1944; translated in English as <i>Feudalism</i>). His classic definition of feudalism is widely accepted today among medieval scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though questioned both by those who view the concept in wider terms and by those who find insufficient uniformity in noble exchanges to support such a model. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Georges Duby</a> was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Lucien Febvre</a>, that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a>, Duby was an exponent of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Annaliste</i></span> tradition. In a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise</i></span> (<i>Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2connais" title="Mâconnais">Mâconnais</a> region</i>), and working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">monastery of Cluny</a>, as well as the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_M%C3%A2con" title="Ancient Diocese of Mâcon">Mâcon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dijon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon">Dijon</a>, Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region and charted a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000. He argued that in early 11th century, governing institutions—particularly comital courts established under the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian</a> monarchy—that had represented public justice and order in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Burgundy" title="History of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> during the 9th and 10th centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence. </p><p>In 1939, the Austrian historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mayer_(historian)" title="Theodor Mayer (historian)">Theodor Mayer</a> subordinated the feudal state as secondary to his concept of a <i><a href="/wiki/Territorial_state#Personenverbandsstaat" title="Territorial state">Personenverbandsstaat</a></i> (personal interdependency state), understanding it in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">territorial state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of statehood, identified with the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, is described as the most complete form of medieval rule, completing conventional feudal structure of lordship and vassalage with the personal association among the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the applicability of this concept to cases outside of the Holy Roman Empire has been questioned, as by Susan Reynolds.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has also been questioned and superseded in German <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> because of its bias and reductionism towards legitimating the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_to_the_feudal_model">Challenges to the feudal model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Challenges to the feudal model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, the American historian <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._R._Brown" title="Elizabeth A. R. Brown">Elizabeth A. R. Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-ebrown_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejected the label <i>feudalism</i> as an anachronism that imparts a false sense of uniformity to the concept. Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of <i>feudalism</i>, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back "tyrannically" into the historical record. Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted</i> (1994),<sup id="cite_ref-reynolds_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reynolds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Reynolds" title="Susan Reynolds">Susan Reynolds</a> expanded upon Brown's original thesis. Although some contemporaries questioned Reynolds's methodology, other historians have supported it and her argument.<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reynolds argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Too many models of feudalism used for comparisons, even by Marxists, are still either constructed on the 16th-century basis or incorporate what, in a Marxist view, must surely be superficial or irrelevant features from it. Even when one restricts oneself to Europe and to feudalism in its narrow sense it is extremely doubtful whether feudo-vassalic institutions formed a coherent bundle of institutions or concepts that were structurally separate from other institutions and concepts of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds199411_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds199411-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The term <i>feudal</i> has also been applied to non-Western societies, in which institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to have prevailed (see <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism" title="Examples of feudalism">Examples of feudalism</a>). Japan has been extensively studied in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall196215–51_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall196215–51-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friday" title="Karl Friday">Karl Friday</a> notes that in the 21st century historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism; instead of looking at similarities, specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term <i>feudalism</i> has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.<sup id="cite_ref-daileader_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daileader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abels" title="Richard Abels">Richard Abels</a> notes that "Western civilization and world civilization textbooks now shy away from the term 'feudalism'."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons in Scotland">Barons in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestui_que" title="Cestui que">Cestui que</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feudal_wars_12th%E2%80%9314th_century" title="List of feudal wars 12th–14th century">List of feudal wars 12th–14th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehnsmann" title="Lehnsmann">Lehnsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorat" title="Majorat">Majorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nulle_terre_sans_seigneur" title="Nulle terre sans seigneur">Nulle terre sans seigneur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeudalism" title="Protofeudalism">Protofeudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statutes of Mortmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziamet" title="Ziamet">Ziamet</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-European">Non-European</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">Fengjian</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan" title="History of Japan">Feudal Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Indian feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala (political model)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakdina" title="Sakdina">Sakdina</a>, a Thai feudal system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta" title="Samanta">Samanta</a>, an Indian feudal system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ganshof-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ganshof_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganshof_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganshof_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganshof_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganshof_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ganshof_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Ganshof" title="François Louis Ganshof">François Louis Ganshof</a> (1944). <i>Qu'est-ce que la féodalité</i>. Translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Philip Grierson</a> as <i>Feudalism</i>, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/F._M._Stenton" class="mw-redirect" title="F. M. Stenton">F. M. Stenton</a>, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>feodum</i> – see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShumaker1901" class="citation book cs1">Shumaker, Walter A. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA365"><i>The Cyclopedic Dictionary of Law</i></a>. George Foster Longsdorf. pp. 365, 1901 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Law&rft.pages=365%2C+1901&rft.pub=George+Foster+Longsdorf&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Shumaker&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfgUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2002" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofwes04nobl"><i>The Foundations of Western Civilization</i></a></span>. Chantilly, VA: <a href="/wiki/The_Teaching_Company" title="The Teaching Company">The Teaching Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565856370" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565856370"><bdi>978-1565856370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Teaching+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1565856370&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofwes04nobl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebo_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebo_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebo_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034150/feudalism">"Feudalism"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._R._Brown" title="Elizabeth A. R. Brown">Elizabeth A. R. Brown</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrown-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebrown_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrown_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrown_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1974" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (October 1974). "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>79</b> (4): 1063–1088. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1869563">10.2307/1869563</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1869563">1869563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Tyranny+of+a+Construct%3A+Feudalism+and+Historians+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1063-1088&rft.date=1974-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1869563&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1869563%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reynolds-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1994" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Susan (1994). <i>Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820648-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820648-8"><bdi>0-19-820648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiefs+and+Vassals%3A+The+Medieval+Evidence+Reinterpreted&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-820648-8&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halsall-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halsall_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Halsall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Halsall (page does not exist)">Halsall, Paul</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018025458/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism">"Feudalism?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Medieval Sourcebook">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism">the original</a> on 18 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.atitle=Feudalism%3F&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsbook1i.html%23Feudalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbison1996" class="citation web cs1">Harbison, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229034347/http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html">"The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University" title="Western Kentucky University">Western Kentucky University</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html">the original</a> on 29 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Kentucky+University&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Feudalism%3A+An+Historiographical+Essay&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Harbison&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wku.edu%2F~rob.harbison%2Fprojects%2FGfeudal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2013" class="citation book cs1">West, Charles (2013). <i><a href="/wiki/Reframing_the_Feudal_Revolution:_Political_and_Social_Transformation_Between_Marne_and_Moselle,_c._800%E2%80%93c._1100" class="mw-redirect" title="Reframing the Feudal Revolution: Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle, c. 800–c. 1100">Reframing the Feudal Revolution: Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle, c. 800–c. 1100</a></i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reframing+the+Feudal+Revolution%3A+Political+and+Social+Transformation+Between+Marne+and+Moselle%2C+c.+800%E2%80%93c.+1100&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-ebo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebrown_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reynolds_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reynolds-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-halsall_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsall-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloch-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloch_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloch_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1961" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Marc (1961). <i>Feudal Society</i>. Translated by Manyon, L. A. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-05979-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-05979-0"><bdi>0-226-05979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Society&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-226-05979-0&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jessee1996-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jessee1996_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jessee1996_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessee1996" class="citation web cs1">Jessee, W. Scott (1996). Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041112062036/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_017900_feudalism.htm">"Feudalism"</a>. <i>Reader's Companion to Military History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_017900_feudalism.htm">the original</a> on 12 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.atitle=Feudalism&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jessee&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollege.hmco.com%2Fhistory%2Freaderscomp%2Fmil%2Fhtml%2Fmh_017900_feudalism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semifeudal">"Semifedual"</a>. <i>Webster's Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>having some characteristics of feudalism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Semifedual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsemifeudal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Shelton_Woods2002" class="citation book cs1">L. Shelton Woods (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mWv1Xgn9poC&q=semifeudal+japan&pg=PT71"><i>Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576074169" title="Special:BookSources/9781576074169"><bdi>9781576074169</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781576074169&rft.au=L.+Shelton+Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mWv1Xgn9poC%26q%3Dsemifeudal%2Bjapan%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2007" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Hamish (17 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/feudal-government-alive-and-well-in-tonga/2007/10/16/1192300767418.html">"Feudal Government Alive and Well in Tonga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0312-6315">0312-6315</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Feudal+Government+Alive+and+Well+in+Tonga&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft.issn=0312-6315&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ffeudal-government-alive-and-well-in-tonga%2F2007%2F10%2F16%2F1192300767418.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDygo2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dygo, Marian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_12775_KH_2013_120_4_01">"Czy istniał feudalizm w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w średniowieczu?"</a> [Did feudalism exist in Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages?]. <i>Kwartalnik Historyczny</i> (in Polish). <b>120</b> (4): 667. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2FKH.2013.120.4.01">10.12775/KH.2013.120.4.01</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-5903">0023-5903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Historyczny&rft.atitle=Czy+istnia%C5%82+feudalizm+w+Europie+%C5%9Arodkowo-Wschodniej+w+%C5%9Bredniowieczu%3F&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12775%2FKH.2013.120.4.01&rft.issn=0023-5903&rft.aulast=Dygo&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyadda.icm.edu.pl%2Fyadda%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_12775_KH_2013_120_4_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkwarczyński1956" class="citation journal cs1">Skwarczyński, P. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4204744">"The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century"</a>. <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>34</b> (83): 292–310. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6795">0037-6795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4204744">4204744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Feudalism+in+Poland+up+to+the+Beginning+of+the+16th+Century&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=83&rft.pages=292-310&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4204744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-6795&rft.aulast=Skwarczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4204744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackus1962" class="citation journal cs1">Backus, Oswald P. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000579">"The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania, 1506-1548"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a></i>. <b>21</b> (4): 639–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3000579">10.2307/3000579</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000579">3000579</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163444810">163444810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Feudalism+in+Lithuania%2C+1506-1548&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-659&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163444810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3000579&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=Oswald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=Poland+feudalism+davies&pg=PA420"><i>God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground+A+History+of+Poland%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db912JnKpYTkC%26q%3DPoland%2Bfeudalism%2Bdavies%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=EDF9DEAB4B7B735C3B23565BEB3C0017?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68943">"fee, <i>n. 2</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=fee%2C+n.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fstart%3Bjsessionid%3DEDF9DEAB4B7B735C3B23565BEB3C0017%3FauthRejection%3Dtrue%26url%3D%252Fview%252FEntry%252F68943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"fee, n.2." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 18 August 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Kern, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_taa005187001_01/_taa005187001_01_0032.php">Feodum</a>', <i>De taal- en letterbode</i>, 1( 1870), pp. 189-201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lubetski-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubetski_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meir Lubetski (ed.). <i>Boundaries of the ancient Near Eastern world: a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon</i>. "Notices on Pe'ah, Fay' and Feudum" by Alauddin Samarrai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4rbfA_WVIC&pg=PA248">Pg. 248–250</a>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a>. <i>The Constitutional History of England</i> (3 volumes), 2nd edition 1875–78, Vol. 1, pg. 251, n. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloch-ety1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloch-ety1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloch-ety1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloch-ety1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Bloch. <i>Feudal Society</i>, Vol. 1, 1964. pp.165–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloch-ety2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloch-ety2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloch-ety2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloch-ety2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Bloch. <i>Feudalism</i>, 1961, pg. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arlewis-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arlewis_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_R._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald R. Lewis">Lewis, Archibald R.</a> (1965). <i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718–1050</i>. pp. 76–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Southern+French+and+Catalan+Society+718%E2%80%931050&rft.pages=76-77&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/feudal">"Feudal (n.d.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feudal+%28n.d.%29&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ffeudal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Cantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman F. Cantor">Cantor, Norman F.</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi00cant"><i>The Civilization of the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060170332" title="Special:BookSources/9780060170332"><bdi>9780060170332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780060170332&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofmi00cant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheyette-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cheyette_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cheyette_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyette2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cheyette, Fredric L. (2005). "FEUDALISM, EUROPEAN.". In Horowitz, Maryanne Cline; Gale, Thomas (eds.). <i>New Dictionary of the History Of Ideas</i>. Vol. 2. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 828–831. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31379-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31379-0"><bdi>0-684-31379-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FEUDALISM%2C+EUROPEAN.&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+the+History+Of+Ideas&rft.pages=828-831&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-684-31379-0&rft.aulast=Cheyette&rft.aufirst=Fredric+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earbrown160-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-earbrown160_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth A. R. Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315582252-15/reflections-feudalism-thomas-madox-origins-feudal-system-england">"Reflections on Feudalism: Thomas Madox and the Origins of the Feudal System in England,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306062442/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315582252-15/reflections-feudalism-thomas-madox-origins-feudal-system-england">Archived</a> 6 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Feud, Violence and Practice: Essays in Medieval Studies in Honor of Stephen D. White</i>, ed. Belle S. Tuten and Tracey L. Billado (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010), 135-155 at 145-149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Whitaker1773" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Whitaker_(historian)" title="John Whitaker (historian)">John Whitaker</a> (1773). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymanchest02whitgoog/page/n378/mode/2up?q=feudalifm"><i>The History of Manchester: In Four Books</i></a>. J. Murray. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Manchester%3A+In+Four+Books&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1773&rft.au=John+Whitaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymanchest02whitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn378%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dfeudalifm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samarrai-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samarrai_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samarrai_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Samarrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alauddin Samarrai (page does not exist)">Alauddin Samarrai</a>. "The term 'fief': A possible Arabic origin", <i>Studies in Medieval Culture</i>, 4.1 (1973), pp. 78–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gat,_Azar_2006._pp._332-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gat,_Azar_2006._pp._332_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat2006" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Azar (2006). <i>War in Human Civilization</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 332–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199236633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199236633"><bdi>978-0199236633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Human+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=332-343&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199236633&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Azar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenson-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stephenson_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stephenson_(historian)" title="Carl Stephenson (historian)">Stephenson, Carl</a> (1942). "Classic introduction to Feudalism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209083705/http://www.scribd.com/doc/28860952/Mediavel-Feudalism"><i>Medieval Feudalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/28860952/Mediavel-Feudalism">the original</a> on 9 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classic+introduction+to+Feudalism&rft.btitle=Medieval+Feudalism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F28860952%2FMediavel-Feudalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyc. Brit. op.cit. It was a standard part of the feudal contract (fief [land], fealty [oath of allegiance], faith [belief in God]) that every tenant was under an obligation to attend his overlord's court to advise and support him; <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harris_Nicolas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Harris Nicolas">Sir Harris Nicolas</a>, in <i>Historic Peerage of England</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/William_Courthope_(officer_of_arms)" title="William Courthope (officer of arms)">Courthope</a>, p.18, quoted by Encyc. Brit, op.cit., p. 388: "It was the principle of the feudal system that every tenant should attend the court of his immediate superior".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522–523-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522–523_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickham2010">Wickham 2010</a>, pp. 522–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010518_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickham2010">Wickham 2010</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010522_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickham2010">Wickham 2010</a>, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickham2010523-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickham2010523_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickham2010">Wickham 2010</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth M. Hallam. <i>Capetian France 987–1328</i>, p.17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlosson1985" class="citation book cs1">Slosson, Preston W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12782511"><i>Pictorial History of the American People</i></a> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Gallery Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-6871-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-6871-1"><bdi>0-8317-6871-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12782511">12782511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictorial+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Gallery+Books&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12782511&rft.isbn=0-8317-6871-1&rft.aulast=Slosson&rft.aufirst=Preston+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12782511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The End of Feudalism" in J.H.M. Salmon, <i>Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century</i> (1979) pp 19–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Lefebvre, Georges</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bd-JDOw8v5QC&pg=PA130"><i>The French Revolution: Vol. 1, from Its Origins To 1793</i></a>. Columbia U.P. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231085984" title="Special:BookSources/9780231085984"><bdi>9780231085984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+Vol.+1%2C+from+Its+Origins+To+1793&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Columbia+U.P&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780231085984&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbd-JDOw8v5QC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster1967" class="citation journal cs1">Forster, Robert (1967). "The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution". <i>Past & Present</i> (37): 71–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F37.1.71">10.1093/past/37.1.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650023">650023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Survival+of+the+Nobility+during+the+French+Revolution&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=71-86&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F37.1.71&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul R. Hanson, <i>The A to Z of the French Revolution</i> (2013) pp 293–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Merriman, <i>A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon</i> (1996) pp 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Topolski, Continuity and discontinuity in the development of the feudal system in Eastern Europe (Xth to XVIIth centuries)" <i>Journal of European Economic History</i> (1981) 10#2 pp: 373–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartlett-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Bartlett, Robert</a> (2001). "Perspectives on the Medieval World". <i>Medieval Panorama</i>. Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-642-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-642-7"><bdi>0-89236-642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+the+Medieval+World&rft.btitle=Medieval+Panorama&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89236-642-7&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels" class="citation web cs1">Abels, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705064653/https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/Feudal.htm">"Feudalism"</a>. usna.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/Feudal.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feudalism&rft.pub=usna.edu&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usna.edu%2FUsers%2Fhistory%2Fabels%2Fhh315%2FFeudal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracre2020" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul (2020). "The Successor States, 550-750". In Mossman, Stephen (ed.). <i>Debating Medieval Europe: the Early Middle Ages, c. 450-c.1050</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 35–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526117328" title="Special:BookSources/9781526117328"><bdi>9781526117328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Successor+States%2C+550-750&rft.btitle=Debating+Medieval+Europe%3A+the+Early+Middle+Ages%2C+c.+450-c.1050&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=35-62&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781526117328&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FouracreIntroduction-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FouracreIntroduction_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracre2000" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul (2000). "Introduction". <i>The Age of Charles Martel</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315845647" title="Special:BookSources/9781315845647"><bdi>9781315845647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Charles+Martel&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-11&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781315845647&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracre2007" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul (2007). <i><span></span>'Writing about Charles Martel', in Law, laity and solidarities : essays in honour of Susan Reynolds / edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. 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Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Writing+about+Charles+Martel%27%2C+in+Law%2C+laity+and+solidarities+%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Susan+Reynolds+%2F+edited+by+Pauline+Stafford%2C+Janet+L.+Nelson+and+Jane+Martindale&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracre2007" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul (2007). <i><span></span>'Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities : Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. 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Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Writing+About+Charles+Martel%27+in+Law%2C+Laity+and+Solidarities+%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Susan+Reynolds+%2F+Edited+by+Pauline+Stafford%2C+Janet+L.+Nelson+and+Jane+Martindale&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracre2007" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul (2007). <i><span></span>'Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities : Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. 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"Feudalism". <i>The High Middle Ages</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Teaching_Company" title="The Teaching Company">The Teaching Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5658-5827-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-5658-5827-1"><bdi>1-5658-5827-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feudalism&rft.btitle=The+High+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=The+Teaching+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-5658-5827-1&rft.aulast=Daileader&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalikias2023" class="citation journal cs1">Halikias, Dimitrios (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1E4726CDDF8401225BFFAD350B7607BC/S0018246X23000493a.pdf/the-young-marx-on-feudalism-as-the-democracy-of-unfreedom.pdf">"The Young Marx on Feudalism as the Democracy of Unfreedom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 281–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X23000493">10.1017/S0018246X23000493</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Young+Marx+on+Feudalism+as+the+Democracy+of+Unfreedom&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-304&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X23000493&rft.aulast=Halikias&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F1E4726CDDF8401225BFFAD350B7607BC%2FS0018246X23000493a.pdf%2Fthe-young-marx-on-feudalism-as-the-democracy-of-unfreedom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Peter (2000) [1980]. <i>Marx: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Eric Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/905625305"><i>Europe and the people without history</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26818-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26818-0"><bdi>978-0-520-26818-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905625305">905625305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+people+without+history&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905625305&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26818-0&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Eric+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F905625305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley2006" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWqIAgAAQBAJ&q=personenverbandsstaat&pg=PA126"><i>Companion to Historiography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1349-7024-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1349-7024-7"><bdi>978-1-1349-7024-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Historiography&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-1349-7024-7&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWqIAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpersonenverbandsstaat%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElazar1996" class="citation book cs1">Elazar, Daniel Judah (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKOIqPsf7acC&q=personenverbandsstaat&pg=PA381"><i>Covenant and commonwealth : from Christian separation through the Protestant Reformation</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2052-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-2052-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+and+commonwealth+%3A+from+Christian+separation+through+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2052-3&rft.aulast=Elazar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Judah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKOIqPsf7acC%26q%3Dpersonenverbandsstaat%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Reynolds" title="Susan Reynolds">Reynolds, Susan</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkQ8z7S2cIIC&q=personenverbandsstaat&pg=PA397"><i>Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-0648-4"><bdi>978-0-1982-0648-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7397539M">7397539M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiefs+and+Vassals%3A+The+Medieval+Evidence+Reinterpreted&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7397539M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-0648-4&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkQ8z7S2cIIC%26q%3Dpersonenverbandsstaat%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds199411-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds199411_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1994">Reynolds 1994</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall196215–51-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall196215–51_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1962">Hall 1962</a>, pp. 15–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friday" title="Karl Friday">Karl Friday</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/71051487/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x20211002-26720-9g3rf8.pdf">"The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan"</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>History Compass</i> 8.2 (2010): 179–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Abels, "The Historiography of a Construct: 'Feudalism' and the Medieval Historian." <i>History Compass</i> (2009) 7#3 pp: 1008–1031.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wickham" title="Chris Wickham">Wickham, Chris</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Inheritance_of_Rome" title="The Inheritance of Rome"><i>The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140290141" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140290141"><bdi>978-0140290141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inheritance+of+Rome%3A+A+History+of+Europe+from+400+to+1000&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0140290141&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bloch, Marc, <i>Feudal Society.</i> Tr. L.A. Manyon. Two volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-05979-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-05979-0">0-226-05979-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanshof1952" class="citation book cs1">Ganshof, François Louis (1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feudalism00gans"><i>Feudalism</i></a></span>. London; New York: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7158-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudalism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7158-3&rft.aulast=Ganshof&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeudalism00gans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guerreau, Alain, <i>L'avenir d'un passé incertain.</i> Paris: Le Seuil, 2001 (complete history of the meaning of the term).</li> <li>Poly, Jean-Pierre and Bournazel, Eric, <i>The Feudal Transformation, 900–1200.</i>, Tr. Caroline Higgitt. New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1991.</li> <li>Reynolds, Susan, <i>Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820648-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820648-8">0-19-820648-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiographical_works">Historiographical works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historiographical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels2009" class="citation journal cs1">Abels, Richard (2009). "The Historiography of a Construct: "Feudalism" and the Medieval Historian". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 1008–1031. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00610.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00610.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+a+Construct%3A+%22Feudalism%22+and+the+Medieval+Historian&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1008-1031&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00610.x&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1974" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Elizabeth (1974). "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>79</b> (4): 1063–1068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1869563">10.2307/1869563</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1869563">1869563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Tyranny+of+a+Construct%3A+Feudalism+and+Historians+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1063-1068&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1869563&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1869563%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cantor" title="Norman Cantor">Cantor, Norman F.</a> (1991). <i>Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth century</i>. Quill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Lives%2C+Works%2C+and+Ideas+of+the+Great+Medievalists+of+the+Twentieth+century&rft.pub=Quill&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriday2010" class="citation journal cs1">Friday, Karl (2010). "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 179–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00664.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Futile+Paradigm%3A+In+Quest+of+Feudalism+in+Early+Medieval+Japan&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-196&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00664.x&rft.aulast=Friday&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbison1996" class="citation book cs1">Harbison, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229034347/http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html"><i>The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay</i></a>. Western Kentucky University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html">the original</a> on 29 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Feudalism%3A+An+Historiographical+Essay&rft.pub=Western+Kentucky+University&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Harbison&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wku.edu%2F~rob.harbison%2Fprojects%2FGfeudal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_feudalism">End of feudalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: End of feudalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBean1968" class="citation book cs1">Bean, J.M.W. (1968). <i>Decline of English Feudalism, 1215–1540</i>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23803960M">23803960M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+of+English+Feudalism%2C+1215%E2%80%931540&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23803960M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Bean&rft.aufirst=J.M.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavitt1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Davitt, Michael</a> (1904). <i>The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland: Or, The Story of the Land League Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1595429">1595429</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23299170M">23299170M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Feudalism+in+Ireland%3A+Or%2C+The+Story+of+the+Land+League+Revolution&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1595429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23299170M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Davitt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_Hall" title="John Whitney Hall">Hall, John Whitney</a> (1962). "Feudalism in Japan-A Reassessment". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 15–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001041750000150X">10.1017/S001041750000150X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177767">177767</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145750386">145750386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Feudalism+in+Japan-A+Reassessment&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-51&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145750386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177767%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750000150X&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span>; compares Europe and Japan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNell1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Nell">Nell, Edward J.</a> (1967). "Economic Relationships in the Decline of Feudalism: An Examination of Economic Interdependence and Social Change". <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 313–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2504421">10.2307/2504421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2504421">2504421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Economic+Relationships+in+the+Decline+of+Feudalism%3A+An+Examination+of+Economic+Interdependence+and+Social+Change&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-350&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2504421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2504421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nell&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkey1986" class="citation book cs1">Okey, Robin (1986). <i>Eastern Europe 1740–1985: Feudalism to Communism</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816615616" title="Special:BookSources/0816615616"><bdi>0816615616</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13644378">13644378</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2718094M">2718094M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+1740%E2%80%931985%3A+Feudalism+to+Communism&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13644378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2718094M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0816615616&rft.aulast=Okey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Herbert, Sydney. <i>The Fall of Feudalism in France</i> (1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falloffeudalismi00herbrich">full text online free</a>.</li> <li>Mackrell, John Quentin Colborne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb7WAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Attack on Feudalism in Eighteenth-century France</i></a> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Markoff, John. <i>Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution</i> (Penn State Press, 2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, D. M. G. (2002). "Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780-1820". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697970">2697970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Peasants%2C+Lords%2C+and+Leviathan%3A+Winners+and+Losers+from+the+Abolition+of+French+Feudalism%2C+1780-1820&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2697970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=D.+M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeudalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Health">Global Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Global Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Keshri VR, Bhaumik S (2022) . The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation . BMJ Global Health Available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/9/e010603">https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/9/e010603</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Feudalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Feudalism">Feudalism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034150/feudalism">"Feudalism"</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._R._Brown" title="Elizabeth A. R. Brown">Elizabeth A. R. Brown</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism">"Feudalism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018025458/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1i.html#Feudalism">Archived</a> 18 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Halsall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Halsall (page does not exist)">Paul Halsall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Medieval Sourcebook">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/634989/Feudalism_the_history_of_an_idea">"Feudalism: the history of an idea"</a>, by Fredric Cheyette (Amherst), excerpted from <i>New Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i> (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209083705/http://www.scribd.com/doc/28860952/Mediavel-Feudalism"><i>Medieval Feudalism</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stephenson_(historian)" title="Carl Stephenson (historian)">Carl Stephenson</a>. Cornell University Press, 1942. Classic introduction to Feudalism.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131755/http://www.wku.edu/~rob.harbison/projects/Gfeudal.html">"The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 26 February 2009), by Robert Harbison, 1996, <a href="/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University" title="Western Kentucky University">Western Kentucky University</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_societies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_societies" title="Template:Types of societies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_societies" title="Template talk:Types of 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href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_society" title="Pastoral society">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">Agricultural/Agrarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">Complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Age" title="Industrial Age">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131524-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Feudalism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85047983">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Féodalité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133185598">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Féodalité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133185598">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="feudalismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120170&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525857">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531252605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/048181">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&oldid=1258315911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feudalism&oldid=1258315911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feudalism" title="Category:Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_establishments_in_Europe" 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