CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Iturea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e3f34362-abc3-4abc-bca3-5af2f67d8cdc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Iturea","wgTitle":"Iturea","wgCurRevisionId":1273374566,"wgRevisionId":1273374566,"wgArticleId":5078224,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from May 2023","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from August 2016","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference", "Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia","Historical geography of Syria","Ancient Lebanon","Ancient Syria","New Testament regions","Gospel of Luke","Herod the Great","Philip the Tetrarch"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Iturea","wgRelevantArticleId":5078224,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1514777","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/1200px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2018"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/800px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1345"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/640px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1076"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Iturea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Iturea rootpage-Iturea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iturea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iturea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iturea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iturea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Itureans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itureans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Itureans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itureans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iturea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يطوريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يطوريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itur%C3%A4a" title="Ituräa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ituräa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιτουραία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιτουραία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itur%C3%A9e" title="Iturée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iturée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יטורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יטורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itur%C4%97ja" title="Iturėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iturėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeturit%C3%A1k" title="Jeturiták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jeturiták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itureia" title="Itureia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Itureia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Итурея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итурея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itureen" title="Itureen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Itureen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Iturea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Ітурея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ітурея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1514777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iturea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iturea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iturea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iturea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iturea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&oldid=1273374566" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Iturea&id=1273374566&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIturea"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIturea"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iturea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1514777" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Levantine region north of Galilee during the Late Hellenistic and early Roman periods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iturea" title="Special:EditPage/Iturea">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iturea%22">"Iturea"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iturea%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iturea%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iturea%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iturea%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iturea%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/300px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/450px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg/600px-1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Map of Roman Palestine in the first century; according to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder</a> (1889)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iturea</b> or <b>Ituraea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰτουραία</span>, <i>Itouraía</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name of a <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine region</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Late Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">early Roman periods</a>. It extended from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> across the plain of Marsyas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iturea#Which_Marsyas_river:_either_Turkish_Merzumen,_Dinar_Su,_or_Çine_Çayı,_or_Syrian_Nahr_Marzban_(Wadi_Tell_Armid)?" title="Talk:Iturea">discuss</a></i>]</sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a> in Syria, with its centre in <a href="/wiki/Chalcis_ad_Libanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcis ad Libanum">Chalcis ad Libanum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Itureans">Itureans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Itureans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Itureans (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰτουραῖοι</span></span>) were a semi-nomadic tribe who became sedentarized in the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact origin of the Itureans is disputed. Most scholars identified them as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some believed that they were <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaean</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They first rose to power in the aftermath of the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> in the 2nd century BC. Then, from their base around Mount Lebanon and the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>, they expanded into the northern Golan and Mount Hermon, as part of the settlement shift that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Seleucid empire,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though no evidence of Iturean settlement or "phase" of settlement appears in the Galilee, including Upper Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several etymologies have been proposed for the name <i>Iturea</i> and much uncertainty still remains. </p><p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of 1Ch 5:19 several commentators, including <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a> equated the Itureans with Jetur, one of the former <a href="/wiki/Hagrite" title="Hagrite">Hagrite</a> encampments, named after a son of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars who propose a late origin for the Biblical texts continued to equate the names but viewed the writers of the Bible as basing the Biblical name on that of the Itureans of later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent scholars have dismissed such direct relationships between the Biblical Jetur and the Itureans: The account of the Hagrites places Jetur east of <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a> and describes the end of that tribe which was conquered by the Israelites in the days of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, whereas Iturea has been confirmed to be north of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and the Itureans first appear in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period with their location only being referred to as Iturea in the Roman period. Although Jetur is translated <i>Itouraion</i> (Ιτουραιων) in 1Ch 5:19, the rendering of the name is not consistent across the Septuagint with the occurrences in Ge 25:15 and 1Ch 1:31 being transliterated <i>Ietour</i> (Ιετουρ) and <i>Iettour</i> (Ιεττουρ) respectively. The translation <i>Itouraion</i> in 1Ch 5:19 (if not an error) would thus be a reinterpretation by the translator of the name of this ancient tribe as referring to a contemporary people. Moreover, in Josephus where both names are mentioned, Jetur (Ιετουρ-) is rendered differently in Greek to Iturea (Ιτουρ-). Similarly in the Vulgate the two localities have different Latin names (<i>Iathur</i> for Jetur and <i>Itureae</i> for Iturea) showing that writers of antiquity did not view the names as the same.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eupolemus" title="Eupolemus">Eupolemus</a> used the term Itureans to refer to people from the Biblical region of <a href="/wiki/Aram-Zobah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram-Zobah">Aram-Zobah</a>, not Jetur, when describing the wars of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's Bible Dictionary</a> attempted to equate the modern Arabic region name <i>Jedur</i> (جدور) with both Jetur and Iturea. However, the Arabic <i>j</i> (ج) corresponds to Hebrew <i>g</i> (ג) and not <i>y</i> (י), and Arabic <i>d</i> (د) does not correspond to Hebrew <i>ṭ</i> (ט) or Greek <i>t</i> (τ) and the mainstream view is that Jedur is instead the Biblical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedor (page does not exist)">Gedor</a> (גדור). </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Urquhart" title="David Urquhart">David Urquhart</a> linked the Itureans with <i>Aturea</i> a name for the region of Nineveh, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, suggesting that the Itureans were originally Assyrians, also implying a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> living in the region in his time. (The name "Druze" is however <a href="/wiki/Druze#Etymology" title="Druze">unrelated</a> to "Iturean".) <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Axel_Knauf" class="extiw" title="de:Ernest Axel Knauf">Ernest Axel Knauf</a> related <i>Iturea</i> to the Safaitic name <i>Yaẓur</i> (יט׳ור, يظور) which is rendered <i>Yaṭur</i> (יטור) in Nabatean Aramaic. Before being established as the name of a people (<i>Al-Yaẓur</i> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%E1%B9%ADureans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaṭureans (page does not exist)">Yaṭureans</a>), this name is found as a personal name, in particular that of a Nabatean prince with a brother <i>Zabud</i> whose name may be connected with that of the Zabadaeans, another Nabatean tribe who together with the Itureans had been conquered by the Hasmoneans. <i>Yaẓur</i> in Safaitic inscriptions is seemingly a cognate of the Biblical name Jetur (<i>Yeṭur</i>, יטור) and is possibly derived from its original form. If this is the case then Biblical <i>Jetur</i> would indirectly be the origin of the name <i>Iturea</i> although denoting a different region and people centuries before.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the names are indeed related hinges on their original meanings. The Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon suggests that Jetur means "enclosure" related to the personal name <i>Ṭur</i> (טור) and the word <i>ṭirah</i> (טירה) denoting an encampment and explicitly used for the Ishmaelite encampments. This would contradict their being a connection with <i>Yaẓur</i> as in Arabic which like Safaitic preserves the distinction between the <i>ẓ</i> (ظ) and <i>ṭ</i> (ط) sounds, this root is found with <i>ṭ</i> and not <i>ẓ</i>. Thus if the Itureans derived their name from Jetur, the people known as the <i>Yaẓur</i> in Safaitic inscriptions would have been a different people, possibly only a small family group, while if the Itureans derived their name from <i>Yaẓur</i> there would be no connection with Jetur. </p><p>Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary however suggests that Jetur means "order; succession; mountainous". A connection with "mountain" (more precisely "rock fortress") may refer to the Hebrew word <i>ṣur</i> (צור), a root which survives in Arabic <i>ẓar</i> (ظر) meaning "flint", the sound <i>ẓ</i> (ظ) having become <i>ṣ</i> (צ) in Hebrew. The spelling <i>Yeṭur</i> (יטור) would thus be the result of an Aramaic spelling convention in which the <i>ẓ</i> is represented by <i>ṭet</i> (ט) rather than its true Hebrew reflex <i>ṣadi</i> (צ). If this meaning is correct, then a linguistic connection between the names Jetur and <i>Yaẓur</i> remains a possibility, however no occurrence of an Aramaic spelling of this nature in the Hebrew Bible is known even for names in the Aramaic and Arabic realms and the expected Hebrew spelling would be <i>Yaṣur</i> (יצור). The root <i>ṭur</i> (טור) having a basic meaning of row, line or fence (hence "order; succession"), also refers to a mountain range thus also providing a connection with "mountain". </p><p>A further phonetic complication exists in equating the name Iturea with either Jetur or <i>Yaẓur</i>. <i>Yaẓur</i> as a personal name is consistently found as <i>Iatour-</i> (Ιατουρ-) in Greek inscriptions. In <i>Iatour-</i> the initial Greek iota (<i>Ι</i>) is consonantal representing the initial <i>y</i> sound of <i>Yaẓur</i>. Similarly, in the transliterations <i>Ietour-</i> (Ιετουρ) and <i>Iettour</i> ((Ιεττουρ)) for Jetur in the Septuagint, the iota represents an original <i>y</i> - the Hebrew letter <i>yod</i> (י). However, in <i>Itour-</i> the iota is a vowel suggesting that it represents an <i>i</i> vowel in the original Semitic name rather than the consonant <i>y</i>. An initial iota may also be used for the syllable <i>yi</i>, however such a reading of <i>Itour-</i> (Ιτουρ-) does not produce a meaningful form and no tradition of pronouncing it as such exists. As a vowel is always preceded by a consonant in Semitic words, the initial consonant would have been one of the four guttural consonants dropped in Greek transliteration (א,ה,ח,ע). This contradicts derivations from either Jetur or <i>Yaẓur</i> and is the basis of several alternative etymologies proposed by <a href="/wiki/John_Lightfoot" title="John Lightfoot">John Lightfoot</a>. </p><p>Lightfoot considered a possible derivation from the root for "ten" (I.e. <i>`-s-r</i>, עשר) based on identification of Iturea with <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a> ("ten cities"). However he does not provide a grammatical form that would be vocalized as <i>Itour-</i> and ultimately dismisses this possibility as it involves an unattested sound change of <i>s</i> (ש) into <i>t</i> (ט). Decapolis is also a distinct region to Iturea. </p><p>Lightfoot also considered derivations from proposed terms whose meanings he gives as "wealth" (<i>hittur</i>, i.e. היתור) and "diggings" (<i>chitture</i>, i.e. חתורי) He favored the derivation from <i>chitture</i> noting the descriptions of the landscape. Derivations from <i>hittur</i> or <i>chitture</i> are problematic however. The Semitic <i>tav</i> (ת) is normally transliterated by theta (θ) in Greek, not tau (τ). Additionally, although the consonants <i>he</i> (ה) and <i>chet</i> (ח) are dropped in Greek transliteration, they survive as a <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a> provided to the initial vowel and are transliterated by "h" in Latin. However no tradition of a rough breathing in the pronunciation of <i>Itour-</i> exists nor is Iturea ever given an initial h in Latin. A further difficulty is that while the roots of these two words are known, the forms which Lightfoot has used are conjectural. </p><p>Lightfoot also proposed a derivation from <i>`iṭur</i> (עטור) meaning "crowning" (or "decoration") Unlike his other proposals, this word is well attested and remains a plausible derivation as it would be transliterated as <i>Itour-</i> (Ιτουρ) in Greek. Regarding this possibility, Lightfoot notes familiarly of the notion of a country crowned with plenty in Talmudic writings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the name was first an ethnonym before becoming a toponym, and in the <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a> the Iturean nation is referred to as <i>'iṭuraios</i> (איטוריאוס) in Hebrew rendered with an <i>aleph</i> (א) not an <i>ayin</i> (ע) showing that Jewish tradition, at least as preserved by the writer of the Josippon, did not view the name as being related to <i>`iṭur</i> (עטור) meaning "crowning". </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshittas</a> which are the texts closest in time to the period in which the tetrarchy of Iturea existed that provide a Semitic form of the name, it is called <i>'iṭuriya'</i> (ܐܝܛܘܪܝܐ) rendered with an initial <i>alap</i> and <i>yodh</i> (ܐܝ). This may arise from either an initial <i>'i</i> syllable or initial <i>yi</i> syllable in earlier Hebrew or Aramaic. As the latter does not produce a meaningful form it suggests that the original syllable is <i>'i</i> indicating an initial <i>aleph</i> (א) in the original. This accords with the usage of <i>aleph</i> in the Josippon and suggests that the original Semitic form of the name was <i>'iṭur</i> (איטור or אטור) or <i>'iẓur</i> (איט׳ור or אט׳ור). The latter would share a common root with Hebrew <i>ṣur</i> (צור) however the use of a <i>ṭ</i> (ט) not an <i>ṣ</i> (צ) in the Josippon indicates that the word was not understood as such by the author and indeed no grammatical form that would be vocalized as <i>'iẓur</i> is known for this root. The former possibility <i>'iṭur</i> (איטור or אטור) is the noun form of the known word <i>'iṭer</i> (אטר) meaning "bound" or "shut up" in Hebrew <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately sharing a common etymology with the word <i>ṭirah</i> (טירה) used for an encampment. A Nabatean personal name written <i>'i-ṭ-r-w</i> (אטרו) based on one or the other of these roots is attested.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Aramaic however the base word <i>ṭur</i> (טור) is used particularly for a line of mountains rather than a boundary of an encampment and the understanding of the name Itureans in Syriac is "mountain dwellers" according with the location of their settlement being the Mount Lebanon region.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Kingdom">Hasmonean Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom">Herodian Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iturea_and_Trachonitis_(tetrarchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iturea and Trachonitis (tetrarchy)">Iturea and Trachonitis (tetrarchy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1st_century_in_Lebanon" title="1st century in Lebanon">1st century in Lebanon</a></div> <p>In 105 BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> campaigned against Iturea, and added a great part of it to Judea, annexing the Galilee to the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a>. Josephus cites a passage from <a href="/wiki/Timagenes" title="Timagenes">Timagenes</a> excerpted by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> which recounts that Aristobulus was: </p> <blockquote><p>'very serviceable to the Jews, for he added a country to them, and obtained a part of the nation of the Itureans for them, and bound to them by the bond of the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> of their genitals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Whether the Hasmoneans <a href="/wiki/Jewish_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish circumcision">circumcised</a> the Itureans and other populations against their will is uncertain: Strabo asserts that they simply created a confederation with such tribes based on the common bond of circumcision, which may be more plausible, though their policy appears to have been one of aggressive Judaizing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iturea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Iturea.jpg/220px-Iturea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Iturea.jpg/330px-Iturea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Iturea.jpg/440px-Iturea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of an Iturean village in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Iturean kingdom appears to have had its centre in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(son_of_Mennaeus)" title="Ptolemy (son of Mennaeus)">Ptolemy</a>, son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mennaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mennaeus (page does not exist)">Mennaeus</a> (Mennæus), whose residence was at <a href="/wiki/Chalcis_(ancient_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcis (ancient state)">Chalcis</a>(?) and who reigned 85-40 BC. Ptolemy was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a>, called by <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> (xlix. 32) "king of the Itureans." About 23 BC, Iturea with the adjacent provinces fell into the hands of a chief named <a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_son_of_Lysanias" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenodorus son of Lysanias">Zenodorus</a> (Josephus, <i>l.c.</i> xv. 10, § 1; <i>idem</i>, <i>B. J.</i> i. 20, § 4). Three years later, at the death of Zenodorus, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> gave Iturea to <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, who in turn bequeathed it to his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a> (Josephus, <i>Ant.</i> xv. 10, § 3). The Iturean kings minted a series of bronze coins depicting mostly Greco-Roman deities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area and the Itureans are mentioned only once in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">Luke 3</a>, but are frequently described by pagan writers such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, and Cicero. The Jewish writer <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> also described them. They were known to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> as a predatory people,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were appreciated by them for their great skill in archery.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They played a notable role in the defense of Jerusalem. A branch of the Itureans were allegedly conquered by the Hasmonean king <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> (r. 104 to 103 BC) and, according to Josephus, forcibly converted to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologians</a>, among them Eusebius,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking into consideration the above-cited passage of Luke, place Iturea near <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a>. According to Josephus, the Iturean kingdom lay north of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. That Itureans dwelt in the region of Mount Lebanon is confirmed by an inscription of about the year 6 AD (<i>Ephemeris Epigraphica,</i> 1881, pp. 537–542), in which <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_Quintus_Aemilius_Secundus" title="Stele of Quintus Aemilius Secundus">Quintus Aemilius Secundus</a> relates that he was sent by <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a> against the Itureans in Mount Lebanon. In 38 <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> gave Iturea to a certain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soemus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soemus (page does not exist)">Soemus</a>, who is called by Dio Cassius (lix. 12) and by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (<i>Annals</i>, xii. 23) "king of the Itureans." After the death of Soemus (49) his kingdom was incorporated into the province of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (Tacitus, <i>l.c.</i>). After this incorporation the Itureans furnished soldiers for the Roman army; and the designations <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_I_Augusta_Ituraeorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum (page does not exist)">Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohors_I_Augusta_Ituraeorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohors I Augusta Ituraeorum (page does not exist)">Cohors I Augusta Ituraeorum</a> are met with in the inscriptions (<i>Ephemeris Epigraphica,</i> 1884, p. 194). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=I&artid=374">"Iturea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iturea&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DI%26artid%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>E. A. Myers, <i>The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East</i> (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010).</li> <li>D. Herman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B9j9HHCIPTxMYmMyMDQ1OTMtZmRmNS00YTgwLWJlNTItOTY1NWE1MjJjZGFj&hl=en&pli=1">Catalogue of the Iturean coins</a>. <i>Israel Numismatic Review</i> 1:51-72.</li> <li>Said, Salah, "Two New Greek Inscriptions with the name ϒTWR from Umm al-Jimāl," <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>, 138,2 (2006), 125-132.</li> <li>WRIGHT, N.L. 2013: "Ituraean coinage in context." Numismatic Chronicle 173: 55-71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1970279/Ituraean_coinage_in_context">(available online here)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berndt Schaller, 'Ituraea' in <a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_Classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Der Kleine Pauly: Lexicon der Antike</a>, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 5 vols. Bd.2. 1979, p.1492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyersResearchPress1997" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Eric M.; Research, American Schools of Oriental; Press, Oxford University (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgZAQAAIAAJ&q=itureans+semi+nomadicAI"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511216-0"><bdi>978-0-19-511216-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Near+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511216-0&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft.au=Research%2C+American+Schools+of+Oriental&rft.au=Press%2C+Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSgZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ditureans%2Bsemi%2BnomadicAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_F._Graf2003" class="citation journal cs1">David F. Graf (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1764-0733_2003_act_4_1_2871">"Arabs in Syria: Demography and Epigraphy"</a>. <i>Topoi. Orient-Occident</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Topoi. Orient-Occident. Supplément: <span class="nowrap">319–</span>340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi.+Orient-Occident&rft.atitle=Arabs+in+Syria%3A+Demography+and+Epigraphy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.date=2003&rft.au=David+F.+Graf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Ftopoi_1764-0733_2003_act_4_1_2871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_Shahîd1984" class="citation book cs1">Irfan Shahîd (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4H97SA6pMAC&q=ituraeans+old+arab+people+irfan+shahid&pg=PA5"><i>Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). Dumbarton Oaks. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-115-5"><bdi>978-0-88402-115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Arabs%3A+A+Prolegomenon+to+the+Study+of+Byzantium+and+the+Arabs&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-115-5&rft.au=Irfan+Shah%C3%AEd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4H97SA6pMAC%26q%3Dituraeans%2Bold%2Barab%2Bpeople%2Birfan%2Bshahid%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._Chancey2002" class="citation book cs1">Mark A. Chancey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrrRaeP5po0C&q=arab"><i>The Myth of a Gentile Galilee (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series)</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81487-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81487-1"><bdi>0-521-81487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+a+Gentile+Galilee+%28Society+for+New+Testament+Studies+Monograph+Series%29&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-81487-1&rft.au=Mark+A.+Chancey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrrRaeP5po0C%26q%3Darab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuleika_RodgersMargaret_Daly-DentonAnne_Fitzpatrick-McKinley2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuleika Rodgers; Margaret Daly-Denton; Anne Fitzpatrick-McKinley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5I8zfmwEjjUC&q=itureans+arabs&pg=PA207"><i>A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne (Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism)</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). Brill. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17355-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17355-2"><bdi>978-90-04-17355-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Wandering+Galilean%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Se%C3%A1n+Freyne+%28Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism%29&rft.pages=207&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17355-2&rft.au=Zuleika+Rodgers&rft.au=Margaret+Daly-Denton&rft.au=Anne+Fitzpatrick-McKinley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5I8zfmwEjjUC%26q%3Ditureans%2Barabs%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoron_Mendels1987" class="citation book cs1">Doron Mendels (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnAWwn7HOvwC&q=itureans+arabs&pg=PA66"><i>The Land of Israel As a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in a Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum)</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). J.C.B. Mohr. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-145147-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-145147-3"><bdi>3-16-145147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Israel+As+a+Political+Concept+in+Hasmonean+Literature%3A+Recourse+to+History+in+a+Second+Century+B.C.+Claims+to+the+Holy+Land+%28Texte+und+Studien+zum+antiken+Judentum%29&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=J.C.B.+Mohr&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-16-145147-3&rft.au=Doron+Mendels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgnAWwn7HOvwC%26q%3Ditureans%2Barabs%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Mason2003" class="citation book cs1">Steve Mason (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3jnUBqapi0C&q=itureans+arabs&pg=PA54"><i>Flavius Josephus: Life of Josephus</i></a> (Paperback ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04205-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04205-X"><bdi>0-391-04205-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavius+Josephus%3A+Life+of+Josephus&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-391-04205-X&rft.au=Steve+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3jnUBqapi0C%26q%3Ditureans%2Barabs%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinney2017" class="citation book cs1">Finney (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA641"><i>The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-9016-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-9016-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-9016-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christian+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-9016-0&rft.au=Finney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DAyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsSterling2001" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John Joseph; Sterling, Gregory E. (2001-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Jetur"><i>Hellenism in the Land of Israel</i></a>. University of Notre Dame. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-03051-3"><bdi>978-0-268-03051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+in+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-268-03051-3&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rft.au=Sterling%2C+Gregory+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbLXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DJetur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvraham_NegevShimon_Gibson2005" class="citation book cs1">Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&q=itureans&pg=PA249"><i>Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land</i></a> (Paperback ed.). Continuum. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8571-5"><bdi>0-8264-8571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Encyclopedia+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-8571-5&rft.au=Avraham+Negev&rft.au=Shimon+Gibson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27nq65cZUIgC%26q%3Ditureans%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wilson2004" class="citation book cs1">John Wilson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pkPt0uD708C&q=itureans&pg=PA7"><i>Caesarea Philippi: Banias, The Lost City of Pan</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). I. B. Tauris. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-440-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-440-9"><bdi>1-85043-440-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesarea+Philippi%3A+Banias%2C+The+Lost+City+of+Pan&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85043-440-9&rft.au=John+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pkPt0uD708C%26q%3Ditureans%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Mason, <i>Life of Josephus,</i>Brill, 2007 p.54, n.306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButhNotley2014" class="citation book cs1">Buth, Randall; Notley, R. Steven (2014-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QXAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels—Volume Two</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26441-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26441-0"><bdi>978-90-04-26441-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Environment+of+First+Century+Judaea%3A+Jerusalem+Studies+in+the+Synoptic+Gospels%E2%80%94Volume+Two&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26441-0&rft.aulast=Buth&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft.au=Notley%2C+R.+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF5QXAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyne2004" class="citation book cs1">Freyne, Sean (2004-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ_UAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus, a Jewish Galilean: A New Reading of the Jesus Story</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08467-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08467-5"><bdi>978-0-567-08467-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+a+Jewish+Galilean%3A+A+New+Reading+of+the+Jesus+Story&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004-12-10&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08467-5&rft.aulast=Freyne&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQ_UAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIturea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/28276/04chapter4.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y#:~:text=Josephus%20does%20not%20specify%20Galilee,Range%20and%20the%20northern%20Golan.">Chapter 4 – Who Were the Galileans? - University of Pretoria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Muir, Esq., <i>The Life of Mohamet</i>, 4 volumes, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1861</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knauf, Ernst Axel. ‘The Ituraeans: Another Bedouin State’. In Baalbek: Image and Monument 1898–1998. Edited by Hélène Sader, Thomas Scheffler and Angelika Neuwirth. Beiruter Texte und Studien 69. Beirut: Franz Steiner, pp. 269–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien Aliquot, <i>Les Ituréens et la présence arabe au Liban du IIe siècle a.C. au IVe siècle p.C.</i>, Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph 56, 1999-2003, p. 161-290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Urquart, <i>The Lebanon (Mount Souria)</i>, T. C. Newby, 1860, p. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. A. Myers, <i>The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East</i> (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salah Said & M. Al-Hamad, <i>Three short Nabataean inscriptions from Umm al-Jimāl</i>, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 34 (2004): 313–318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'John Lightfoot, 'A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica<i>, Cambridge and London, 1658-1674, Chorographical Notes, Chapter 1: Of the places mentioned in Luke 3, Iturea </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong's Hebrew Lexicon, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Negev, Avraham. "Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm." Qedem 32 (1991): III-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dau, Butros. "History of the Maronites: Religious, Cultural, and Political." Lebanon, 1984, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/aj_13c.html#318">Book 13,318-19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shayne J.D.Cohen, 'Respect for Judaism by Gentiles According to Josephus,' in Shayne J.D. Cohen (ed.) <i>The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism,</i> Mohr Siebeck, 2012 p.200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shayne J.D. Cohen, 'Was Judaism in Antiquity a Missionary Religion,' in Cohen, ibid. pp.299-308, p.301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dannythedigger.com/iturean-coins/">https://dannythedigger.com/iturean-coins/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>Philippics,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/cicero/philippic2_2.html#112">ii. 112</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Cæsar</a>, <i>Bellum Africanum,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/African_War/B*.html#20">20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/aj_13c.html#318">13.318</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seán Freyne, 'Galilean Studies: Old Issues and New Questions,' in Jürgen Zangenberg, Harold W. Attridge, Dale B. Martin, (eds.)<i>Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition,</i> Mohr Siebeck, 2007 pp.13-32, p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Onomasticon"><i>Onomasticon</i></a>, ed. Lagarde, pp. 268, 298.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iturea&oldid=1273374566">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iturea&oldid=1273374566</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_geography_of_Syria" title="Category:Historical geography of Syria">Historical geography of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Lebanon" title="Category:Ancient Lebanon">Ancient Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Syria" title="Category:Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_regions" title="Category:New Testament regions">New Testament regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Category:Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Herod_the_Great" title="Category:Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Category:Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2023">Articles needing additional references from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from August 2016">Articles with disputed statements from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia_without_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 February 2025, at 00:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iturea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iturea</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>20 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-xggl8","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.356","walltime":"0.491","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1609,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41785,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1839,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":60955,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 436.640 1 -total"," 21.26% 92.847 1 Template:Langx"," 18.80% 82.095 1 Template:JewishEncyclopedia"," 16.50% 72.062 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.63% 68.257 1 Template:Short_description"," 13.91% 60.724 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 12.79% 55.860 1 Template:Ambox"," 10.54% 46.019 12 Template:Cite_book"," 9.05% 39.518 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.91% 25.784 1 Template:Further"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.243","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16224784,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c8cb894f-h8rnm","timestamp":"20250210064123","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iturea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iturea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1514777","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1514777","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-09T19:18:02Z","dateModified":"2025-02-02T00:46:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6f\/1889_Palestine_in_the_beginning_of_the_Christian_Era.jpg","headline":"Levantine region north of Galilee during the Late Hellenistic and early Roman periods"}</script> </body> </html>