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<li id="toc-Classical_and_medieval_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_and_medieval_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classical and medieval criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_medieval_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Renaissance criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Baroque criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Enlightenment criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_Romantic_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_Romantic_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>19th-century Romantic criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_Romantic_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The New Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Current state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>History of the book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_twentieth-century_schools_of_critical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_twentieth-century_schools_of_critical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Major twentieth-century schools of critical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_twentieth-century_schools_of_critical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Key texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_and_medieval_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_and_medieval_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classical and medieval periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_medieval_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Renaissance period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Enlightenment period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literary criticism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuurkritiek" title="Literatuurkritiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Literatuurkritiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="نقد أدبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقد أدبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրական Քննադատութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրական Քննադատութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সাহিত্য সমালোচনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাহিত্য সমালোচনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_lliteraria" title="Crítica lliteraria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crítica lliteraria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99bi_t%C9%99nqid" title="Ədəbi tənqid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbi tənqid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ادبی تنقیدچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادبی تنقیدچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সাহিত্য সমালোচনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্য সমালোচনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Літаратурная крытыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаратурная крытыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Літаратурная крытыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратурная крытыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Литературна критика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литературна критика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaduakritik" title="Literaduakritik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Literaduakritik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevna_kritika" title="Književna kritika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Književna kritika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skridvarnerezh" title="Skridvarnerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skridvarnerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_liter%C3%A0ria" title="Crítica literària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crítica literària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Литература тиркевĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литература тиркевĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liter%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kritika" title="Literární kritika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Literární kritika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirniadaeth_lenyddol" title="Beirniadaeth lenyddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beirniadaeth lenyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteraturanalyse" title="Litteraturanalyse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Litteraturanalyse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturkritik" title="Literaturkritik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Literaturkritik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjanduskriitika" title="Kirjanduskriitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjanduskriitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Λογοτεχνική ανάλυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογοτεχνική ανάλυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_literaria" title="Crítica literaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crítica literaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_kritiko" title="Literatura kritiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Literatura kritiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_kritika" title="Literatura kritika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literatura kritika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="نقد ادبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقد ادبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_litt%C3%A9raire" title="Critique littéraire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critique littéraire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_literaria" title="Crítica literaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crítica literaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%ED%8F%89%EB%A1%A0" title="문학평론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문학평론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրաքննադատություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրաքննադատություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी आलोचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिंदी आलोचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevna_kritika" title="Književna kritika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Književna kritika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_sastra" title="Kritik sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kritik sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmenntar%C3%BDni" title="Bókmenntarýni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókmenntarýni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_letteraria" title="Critica letteraria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Critica letteraria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ביקורת ספרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביקורת ספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Әдеби сын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әдеби сын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexneya_w%C3%AAjey%C3%AE" title="Rexneya wêjeyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rexneya wêjeyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_litterarum" title="Critica litterarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Critica litterarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABras_kritika" title="Literatūras kritika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Literatūras kritika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Книжевна критика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книжевна критика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സാഹിത്യവിമർശനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹിത്യവിമർശനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritikan_sastera" title="Kritikan sastera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kritikan sastera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaire_kritiek" title="Literaire kritiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Literaire kritiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8A%B8%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" title="文芸評論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文芸評論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteraturkritikk" title="Litteraturkritikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litteraturkritikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteraturkritikk" title="Litteraturkritikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Litteraturkritikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanqid_(faoliyat)" title="Tanqid (faoliyat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanqid (faoliyat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਾਹਿਤ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹਿਤ ਆਲੋਚਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytyka_literacka" title="Krytyka literacka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krytyka literacka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_liter%C3%A1ria" title="Crítica literária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crítica literária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic%C4%83_literar%C4%83" title="Critică literară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Critică literară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Литературная критика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литературная критика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="काव्यविभागाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="काव्यविभागाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_letrare" title="Kritika letrare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kritika letrare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ACtica_littiraria" title="Crìtica littiraria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Crìtica littiraria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="සාහිත්‍ය විචාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාහිත්‍ය විචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ادبي تنقيد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ادبي تنقيد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liter%C3%A1rna_kritika" title="Literárna kritika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Literárna kritika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literarna_kritika" title="Literarna kritika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Literarna kritika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AE%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ڕەخنەی ئەدەبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەخنەی ئەدەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Књижевна критика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевна критика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevna_kritika" title="Književna kritika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Književna kritika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjallisuuskritiikki" title="Kirjallisuuskritiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjallisuuskritiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteraturkritik" title="Litteraturkritik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Litteraturkritik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsusuring_pampanitikan" title="Pagsusuring pampanitikan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsusuring pampanitikan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebi_ele%C5%9Ftiri" title="Edebi eleştiri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edebi eleştiri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Літературна критика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літературна критика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ادبی تنقید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادبی تنقید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AA_b%C3%ACnh_v%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phê bình văn học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phê bình văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" title="文學評論 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文學評論" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינטערפרעטאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינטערפרעטאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" title="文學評論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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navigation-not-searchable">For the event, see <a href="/wiki/Literary_Criticism_(UIL)" title="Literary Criticism (UIL)">Literary Criticism (UIL)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A genre of <a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">arts criticism</a>, <b>literary criticism</b> or <b>literary studies</b> is the study, <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluation</a>, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">philosophical analysis</a> of literature's goals and methods. Although the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists. </p><p>Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a> is a matter of some controversy. For example, <i>The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism, and almost always uses the terms together to describe the same concept. Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works, while theory may be more general or abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary criticism is often published in essay or book form. Academic literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>, and more popular critics publish their <a href="/wiki/Book_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Review">reviews</a> in broadly circulating periodicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Review_of_Books" title="Dublin Review of Books">Dublin Review of Books</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bookforum" title="Bookforum">Bookforum</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_and_medieval_criticism">Classical and medieval criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical and medieval criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary criticism is thought to have existed as far back as the classical period.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th century BC <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, a typology and description of literary forms with many specific criticisms of contemporary works of art. <i>Poetics</i> developed for the first time the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a>, which are still crucial in literary studies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s attacks on poetry as imitative, secondary, and false were formative as well. The Sanskrit <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> includes literary criticism on ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a> and Sanskrit drama.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later classical and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> criticism often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> and textual <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of the three <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Jewish literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a>. </p><p>Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> from the 9th century, notably by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> in his <i>al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin</i> and <i>al-Hayawan</i>, and by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a> in his <i>Kitab al-Badi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_criticism">Renaissance criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassicism</a>, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition. The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498, with the recovery of classic texts, most notably, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Valla" title="Giorgio Valla">Giorgio Valla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i>Poetics</i>. The work of Aristotle, especially <i>Poetics</i>, was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Castelvetro" title="Lodovico Castelvetro">Lodovico Castelvetro</a> was one of the most influential Renaissance critics who wrote commentaries on Aristotle's <i>Poetics</i> in 1570. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_criticism">Baroque criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Baroque criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventeenth-century witnessed the first full-fledged crisis in modernity of the core critical-aesthetic principles inherited from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, such as proportion, harmony, unity, <a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">decorum</a>, that had long governed, guaranteed, and stabilized Western thinking about artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> was very far from spent as a cultural force, it was to be gradually challenged by a rival movement, namely Baroque, that favoured the transgressive and the extreme, without laying claim to the unity, harmony, or decorum that supposedly distinguished both nature and its greatest imitator, namely ancient art. The key concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> aesthetic, such as "<a href="/wiki/Conceit" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceit">conceit</a>' (<i>concetto</i>), "<a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Acutezza" title="Acutezza">acutezza</a></i>, <i>ingegno</i>), and "<a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">wonder</a>" (<i>meraviglia</i>), were not fully developed in literary theory until the publication of <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Tesauro" title="Emanuele Tesauro">Emanuele Tesauro</a>'s <i>Il Cannocchiale aristotelico</i> (The Aristotelian Telescope) in 1654. This seminal treatise – inspired by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Marino" title="Giambattista Marino">Giambattista Marino</a>'s epic <i>Adone</i> and the work of the Spanish Jesuit philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a> – developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> as a universal language of images and as a supreme intellectual act, at once an artifice and an epistemologically privileged mode of access to truth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_criticism">Enlightenment criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enlightenment criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg/220px-Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg/330px-Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg/440px-Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, one of the most influential writers and critics of the 18th century. See: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson%27s_literary_criticism" title="Samuel Johnson's literary criticism">Samuel Johnson's literary criticism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Period">Enlightenment period</a> (1700s–1800s), literary criticism became more popular. During this time <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rates started to rise in the public;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no longer was reading exclusive for the wealthy or scholarly. With the rise of the literate public, the swiftness of printing and commercialization of literature, criticism arose too.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reading was no longer viewed solely as educational or as a sacred source of religion; it was a form of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary criticism was influenced by the values and stylistic writing, including clear, bold, precise writing and the more controversial criteria of the author's religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These critical reviews were published in many magazines, newspapers, and journals. The commercialization of literature and its mass production had its downside. The emergent literary market, which was expected to educate the public and keep them away from <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> and prejudice, increasingly diverged from the idealistic control of the Enlightenment theoreticians so that the business of Enlightenment became a business with the Enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development – particularly of emergence of entertainment literature – was addressed through an intensification of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, for instance, were criticized including his book <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>, which one critic described as "the detestable story of the Yahoos".<sup id="cite_ref-Regan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_Romantic_criticism">19th-century Romantic criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th-century Romantic criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> ideas to literary studies, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>, which followed closely after the late development of German <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a>, emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature, and valued <i>Witz</i> – that is, "wit" or "humor" of a certain sort – more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism. The late nineteenth century brought renown to authors known more for their literary criticism than for their own literary work, such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Criticism">The New Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The New Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However important all of these aesthetic movements were as antecedents, current ideas about literary criticism derive almost entirely from the new direction taken in the early twentieth century. Early in the century the school of criticism known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_Formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Formalism">Russian Formalism</a>, and slightly later the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> in Britain and in the United States, came to dominate the study and discussion of literature in the English-speaking world. Both schools emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">close reading</a> of texts, elevating it far above generalizing discussion and speculation about either <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intentionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorial intentionality">authorial intention</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to say nothing of the author's psychology or biography, which became almost taboo subjects) or <a href="/wiki/Reader_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Reader response">reader response</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together known as <a href="/wiki/William_K._Wimsatt" title="William K. Wimsatt">Wimsatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Beardsley" title="Monroe Beardsley">Beardsley's</a> intentional fallacy and <a href="/wiki/Affective_fallacy" title="Affective fallacy">affective fallacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This emphasis on form and precise attention to "the words themselves" has persisted, after the decline of these critical doctrines themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory">Theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957 <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> published the influential <i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Criticism" title="Anatomy of Criticism">Anatomy of Criticism</a></i>. In his works Frye noted that some critics tend to embrace an ideology, and to judge literary pieces on the basis of their adherence to such ideology. This has been a highly influential viewpoint among modern conservative thinkers. E. Michael Jones, for example, argues in his <i>Degenerate Moderns</i> that <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Stanley Fish</a> was influenced by his own adulterous affairs to reject classic literature that condemned adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, in <i>Erkenntnis und Interesse</i> [1968] (<i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Human_Interests" title="Knowledge and Human Interests">Knowledge and Human Interests</a></i>), described literary critical theory in literary studies as a form of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>: knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions – including the interpretation of texts which themselves interpret other texts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png/220px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png/330px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png/440px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s theories of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a> were influential in developing <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structuralist</a> approach to literary criticism.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the British and American literary establishment, the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> was more or less dominant until the late 1960s. Around that time Anglo-American university literature departments began to witness a rise of a more explicitly philosophical <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, and other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a>. It continued until the mid-1980s, when interest in "theory" peaked. Many later critics, though undoubtedly still influenced by theoretical work, have been comfortable simply interpreting literature rather than writing explicitly about methodology and philosophical presumptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_state">Current state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, approaches based in <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a> largely coexist in university literature departments, while conventional methods, some informed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Critics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Critics">New Critics</a>, also remain active. Disagreements over the goals and methods of literary criticism, which characterized both sides taken by critics during the "rise" of theory, have declined. </p><p>Some critics work largely with theoretical texts, while others read traditional literature; interest in the literary <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canon</a> is still great, but many critics are also interested in nontraditional texts and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's writing in English">women's literature</a>, as elaborated on by certain academic journals such as <i>Contemporary Women's Writing</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some critics influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> read popular texts like comic books or <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocritics</a> have drawn connections between literature and the natural sciences. <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Darwinian literary studies</a> studies literature in the context of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary">evolutionary</a> influences on human nature. And <a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">postcritique</a> has sought to develop new ways of reading and responding to literary texts that go beyond the interpretive methods of <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a>. Many literary critics also work in <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">film criticism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_book">History of the book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of the book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Related to other forms of literary criticism, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book">history of the book</a> is a field of interdisciplinary inquiry drawing on the methods of <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">history of literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media influence">media theory</a>. Principally concerned with the production, circulation, and reception of texts and their material forms, book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects. </p><p>Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading audiences, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economics of literary form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_twentieth-century_schools_of_critical_analysis">Major twentieth-century schools of critical analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Major twentieth-century schools of critical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Historicist approaches</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Historicism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Historicism">New Historicism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Formalist approaches</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Formalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Formalism">Russian Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deconstructionism">Deconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Modernism">Literary Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">Post-modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">Reader-response criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Semiotic literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Political approaches</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Marxist literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Feminist literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Psychological approaches</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism" title="Psychoanalytic literary criticism">Psychoanalytic literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Race and sexuality approaches</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">Affect theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_texts">Key texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Key texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Feminist literary criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_literary_critics" title="List of American literary critics">List of American literary critics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_and_medieval_periods">Classical and medieval periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classical and medieval periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>: <i>Ion</i>, <i>Republic</i>, <i>Cratylus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>: <i>Poetics</i>, <i>Rhetoric</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>: <i>Art of Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a>: <i>On the Sublime</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>: <i>On the Intellectual Beauties</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a>: <i>On Christian Doctrine</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>: <i>The Consolation of Philosophy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a>: <i>The Nature and Domain of Sacred Doctrine</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>: <i>The Banquet</i>, <i>Letter to Cangrande Della Scala</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>: <i>Life of Dante</i>, <i>Genealogy of the Gentile Gods</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>: <i>The Book of the City of Ladies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>: <i>Natya Shastra</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajashekhara_(Sanskrit_poet)" title="Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)">Rajashekhara</a>: <i>Inquiry into Literature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>: <i>The Invention of Poetry</i> (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandavardhana" title="Anandavardhana">Anandavardhana</a>: <i>Light on Suggestion</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi" title="Cao Pi">Cao Pi</a>: <i>A Discourse on Literature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ji_(Shiheng)" title="Lu Ji (Shiheng)">Lu Ji</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Wen_fu" title="Wen fu">Rhymeprose on Literature</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu Xie</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a>: <i>A Discussion of Literature and Meaning</i></li> <li>Sikong Tu: <i>The Twenty-Four Classes of Poetry</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_period">Renaissance period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renaissance period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Castelvetro" title="Lodovico Castelvetro">Lodovico Castelvetro</a>: <i>The </i>Poetics<i> of Aristotle Translated and Explained</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a>: <i>An Apology for Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Mazzoni" title="Jacopo Mazzoni">Jacopo Mazzoni</a>: <i>On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a>: <i>Discourses on the Heroic Poem</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>: <i>The Advancement of Learning</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Reynolds_(poet)" title="Henry Reynolds (poet)">Henry Reynolds</a>: <i>Mythomystes</i></li> <li>John Mandaville: <i>Composed in the mid-14th century – most probably by a french physician</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_period">Enlightenment period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enlightenment period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>: <i>Answer to Davenant's preface to </i>Gondibert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>: <i>Of the Three Unities of Action, Time, and Place</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>: <i>An Essay of Dramatic Poesy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux</a>: <i>The Art of Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>: <i>An Essay Concerning Human Understanding</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)" title="John Dennis (dramatist)">John Dennis</a>: <i>The Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>: <i>An Essay on Criticism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>: <i>On the Pleasures of the Imagination</i> (<i>Spectator</i> essays)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>: <i>The New Science</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>: <i>A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>: <i>Of the Standard of Taste</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>: <i>On Fiction</i>, <i>Rasselas</i>, <i>Preface to </i>Shakespeare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Young" title="Edward Young">Edward Young</a>: <i>Conjectures on Original Composition</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>: <i>Laocoön</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>: <i>Discourses on Art</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharp_(politician)" title="Richard Sharp (politician)">Richard "Conversation" Sharp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersandessay01shargoog">Letters & Essays in Prose & Verse</a></li> <li>James Usher :<i>Clio: or a Discourse on Taste (1767)</i><sup id="cite_ref-google_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>: <i>The Paradox of Acting</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" title="Critique of Judgment">Critique of Judgment</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>: <i>The Marriage of Heaven or Hell</i>, <i>Letter to Thomas Butts</i>, <i>Annotations to Reynolds' Discourses</i>, <i>A Descriptive Catalogue</i>, <i>A Vision of the Last Judgment</i>, <i>On Homer's Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>: <i>Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>: <i>Critical Fragments</i>, <i>Athenaeum Fragments</i>, <i>On Incomprehensibility</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers" title="American Writers">American Writers</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>: <i>Preface to the Second Edition of </i>Lyrical Ballads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Anne Louise Germaine de Staël</a>: <i>Literature in its Relation to Social Institutions</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>: <i>On the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>: <i>Shakespeare's Judgment Equal to His Genius</i>, <i>On the Principles of Genial Criticism</i>, <i>The Statesman's Manual</i>, <i>Biographia Literaria</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>: <i>Collected Works</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>: letters to Benjamin Bailey, George & Thomas Keats, John Taylor, and Richard Woodhouse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>: <i>The World as Will and Idea</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Ages_of_Poetry" title="The Four Ages of Poetry">The Four Ages of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Defence_of_Poetry" title="A Defence of Poetry">A Defence of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>: <i>Conversations with Eckermann</i>, <i>Maxim No. 279</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>: <i>The Philosophy of Fine Art</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a>: <i>Zibaldone</i> (notebooks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis" title="Francesco de Sanctis">Francesco de Sanctis</a>: <i>Critical Essays; History of the Italian Literature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>: <i>Symbols</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>: <i>What is Poetry?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>: <i>The Poet</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</a>: <i>What Is a Classic?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable_for_Critics" title="A Fable for Critics">A Fable for Critics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poetic_Principle" title="The Poetic Principle">The Poetic Principle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>: <i>Preface to the 1853 Edition of </i>Poems, <i>The Function of Criticism at the Present Time</i>, <i>The Study of Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a>: <i>History of English Literature and Language</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>: <i>The Salon of 1859</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>: <i>Two Ages: A Literary Review</i>, <i>The Concept of Irony</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a> from the Spirit of Music</i>, <i>Truth and Falsity in an Ultramoral Sense</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a>: <i>Studies in the History of the Renaissance</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>: <i>The Experimental Novel</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a>: <i>The Adventures of the Soul</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decay_of_Lying" title="The Decay of Lying">The Decay of Lying</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>: <i>The Evolution of Literature</i>, <i>The Book: A Spiritual Mystery</i>, <i>Mystery in Literature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Art%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is Art?">What is Art?</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>: <i>Aesthetic</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> : <i>Prison Notebooks</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>: <i>The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas; The Open Work</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bradley" title="A. C. Bradley">A. C. Bradley</a>: <i>Poetry for Poetry's Sake</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>: <i>Creative Writers and Daydreaming</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>: <i>Course in General Linguistics</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>: <i>The Structural Study of Myth</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">T. E. Hulme</a>: <i>Romanticism and Classicism</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Bergson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergson">Bergson</a>'s Theory of Art</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>: <i>On Language as Such and On the Language of Man</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Shklovsky" title="Viktor Shklovsky">Viktor Shklovsky</a>: <i>Art as Technique</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>: <i>Tradition and the Individual Talent</i>; <i>Hamlet and His Problems</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Irving Babbitt</a>: <i>Romantic Melancholy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>: <i>On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>: <i>The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Eikhenbaum" title="Boris Eikhenbaum">Boris Eikhenbaum</a>: <i>The Theory of the "Formal Method"</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>: <i>A Room of One's Own</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a>: <i>Practical Criticism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a>: <i>Epic and Novel: Toward a Methodology for the Study of the Novel</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a>: <i>The Notion of Expenditure</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">John Crowe Ransom</a>: <i>Poetry: A Note in Ontology</i>; <i>Criticism as Pure Speculation</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._P._Blackmur" title="R. P. Blackmur">R. P. Blackmur</a>: <i>A Critic's Job of Work</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>: <i>The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience</i>; <i>The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>: <i>The Ideal of the Harmonious Man in Bourgeois Aesthetics</i>; <i>Art and Objective Truth</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a>: <i>Poetry and Abstract Thought</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Kenneth Burke</a>: <i>Literature as Equipment for Living</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a>: <i>Art</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._K._Wimsatt" class="mw-redirect" title="W. K. Wimsatt">W. K. Wimsatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Beardsley" title="Monroe Beardsley">Monroe Beardsley</a>: <i>The Intentional Fallacy</i>, <i>The Affective Fallacy</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Cleanth Brooks</a>: <i>The Heresy of Paraphrase</i>; <i>Irony as a Principle of Structure</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Muka%C5%99ovsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Mukařovský">Jan Mukařovský</a>: <i>Standard Language and Poetic Language</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>: <i>Why Write?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>: <i>The Second Sex</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Crane" title="Ronald Crane">Ronald Crane</a>: <i>Toward a More Adequate Criticism of Poetic Structure</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wheelwright" title="Philip Wheelwright">Philip Wheelwright</a>: <i>The Burning Fountain</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>: <i>Cultural Criticism and Society</i>; <i>Aesthetic Theory</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>: <i>The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a>: <i>Anatomy of Criticism</i>; <i>The Critical Path</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a>: <i>The Poetics of Space</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Ernst Gombrich</a>: <i>Art and Illusion</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>: <i>The Nature of Language</i>; <i>Language in the Poem</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6lderlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a> and the Essence of Poetry</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Hirsch_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="E. D. Hirsch Jr.">E. D. Hirsch Jr.</a>: <i>Objective Interpretation</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>: <i>Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>: <i>Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>: <i>The Structuralist Activity</i>; <i>The Death of the Author</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>: <i>Truth and Power</i>; <i>What Is an Author?</i>; <i>The Discourse on Language</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Robert_Jauss" title="Hans Robert Jauss">Hans Robert Jauss</a>: <i>Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Poulet" title="Georges Poulet">Georges Poulet</a>: <i>Phenomenology of Reading</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>: <i>The Country and the City</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a>: <i>The Liberal Imagination</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a>: <i>From One Identity to Another</i>; <i>Women's Time</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Paul de Man</a>: <i>Semiology and Rhetoric</i>; <i>The Rhetoric of Temporality</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anxiety_of_Influence" title="The Anxiety of Influence">The Anxiety of Influence</a></i>; <i>The Dialectics of Poetic Tradition</i>; <i>Poetry, Revisionism, Repression</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>: <i>Colonialist Criticism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Stanley Fish</a>: <i>Normal Circumstances, Literal Language, Direct Speech Acts, the Ordinary, the Everyday, the Obvious, What Goes Without Saying, and Other Special Cases</i>; <i>Is There a Text in This Class?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>: <i>The World, the Text, and the Critic</i>; <i>Secular Criticism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Elaine Showalter</a>: <i>Toward a Feminist Poetics</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gilbert" title="Sandra Gilbert">Sandra Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Susan Gubar</a>: <i>Infection in the Sentence</i>; <i>The Madwoman in the Attic</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Krieger" title="Murray Krieger">Murray Krieger</a>: <i>"A Waking Dream": The Symbolic Alternative to Allegory</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a>: Capitalism and Schizophrenia</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a>: <i>The Sacrificial Crisis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a>: <i>The Laugh of the Medusa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Culler" title="Jonathan Culler">Jonathan Culler</a>: <i>Beyond Interpretation</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hartman" title="Geoffrey Hartman">Geoffrey Hartman</a>: <i>Literary Commentary as Literature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Iser" title="Wolfgang Iser">Wolfgang Iser</a>: <i>The Repertoire</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">Hayden White</a>: <i>The Historical Text as Literary Artifact</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a>: <i>The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Szondi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Szondi">Peter Szondi</a>: <i>On Textual Understanding</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">M. H. Abrams</a>: <i>How to Do Things with Texts</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hillis_Miller" title="J. Hillis Miller">J. Hillis Miller</a>: <i>The Critic as Host</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>: <i>Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a>: <i>The Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>: <i>Unpretentious Proclamation</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>: <i>The Surrealist Manifesto</i>; <i>The Declaration of 27 January 1925</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy">Mina Loy</a>: <i>Feminist Manifesto</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokomitsu_Riichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokomitsu Riichi">Yokomitsu Riichi</a>: <i>Sensation and New Sensation</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_de_Andrade" title="Oswald de Andrade">Oswald de Andrade</a>: <i>Cannibalist Manifesto</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>: <i>Manifesto: Towards a Free Revolutionary Art</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>: <i>Some Modest Proposals for the Reform of Literature</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>: <i>The Bow and the Lire</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Book review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">Comparative literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_lens" title="Critical lens">Critical lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book">History of the book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_critics" title="Category:Literary critics">Literary critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary translation">Literary translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">Philosophy and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_tradition" title="Poetic tradition">Poetic tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnshopkinsguid0000unse"><i>The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8010-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8010-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54374476">54374476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+Guide+to+Literary+Theory+and+Criticism&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54374476&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8010-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnshopkinsguid0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagat2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bhagat, Mahesh Kumar (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishjournal.net/archives/2024.v6.i1.B.161/understanding-theory-literary-theory-and-literary-criticism">"Understanding theory, literary theory and literary criticism"</a>. <i>International Journal of Research in English</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 62–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33545%2F26648717.2024.v6.i1b.161">10.33545/26648717.2024.v6.i1b.161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Research+in+English&rft.atitle=Understanding+theory%2C+literary+theory+and+literary+criticism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-64&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33545%2F26648717.2024.v6.i1b.161&rft.aulast=Bhagat&rft.aufirst=Mahesh+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishjournal.net%2Farchives%2F2024.v6.i1.B.161%2Funderstanding-theory-literary-theory-and-literary-criticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/literary/">"Literary Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014400/https://iep.utm.edu/literary/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literary+Theory+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fliterary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, John (1997). <i>Aristotle's Poetics: Translated and with a Commentary by George Whalley</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. xxii–xxxiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Poetics%3A+Translated+and+with+a+Commentary+by+George+Whalley&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=xxii-xxxiii&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2016" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon Ivan (2016). <i>A rasa reader: classical Indian aesthetics</i>. Historical sourcebooks in classical indian thought. New York: Columbia university press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17390-2"><bdi>978-0-231-17390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+rasa+reader%3A+classical+Indian+aesthetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Historical+sourcebooks+in+classical+indian+thought&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Columbia+university+press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-17390-2&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadamerGadamer2003" class="citation book cs1">Gadamer, Hans-Georg; Gadamer, Hans-Georg (2003). <i>Truth and Method</i> (2 ed.). New York: Continuum. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0585-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0585-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-0585-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Method&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0585-2&rft.aulast=Gadamer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft.au=Gadamer%2C+Hans-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan._Gelder1982" class="citation book cs1">van. Gelder, G. J. H. (1982). <i>Beyond the Line: Classical Arabic Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem</i>. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06854-4"><bdi>978-90-04-06854-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10350183">10350183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Line%3A+Classical+Arabic+Literary+Critics+on+the+Coherence+and+Unity+of+the+Poem&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10350183&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06854-4&rft.aulast=van.+Gelder&rft.aufirst=G.+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon R. Snyder, <i>L’estetica del Barocco</i> (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2005), 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Horn_Melton2001" class="citation book cs1">Van Horn Melton, James (2001). <i>The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46573-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46573-1"><bdi>978-0-521-46573-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Public+in+Enlightenment+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46573-1&rft.aulast=Van+Horn+Melton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoskuhl2013" class="citation book cs1">Voskuhl, Adelheid (2013). <i>Androids in the Enlightenment: Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03402-7"><bdi>978-0-226-03402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Androids+in+the+Enlightenment%3A+Mechanics%2C+Artisans%2C+and+Cultures+of+the+Self&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03402-7&rft.aulast=Voskuhl&rft.aufirst=Adelheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i>. New York: Skyhorse. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-453-0"><bdi>978-1-61608-453-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277203534">277203534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277203534&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-453-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReganDawson2013" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Shaun; Dawson, Books (2013). <i>Reading 1759: Literary Culture in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and France</i>. Lewisburg [Pa.]: Bucknell University Press. pp. 125–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61148-478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61148-478-6"><bdi>978-1-61148-478-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+1759%3A+Literary+Culture+in+Mid-Eighteenth-Century+Britain+and+France&rft.pages=125-130&rft.pub=Lewisburg+%5BPa.%5D%3A+Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61148-478-6&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohendahlBerghahn1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Uwe_Hohendahl" title="Peter Uwe Hohendahl">Hohendahl, Peter Uwe</a>; Berghahn, Klaus L. (1988). <i>A History of German Literary Criticism: 173–1980</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7232-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-7232-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+German+Literary+Criticism%3A+173%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7232-3&rft.aulast=Hohendahl&rft.aufirst=Peter+Uwe&rft.au=Berghahn%2C+Klaus+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamarque2006" class="citation cs2">Lamarque, Peter (26 January 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/48815/chapter-abstract/422790298?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The intentional fallacy"</a>, <i>Literary Theory and Criticism</i>, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 177–188, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199291335.003.0014">10.1093/oso/9780199291335.003.0014</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929133-5"><bdi>978-0-19-929133-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literary+Theory+and+Criticism&rft.atitle=The+intentional+fallacy&rft.pages=177-188&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199291335.003.0014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929133-5&rft.aulast=Lamarque&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F48815%2Fchapter-abstract%2F422790298%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2010" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Michael, ed. (24 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444337839"><i>The Encyclopedia of Literary and Cultural Theory</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444337839.wbelctv1a006">10.1002/9781444337839.wbelctv1a006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8312-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-8312-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Literary+and+Cultural+Theory&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444337839.wbelctv1a006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8312-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781444337839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimsattBeardsley1946" class="citation journal cs1">Wimsatt, W. K.; Beardsley, M. C. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27537676">"The Intentional Fallacy"</a>. <i>The Sewanee Review</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 468–488. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-3052">0037-3052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sewanee+Review&rft.atitle=The+Intentional+Fallacy&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=468-488&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0037-3052&rft.aulast=Wimsatt&rft.aufirst=W.+K.&rft.au=Beardsley%2C+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27537676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimsattBeardsley1949" class="citation journal cs1">Wimsatt, W. K.; Beardsley, M. C. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27537883">"The Affective Fallacy"</a>. <i>The Sewanee Review</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 31–55. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-3052">0037-3052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sewanee+Review&rft.atitle=The+Affective+Fallacy&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-55&rft.date=1949&rft.issn=0037-3052&rft.aulast=Wimsatt&rft.aufirst=W.+K.&rft.au=Beardsley%2C+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27537883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2022" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephan (2022). "Form and Formalism". In Frow, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190699604.001.0001/acref-9780190699604"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory</i></a> (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190699604.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780190699604.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-069960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-069960-4"><bdi>978-0-19-069960-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Form+and+Formalism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Literary+Theory&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190699604.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-069960-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190699604.001.0001%2Facref-9780190699604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1991" class="citation book cs1">Jones, E. Michael (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degeneratemodern00jone/page/79"><i>Degenerate Moderns: Modernity as Rationalized Sexual Misbehaviour</i></a></span>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degeneratemodern00jone/page/79">79–84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-447-1"><bdi>978-0-89870-447-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28241358">28241358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degenerate+Moderns%3A+Modernity+as+Rationalized+Sexual+Misbehaviour&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=79-84&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28241358&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-447-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=E.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdegeneratemodern00jone%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cww">"Contemporary Women's Writing | Oxford Academic"</a>. <i>OUP Academic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807221421/https://academic.oup.com/cww">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OUP+Academic&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Women%27s+Writing+%7C+Oxford+Academic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcww&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUssher1767" class="citation book cs1">Ussher, J. (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYFKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Clio Or, a Discourse on Taste: Addressed to a Young Lady</i></a>. Davies. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clio+Or%2C+a+Discourse+on+Taste%3A+Addressed+to+a+Young+Lady&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Davies&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Ussher&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYFKAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Theo (2007). <i>Formalism, Experience, and the Making of American Literature in the Nineteenth Century</i>. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139466561" title="Special:BookSources/9781139466561"><bdi>9781139466561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formalism%2C+Experience%2C+and+the+Making+of+American+Literature+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139466561&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Literary Criticism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Literary+criticism">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343487">Literary Criticism </a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618214519/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-71"><i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>:</a> Literary Criticism</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVince_Brewton" class="citation web cs1">Vince Brewton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/literary/">"Literary Theory"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Literary+Theory&rft.au=Vince+Brewton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fliterary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Ángel_García_Landa" class="citation web cs1">José Ángel García Landa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://personal.unizar.es/garciala/bibliography.html">"A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+of+Literary+Theory%2C+Criticism+and+Philology&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+%C3%81ngel+Garc%C3%ADa+Landa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.unizar.es%2Fgarciala%2Fbibliography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+criticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipl.org/div/litcrit/">Internet Public Library: Literary Criticism</a> Collection of Critical and Biographical Websites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tweetspeakpoetry.com/2020/07/21/literary-analysis-is-a-conversation-between-story-and-reader/">How to Do Literary Analysis: An Experimental Reflection Based on the Yellow Wall-Paper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908430.html">Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism</a> Award Winners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards, I. A.</a> (1928), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73827">Principles of literary criticism</a></i>. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literary_criticism" title="Template talk:Literary criticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literary_criticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literary criticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literary_criticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literary criticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_criticism" title="Biographical criticism">Biographical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(literary_criticism)" title="Chicago school (literary criticism)">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(cultural_studies)" title="Cultural materialism (cultural studies)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Darwinian criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_poetics" title="Descriptive poetics">Descriptive poetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Feminist criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Marxist criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonial criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism" title="Psychoanalytic literary criticism">Psychoanalytic criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">Reader-response criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Semiotic criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_criticism" title="Sociological criticism">Sociological criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_theory" title="Thing theory">Thing theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique-books-woodward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/70px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/105px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/140px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists and critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">de Pizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ji_(Shiheng)" title="Lu Ji (Shiheng)">Lu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Tasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau-Despréaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Young" title="Edward Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco De Sanctis">De Sanctis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Shklovsky" title="Viktor Shklovsky">Shklovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke (Kenneth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Muka%C5%99ovsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Mukařovský">Mukařovský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Gombrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Poulet" title="Georges Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Achebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Iser" title="Wolfgang Iser">Iser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Ricoeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy">Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_de_Andrade" title="Oswald de Andrade">de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism" title="Template:Criticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism" title="Template talk:Criticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">Film criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_criticism" title="Theatre criticism">Theatre criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">Self-criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_patents" title="Criticism of patents">Patents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of corporations">Corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Airbnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Airbnb">Airbnb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon" title="Criticism of Amazon">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_AT%26T" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of AT&T">AT&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Chevron" title="Criticism of Chevron">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Coca-Cola" title="Criticism of Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Comcast" title="Criticism of Comcast">Comcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Electronic_Arts" title="Criticism of Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Huawei" title="Criticism of Huawei">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_IKEA" title="Criticism of IKEA">IKEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_McDonald%27s" title="Criticism of McDonald's">McDonalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Paramount_Global" title="Criticism of Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Starbucks" title="Criticism of Starbucks">Starbucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc." title="Criticism of Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Walmart" title="Criticism of Walmart">Walmart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Criticism of the Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_mass_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of mass media">Mass media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Fox_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_BBC" title="Criticism of the BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_CNBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of CNBC">CNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_ESPN" title="Criticism of ESPN">ESPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_MSNBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Washington Post">Washington Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science, technology,<br />engineering, and <br />mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">Criticism of technology</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Software" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_C%2B%2B" title="Criticism of C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Desktop Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Java" title="Criticism of Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">Windows 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_(discourse_analysis)" title="Appraisal (discourse analysis)">Appraisal (discourse analysis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review" title="Review">Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Literaturkritik"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036020-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Criticism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034149">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Critique littéraire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119361722">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Critique littéraire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119361722">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="literární kritika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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