CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of cities of the ancient Near East - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e0afb0f3-68b5-4447-a665-0db5ccb349c2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East","wgTitle":"List of cities of the ancient Near East","wgCurRevisionId":1250336669,"wgRevisionId":1250336669,"wgArticleId":8983837,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons category link is on Wikidata","City-states","Ancient cities of the Middle East","Ancient Near East","Lists of cities","Ancient history-related lists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East","wgRelevantArticleId":8983837, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q63780", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc" ,"skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg/1200px-Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1079"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg/800px-Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg/640px-Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="576"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of cities of the ancient Near East - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East rootpage-List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+cities+of+the+ancient+Near+East" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+cities+of+the+ancient+Near+East" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+cities+of+the+ancient+Near+East" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+cities+of+the+ancient+Near+East" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mesopotamia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lower Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Upper Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolia_(Turkey)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolia_(Turkey)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatolia (Turkey)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolia_(Turkey)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arabian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nubia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of cities of the ancient Near East</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="قائمة مدن الشرق الأدنى القديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة مدن الشرق الأدنى القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutats_de_l%27antic_Orient_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Ciutats de l'antic Orient Mitjà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutats de l'antic Orient Mitjà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_starov%C4%9Bk%C3%BDch_m%C4%9Bst_Bl%C3%ADzk%C3%A9ho_v%C3%BDchodu" title="Seznam starověkých měst Blízkého východu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam starověkých měst Blízkého východu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Ciudades_del_Antiguo_Oriente_Pr%C3%B3ximo" title="Anexo:Ciudades del Antiguo Oriente Próximo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Ciudades del Antiguo Oriente Próximo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_villes_du_Proche-Orient_ancien" title="Liste des villes du Proche-Orient ancien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des villes du Proche-Orient ancien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_del_Vicino_Oriente_antico" title="Città del Vicino Oriente antico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città del Vicino Oriente antico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uru" title="Uru – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uru" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_steden_in_Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Lijst van steden in Mesopotamië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van steden in Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%C4%83_de_ora%C8%99e_din_Orientul_Apropiat_antic" title="Listă de orașe din Orientul Apropiat antic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Listă de orașe din Orientul Apropiat antic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Города древнего Ближнего Востока – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Города древнего Ближнего Востока" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesta_starodavnega_Bli%C5%BEnjega_vzhoda" title="Mesta starodavnega Bližnjega vzhoda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mesta starodavnega Bližnjega vzhoda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaisen_L%C3%A4hi-id%C3%A4n_kaupungit" title="Muinaisen Lähi-idän kaupungit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaisen Lähi-idän kaupungit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்டைய அண்மை கிழக்கின் நகரங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய அண்மை கிழக்கின் நகரங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_C%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Các thành phố Cận Đông cổ đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các thành phố Cận Đông cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63780#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&oldid=1250336669" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&id=1250336669&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_cities_of_the_Middle_East" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63780" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">Cities of the Ancient Near East</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate,_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg/170px-Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg/255px-Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg/340px-Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="3017" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions and states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittite States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">Levant</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish Civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">Ancient Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrha" title="Gerrha">Gerrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylos" title="Tylos">Tylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qatabān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Ḥaḍramawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Awsan" title="Kingdom of Awsan">Awsān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Maʿīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salīḥids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhmid_kingdom" title="Lakhmid kingdom">Lakhmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kinda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeological periods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Arabic_languages" title="Classification of Arabic languages">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadanitic" title="Dadanitic">Dadanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaitic" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic Script</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician Alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite Cuneiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot Syllabary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite Cuneiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma_language" title="Kalašma language">Kalasmaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian Cuneiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalian_language" title="Samalian language">Samalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic Script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religion and mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religion and mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_religion" title="Nabataean religion">Nabataean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li>Anatolian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_religion" title="Luwian religion">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Cosmology </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_near_eastern_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient near eastern cosmology">Ancient near eastern cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat earth">Flat earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ocean" title="Cosmic ocean">Cosmic ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Ancient Mesopotamian underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashu" title="Mashu">Mashu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Near_East" title="List of conflicts in the Near East">Ancient Near East Conflicts</a></li> <li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Assyria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_law" title="Assyrian law">Law</a></li></ul></li> <li>Babylonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law" title="Babylonian law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hittites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_laws" title="Hittite laws">Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_law" title="Cuneiform law">Cuneiform Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Early Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the Ancient Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History of the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of Cities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Near_East_topics" title="Template:Ancient Near East topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Near_East_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Near East topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Near_East_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Near East topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest cities in history were in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, an area covering roughly that of the modern <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>: its history began in the 4th millennium BC and ended, depending on the interpretation of the term, either with the conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the 6th century BC or with that by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in the 4th century BC. </p><p>The largest <b>cities of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></b> housed several tens of thousands of people. <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>, with some 30,000 inhabitants, was the largest city of the time by far. <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> is estimated to have had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Intermediate Bronze age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> is estimated to have had some 65,000 inhabitants; <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> similarly had a population of some 50,000–60,000. <a href="/wiki/Niniveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Niniveh">Niniveh</a> had some 20,000–30,000, reaching 100,000 only in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (around 700 BC). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite orthography">Hittite orthography</a>, URU<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒌷</span> became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with <a href="/wiki/KUR" class="mw-redirect" title="KUR">KUR</a><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳</span> "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒄡𒆳𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭</span> <span title="Cuneiform transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/LUGAL" class="mw-redirect" title="LUGAL">LUGAL</a> KUR <sup>URU</sup><i>Ha-at-ti</i></span></span> "the king of the country of (the city of) <a href="/wiki/Hittite_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite empire">Hatti</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Ki_(cuneiform)" title="Ki (cuneiform)"><b>KI</b> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒆠</span></a> determinative is used following place names (toponyms) in both Sumerian and Akkadian.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography of Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lower Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/330px-Meso2mil-English.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/495px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> cities in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg/330px-NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg/495px-NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg/660px-NC_Mesopotamia_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>(ordered from north to south) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> (<i>Tell Asmar</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me-Turan" title="Me-Turan">Me-Turan</a> (<i>Tell Haddad and Tell al-Sib</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Yelkhi" title="Tell Yelkhi">Tell Yelkhi</a> (<i>Awal?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutub" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutub">Tutub</a> (<i>Khafajah</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a> (<i>Tell Aqar</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> (<i>Tell Abu Habbah</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippar-Amnanum" title="Sippar-Amnanum">Sippar-Amnanum</a> (<i>Tell ed-Der</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Uqair" title="Tell Uqair">Tell Uqair</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tell_Uqair#Urum" title="Tell Uqair">Urum?</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a> (<i>Tell Ibrahim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr" title="Jemdet Nasr">Jemdet Nasr</a> (<i>NI.RU</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> (<i>Tell Uheimir & Ingharra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babilim</a> (<i>Babylon</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a> (<i>Birs Nimrud</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgium" title="Malgium">Malgium</a> (<i>Tulūl al-Fāj</i> / <i>Tell Yassir</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashkan-shapir" title="Mashkan-shapir">Mashkan-shapir</a> (<i>Tell Abu Duwari</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a> (<i>Tell ed-Duleim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> (<i>Afak</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marad" title="Marad">Marad</a> (<i>Tell Wannat es-Sadum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> (<i>Tell Bismaya</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> (<i>Ishan al-Bahriyat</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisurra" title="Kisurra">Kisurra</a> (<i>Tell Abu Hatab</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a> (<i>Tell Fara</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkar_(ancient_city)" title="Karkar (ancient city)">Karkar</a> (<i>Tell Ĝidr?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a> (<i>Tell al-Madineh?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabala_(Sumer)" title="Zabala (Sumer)">Zabalam</a> (<i>Tell Ibzeikh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> (<i>Umm al-Aqarib</i>, <i>Tell Jokha</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a> (<i>Tello or Telloh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> (<i>Tell al-Hiba</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zurghul" title="Tell Zurghul">Tell Zurghul</a> (<i>Nigin</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> (<i>Warka</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> (<i>Tell as-Senkereh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashime" title="Pashime">Pašime</a> (<i>Tell Abu Sheeja</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khaiber" title="Tell Khaiber">Tell Khaiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Wilayah" title="Tell al-Wilayah">Tell al-Wilayah</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irisa%C4%9Drig" title="Irisaĝrig">Irisaĝrig</a>?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulul_al-Baqarat" title="Tulul al-Baqarat">Tulul al-Baqarat</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh?</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> (<i>Tell al-Muqayyar</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Lahm" title="Tell al-Lahm">Tell al-Lahm</a> (<i>Dur-Iakin?</i>, <i>Kisik?</i>, <i>Kuara???</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> (<i>Tell Abu Shahrain</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid" title="Tell al-'Ubaid">Ubaid</a> (<i>Tell al-'Ubaid</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Upper Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria2mil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Syria2mil.JPG/330px-Syria2mil.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Syria2mil.JPG/495px-Syria2mil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Syria2mil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of Syria in the second millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <p>(ordered from north to south) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanliurfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanliurfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanidar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanidar">Shanidar cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a> (Urkish) (<i>Tell Mozan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan" title="Tell Leilan">Tell Leilan</a> (<i>Shekhna</i>, <i>Shubat-Enlil</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Arbid" title="Tell Arbid">Tell Arbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardaman" title="Mardaman">Mardaman</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bassetki" title="Bassetki">Bassetki</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Barri" title="Tell Barri">Kahat</a> (<i>Tell Barri</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Fekheriye" title="Tell Fekheriye">Tell Fekheriye</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Washukanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Washukanni">Washukanni</a>?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadatu">Hadatu</a> (<i>Arslan Tash</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> (<i>Djerabis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a> (<i>Tell Ahmar</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Chuera" title="Tell Chuera">Tell Chuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rawda_(tell)" title="Al-Rawda (tell)">Al-Rawda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beydar" title="Tell Beydar">Nabada</a> (<i>Tell Beydar</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a> (<i>Tell Brak</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe" title="Yarim Tepe">Yarim Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telul_eth-Thalathat" title="Telul eth-Thalathat">Telul eth-Thalathat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Tepe Gawra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Arpachiyah" title="Tell Arpachiyah">Tell Arpachiyah</a> (<i>Tepe Reshwa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Maghzaliyah" title="Tell Maghzaliyah">Tell Maghzaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibaniba" title="Shibaniba">Shibaniba</a> (<i>Tell Billa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbisu" title="Tarbisu">Tarbisu</a> (<i>Sherif Khan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (<i>Ninua</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Rimah" title="Tell al-Rimah">Qatara or Karana</a> (<i>Tell al-Rimah</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Tell Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur Sharrukin</a> (<i>Khorsabad</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shemshara" title="Tell Shemshara">Tell Shemshara</a> (<i>Shusharra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestansur" title="Bestansur">Bestansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bazmusian" title="Tell Bazmusian">Tell Bazmusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> (<i>Urbilim</i>, <i>Arba-Ilu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Qaburstan" title="Kurd Qaburstan">Kurd Qaburstan</a> (<i>Qabra?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Shemamok" title="Qasr Shemamok">Qasr Shemamok</a> (<i>Kilizu/Kilizi/Kakzu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Qal'at Jarmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taya" title="Tell Taya">Tell Taya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassuna">Tell Hassuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat" title="Balawat">Balawat</a> (Imgur-Enlil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyhat" title="Sweyhat">Tell es-Sweyhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a> (<i>Azu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbaqat" title="Mumbaqat">Mumbaqat</a> (<i>Tall Munbāqa, Ekalte</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> (<i>Tell Meskene</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a> (<i>Baṣīru</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum?</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta" title="Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta">Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a> (<i>Yorghan Tepe</i>, <i>Gasur</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Fakhar" title="Tell al-Fakhar">Tell al-Fakhar</a> (<i>Kurruhanni?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Tell Taban</a> (<i>Ṭābetu</i>, <i>Ṭābatum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a> (<i>Tell Ashara</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Doura Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> (<i>Tell Hariri</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a> (<i>Tell Bi'a</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haradum" title="Haradum">Haradum</a> (<i>Khirbet ed-Diniyeh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sawwan" title="Tell es-Sawwan">Tell es-Sawwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ishchali" title="Tell Ishchali">Nerebtum or Kiti</a> (<i>Tell Ishchali</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Agrab" title="Tell Agrab">Tell Agrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a> (<i>Aqar Quf</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaduppum" title="Shaduppum">Shaduppum</a> (<i>Tell Harmal</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Dhiba%27i" title="Tell al-Dhiba'i">Tell al-Dhiba'i </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Muhammad" title="Tell Muhammad">Tell Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> (<i>Taq Kisra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabiye" title="Halabiye">Zenobia</a> (<i>Halabiye</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_(city)" title="Idu (city)"> Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabana-Merquly" title="Rabana-Merquly">Rabana-Merquly</a> (<i>Natounia?</i>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran">Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_Iran_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/NC_Iran_sites.jpg/380px-NC_Iran_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/NC_Iran_sites.jpg/570px-NC_Iran_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/NC_Iran_sites.jpg/760px-NC_Iran_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> (<i>Hamadan?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godin_Tepe" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a> (<i>Rhages</i>, <i>Europos</i>, <i>Shahr-e-Ray</i>, <i>Arsacia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappeh_Sialk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tappeh Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> (<i>Shush</i>, <i>Shushan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haft_Tepe" title="Haft Tepe">Kabnak</a> (<i>Haft Tepe</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Dur Untash</a> (<i>Chogha Zanbil</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> (<i>Pasargad</i>, <i>Pasargadai</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estakhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Estakhr">Estakhr</a> (<i>Istakhr</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> (<i>Parsa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall-i_Bakun" title="Tall-i Bakun">Tall-i Bakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a> (<i>Tall-i Malyan</i> or <i>Tepe Malyan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konar_Sandal" title="Konar Sandal">Konar Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Yahya" title="Tepe Yahya">Tepe Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teppe_Hasanlu" title="Teppe Hasanlu">Teppe Hasanlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaydalu" title="Khaydalu">Khaydalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (<i>Aspadana</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahdad" title="Shahdad">Shahdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlik" title="Marlik">Marlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kosh" title="Ali Kosh">Ali Kosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoy_Tepe" title="Geoy Tepe">Geoy Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81b%C4%81_J%C4%81n_Tepe" title="Bābā Jān Tepe">Baba Jan Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Tepe" title="Shah Tepe">Shah Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajji Firuz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tepe_Jolfa" title="Kul Tepe Jolfa">Kul Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_Ashian_Tepe" title="Shir Ashian Tepe">Shir Ashian Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Hissar" title="Tepe Hissar">Tepe Hissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sofalin" title="Tepe Sofalin">Tepe Sofalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tureng_Tepe" title="Tureng Tepe">Tureng Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe_(Iran)" title="Yarim Tepe (Iran)">Yarim Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Vahrkana</a> (<i>Gorgan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyriz" title="Neyriz">Narezzash</a> (<i>Neyriz</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahan-e_Gholaman" title="Dahan-e Gholaman">Zranka</a> (<i>Dahan-e Gholaman</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahavand" title="Nahavand">Nahavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahallat" title="Mahallat">Mahallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtgerd" title="Hashtgerd">Hashtgerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastam_Citadel" title="Bastam Citadel">Bastam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzak" title="Ganzak">Ganzak</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatolia_(Turkey)"><span id="Anatolia_.28Turkey.29"></span>Anatolia (Turkey)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anatolia (Turkey)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hatti.JPG/350px-Hatti.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hatti.JPG/525px-Hatti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Hatti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Settlements of Bronze Age Anatolia, based on Hittite records.</figcaption></figure><p>(ordered from north to south) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0nand%C4%B1ktepe" title="İnandıktepe">İnandıktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sfard</a> (<i>Sardis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazilikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazilikaya">Yazilikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%9Fat_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Maşat Höyük">Maşat Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alishar_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Alishar Hüyük">Alishar Hüyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ilios</a> (<i>Wilusa, Ilion, Troas, Troy</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kanesh</a> (<i>Nesa, Kültepe</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Arslantepe</a> (<i>Malatya</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a> (<i>Amed, Diyarbakir</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a> (<i>Zincirli Höyük</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beycesultan" title="Beycesultan">Beycesultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a> (<i>Ziyaret Tepe</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7tepe_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Üçtepe Höyük">Üçtepe Höyük</a> (<i>Šināmum/Sinābu?, Tušḫan?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Zephyrion</a> (<i>Mersin</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule" title="Gözlükule">Gözlükule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titris_Hoyuk" title="Titris Hoyuk">Titris Hoyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilmen_Hoyuk" title="Tilmen Hoyuk">Tilmen Hoyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalia</a> (<i>Antalya</i>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levant">Levant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg/220px-NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg/330px-NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg/440px-NC_Egypt_Levant_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel-beth-maachah" title="Abel-beth-maachah">Abel-beth-maachah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoraim" title="Adoraim">Adoraim</a> (Adora, <i>Dura</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Afqa</a> (<i>Afeka</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> (<i>Alakhtum</i>, <i>Tell Atchana</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (<i>Halab</i>, <i>Ha-Lam</i>, <i>Yamhad</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">Al-Rastan</a> (<i>Arethusa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (<i>Antakiya</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a> (<i>Afamiya</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatris" title="Antipatris">Aphek</a> (<i>Antipatris</i>, <i>Tell Afik</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Arad</a> (Arad Rabbah?; <i>Tel Arad</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a> (<i>Tell Rifaat</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a> (<i>Arkat</i>, <i>Irqata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a> (<i>Aradus</i>, <i>Arvad</i>, <i>Arphad</i>, <i>Ruad Island</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Ashkelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> (<i>Heliopolis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> (<i>Botrys</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Be%27er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> (<i>Berytus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth Shean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_Shemesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet Shemesh">Bet Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> (<i>Gubla</i>, <i>Kepen</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(biblical_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan (biblical city)">Dan, former Laish</a> (<i>Tel Dan</i>, <i>Tell el-Qadi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (<i>Dimasqu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla" title="Deir Alla">Deir Alla</a> (<i>Pethor?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhiban">Dhiban</a> (<i>Dibon</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dor</a> (D-jr, Dora)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> (<i>Dur</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> (<i>Tell Mardikh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> (<i>Ar-Ruha</i>, <i>Urfa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a> (<i>Hazazon-tamar, Tel Goren</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_Esur" class="mw-redirect" title="En Esur">En Esur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Enfeh</a> (<i>Ampi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a> (<i>Tel Miqne</i>, <i>Khirbet el-Muqanna</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Et-Tell" title="Et-Tell">Et-Tell</a> (Ai?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a> (Tell es-Safi?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a> (Tell el-Ful?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> (<i>Hamath</i>, <i>Epiphania</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> (<i>Carrhae</i>, <i>Hellenopolis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel" title="Hermel">Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> (<i>Emesa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawa,_Jordan" title="Jawa, Jordan">Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a> (<i>Ariha</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<i>Jebus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh (Syria)</a> (<i>Tell Nebi Mend</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Saad" title="Al-Shaykh Saad">Karnaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashteroth_Karnaim" title="Ashteroth Karnaim">Ashteroth Karnaim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedesh" title="Kedesh">Kedesh</a> (Qadesh in Galilee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kerak" title="Khirbet Kerak">Khirbet Kerak</a> (<i>Al-Sinnabra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Qom" title="Khirbet el-Qom">Khirbet el-Qom</a> (Makkedah/Maqqedah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sha%27arayim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'arayim">Sha'arayim</a>? / Neta'im?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Kinneret</a> (<i>Tel Kinrot</i>, <i>Tell el-Oreimeh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_al_lawz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamid al lawz">Kumidi</a> (<i>Kamid el-Loz</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a> (<i>Tel Lachish</i>, <i>Tell ed-Duweir</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> (<i>Manbug</i>, <i>Mabog</i>, <i>Bambyce</i>, <i>Hierapolis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a> (<i>Tel Megiddo</i>, <i>Tell el-Mutesellim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> (<i>Raqmu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> (<i>Tell Mishrifeh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Rabbath Ammon</a> (<i>Philadelphia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Rehov" title="Tel Rehov">Tel Rehov</a> (<i>Rehov?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a> (Shomron, <a href="/wiki/Sebastie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastie">Sebastie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a> (<i>Sarafand</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharuhen" title="Sharuhen">Sharuhen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Far%27ah_(South)" title="Tell el-Far'ah (South)">Tell el-Far'ah (South)</a>)</i>?, <i><a href="/wiki/Tall_al-Ajjul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall al-Ajjul">Tell el-'Ajjul</a></i>?, <i><a href="/wiki/Tel_Haror" title="Tel Haror">Tel Haror</a></i>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Saida</a> (<i>Sidon</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumur_(Levant)" title="Sumur (Levant)">Sumur</a> (<i>Sumuru</i>, <i>Simirra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a> (<i>Palmyra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Zira%27a" title="Tall Zira'a">Tall Zira'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yarmuth" title="Tel Yarmuth">Tel Yarmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_al-Kharaz" title="Tell Abu al-Kharaz">Tell Abu al-Kharaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabesh-Gilead" title="Jabesh-Gilead">Jabesh-Gilead</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Tell Afis</a> (<i>Hazrek</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Tell Ashtara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashteroth_Karnaim" title="Ashteroth Karnaim">Ashteroth Karnaim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Balata" title="Tell Balata">Tell Balata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beit_Mirsim" title="Tell Beit Mirsim">Tell Beit Mirsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Burna" title="Tel Burna">Tel Burna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Tell el-Burak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Hesi" title="Tell el-Hesi">Tell el-Hesi</a> (Eglon?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_en-Nasbeh" title="Tell en-Nasbeh">Tell en-Nasbeh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah in Benjamin</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sakan" title="Tell es-Sakan">Tell es-Sakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Kabri" title="Tel Kabri">Tel Kabri</a> (one of several cities called Rehob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Tell Kazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qarqur" title="Tell Qarqur">Tell Qarqur</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qarqar" title="Qarqar">Qarqar</a>?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a> (<i>Kinalua?</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tweini" title="Tell Tweini">Tell Tweini</a> (Gibala?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (<i>Yokneam</i>, "'En-qn'mu")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirzah_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirzah (ancient city)">Tirzah</a> (<i>Tell el-Farah North</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> (<i>Tripolis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulul_adh-Dhahab" title="Tulul adh-Dhahab">Tulul adh-Dhahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahanaim" title="Mahanaim">Mahanaim</a>? <a href="/wiki/Penuel" title="Penuel">Penuel</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> (<i>Tylos</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> (<i>Ras Shamra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Marra" title="Umm el-Marra">Umm el-Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a> ("Sahiri")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</a> (Zoar, Bela)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arabian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg/350px-MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg/525px-MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg/700px-MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>The Arabian Peninsula and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, separated by just a few miles of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, have a history of related settlements, especially near the coast</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashoosh" title="Al-Ashoosh">Al-Ashoosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awwam" class="mw-redirect" title="Awwam">Awwam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barran_Temple" title="Barran Temple">Barran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Bakkah</a> (<i>Mecca</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbar_Temple" title="Barbar Temple">Barbar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidaa_Bint_Saud" title="Bidaa Bint Saud">Bidaa Bint Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bithnah" title="Al Bithnah">Al Bithnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalma_(island)" title="Dalma (island)">Dalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Da%27asa" title="Al Da'asa">Al Da'asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Dedan</a> (<i>Al-'Ula</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibba" title="Dibba">Dibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumat_Al-Jandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumat Al-Jandal">Dumat Al-Jandal</a> (<i>Adummatu</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed-Dur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed-Dur">Ed-Dur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrha" title="Gerrha">Gerrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram_(Yemen)" title="Haram (Yemen)">Ḥaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hili_Archaeological_Park" title="Hili Archaeological Park">Hili Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibri" title="Ibri">Ibri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izki" title="Izki">Izki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubbah,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Jubbah, Saudi Arabia">Jubbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julfar" title="Julfar">Julfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khor_Rori" title="Khor Rori">Khor Rori</a> (<i>Sumhuram</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminahu" title="Kaminahu">Kaminahu</a> (<i>Kamna</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Mada'in Saleh</a> (Al-Hijr, el Hijr, and Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Madam" title="Al Madam">Al Madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Magar" title="Al-Magar">Al-Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%A3na%27at_M%C4%81riya" title="Maṣna'at Māriya">Maṣna'at Māriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muweilah" title="Muweilah">Muweilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashan" title="Nashan">Nashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashaq" title="Nashaq">Nashaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizwa" title="Nizwa">Nizwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarnawu" title="Qarnawu">Qarnawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-Faw" title="Qaryat al-Faw">Qaryat al-Faw</a> (<i>Dhat al-Jnan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakakah" title="Sakakah">Sakakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwah" title="Sirwah">Ṣirwāḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabwa" title="Shabwa">Shabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimal" title="Shimal">Shimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_1" title="Bahra 1">As-Subiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim,_Yemen" title="Tarim, Yemen">Tarim, Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayma" title="Tayma">Tayma</a> (<i>Tema</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abraq" title="Tell Abraq">Tell Abraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thula" title="Thula">Thula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Nar_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Nar Culture">Umm Al Nar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Yathrib</a> (<i>Medina</i>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkomi_(archaeological_site)" title="Enkomi (archaeological site)">Enkomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idalium" title="Idalium">Idalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kourion" title="Kourion">Kourion</a> (<i>Koύριov</i>, <i>Curium</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nubia">Nubia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nubia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Aksum</a> (Axum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keskese" title="Keskese">Keskese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matara,_Eritrea" title="Matara, Eritrea">Matara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qohaito" title="Qohaito">Qohaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembel" title="Sembel">Sembel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egypt">Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" title="Historical urban community sizes">Historical urban community sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">List of oldest continuously inhabited cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Settlements_in_the_UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Settlements in the UAE">List of Ancient Settlements in the UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKohl1991" class="citation book cs1">Kohl, Philip L. (1991). "The use and abuse of world systems theory: The case of the "pristine" west Asian state". In Lamberg-Karlovsky, Clifford Charles (ed.). <i>Archaeological Thought in America</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40643-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40643-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+use+and+abuse+of+world+systems+theory%3A+The+case+of+the+%22pristine%22+west+Asian+state&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Thought+in+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40643-7&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+cities+of+the+ancient+Near+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2898.html">Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdzard2003" class="citation book cs1">Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SumerianGrammarhdo"><i>Sumerian Grammar</i></a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 71. Leiden: Brill. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12608-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12608-2"><bdi>90-04-12608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Grammar&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12608-2&rft.aulast=Edzard&rft.aufirst=Dietz+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSumerianGrammarhdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+cities+of+the+ancient+Near+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_cities_of_the_Middle_East" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient cities of the Middle East">Ancient cities of the Middle East</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvidshub.net/?script=news/news_show.php&id=40707">Geospatial: Mapping Iraq's Ancient Cities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2015/0222/Ancient-cities-grew-pretty-much-like-modern-ones-say-scientists">Ancient cities grew pretty much like modern ones, say scientists</a> (February 2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&oldid=1250336669">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&oldid=1250336669</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City-states" title="Category:City-states">City-states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_cities_of_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Ancient cities of the Middle East">Ancient cities of the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Near_East" title="Category:Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_cities" title="Category:Lists of cities">Lists of cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history-related_lists" title="Category:Ancient history-related lists">Ancient history-related lists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 20:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-795c86c559-pdcvw","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.537","walltime":"0.779","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1975,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":80509,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27173,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":24616,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 548.391 1 -total"," 20.65% 113.220 1 Template:Transl"," 19.87% 108.979 1 Template:Ancient_Near_East_topics"," 19.13% 104.927 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 19.00% 104.187 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.48% 90.388 2 Template:Cite_book"," 13.18% 72.282 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.34% 67.698 2 Template:Side_box"," 8.15% 44.670 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.56% 41.438 1 Template:SpecialChars"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.329","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19342037,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-67876799fc-wc2kg","timestamp":"20241127202755","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of cities of the ancient Near East","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q63780","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q63780","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-18T10:33:52Z","dateModified":"2024-10-09T20:36:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/70\/Relief_on_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_Pergamenmuseum_4.jpg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>