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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Public domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Television series</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Television_series-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Television series subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Television_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Between_established_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_established_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Between established shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_established_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_related_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_related_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Between related shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_related_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promotional_cameos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotional_cameos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Promotional cameos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotional_cameos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin-offs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin-offs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Spin-offs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-offs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parodic_crossovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodic_crossovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Parodic crossovers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parodic_crossovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_crossover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_crossover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>German crossover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_crossover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9_(%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="تقاطع (خيال) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقاطع (خيال)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krossover_(uydurma)" title="Krossover (uydurma) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krossover (uydurma)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%82)" title="Красовер (сюжэт) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Красовер (сюжэт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(ficci%C3%B3)" title="Crossover (ficció) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crossover (ficció)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(Medien)" title="Crossover (Medien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Crossover (Medien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Crossover (μυθοπλασία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Crossover (μυθοπλασία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruce_(ficci%C3%B3n)" title="Cruce (ficción) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cruce (ficción)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9_(%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="تقاطع (خیال) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقاطع (خیال)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crossover (fiction)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiksje)" title="Crossover (fiksje) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Crossover (fiksje)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%84_%EC%9E%91%ED%92%88" title="크로스오버 작품 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크로스오버 작품" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persilangan_(fiksi)" title="Persilangan (fiksi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persilangan (fiksi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crossover (fiction)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA)" title="קרוסאובר (סיפורת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרוסאובר (סיפורת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_a_fikci%C3%B3ban" title="Crossover a fikcióban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Crossover a fikcióban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persilangan_cereka" title="Persilangan cereka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persilangan cereka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-over_(fictie)" title="Cross-over (fictie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cross-over (fictie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="クロスオーバー作品 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロスオーバー作品" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(film)" title="Crossover (film) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Crossover (film)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Crossover (ficção) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crossover (ficção)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Кроссовер (сюжет) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кроссовер (сюжет)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover" title="Crossover – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Crossover" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5)" title="การข้ามฝั่ง (บันเทิงคดี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การข้ามฝั่ง (บันเทิงคดี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%C5%9F%C4%B1k_kurgu" title="Almaşık kurgu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almaşık kurgu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Кросовер (сюжет) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кросовер (сюжет)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="跨界作品 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="跨界作品" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21192427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="View the 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crossover%22+fiction">"Crossover" fiction</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crossover%22+fiction+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crossover%22+fiction&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crossover%22+fiction+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crossover%22+fiction">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crossover%22+fiction&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png/220px-Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png/330px-Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png/440px-Ivan_Tsarevich_and_cameo_appearances_of_Pepper_and_Carrot_in_Morevna_Project_episode_4.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Ivan Tsarevich and <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearances</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pepper%26Carrot" title="Pepper&Carrot"><i>Pepper and Carrot</i></a> in episode 4 of <i>Morevna Project</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>crossover</b> is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> characters, <a href="/wiki/Setting_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Setting (fiction)">settings</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universes</a> into the context of a single <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">story</a>. They can arise from legal agreements between the relevant <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> holders (known as <b>intercompany crossovers</b>), common corporate ownership or unofficial efforts by <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fans</a>. </p><p>This is different from a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">spoof</a>, where one discrete character, setting, or universe, copies another character, setting, or universe, often in a comedic manner. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crossovers often occur in an official capacity in order for the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights holders to reap the financial reward of combining two or more popular, established properties. In other cases, the crossover can serve to introduce a new concept derivative of an older one. Another intention is to give fictional characters more emotional credibility and thus increase <a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">immersion</a> for the fans. </p><p>Crossovers generally occur between properties owned by a single holder, but they can, more rarely, involve properties from different holders, provided that the inherent legal obstacles can be overcome. They may also involve using characters that have passed into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> with those concurrently under <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright protection</a>. </p><p>A crossover story may try to explain its own reason for the crossover, such as characters being neighbors (notable examples being the casts from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Empty_Nest" title="Empty Nest">Empty Nest</a></i>) or meeting via dimensional rift or similar phenomenon (a common explanation for <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> properties that have different owners). Some crossovers are not explained at all. Others are absurd or simply impossible within the fictional setting, and have to be ignored by the series' respective <a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">continuities</a>. Still others intentionally make the relations between two or more fictional universes confusing, as with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, where each show is fiction in the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unofficial">Unofficial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unofficial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast with legal crossovers, unofficial crossovers are created solely because of the artistic pleasure derived by their creators. Unofficial crossovers often take the form of <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan-written fiction</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a>, but the trope is increasingly prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">amateur films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">audio</a>. Whereas official crossovers are frequently stymied by such concerns as copyright, royalties payments, quality of writing and ownership of the characters, unofficial crossovers are unfettered by such concerns, so long as property holders do not exercise their right to <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">enjoin</a> the distribution of such material. A good example would be the unauthorised live action fan film <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Dead_End" title="Batman: Dead End">Batman: Dead End</a></i> which brings together the properties of <i>Batman</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien (film series)">Alien</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Predator_(film)" title="Predator (film)">Predator</a></i> in one setting. </p><p>Unofficial crossovers can also occur in a "what-if" scenario. <a href="/wiki/Roger_(American_Dad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger (American Dad)">Roger</a> makes frequent cameo appearances in <i>Family Guy</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian</a> makes cameos on <i>American Dad!</i>. Roger, <a href="/wiki/Rallo_Tubbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallo Tubbs">Rallo Tubbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heissler" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Heissler">Klaus Heissler</a> were seen in the final <i>Family Guy</i> <i>Star Wars</i> spoof, "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_A_Trap!" class="mw-redirect" title="It's A Trap!">It's A Trap!</a>", as <a href="/wiki/Moff_Jerjerrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Moff Jerjerrod">Moff Jerjerrod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nien_Nunb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nien Nunb">Nien Nunb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ackbar" title="Admiral Ackbar">Admiral Ackbar</a>, respectively. Stewie also appears as an interactive hallucination of Booth on <i><a href="/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)" title="Bones (TV series)">Bones</a></i> when the agent has issues over possibly becoming a sperm donor, with David Boreanaz (who plays Booth) repaying the favor in "<a href="/wiki/Road_to_the_North_Pole" title="Road to the North Pole">Road to the North Pole</a>". An appearance by <a href="/wiki/Elmo" title="Elmo">Elmo</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i>, was made, in a hallucination of <a href="/wiki/Connie_Ray" title="Connie Ray">Connie Ray</a>'s, on TV sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Torkelsons" title="The Torkelsons">The Torkelsons</a></i>. Fan fiction fusions between different science fiction movies and series are often created, such as <i>Star Wars</i> and <i>Star Trek</i> or <i>Babylon 5</i> and <i>Stargate</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/M.U.G.E.N." class="mw-redirect" title="M.U.G.E.N.">M.U.G.E.N.</a></i> is a fighting game engine that features many fan-created and fictional characters and stages from various television series, movies, as well as other video games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comics">Comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intercompany_crossovers_in_comics" title="Intercompany crossovers in comics">Intercompany crossovers in comics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpeedComicsNo32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SpeedComicsNo32.jpg/220px-SpeedComicsNo32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SpeedComicsNo32.jpg/330px-SpeedComicsNo32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SpeedComicsNo32.jpg/440px-SpeedComicsNo32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>Comic book crossovers may be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Comics">Golden Age</a>, where characters frequently teamed up on the cover (though far more rarely on the inside). <i>Speed Comics</i> number 32, artwork by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Schomburg" title="Alex Schomburg">Alex Schomburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MasterComicsNo21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MasterComicsNo21.jpg/220px-MasterComicsNo21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MasterComicsNo21.jpg/330px-MasterComicsNo21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/MasterComicsNo21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>An early example of the comics crossover: <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulletman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletman">Bulletman</a> join forces to battle <a href="/wiki/Captain_Nazi" title="Captain Nazi">Captain Nazi</a>. <i>Master Comics</i> number 21, artwork by <a href="/wiki/Mac_Rayboy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Rayboy">Mac Rayboy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crossovers of multiple characters, owned by one company or <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">published</a> by one <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a>, have been used to set an established continuity, where characters can frequently meet within one setting. This is especially true of <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic book publisher">comic book publishers</a>, as different characters in various <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel</a>, <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Valiant_Comics" title="Valiant Comics">Valiant</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> frequently interact with one another since they live in a "<a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">shared universe</a>". For example, in the Marvel Comics universe, <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a> has frequent dealings with another Marvel hero, <a href="/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_character)" title="Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)">Daredevil</a>, just as in the DC Comics Universe, the <a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(Barry_Allen)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Flash (Barry Allen)">Flash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern_(Hal_Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Lantern (Hal Jordan)">Green Lantern</a> often collaborate. In comic book terminology, these "guest star" roles are common enough that they are generally not considered crossovers; rather, this short-term collaboration to fight crime is called a <a href="/wiki/Team-up" title="Team-up">team-up</a>. A crossover in comic book terms only occurs when a story spans more than one title.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This has led to "crossover events" in which major occurrences are shown as affecting most or all of the stories in the shared universe; see <a href="/wiki/Category:Crossover_comics" title="Category:Crossover comics">Category:Crossover comics</a>. </p><p>The earliest such crossover event was <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Fox" title="Gardner Fox">Gardner Fox</a>'s <i>Zatanna's Search</i> which took place in <i><a href="/wiki/Hawkman" title="Hawkman">Hawkman</a></i> #4 (October/November 1964), <i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Comics" title="Detective Comics">Detective Comics</a></i> #336 (February 1965), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atom">The Atom</a></i> #19 (June/July 1965), <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern" title="Green Lantern">Green Lantern</a></i> #42 (January 1966), <i>Detective Comics</i> #355 (September 1966), and <i><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice League of America">Justice League of America</a></i> #51 (February 1967). This story dealt with <a href="/wiki/Zatanna" title="Zatanna">Zatanna</a> attempting to reconnect with her father, <a href="/wiki/Zatara" title="Zatara">Zatara</a>, and seeking the aid of Hawkman, Batman, <a href="/wiki/Robin_(character)" title="Robin (character)">Robin</a>, the Atom, Green Lantern, and the <a href="/wiki/Elongated_Man" title="Elongated Man">Elongated Man</a> along the way. </p><p>The first major crossover event was spearheaded by the Marvel Editor-in-Chief at the time, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Shooter" title="Jim Shooter">Jim Shooter</a>. As a way to further toy sales he devised the <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Wars" title="Secret Wars">Secret Wars</a></i> crossover which brought all the major Marvel heroes into a 12-issue miniseries to battle a common threat. After the threat was dealt with, they all returned to their regular titles. <i>Secret Wars</i> was hailed as both a critical and commercial success, largely because the events of the crossover had lasting effects on the characters (such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>'s black suit which would later become the villain <a href="/wiki/Venom_(Marvel_Comics_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venom (Marvel Comics character)">Venom</a>). Jim Shooter later perfected his crossover technique at <a href="/wiki/Valiant_Comics" title="Valiant Comics">Valiant Comics</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Unity_(comics)" title="Unity (comics)">Unity</a></i> event. <i>Unity</i> brought all the Valiant characters together to defeat <a href="/wiki/Mothergod" title="Mothergod">Mothergod</a>, but was told within the existing Valiant Comics titles (and two bookend special issues). Readers were not obliged to buy all 18 chapters as the story was coherent when reading just one title, but far more layered when all were read. Like <i>Secret Wars</i>, the <i>Unity</i> crossover had lasting effects on the Valiant universe; most notably the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Turok" title="Turok">Turok</a>, the birth of <a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Robot_Fighter" title="Magnus, Robot Fighter">Magnus, Robot Fighter</a> and the death of a major Valiant hero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation">Animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm/220px--Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla_1969.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bambi_Meets_Godzilla" title="Bambi Meets Godzilla">Bambi Meets Godzilla</a></i>, an early unofficial animated crossover film</figcaption></figure> <p>Cartoon crossovers are not uncommon, and most of them – like comics or live-action TV shows – will often feature characters owned by the same company or network. One example is <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s <i>The Grim Adventures of the KND</i>. It features five crossovers – <i><a href="/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy" title="Ed, Edd n Eddy">Ed, Edd n Eddy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Codename:_Kids_Next_Door" title="Codename: Kids Next Door">Codename: Kids Next Door</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grim_Adventures_of_Billy_%26_Mandy" title="The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy">The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy</a></i>, a reference to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls" title="The Powerpuff Girls">The Powerpuff Girls</a></i>, and a quote from <i><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo" title="Scooby-Doo">Scooby-Doo</a></i>, which are all licensed Cartoon Network series. During the 1970s and 1980s, crossovers were particularly common among the <a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> properties. Some of the earliest examples happened on <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Scooby-Doo_Movies" title="The New Scooby-Doo Movies">The New Scooby-Doo Movies</a></i> which featured appearances by characters from <i><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters_(TV_series)" title="Harlem Globetrotters (TV series)">Harlem Globetrotters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Josie_and_the_Pussycats_(TV_series)" title="Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)">Josie and the Pussycats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jeannie_(TV_series)" title="Jeannie (TV series)">Jeannie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Speed_Buggy" title="Speed Buggy">Speed Buggy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Batman" title="The Adventures of Batman">Batman and Robin</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)" title="The Addams Family (1964 TV series)">The Addams Family</a></i>. Later, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera_Superstars_10" title="Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10">Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10</a></i> set of movies involved several crossovers, including such combinations as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jetsons_Meet_the_Flintstones" title="The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones">The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones</a></i>. This was taken to an extreme in the 1977–79 series <i><a href="/wiki/Laff-A-Lympics" title="Laff-A-Lympics">Laff-A-Lympics</a>,</i> which was essentially a gathering of the Hanna-Barbera characters for a regular series. </p><p>Crossovers are not necessarily composed of characters under common ownership. Two of the most notable cartoon crossovers consisted of characters from different companies. Disney's movie <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i> had characters from various companies, most notably Disney and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> The film also includes cameos of characters from <a href="/wiki/Metro%E2%80%93Goldwyn%E2%80%93Mayer_cartoon_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer cartoon studio">MGM</a>. </p><p>Another cartoon crossover would occur in 1990, <i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_All-Stars_to_the_Rescue" title="Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue">Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue</a></i>. This cartoon featured popular characters from children's Saturday morning cartoons, banding together to promote an anti-drug message. <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> aired this half-hour special one Saturday morning with characters from all their networks, including <a href="/wiki/Huey,_Dewey,_and_Louie" title="Huey, Dewey, and Louie">Huey, Dewey, and Louie</a> (from Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(1987_TV_series)" title="DuckTales (1987 TV series)">DuckTales</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie the Pooh">Winnie the Pooh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigger" title="Tigger">Tigger</a>, Slimer (from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Ghostbusters" title="The Real Ghostbusters">The Real Ghostbusters</a></i> and <i>Extreme Ghostbusters</i>), Michelangelo (from <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i>), Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks">Alvin and the Chipmunks</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs" title="The Smurfs">the Smurfs</a>, ALF (from <a href="/wiki/ALF:_The_Animated_Series" title="ALF: The Animated Series">his short-lived cartoon spinoff</a>), <a href="/wiki/Garfield" title="Garfield">Garfield</a>, and the trio of <a href="/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog" title="Kermit the Frog">Baby Kermit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Piggy" title="Miss Piggy">Baby Piggy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gonzo_(Muppet)" title="Gonzo (Muppet)">Baby Gonzo</a> (from Jim Henson's <i><a href="/wiki/Muppet_Babies_(1984_TV_series)" title="Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)">Muppet Babies</a></i>). Animation companies granted unlimited, royalty-free use of their cartoon characters for this project, a feat that has been unequalled before or since. This cartoon was also introduced by then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a>, and would be distributed to schools and video stores free of charge nationwide. </p><p>Webtoons (animated shows from the internet) can also have crossovers with different webtoons, franchises, YouTubers and more. Some examples are when Kate from <a href="/wiki/TomSka" title="TomSka">TomSka</a>'s <i>Crash Zoom</i> series makes an appearance in <i><a href="/wiki/Eddsworld" title="Eddsworld">Eddsworld</a></i> as a trick or treater who possesses Matt and Edd in the episode, "Trick or Threat". In addition to this a couple of characters from <i>Eddsworld</i> make appearances in some <i>Crash Zoom</i> episodes such as "Orcs and Dorks". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anime and manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anime has also participated in many crossover events featuring characters or shows from the same company or network. One of the biggest projects down would be <a href="/wiki/Dream_9_Toriko_%26_One_Piece_%26_Dragon_Ball_Z_Super_Collaboration_Special!!" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!!"><i>Dream 9 Toriko x One Piece x Dragon Ball Z Super Special Collaboration</i></a> as it includes three <a href="/wiki/Shonen_Jump_(magazine)" title="Shonen Jump (magazine)"><i>Shonen Jump</i></a> franchises, being <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z" title="Dragon Ball Z">Dragon Ball Z</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Piece_(1999_TV_series)" title="One Piece (1999 TV series)">One Piece</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Toriko" title="Toriko">Toriko</a></i>, crossed over into an hour long special-like most crossovers, this special is filler, a fan-service episode that follows the common plot line in most crossovers. What makes this crossover unique is when the characters from all three shows split into groups, where the members all share the same clichéd character archetypes, such the main characters Goku, Luffy, and Toriko falling into the dumb, good-natured, strong character archetype.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Leiji_Matsumoto" title="Leiji Matsumoto">Leiji Matsumoto</a> has been known to cross over the characters of his various stories and characters such as <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Harlock" title="Captain Harlock">Captain Harlock</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Express_999" title="Galaxy Express 999">Galaxy Express 999</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Millennia" title="Queen Millennia">Queen Millennia</a></i>, all of which were originally written as separate, self-contained stories. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Maetel_Legend" title="Maetel Legend">Maetel Legend</a></i>, Queen Promethium is revealed to be having been Yukino Yaoi, the protagonist from <i>Queen Millennia</i>. Matsumoto has also created various crossovers with <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Battleship_Yamato" title="Space Battleship Yamato">Space Battleship Yamato</a></i>, an anime on which he served as director, although the rights to Yamato are actually owned by Yoshinobu Nishizaki. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KK_v_G_trailer_(1962).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KK_v_G_trailer_%281962%29.png/220px-KK_v_G_trailer_%281962%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KK_v_G_trailer_%281962%29.png/330px-KK_v_G_trailer_%281962%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KK_v_G_trailer_%281962%29.png/440px-KK_v_G_trailer_%281962%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>Battle sequence in <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla" title="King Kong vs. Godzilla">King Kong vs. Godzilla</a></i> showing the title characters fighting each other</figcaption></figure> <p>The first film crossover in a series of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal Studios</a> monster films was <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man" title="Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man">Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man</a></i>, in 1943. After the comics publishing house <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> ventured into <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios#Production" title="Marvel Studios">movie production</a>, they set off to produce solitary films with popular superheroes from the Avengers team, with characters from upcoming films making cameo appearances in films starring another superhero, leading up to the crossover film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> (2012). Inspired by Marvel's success, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, who hold movie rights for <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>' heroes, announced the production of <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice">Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</a></i> (2016) and further plans to develop the cinematic <a href="/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe" title="DC Extended Universe">DC Extended Universe</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment One">Entertainment One</a> announced plans to create a cinematic universe on the <a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)" title="Transformers (film series)"><i>Transformers</i> film series</a>. </p><p>There have been numerous crossovers in Japanese cinema. The boom of <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a> films saw a lot of crossovers produced at <a href="/wiki/Toho_Studios" title="Toho Studios">Toho Studios</a>, with some of the monsters forming teams in numerous movies, much like the Marvel movie franchise. <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mothra" title="Mothra">Mothra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodan" title="Rodan">Rodan</a> (Radon) each first appeared in standalone films before being set against each other or even teaming up against stronger enemies. Their first encounter was in 1964, first in <i><a href="/wiki/Mothra_vs._Godzilla" title="Mothra vs. Godzilla">Mothra vs. Godzilla</a></i> and a few months later of all three in <i><a href="/wiki/Ghidorah,_the_Three-Headed_Monster" title="Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster">Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster</a></i>. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Toho_Studios" title="Toho Studios">Toho</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla" title="King Kong vs. Godzilla">King Kong vs. Godzilla</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Games">Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_crossovers_in_video_games" title="List of crossovers in video games">List of crossovers in video games</a></div> <p>Crossovers in video games occur when otherwise separated fictional characters, <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">stories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setting_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Setting (fiction)">settings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">universes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">media</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> meet and interact with each other. These can range from a character simply appearing as a <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">playable character</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_games)" title="Boss (video games)">boss</a> in the game, as a special guest character, or a major crossover where two or more franchises encounter. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a></i> made the first crossover video game featuring <a href="/wiki/Simon_Belmont" title="Simon Belmont">Simon Belmont</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Castlevania" title="Castlevania">Castlevania</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>' <a href="/wiki/King_Kong" title="King Kong">King Kong</a> and Mikey from the Warner Bros. movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goonies" title="The Goonies">The Goonies</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Konami_Wai_Wai_World" title="Konami Wai Wai World">Konami Wai Wai World</a></i> for the Famicom in 1988. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Mario_%26_Sonic_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games">Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games</a></i>, released in Japan two months before <i>Super Smash Bros. Brawl</i>, was the first time that <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a> and Sonic (as well as their associated characters) appeared in a game together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg/220px-Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg/330px-Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg/440px-Ile_Mysterieuse_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Island" title="The Mysterious Island">The Mysterious Island</a> novel is a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_crossover" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional crossover">crossover</a> <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequel</a> to Verne's famous <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a></i> (1870) and <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Castaways" title="In Search of the Castaways">In Search of the Castaways</a></i> (1867–68).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, some authors also engage in crossovers by including characters from different novels they have written in one. </p><p>The first popular crossover in literature was the 1885 <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a></i>, which had an important guest appearance by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer">Tom Sawyer</a>. Similarly, Lady Glencora Palliser from the Pallisers series of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> appears towards the end of <i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Mackenzie" title="Miss Mackenzie">Miss Mackenzie</a></i>, a novel published between the first and second Palliser novels in 1865, a character first introduced in the novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Can_You_Forgive_Her%3F" title="Can You Forgive Her?">Can You Forgive Her?</a></i> (1864). <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>'s 1890 collection, <i>Old Friends: Essays in Epistolary Parody</i>, contains letters combining characters from different sources, including one based on <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Northanger_Abbey" title="Northanger Abbey">Northanger Abbey</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a> frequently uses this device, as does <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>. The works of <a href="/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell" title="James Branch Cabell">James Branch Cabell</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.D._Salinger" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_H._Rider_Haggard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir H. Rider Haggard">Sir H. Rider Haggard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinlein" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Heinlein">Robert Heinlein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> also cross over with each other, linking different characters and settings together over a number of different works. </p><p>Illustrator <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a> conceived his work <i>Twilight Land</i> as one such crossover. In it, a nameless narrator is transported to "Twilight Land" and meets famous fairy tale characters for a soirée in an inn: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goose" title="Mother Goose">Mother Goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortunatus_(book)" title="Fortunatus (book)">Fortunatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Askeladden" title="Askeladden">Boots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Tailor" title="The Brave Little Tailor">Valiant Little Tailor</a>, and others gather in the framing device and tell each other adventurous tales featuring other literary personages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French author <a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Jules Lemaître</a> wrote a sort of sequel to <i>Cinderella</i>, named <i>Princess Mimi</i>, where Cinderella's daughter is courted by <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hop-o%27-My-Thumb" title="Hop-o'-My-Thumb">Hop-o'-My-Thumb</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_domain">Public domain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Quatermain" title="Allan Quatermain"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Allan_Quatermain.jpg/85px-Allan_Quatermain.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Allan_Quatermain.jpg/128px-Allan_Quatermain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Allan_Quatermain.jpg/170px-Allan_Quatermain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1770" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Quatermain" title="Allan Quatermain">Allan Quatermain</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jekyll_and_Hyde_sketch_from_Penny_Illustrated.jpg/198px-Jekyll_and_Hyde_sketch_from_Penny_Illustrated.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jekyll_and_Hyde_sketch_from_Penny_Illustrated.jpg/297px-Jekyll_and_Hyde_sketch_from_Penny_Illustrated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jekyll_and_Hyde_sketch_from_Penny_Illustrated.jpg/396px-Jekyll_and_Hyde_sketch_from_Penny_Illustrated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character)">Jekyll and Hyde</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_027.jpg/93px-%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_027.jpg/140px-%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_027.jpg/186px-%27Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea%27_by_Neuville_and_Riou_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Public domain depictions of some of the main characters used in <br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen</a></i></div></div></div></div> <p>It is also common for authors to 'crossover' characters who have passed into the public domain, and thus do not require copyright or royalty payments for their use in other works. <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Neill_(comics)" title="Kevin O'Neill (comics)">Kevin O'Neill</a> is another example of this, as all of the main characters and most of the secondary / background characters are fictional characters whose copyright has expired, and all are characters of different authors and creators brought together within one massive extended universe. Many of the works of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wold_Newton_family" title="Wold Newton family">Wold Newton family</a> sequences (which has also been explored and developed by other authors) also utilize and interweave numerous otherwise unrelated fictional characters into a rich family history by speculating familial connections between them (such as a blood-relationship between <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarzan" title="Tarzan">Tarzan</a>). <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_the_Lonesome_October" title="A Night in the Lonesome October">A Night in the Lonesome October</a></i> combines Sherlock Holmes, Doctor Frankenstein, Jack the Ripper, and the Cthulhu Mythos, although he never specifically identifies them as such ("The Count", "The Good Doctor", "Jack", etc.). </p><p>Occasionally, authors will include into crossovers classic fictional characters whose copyright is still held by the original authors (or at least their estates), but who are nevertheless considered iconic or 'mythic' enough to be recognised from a few character traits or descriptions without being directly named (thus not requiring royalties payments to be made to the copyright holder). A prominent example occurs within <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen,_Volume_One" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One</a></i>, wherein a character who is clearly intended in appearance and description by other characters to be Dr. <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Fu Manchu</a> appears as a significant villain; however, as this character was not in the public domain at the time of writing and the rights still held by the estate of his creator <a href="/wiki/Sax_Rohmer" title="Sax Rohmer">Sax Rohmer</a>, he is not directly named as such in the work and is only referred to as 'the Devil Doctor'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television_series">Television series</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Television series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_established_shows">Between established shows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Between established shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crossovers involving principals can also occur when the characters have no prior relationship, but are related by time period, locale or profession. The <i>Law and Order</i> series, for example, afford a commonality of setting and profession which lends itself to crossovers, both within the franchise and in a wider universe. Following the cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/One_Life_to_Live" title="One Life to Live">One Life to Live</a></i> and its high-rated finale, several characters crossed over into the network's remaining soap opera <i><a href="/wiki/General_Hospital" title="General Hospital">General Hospital</a></i>, remaining in the same timeline as their former show. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_related_shows">Between related shows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Between related shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though most common on shows of the same <a href="/wiki/Production_company" title="Production company">production company</a> (see, for example, "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Saturday" title="Hurricane Saturday">Hurricane Saturday</a>"), crossovers have also occurred because shows share the same distributor or <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television network</a>. A notable example of this kind of link is that between <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum,_P.I." title="Magnum, P.I.">Magnum, P.I.</a></i> These shows were made by different companies, but owned by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios" title="Universal Studios">Universal Studios</a> and broadcast on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. Another case is that of <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_About_You" title="Mad About You">Mad About You</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i>, which share the character of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_characters#Ursula_Buffay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Friends characters">Ursula Buffay</a>. Neither show shares any production or distribution commonality, but rather an actress (<a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow" title="Lisa Kudrow">Lisa Kudrow</a>), a setting (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>) and a schedule (<i>Friends</i> initially followed <i>Mad About You</i> on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Must_See_TV" title="Must See TV">Thursday night schedule</a>). </p><p><i>Mad About You</i> and <i>Friends</i> share another type of "network crossover". On rare occasions, networks have chosen to theme an entire night's programming around a crossover "event". In one case, a New York City <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">blackout</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reiser" title="Paul Reiser">Paul Reiser</a>'s character on <i>Mad About You</i> was experienced by the characters on <i>Friends</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Madman_of_the_People" title="Madman of the People">Madman of the People</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such "event nights" can also be linked by a single character's quest across multiple shows on the same evening. <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> attempted this kind of "event night" crossover with its <a href="/wiki/TGIF_(ABC)" class="mw-redirect" title="TGIF (ABC)">Friday night programming</a> during the 1997 season. There, they proposed that the title character of <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_(1996_TV_series)" title="Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)">Sabrina the Teenage Witch</a></i> should chase her cat, <a href="/wiki/Salem_Saberhagen" title="Salem Saberhagen">Salem</a>, through <i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Meets_World" title="Boy Meets World">Boy Meets World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/You_Wish_(TV_series)" title="You Wish (TV series)">You Wish</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Teen_Angel_(1997_TV_series)" title="Teen Angel (1997 TV series)">Teen Angel</a></i> because it had run away with a "time ball" that was displacing each show through time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the Canadian crime drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Doyle" title="Republic of Doyle">Republic of Doyle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries" title="Murdoch Mysteries">Murdoch Mysteries</a></i> produced a crossover,<sup id="cite_ref-doylemurdoch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doylemurdoch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was complicated by the shows' incompatible historical settings; <i>Murdoch Mysteries</i> is a historical series set in the 1890s, while <i>Republic of Doyle</i> is set in the present day. The problem was solved by having the actors cross over as <i>relatives</i> of their primary characters; <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hawco" title="Allan Hawco">Allan Hawco</a> appeared on the November 25, 2013 episode of <i>Murdoch Mysteries</i> as Jacob Doyle, a 19th-century ancestor of his regular character Jake Doyle, while <a href="/wiki/Yannick_Bisson" title="Yannick Bisson">Yannick Bisson</a> appeared on a January 2014 episode of <i>Republic of Doyle</i> as Bill Murdoch, a 21st-century descendant of his regular character William Murdoch.<sup id="cite_ref-doylemurdoch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doylemurdoch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest example of a crossover in children's television was <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>' 1971 program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Company_(1971_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Electric Company (1971 TV series)">The Electric Company</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Promotional_cameos">Promotional cameos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Promotional cameos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crossovers can take the form of a promotional <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo appearance</a>, used to draw attention to another work of fiction, with little rational explanation in the context of the hosting show's narrative. When not clearly presented as parody, this is frequently scorned by fans as blatant commercialism. A notable example of this is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/A_Star_Is_Burns" title="A Star Is Burns">A Star Is Burns</a>", in which the character of Jay Sherman (from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Critic" title="The Critic">The Critic</a></i>) appeared. It originally aired on March 5, 1995, on FOX right before <i>The Critic</i> began its second season, its first season having aired on ABC. This episode was largely condemned by fans of <i>The Simpsons</i> as existing to promote <i>The Critic</i>, an animated series considered inferior by comparison. Even <i>Simpsons</i> creator <a href="/wiki/Matt_Groening" title="Matt Groening">Matt Groening</a> objected, preferring to remove his name from the credits of that particular episode in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin-offs">Spin-offs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spin-offs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_spin-offs" title="List of television spin-offs">List of television spin-offs</a></div> <p>In its simplest and most common form, a television crossover involves a starring character on a parent show appearing on a <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-off</a> or vice versa because of established character relationships. An obvious example of this type of crossover occurred when <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Huxtable" title="Cliff Huxtable">Cliff Huxtable</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a></i> visited his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Huxtable" title="Denise Huxtable">Denise</a>, on <i><a href="/wiki/A_Different_World_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Different World (TV series)">A Different World</a></i>. </p><p>More complex multi-production franchises can utilize crossovers of characters to serve as a device in establishing continuity in a shared fictional universe. This crossover is common in the <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_crossovers" title="Star Trek crossovers"><i>Star Trek</i> universe</a>, where minor guest stars from one series have appeared as featured guest stars later ones. A good example of this crossover is that of the <a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingons</a> <a href="/wiki/Kor_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kor (Star Trek)">Kor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Koloth">Koloth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kang_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang (Star Trek)">Kang</a>. After the passage of about a century of narrative time, the three onetime adversaries of <a href="/wiki/James_T._Kirk" title="James T. Kirk">Captain Kirk</a> appeared together in the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i> episode, "<a href="/wiki/Blood_Oath_(DS9_episode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Oath (DS9 episode)">Blood Oath</a>" – as the Klingons and Federation had become allies in the century between, the former villains are now portrayed as heroes. </p><p>The distinction between "spin-off" and "crossover" is sometimes narrow. The two terms can become especially conflated if two shows are linked by a guest star with a single appearance. There is debate, for instance over whether <i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Blue_(1979_TV_series)" title="Out of the Blue (1979 TV series)">Out of the Blue</a></i> is a spin-off of <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days" title="Happy Days">Happy Days</a></i>, or whether the star of <i>Out of the Blue</i> merely crossed over into <i>Happy Days</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parodic_crossovers">Parodic crossovers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parodic crossovers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, the problems of bringing together two shows with different narrative ambitions make the writing of a crossover burdensome. Such difficulties are encountered by <a href="/wiki/Situation_comedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedies">situation comedies</a> that wish to crossover with <a href="/wiki/Television_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Television drama">dramatic television</a> programs. The satirical crossover—ranging in length from a cameo to a full <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">comedy sketch</a> or episode—is an extremely popular way of circumventing this problem. By various means, such crossovers typically avoid outcry from fans by being obvious <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">homage</a>. However, on rare occasion, the humor of such crossovers can be used by one show make a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> point by capitalizing on the audience's experience of the other program. </p><p>Parodic crossovers can be directly established as being outside the continuity of one or all of the properties being crossed over. A good example is the crossover between <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i>, which was largely accepted as being outside standard <i>X-Files</i> continuity. </p><p>They can occur by virtue of a <a href="/wiki/Dream_sequence" title="Dream sequence">dream sequence</a>, in which the characters of one show will appear as part of a dream had by a character on another show. This method was perhaps used most famously to explain to audiences that the entirety of <i><a href="/wiki/Newhart" title="Newhart">Newhart</a></i> had been the dream of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Newhart" title="Bob Newhart">Bob Newhart</a>'s character on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show" title="The Bob Newhart Show">The Bob Newhart Show</a></i>. It has more recently been used to demonstrate that cast members of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless" title="The Young and the Restless">The Young and the Restless</a></i> appeared in a dream of a character on <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Queens" title="The King of Queens">The King of Queens</a></i>. </p><p>Parodic crossovers can take the form of "<a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">gag</a>" cameos by characters of one property appearing on another. Crossovers of this type can also be completely wordless. This type of crossover is more common on animated programs, such as when <a href="/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)" title="Bender (Futurama)">Bender</a> found and ate <a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a>'s shorts on <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Milhouse_Van_Houten" title="Milhouse Van Houten">Milhouse</a> had a talking Bender doll on <i>The Simpsons</i>. This would seem to be another case when a popular franchise is acknowledged as fiction and not a crossover of the stories. </p><p>Perhaps the most obvious parodic crossover is found when characters from two series interact outside <i>either</i> series. This occurs most commonly on a <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">sketch comedy</a> show or as a humorous interlude on an award telecast. Such crossovers may sometimes involve the real actors—for example, a sketch on <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farce" title="Royal Canadian Air Farce">Royal Canadian Air Farce</a></i> saw Yasir and Sarah from <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Mosque_on_the_Prairie" title="Little Mosque on the Prairie">Little Mosque on the Prairie</a></i> buying the gas station from <i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Gas" title="Corner Gas">Corner Gas</a></i>, with many of the characters in the sketch being portrayed by the shows' real actors—although they may also feature one genuine star from the show amid a cast comprised otherwise of the sketch show's own stable of actors. Parodic crossovers can be used to lend <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude" title="Verisimilitude">verisimilitude</a> to the fictional world of a program. Characters from a fictional television series may appear on a stylized version of an established non-fictional television series, such as <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reality_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality show">reality shows</a>. These crossovers between celebrity hosts and fictional characters are quite common on <a href="/wiki/Situation_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Situation comedy">situation comedies</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Family" title="Mama's Family">Mama's Family</a></i> once appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Feud" title="Family Feud">Family Feud</a></i> and the townsfolk of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Dibley" title="The Vicar of Dibley">The Vicar of Dibley</a></i> have had their <a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">heirlooms</a> valuated on <i><a href="/wiki/Antiques_Roadshow" title="Antiques Roadshow">Antiques Roadshow</a></i>, for instance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_crossover">German crossover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: German crossover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earlier instances of crossovers in TV productions outside the US is the episode <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unter_Br%C3%BCdern_(1990_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unter Brüdern (1990 film) (page does not exist)">Unter Brüdern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unter_Br%C3%BCdern_(1990)" class="extiw" title="de:Unter Brüdern (1990)">de</a>]</span></i> (1990), which was produced by <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehfunk" title="Deutscher Fernsehfunk">DFF</a> as a crossover between the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> crime series <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tatort" title="Tatort">Tatort</a></i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> crime series <i><a href="/wiki/Polizeiruf_110" title="Polizeiruf 110">Polizeiruf 110</a></i>. Their respective popular heroes <a href="/wiki/Horst_Schimanski" title="Horst Schimanski">Horst Schimanski</a> and Peter Fuchs join forces to solve a case in the turmoil of the time after the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#The_fall" title="Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>. The episode was produced during the short transition period between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification of Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_Comics" title="Amalgam Comics">Amalgam Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon (fiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callback_(comedy)" title="Callback (comedy)">Callback (comedy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity (fiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-licensing" title="Cross-licensing">Cross-licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanfiction">Fanfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional character">Fictional character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">Shared universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Westphall" title="Tommy Westphall">Tommy Westphall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wold_Newton_family" title="Wold Newton family">Wold Newton family</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancesca_Coppa2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Coppa" title="Francesca Coppa">Francesca Coppa</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9xCDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for the Digital Age</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. pp. 12–13, 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472053483" title="Special:BookSources/9780472053483"><bdi>9780472053483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fanfiction+Reader%3A+Folk+Tales+for+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=12-13%2C+206&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780472053483&rft.au=Francesca+Coppa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9xCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossover+%28fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/one-piece-and-dragon-ball-z-collide-in-this-tv-special-471121234">"One Piece and Dragon Ball Z Collide in this TV Special"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i>. 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=One+Piece+and+Dragon+Ball+Z+Collide+in+this+TV+Special&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fone-piece-and-dragon-ball-z-collide-in-this-tv-special-471121234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossover+%28fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Glosson2020" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Glosson (2020). <i>Performing Jane: A Cultural History of Jane Austen Fandom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. pp. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807173350" title="Special:BookSources/9780807173350"><bdi>9780807173350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+Jane%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Jane+Austen+Fandom&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780807173350&rft.au=Sarah+Glosson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossover+%28fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/76001">76001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pyle, Howard. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twilightland00pylegoog/page/n9/mode/2up">Twilight Land</a></i>. New York: Harper, 1894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Princess Mimi", <i>The Living Age</i> (1921).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cinderella's Daughter". In: The Ruby fairy book. Comprising stories by Jules Le Maitre, J. Wenzig, Flora Schmals, F.C. Younger, Luigi Capuani, John C. Winder, Canning Williams, Daniel Riche and others; with 78 illustrations by H.R. Millar. London: Hutchinson & Co. [1900] pp. 3–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epguides.com/MadAboutYou/season3.shtml">epguides.com listing for <i>Pandora's Box</i>, the episode which kicked off "Blackout Thursday" on NBC.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012135515/http://epguides.com/MadAboutYou/season3.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poobala.com/timeball.html">"Crossover Event: "The Time Ball"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>poobala.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poobala.com&rft.atitle=Crossover+Event%3A+%22The+Time+Ball%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poobala.com%2Ftimeball.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossover+%28fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doylemurdoch-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doylemurdoch_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doylemurdoch_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131212035932/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/11/25/stinson-celebrating-the-can-combo-of-republic-of-doyle-and-murdoch-mysteries/">"Celebrating the Can-combo of Republic of Doyle and Murdoch Mysteries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. November 25, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/11/25/stinson-celebrating-the-can-combo-of-republic-of-doyle-and-murdoch-mysteries/">the original</a> on December 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+Can-combo+of+Republic+of+Doyle+and+Murdoch+Mysteries&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F11%2F25%2Fstinson-celebrating-the-can-combo-of-republic-of-doyle-and-murdoch-mysteries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrossover+%28fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snpp.com/episodes/2F31.html">Various reactions, including Matt Groening's, to <i>A Star Is Burns</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810215843/http://www.snpp.com/episodes/2F31.html">Archived</a> 2007-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_(fiction)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katspace.org/fiction/essays/crossovers/">Thoughts On Crossovers In General (Kathryn Andersen)</a> An essay musing on the numerous elements necessary to a successful crossover (primarily aimed at fan-written fiction).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjfarmer.com/woldnewton/Chron.htm">World Newton Universe Crossover Chronology</a> Crossovers which build upon and take place in Philip José Farmer's World Newton continuity.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040525/http://www.whiterose.org/howlingcurmudgeons/archives/008910.html">"On Crossovers"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jess_Nevins" title="Jess Nevins">Jess Nevins</a>' history of the fictional crossover</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fan_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fan_fiction" title="Template:Fan fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fan_fiction" title="Template talk:Fan fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fan_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fan fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fan_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_universe_(fan_fiction)" title="Alternative universe (fan fiction)">Alternate universe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_universe" title="Expanded universe">Expanded universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femslash" title="Femslash">Femslash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">Shared universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uberfic" title="Uberfic">Uberfic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Author_surrogate" title="Author surrogate">Author surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue" title="Mary Sue">Mary Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSTing" class="mw-redirect" title="MSTing">MSTing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Hope" title="Another Hope">Another Hope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Bastard" title="Beautiful Bastard">Beautiful Bastard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_Equestria" title="Fallout: Equestria">Fallout: Equestria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)" title="Fifty Shades (novel series)"><i>Fifty Shades</i> trilogy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Inferno" title="Gabriel's Inferno">Gabriel's Inferno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Hypothesis" title="The Love Hypothesis">The Love Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time%27s_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="Time's Champion">Time's Champion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gossamer_Project" title="The Gossamer Project">The Gossamer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucky_(fandom)" title="Stucky (fandom)">Stucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drarry" title="Drarry">Drarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfstar" title="Wolfstar">Wolfstar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction" title="Legal issues with fan fiction">Legal issues with fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_character" title="Original character">Original character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superhero_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superhero_fiction" title="Template:Superhero fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superhero_fiction" title="Template talk:Superhero fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superhero_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superhero fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superhero_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_novels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superhero novels (page does not exist)">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superhero television (page does not exist)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superhero_television_series" title="List of 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