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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of men a lord gathered around him</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity (Catholic canon law)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg/220px-British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg/330px-British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg/440px-British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel" title="Dunstable Swan Jewel">Dunstable Swan Jewel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Livery_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery badge">livery badge</a>, from ca. 1400 (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>) </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical history</a>, an <b>affinity</b> was a collective name for the group (<a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinue</a>) of (usually) men whom a <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a> gathered around himself in his service; it has been described by one modern historian as "the servants, retainers, and other followers of a lord",<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "part of the normal fabric of society".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered a fundamental aspect of <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">bastard feudalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FritzeRobison2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acted as a means of tying <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> to the lower nobility, just as <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> had done in a different way.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One form of the relationship was known as <b>livery and maintenance</b>. The lord provided <a href="/wiki/Livery_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery badge">livery badges</a> to be worn by the retainer and "maintenance" or his support in their disputes, which often constituted obstruction of judicial processes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest identifiable <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> affinities was that of <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke</a>, who by 1190 had gathered a force around him consisting of men without necessarily any strong <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenurial</a> connection to him. Rather than receiving land, these men received grants of office and the security of Pembroke's proximity to <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">the king</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Michael Hicks</a> has described it as a "personal, not feudal" connection,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">David Crouch</a> called an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">bastard feudal</a> relationship. On the other hand, a hundred years later, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln">earl of Lincoln</a> gathered bodies of men—often from among his tenants—from his estates in Lincoln, who were still linked to the earl feudally through their tenure of his land.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer20133_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer20133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg/220px-Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg/330px-Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg/440px-Middleham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Middleham Castle was the centre of the earl of Salisbury's Yorkshire affinity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Central to a noble affinity was the lord's <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured</a> retainers, and beyond them was a more amorphous group of general supporters and contacts. The difference, <a href="/wiki/K._B._McFarlane" title="K. B. McFarlane">K. B. McFarlane</a> wrote, was that the former did the lord "exclusive service" but the latter received his good lordship "in ways both more and less permanent" than the retainers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Carpenter_(historian)" title="Christine Carpenter (historian)">Christine Carpenter</a> has described the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick">earl of Warwick</a>'s affinity as "a series of concentric circles" with him at the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1980_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted that a lord only had to gather a relatively small number of people around in areas where he was strong, as members of his affinity supported not only him but also each other; thus, the number of men who could come to his aid was often far greater than the number of men he actually knew.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer20133_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer20133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were men the lord trusted: for example, in 1459, on the verge of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">earl of Salisbury</a> gathered the closest members of his affinity to him in <a href="/wiki/Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham Castle</a> and took their advice before publicly coming out in support of the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">duke of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lord would often include men in positions of local authority, for example <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justices of the peace</a>, within his affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, he might, as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> did in the later fourteenth century, recruit people into his affinity regardless of their social weight, as an expression of his "courtly and chivalric ambitions", as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Goodman_(historian)" title="Anthony Goodman (historian)">Anthony Goodman</a> said.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporary described these as "kin, friendis, allys and parttakaris" ("kin, friends, allies, and partakers") to the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the affinity could usually be identified by the livery the lord would distribute for their identification with him; this could range from simple armbands to "a more exclusive form of livery—exclusive metal mounted <a href="/wiki/Riband" class="mw-redirect" title="Riband">riband</a> bands";<sup id="cite_ref-CossKeen2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CossKeen2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high-ranking members of John of Gaunt's retinue—a "highly prized" position—wore the <a href="/wiki/Collar_of_Esses" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar of Esses">Collar of Esses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker20064_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker20064-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the affinity closest to the lord were those of most use: the estate officials, treasurer, stewards, and often more than one lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1980_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Middle_Ages">Later Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg/220px-P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg/330px-P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg/440px-P414-John_of_Gaunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a>: In the later fourteenth century, his affinity was second only to that of the king.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late Middle Ages, kings such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> had created their own affinities within the regional <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for political as well as martial motives.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were therefore at a greater distance from the <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">royal court</a>, but they were also more numerous than the <a href="/wiki/Household_knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Household knight">household knights</a> of earlier kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Prestwich19992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prestwich19992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the fifteenth century, most regional agents of the crown were considered to be in the king's affinity, as they had a closer connection to the crown than ordinary subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the reign of Henry VI, <a href="/wiki/E._F._Jacob" title="E. F. Jacob">E. F. Jacob</a> estimated that the number of squires employed by the king in the localities increased from 150 to over 300.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Richard's case, it has been suggested it was for the purpose of building up royal power to counteract the pre-existing affinities of the nobility and strengthen his own power.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks20012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks20012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, they were at the heart of the army Richard took to Ireland on his 1399 campaign, prior to his deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Prestwich19992_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prestwich19992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could include several hundred 'King's knights' and esquires, retained with hard cash.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the amounts the crown spent on its regional affinity were the cause of much of the discontent over royal expenditure that Richard II, for example, faced in 1397.<sup id="cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FritzeRobison2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, John of Gaunt's affinity increased by half between 1381 and the early 1390s and cost him far greater sums than the 10% of income that magnates generally expended on their retinues.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker20063_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker20063-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaunt used it to defend his position against the crown as Richard II's reign became increasingly erratic,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker20063_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker20063-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Bolingbroke">Henry of Bolingbroke</a>, inherited it in 1399, and found it a ready-made army that allowed him to overthrow Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FritzeRobison2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In very similar circumstances, in 1471, Edward IV, returning from exile to reclaim his throne, gathered his affinity with him as he marched south, and it has been said that "it was as master of such an affinity that at Barnet and Tewkesbury King Edward won a wider mastery".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earl of Salisbury, also using his affinity as a show of strength in 1458, attended a <a href="/wiki/Royal_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal council">royal council</a> meeting with an affinity of about 400 horsemen and eighty knights and squires; the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_Chronicle" title="Brut Chronicle">Brut Chronicle</a></i> estimated it at around 500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Affinities were not confined to kings or <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a>; in the 1420s, for example, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Cardinal Beaufort</a> maintained an affinity in many <a href="/wiki/English_county" class="mw-redirect" title="English county">English counties</a>, although, as a churchman, his affinity was political rather than military.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not also confined to men: <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella</a>, had an affinity whose "collective influence was as powerful as the most powerful lords," even if with less of a military.<sup id="cite_ref-John2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could also be expanded through the course of events; <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a>'s covert marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a> brought an important <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands">Midlands</a> family and their retainers directly into the royal household.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional view among historians was that the affinity was a thirteenth-century construction that arose out of the nobility and crown's need to recruit armies, against a backdrop of declining feudal service failing to provide troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FritzeRobison2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Plummer" title="Charles Plummer">Charles Plummer</a>, saw the affinity as being effectively synonymous with the lord's <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>, and little more than his personal thugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer20133_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer20133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only connection noted between members of the affinity and the retaining lord was a military one.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This then led them to see the emergence of noble affinities as directly responsible, in part at least, for the decline in social order in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. But as <a href="/wiki/Simon_Walker_(historian)" title="Simon Walker (historian)">Simon Walker</a> has put it, their unfavourable judgements have largely been replaced by a more sympathetic account that acknowledges the affinity as an essential element in the mechanics of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_lordship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good lordship (page does not exist)">good lordship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a lord would recruit into his affinity some who could provide him with military service, but others who did not; some who were formally retained and some who were not; and ultimately every individual was recruited with mutual benefit at the heart of their relationships. The affinity itself would change depending on whether it was a time of war or peace, or whether it was in an area where the lord was strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FritzeRobison2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seen in the context of playing multiple roles, it has been called a "socio-political-military joint-stock enterprise" that helped uphold noble authority without needing a basis in feudalism itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-fifteenth century, it could vary in organization from being secured almost exclusively by military indenture (for example, the affinity of <a href="/wiki/William,_1st_Lord_Hastings" class="mw-redirect" title="William, 1st Lord Hastings">William, Lord Hastings</a>) to being based more on blood and marital connections, as with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Neville" title="House of Neville">House of Neville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently it has been questioned whether a royal affinity could actually work in the same way as a noble one. It has been suggested that since the king had to be a lord to his retainers and provide good lordship, but also king to the entire people, a contradiction existed, resulting in a decline in local stability where this occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks20012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks20012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, even powerful magnates such as Gaunt could cause local dissatisfaction by retaining some and, inevitably, excluding others.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker20065_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker20065-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it has also been pointed out how, particularly for kings, recruitment into the affinity was a clear promotion which could act as an encouraging loyalty or offered a political amnesty.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retainers_and_fee%27d_men_of_Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Retainers and fee'd men of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Retainers and fee'd men of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK._Kennedy2009" class="citation book cs1">K. Kennedy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcrIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Maintenance, Meed, and Marriage in Medieval English Literature</i></a>. Springer. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62162-6"><bdi>978-0-230-62162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maintenance%2C+Meed%2C+and+Marriage+in+Medieval+English+Literature&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62162-6&rft.au=K.+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcrIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, G.A., <i>The Later Middle Ages, 1272–1485</i> (Edinburgh, 1962), 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FritzeRobison2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FritzeRobison2002_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_H._FritzeWilliam_Baxter_Robison2002" class="citation book cs1">Ronald H. Fritze; William Baxter Robison (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INmdwCSkvIgC&pg=PA3"><i>Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29124-1"><bdi>978-0-313-29124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Late+Medieval+England%2C+1272%E2%80%931485&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29124-1&rft.au=Ronald+H.+Fritze&rft.au=William+Baxter+Robison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINmdwCSkvIgC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, C., 'The Beauchamp Affinity: A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work', <i>EHR</i> 95 (1980), 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch, David, & D. A. Carpenter. 'Bastard Feudalism Revised' <i>Past & Present</i> (1991), 171–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hicks, M. A., <i>Bastard Feudalism</i> (London, 1995), 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer20133-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer20133_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer20133_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer20133_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Spencer2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Spencer (31 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQj3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England: The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65467-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65467-9"><bdi>978-1-107-65467-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobility+and+Kingship+in+Medieval+England%3A+The+Earls+and+Edward+I%2C+1272%E2%80%931307&rft.pages=127-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65467-9&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQj3AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFarlane K. B., <i>England in the Fifteenth Century: Collected Essays</i> (London, 1981), 27 n.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1980-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1980_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1980_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, C., 'The Beauchamp Affinity: A Study of Bastard Feudalism at Work', <i>EHR</i> 95 (1980), 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mercer, M., <i>Medieval Gentry: Power, Leadership and Choice during the Wars of the Roses</i> (London, 2010), 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard, A. J., <i>Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame</i> (London, 2007), p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, S. K., 'Yorkshire Justices of the Peace', <i><a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a></i> 108 (1993), 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman, A., 'John of Gaunt: Paradigm of the Late Fourteenth-Century Crisis', <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Royal Historical Society">Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</a></i> 37 (1987), 146–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald, J., <i>Lords and Men in Scotland: Bonds of Manrent, 1442–1603</i> (Edinburgh, 1985), 76<i>ff</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CossKeen2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CossKeen2002_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_R._CossMaurice_Hugh_Keen2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter R. Coss; Maurice Hugh Keen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SL1bVtfP08C&pg=PA95"><i>Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England</i></a>. Boydell Press. pp. 95–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-036-8"><bdi>978-1-84383-036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%2C+Pageantry+and+Social+Display+in+Medieval+England&rft.pages=95-&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-036-8&rft.au=Peter+R.+Coss&rft.au=Maurice+Hugh+Keen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SL1bVtfP08C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker20064-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker20064_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Walker2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon Walker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M1RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Political Culture in Late Medieval England: Essays by Simon Walker</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 2–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-6826-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+in+Late+Medieval+England%3A+Essays+by+Simon+Walker&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6826-3&rft.au=Simon+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M1RAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Given-Wilson, C., 'The King and the Gentry in Fourteenth-Century England', <i>TRHS</i>, 5th ser. 38 (1987), 87–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coss, P. R., 'Bastard Feudalism Revised – Reply', <a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)"><i>Past & Present</i></a> 131 (1991), 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prestwich19992-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prestwich19992_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prestwich19992_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Prestwich1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Prestwich (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdBfrlM0YQC&pg=PA353"><i>Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 353–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07663-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07663-9"><bdi>978-0-300-07663-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+and+Warfare+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+English+Experience&rft.pages=353-&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07663-9&rft.au=Michael+Prestwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFdBfrlM0YQC%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, C. A., 'Local Government and the King's 'affinity' in fifteenth-century Leicestershire and Warwickshire', <i>LAHS</i> 52 (1976), 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob, E. F., <i>The Fifteenth Century 1399–1485</i> (Oxford, 1961), 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks20012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks20012_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hicks20012_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Hicks2001" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Hicks (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDY4lLAtjXoC&pg=PA57"><i>Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-832-7"><bdi>978-0-85115-832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Consumption+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-832-7&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hicks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDY4lLAtjXoC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wormald, J., <i>Lords and Men in Scotland: Bonds of Manrent 1442–1603</i> (Edinburgh, 1985), 77ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker20063-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker20063_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker20063_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Walker2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon Walker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M1RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Political Culture in Late Medieval England: Essays by Simon Walker</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-6826-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+in+Late+Medieval+England%3A+Essays+by+Simon+Walker&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6826-3&rft.au=Simon+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M1RAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, D. A. L., 'The King's Affinity in the Polity of Yorkist England', <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 23 (1973), 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurer, M., <i>Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England</i> (Woodbridge, 2003), 154 n.68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bean, J. M. W., <i>From Lord to Patron: Lordship in Late Medieval England</i> (Philadelphia, 1989), 172–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweetinburgh, S. (ed.), <i>Later Medieval Kent, 1220–1540</i> (Woodbridge, 2010), 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John2012_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Benz_St._John2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Benz St. John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTxmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT84"><i>Three Medieval Queens: Queenship and the Crown in Fourteenth-Century England</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-09432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-09432-2"><bdi>978-1-137-09432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Medieval+Queens%3A+Queenship+and+the+Crown+in+Fourteenth-Century+England&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-09432-2&rft.au=Lisa+Benz+St.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTxmAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, D. A. L., 'The King's Affinity in the Polity of Yorkist England', <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 23 (1973), 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Michael, <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Loyalte me Lie': Richard III and affinity politics in northern England</i> (University of California Irvine thesis, [1977]), 3. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000734F4M">B000734F4M</a>. 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Walker2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon Walker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M1RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Political Culture in Late Medieval England: Essays by Simon Walker</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-6826-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+in+Late+Medieval+England%3A+Essays+by+Simon+Walker&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6826-3&rft.au=Simon+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M1RAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2010-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2010_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._L._Lewis2010" class="citation book cs1">P. L. Lewis (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WccAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239"><i>Essays in Later Medieval French History</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 239–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2383-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-2383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Later+Medieval+French+History&rft.pages=239-&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2383-2&rft.au=P.+L.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WccAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Michael, <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Loyalte me Lie': Richard III and affinity politics in northern England</i> (University of California Irvine thesis, [1977]), 4. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000734F4M">B000734F4M</a>. 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker20065-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker20065_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Walker2006" class="citation book cs1">Simon Walker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6M1RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Political Culture in Late Medieval England: Essays by Simon Walker</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6826-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-6826-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+in+Late+Medieval+England%3A+Essays+by+Simon+Walker&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6826-3&rft.au=Simon+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6M1RAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffinity+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, D. A. L., 'The King's Affinity in the Polity of Yorkist England', <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 23 (1973), 8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalists.net/2011/06/what-was-livery-and-maintenance/">"What was ‘Livery and Maintenance’?" by Tim Lambon</a> – medievalists.net</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&oldid=1226542337">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(medieval)&oldid=1226542337</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_in_medieval_England" title="Category:Society in medieval England">Society in medieval England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_English_nobility" title="Category:Medieval English nobility">Medieval English nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th_century_in_England" title="Category:15th century in England">15th century in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_England" title="Category:16th century in England">16th century in England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 May 2024, at 09:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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