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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #00BFFF"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png/75px-Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png/113px-Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png/150px-Indira_Gandhi_official_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Indira Gandhi</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Prime Minister of India</span></a></div><div style="color:#71531C;"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">1966–1977 <br /> 1980–1984</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi#Early_life_and_career" title="Indira Gandhi">Early life and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi#Legacy" title="Indira Gandhi">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Indira Gandhi">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Domestic policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Domestic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Economic policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi#First_term_as_Prime_Minister_between_1966_and_1977" title="Indira Gandhi">Premiership</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_general_elections" title="List of Indian general elections">General elections</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="First Indira Gandhi ministry">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Second Indira Gandhi ministry">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Third Indira Gandhi ministry">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Lok_Sabha" title="5th Lok Sabha">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">Seventh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">National policy</a></b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Legislation</b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">COFEPOSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Property_Act,_1968" title="Enemy Property Act, 1968">Enemy Property Act, 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">The Gold (Control) Act, 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Migrants_(Determination_by_Tribunal)_Act,_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983">IMDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">MISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education" title="National Policy on Education">NPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Areas_(Reorganisation)_Act,_1971" title="North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971">North-Eastern Reorganisation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">Privy Purse</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Treaties and accords</b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira%E2%80%93Sheikh_Accord" title="Indira–Sheikh Accord">Indira–Sheikh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimla Agreement">Shimla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirima%E2%80%93Gandhi_Pact" title="Sirima–Gandhi Pact">Sirima–Gandhi Pact</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Missions and projects</b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">Operation Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lal_Dora" title="Operation Lal Dora">Operation Lal Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steeplechase" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Steeplechase">Operation Steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sundown" title="Operation Sundown">Operation Sundown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Controversies</b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Emergency</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_gate_demolition_and_rioting" title="Turkman gate demolition and rioting">Turkman gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Riots and attacks</b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-cow_slaughter_agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation">1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_railway_strike_in_India" title="1974 railway strike in India">1974 railway strike in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Moradabad_riots" title="1980 Moradabad riots">1980 Moradabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Insurgency in Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_405" title="Indian Airlines Flight 405">Airbus hijacking</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Constitutional amendments</b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twentieth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Thirty-eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Thirty-ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-eighth</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi's signature"><img alt="Indira Gandhi's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png/170px-Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png/255px-Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png/340px-Indira-Gandhi-Signature-Transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/40px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/60px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span> </p> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Indira_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Indira Gandhi"><b>Gallery</b>: Picture, Sound, Video</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indira_Gandhi_series" title="Template:Indira Gandhi series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indira_Gandhi_series" title="Template talk:Indira Gandhi series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indira_Gandhi_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indira Gandhi series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government was the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">foreign policy of India</a> between 1967 and 1977 during the Indira Gandhi premiership. It included a focus on security, by fighting militants abroad and strengthening border defenses. On 30 October 1981 at the meeting organised to mark silver jubilee celebration of the School of International Studies, Gandhi said, "A country’s policy is shaped by many forces- its position on the map, and the countries which are its neighbours, the policies they adopt, and the actions they take, as well as its historical experiences in the aggregate and in terms of its particular success or traumas."<sup id="cite_ref-speech_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-aligned_Movement">Non-aligned Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Non-aligned Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/220px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/440px-Indira_Gandhi_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s under Gandhi, India attempted to reassert its prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> by focusing on the relationship between disarmament and economic development. By appealing to the economic grievances of <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, Gandhi and her successors exercised a moderating influence on the Non-aligned movement, diverting it from some of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> issues that marred the controversial 1979 Havana meeting where Cuban leader <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> attempted to steer the movement towards the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although hosting the 1983 summit at Delhi boosted Indian prestige within the movement, its close relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its pro-Soviet positions on <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> limited its influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gandhi boosted the NAM summit in New Delhi in 1967 to strengthen the unity and co-operation among Afro-Asian countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-US">Indo-US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indo-US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_Prime_Minister_Indira_Gandhi_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>President Reagan walking with Indira outside the oval office</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira</a> came to power in 1966, on invitation from the American President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a> visited the US on 28 March 1966. During her visit, the <a href="/wiki/United_States-India_Educational_Foundation" title="United States-India Educational Foundation">Indo-US Education Foundation</a> was formulated, but could not materialize due to strong opposition in India. America had suspended aid to India in 1965 at the time of the Indo-Pak war. However, the visit helped India secure more food and development aid from the US. Johnson promised three million tons of food and nine million in aid. Indira resented the US policy of food aid as a tool in forcing India to adopt policies favored by the US. She also resolutely refused to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">NPT</a> (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons). </p><p>Relations with US strained badly under President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> when India signed the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">treaty of peace, Friendship and Co-operation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1971. Nixon's favoring of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> vehemently criticised India for interfering with the <a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Pakistan#Bangladesh" title="Separatist movements of Pakistan">internal affairs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. He despised Indira politically and personally Nixon ordered complete stoppage of <a href="/wiki/Economic_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic aid">economic assistance</a> and supply of defence equipment to India.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi remained resolute in her support to Bangladesh, despite US attempts to force India to commit to a ceasefire. Opposition leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> in the Lok Sabha and S.N. Mishra in the Rajya Sabha, condemned then US president Richard Nixon's "anti-India statements" in Parliament. Other Jan Sangh leaders including <a href="/wiki/L.K._Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="L.K. Advani">L.K. Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balraj_Madhok" title="Balraj Madhok">Balraj Madhok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidar_Nath_Sahani" title="Kidar Nath Sahani">Kidar Nath Sahani</a> led demonstrations outside the US Embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-fullest_cooperation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fullest_cooperation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Pokhran Test</a> had driven a wedge in the Indo-US relations. United states reacted negatively, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic aid">economic aid</a> the US had provided to India. This issue caused a stalemate in the relations between the two countries. However, the United States concluded that the test did not violate any agreement and proceeded with a June 1974 shipment of <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Tarapur_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Tarapur Atomic Power Station">Tarapur reactor</a>. The visit of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of the state of the US</a>, to India in October 1974, helped to bridge the gap between the two countries, Gandhi's <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">imposition of emergency</a> in 1975 also strained the Indo-US relations. </p><p>Indira met then US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1981 for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a> held to discuss global poverty. Gandhi's 1982 visit, at then US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>’s invitation, turned out to be markedly successful, with agreeing on cooperation in science and technology and signing an agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Tarapur_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Tarapur Atomic Power Station">Tarapur nuclear plant</a> and to mark 1985 as the ‘year of India’ in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronald_Reagan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronald_Reagan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">India–Soviet Union relations</a></div> <p>The relationship between India and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> deepened during Gandhi's rule. The main reason was the perceived bias of United States and China, the rivals of USSR, towards <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The support of the Soviets with arms supplies and casting of veto at United Nations helped in winning and consolidating the victory over Pakistan in the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. Prior to the war Indira signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviets. In the beginning, India was not willing for Indo-Soviet treaty. But circumstances forced India to have a treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971. The circumstances were I. Pindi-Peking -Washington axis was formed by 1971, mainly against the USSR to curb its influence in South Asia and secondarily against India. The refuges from East Pakistan flooded India. So, the responsibility fell on India to protect East Pakistan against the West Pakistan. At this juncture, China and USA came to support Pakistan and at his situation India was forced to have a treaty with the Soviet Union. Had India not concluded a treaty with USSR, its prestige would have been at stake. </p><p>The Soviets were not happy with the 1974 nuclear test conducted by India but did not support further action because of the ensuing Cold War with the United States. Indira was not happy with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan but once again calculations involving relations with Pakistan and China kept from criticizing the Soviet Union harshly. The Soviets became the main arms supplier during the Indira years by offering cheap credit and transactions in rupees rather than in dollars. The easy trade deals also applied to non-military goods. Under Indira by the early 1980s the Soviets became the largest trading partner of India.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Academic_Press_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Academic_Press-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistan,_Bangladesh_and_South_Asia"><span id="Pakistan.2C_Bangladesh_and_South_Asia"></span>Pakistan, Bangladesh and South Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pakistan, Bangladesh and South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1971, disputed elections in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> led the then <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> to declare independence as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Repression and violence by the Pakistani army led 10 million refugees to cross border in to India over the coming months.<sup id="cite_ref-ahsgjxajtu0c244_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahsgjxajtu0c244-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in December 1971, Gandhi directly intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">conflict</a> to liberate <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. India emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">resulting conflict</a> to become the dominant power of South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India had signed a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">treaty</a> with the Soviet Union promising mutual assistance in the case of war,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Pakistan received active support from the United States during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-NixonWitchBBC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NixonWitchBBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> disliked Gandhi personally, referring to her as a "witch" and "clever fox" in his private communication with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon later wrote of the war: "[Gandhi] suckered [America]. Suckered us.....this woman suckered us.".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with the U.S. became distant as Gandhi developed closer ties with the Soviet Union after the war. The latter grew to become India's largest trading partner and its biggest arms supplier for much of Gandhi's premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's new hegemonic position as articulated under the "Indira Doctrine" led to attempts to bring the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> under the Indian sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> remained aligned with India, while in 1975, after years of building up support, Gandhi incorporated <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> into India, after <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">a referendum</a> in which a majority of Sikkimese voted to join India.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120-121_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120-121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was denounced as a "despicable act" by China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_and_Indira_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi with <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> in New Delhi, 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>India <a href="/wiki/Indo-Bangla_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Peace" title="Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace">maintained close ties</a> with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>) following the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Liberation War</a>. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> recognized Gandhi's contributions to the independence of Bangladesh. However, Mujibur Rahman's pro-India policies antagonised many in Bangladeshi politics and the military, who feared that Bangladesh had become a client state of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Nair_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nair-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MK_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MK-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination of Mujibur Rahman</a> in 1975 led to the establishment of Islamist military regimes that sought to distance the country from India.<sup id="cite_ref-IB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi's relationship with the military regimes was strained, due to her alleged support of anti-Islamist leftist guerrilla forces in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-IB_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, however, there was a rapprochement between Gandhi and the Bangladeshi regimes, although issues such as border disputes and the <a href="/wiki/Farakka_Barrage" title="Farakka Barrage">Farakka Dam</a> remained an irritant in bilateral ties.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the Government of Bangladesh conferred its highest state award posthumously on Gandhi for her "outstanding contribution" to the country's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi1971_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1971-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gandhi's approach to dealing with Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">ethnic problems</a> was initially accommodating. She enjoyed cordial relations with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a>. In 1974, India ceded the tiny islet of <a href="/wiki/Katchatheevu" title="Katchatheevu">Katchatheevu</a> to Sri Lanka to save Bandaranaike's socialist government from a political disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-Suryanarayan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryanarayan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, relations soured over Sri Lanka's turn away from socialism under <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a>, whom Gandhi despised as a "western puppet."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte20125_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India under Gandhi was alleged to have supported <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a> militants in the 1980s to put pressure on Jayewardene to abide by Indian interests.<sup id="cite_ref-sndayt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sndayt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Gandhi rejected demands to invade Sri Lanka in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July 1983</a>, an anti-Tamil pogrom carried out by Sinhalese mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bandarage_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandarage-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi made a statement emphasizing that she stood for the territorial integrity of Sri Lanka, although she also stated that India cannot "remain a silent spectator to any injustice done to the Tamil community."<sup id="cite_ref-Bandarage_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandarage-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayaka_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayaka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India's relationship with Pakistan remained strained following the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Shimla Accord</a> in 1972. Gandhi's <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">authorization of the detonation of a nuclear device</a> at Pokhran in 1974 was viewed by Pakistani leader <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> as an attempt to intimidate Pakistan into accepting India's hegemony in the subcontinent. However, in May 1976, Gandhi and Bhutto both agreed to reopen diplomatic establishments and normalize relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Grover_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grover-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the rise to power of General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> in Pakistan in 1978, India's relations with its neighbour reached a nadir. Gandhi accused General Zia of supporting <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistani</a> militants in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grover_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grover-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military hostilities recommenced in 1984 following Gandhi's authorization of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapur_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapur-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India was victorious in the resulting <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a> against Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapur_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapur-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To keep the Soviet Union and the United States out of South Asia, Mrs Gandhi was instrumental in establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (<a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>) in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gandhi remained a staunch supporter of Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> and was critical of the Middle East diplomacy sponsored by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte20125_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel was viewed as a religious state and thus <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">an analogue</a> to India's <a href="/wiki/Archrival" class="mw-redirect" title="Archrival">archrival</a> Pakistan. Indian diplomats also hoped to win Arab support in countering Pakistan in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Nevertheless, Gandhi authorized the development of a secret channel of contact and security assistance with Israel in the late 1960s. Her lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, later became Prime Minister and approved full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-AKapur_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AKapur-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India,_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg/220px-Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg/330px-Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg/440px-Pahlavis_meet_Indira_Gandhi_in_India%2C_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi meeting the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a> <a href="/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi" title="Farah Pahlavi">Farah Pahlavi</a> during their state visit to India in 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>India's pro-Arab policy had mixed success. Establishment of close ties with the socialist and secular <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Baathist</a> regimes to some extent neutralized Pakistani propaganda against India.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> put the Arab and Muslim states of the Middle East in a dilemma as the war was fought by two states both friendly to the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaur_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The progressive Arab regimes in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> chose to remain neutral, while the conservative <a href="/wiki/Pro-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-American">pro-American</a> Arab monarchies in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> openly supported Pakistan. Egypt's stance was met with dismay by the Indians, who had come to expect close co-operation with the Baathist regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, the death of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> in 1970 and <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Sadat</a>'s growing friendship with <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, and his mounting differences with Moscow, constrained Egypt to a policy of neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi's overtures to <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> were rebuffed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaur_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> agreed with the Arab monarchies in believing that Gandhi's intervention in East Pakistan was an attack against <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaur_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1971 war temporarily became a stumbling block in growing <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">Indo-Iranian ties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Iran had earlier characterized the Indo-Pakistani war in 1965 as Indian aggression, the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a> had launched an effort at rapprochement with India in 1969 as part of his effort to secure support for a larger Iranian role in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi's tilt towards Moscow and her dismemberment of Pakistan was perceived by the Shah as part of a larger anti-Iran conspiracy involving India, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Iran had resisted Pakistani pressure to activate the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a> and draw in the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Central Treaty Organisation</a> (CENTO) into the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, Indian and Iranian disillusionment with their respective regional allies led to a renewed partnership between the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-hunter_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunter-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi was unhappy with the lack of support from India's Arab allies during the war with Pakistan, while the Shah was apprehensive at the growing friendship between Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, specially Saudi Arabia, and the growing influence of Islam in Pakistani society.<sup id="cite_ref-hunter_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunter-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an increase in Indian economic and military co-operation with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-hunter_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunter-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1974 India-Iranian agreement led to Iran supplying nearly 75 percent of India's crude oil demands.<sup id="cite_ref-pande_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pande-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi appreciated the Shah's disregard of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> in diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-hunter_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunter-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia-Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major developments in Southeast Asia during Gandhi's premiership was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) in 1967. Relations between ASEAN and India was mutually antagonistic. ASEAN in the Indian perception was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO), and it was therefore, seen as a pro-American organisation. On their part, the ASEAN nations were unhappy with Gandhi's sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and India's strong links with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>. Furthermore, they were also apprehensions in the region about Gandhi's future plans, particularly after India played a big role in breaking up Pakistan and facilitating in the emergence of Bangladesh as a sovereign country in 1971. India's entry into the nuclear weapons club in 1974 contributed to tensions in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nanda_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nanda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations only began to improve following Gandhi's endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Zone_of_Peace,_Freedom_and_Neutrality" title="Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality">ZOPFAN declaration</a> and the disintegration of the SEATO alliance in the aftermath of Pakistani and American defeats in the region. Nevertheless, Gandhi's close relations with reunified <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and her decision to recognize the Vietnam installed Government of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Cambodia</a> in 1980 meant that India and ASEAN were not able to develop a viable partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-Nanda_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nanda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 September 1981, Indira was conferred with the Honorary Degree of Doctor at the Laucala Graduation at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although independent India was initially viewed as a champion of anti-colonialism, its cordial relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and liberal views of British colonial policies in East Africa had harmed its image as a staunch supporter of the anti-colonial movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian condemnation of militant struggles in <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria</a> was in sharp contrast to China, who had supported armed struggle to win African independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reaching a high diplomatic point in the aftermath of Nehru's role in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, India's isolation from Africa was complete when only four nations; <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> supported her during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Gandhi became Prime Minister, diplomatic and economic relations with the states which had sided with India during the Sino-Indian War were expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi began negotiations with the Kenyan government to establish the Africa-India Development Cooperation. The Indian government also started considering the possibility of bringing Indians settled in Africa within the framework of its policy goals to help recover its declining geo-strategic influence. Gandhi declared the people of Indian origin settled in Africa as "Ambassadors of India."<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to rope in the Asian community to join Indian diplomacy, however, came to naught, partly because of the unwillingness of Indians to remain in politically insecure surroundings and partly due to the exodus of African Indians to Britain with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Immigrants_Act_1968" title="Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968">Commonwealth Immigrants Act</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the African Indian community even <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">suffered persecution and eventually expulsion</a> under the government of <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oonk_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oonk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign and domestic policy successes in the 1970s enabled Gandhi to rebuild India's image in the eyes of African states.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victory over Pakistan and India's possession of nuclear weapons showed the degree of India's progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the conclusion of the Indo-Soviet treaty in 1971 and threatening gestures by the major western power, the United States, to send its nuclear armed <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_74" title="Task Force 74">Task Force 74</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> at the height of the East Pakistan crisis had enabled India to regain its anti-imperialist image.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi firmly tied Indian anti-imperialist interests in Africa to those of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawdsley_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawdsley-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Nehru, she openly and enthusiastically supported liberation struggles in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawdsley_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawdsley-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Chinese influence in Africa had declined owing to its incessant quarrels with the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments permanently halted India's decline in Africa and helped reestablish its geo-strategic presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Commonwealth">The Commonwealth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi,_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif/lossy-page1-220px-Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif/lossy-page1-330px-Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif/lossy-page1-440px-Chegada_ao_Rio_de_Janeiro_de_Indira_Priyadarshini_Gandhi%2C_primeira_ministra_da_%C3%8Dndia..tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Indira Gandhi on a visit to Brazil, 1968, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives" title="Brazilian National Archives">National Archives of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> is voluntary association of mainly former British colonies. India maintained cordial relations with most of the members during Indira Gandhi's time in power. In the 1980s, Indira Gandhi along with Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, Zambia's President <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, Australian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> and Singapore Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> was regarded as one of the pillars of the commonwealth<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India under Indira also hosted the 1983 Commonwealth heads of Government summit in New Delhi in 1983. Gandhi used to use the Commonwealth meetings as a forum to put pressure on member countries to cut economic, sports, and cultural ties with <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indira spent a number of years in Europe during her youth and formed many friendships during her stay there. During her premiership she formed friendships with many leaders such as West German chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Austrian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also enjoyed closed working relationship with many British leaders including conservative premiers, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-speech-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speech_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpeech1982" class="citation journal cs1">Speech, Gandhi (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0020881782021002001">"India and Its Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>International Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (2). SAGE Journals: 95–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020881782021002001">10.1177/0020881782021002001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154772671">154772671</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717020501/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0020881782021002001">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies&rft.atitle=India+and+Its+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-99&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020881782021002001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154772671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Speech&rft.aufirst=Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F0020881782021002001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte2011" class="citation book cs1">Gupte, Pranay (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PAPR9&q=%2522non%2520aligned%2520movement%2522%2520india%2520indira"><i>Mother India : a political biography of Indira Gandhi</i></a> (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin Books. pp. 499–500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143068266" title="Special:BookSources/9780143068266"><bdi>9780143068266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India+%3A+a+political+biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=499-500&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780143068266&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=Pranay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPAPR9%26q%3D%252522non%252520aligned%252520movement%252522%252520india%252520indira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DijkGlenn_GraySavranskayaSuri2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Dijk, Ruud; Glenn Gray, William; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgX0bQ3Enj4C&pg=PAPR3&q=%2522indira%2520gandhi%2522%2520johnson"><i>Encyclopedia of the Cold War</i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 340–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203880210" title="Special:BookSources/9780203880210"><bdi>9780203880210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=340-341&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780203880210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgX0bQ3Enj4C%26pg%3DPAPR3%26q%3D%252522indira%252520gandhi%252522%252520johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fullest_cooperation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fullest_cooperation_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpposition2019" class="citation news cs1">Opposition, PM and (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-indira-gandhi-and-atal-bihari-vajpayee-led-india-during-1971-bangladesh-war-1551643929931.html">"PM and Opposition took India along during 1971 Bangladesh war took India along during 1971 Bangladesh war"</a>. <i>Live Mint</i>. HT Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129231144/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-indira-gandhi-and-atal-bihari-vajpayee-led-india-during-1971-bangladesh-war-1551643929931.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Mint&rft.atitle=PM+and+Opposition+took+India+along+during+1971+Bangladesh+war+took+India+along+during+1971+Bangladesh+war&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.aulast=Opposition&rft.aufirst=PM+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fhow-indira-gandhi-and-atal-bihari-vajpayee-led-india-during-1971-bangladesh-war-1551643929931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald_Reagan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_Reagan_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_friendship2014" class="citation news cs1">A friendship, India-USA (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/news/special/modi-in-us-india-usa-a-friendship-that-began-way-back-then/20140926.htm">"India-USA: A friendship that began way back then"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627005133/https://www.rediff.com/news/special/modi-in-us-india-usa-a-friendship-that-began-way-back-then/20140926.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=India-USA%3A+A+friendship+that+began+way+back+then&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=A+friendship&rft.aufirst=India-USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fmodi-in-us-india-usa-a-friendship-that-began-way-back-then%2F20140926.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Academic_Press-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-British_Academic_Press_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1993" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Peter J.S. (1993). Light, Margot (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7MA1F1TD08C&q=indira+gandhi+%22soviet+union%22+-institute+arms+&pg=PA29"><i>Troubled friendships : Moscow's Third World ventures, Chapter II, Soviet-Indian Model</i></a>. London [u.a.]: British Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850436492" title="Special:BookSources/9781850436492"><bdi>9781850436492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+friendships+%3A+Moscow%27s+Third+World+ventures%2C+Chapter+II%2C+Soviet-Indian+Model&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=British+Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781850436492&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7MA1F1TD08C%26q%3Dindira%2Bgandhi%2B%2522soviet%2Bunion%2522%2B-institute%2Barms%2B%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahsgjxajtu0c244-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ahsgjxajtu0c244_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHsGJxAJTU0C&pg=PAPR14&q=indira%2520gandhi"><i>One world divisible : a global history since 1945</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 244–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393321081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393321081"><bdi>978-0393321081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+world+divisible+%3A+a+global+history+since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=244-247&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0393321081&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHsGJxAJTU0C%26pg%3DPAPR14%26q%3Dindira%252520gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann (2004). <i>A History of India</i>. Routledge. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415329194" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415329194"><bdi>978-0415329194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415329194&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHsGJxAJTU0C&pg=PAPR14&q=indira%2520gandhi"><i>One world divisible : a global history since 1945</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393321081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393321081"><bdi>978-0393321081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+world+divisible+%3A+a+global+history+since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0393321081&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHsGJxAJTU0C%26pg%3DPAPR14%26q%3Dindira%252520gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NixonWitchBBC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NixonWitchBBC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">Nixon's dislike of 'witch' Indira, BBC News, 29 June 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812125319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">Archived</a> 12 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News (29 June 2005). Retrieved on 18 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">"BBC NEWS | South Asia | Nixon's dislike of 'witch' Indira"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. 29 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812125319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%7C+South+Asia+%7C+Nixon%27s+dislike+of+%27witch%27+Indira&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F4633263.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/this-woman-suckered-us-said-nixon-of-indira-gandhi/story-WGR773bfTnuAsEffYYvq5O.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This woman suckered us', said Nixon of Indira Gandhi"</a>. <i>hindustantimes.com</i>. 2 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720223345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/this-woman-suckered-us-said-nixon-of-indira-gandhi/story-WGR773bfTnuAsEffYYvq5O.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=hindustantimes.com&rft.atitle=%27This+woman+suckered+us%27%2C+said+Nixon+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fdelhi-news%2Fthis-woman-suckered-us-said-nixon-of-indira-gandhi%2Fstory-WGR773bfTnuAsEffYYvq5O.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRacioppi1994" class="citation book cs1">Racioppi, Linda (1994). <i>Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521414579" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521414579"><bdi>978-0521414579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Policy+towards+South+Asia+since+1970&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0521414579&rft.aulast=Racioppi&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2009" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Harish (2009). <i>Foreign Policies Of India's Prime Ministers</i>. Lancer Publishers. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979617485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0979617485"><bdi>978-0979617485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Policies+Of+India%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0979617485&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Harish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F._Fisher1978" class="citation book cs1">James F. Fisher (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8Eq6Obu6oYC"><i>Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Anthropology%3A+The+Indo-Tibetan+Interface&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.au=James+F.+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8Eq6Obu6oYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120-121-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik1988120-121_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik1988">Malik 1988</a>, p. 120-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai1999" class="citation book cs1">Bajpai, G. S. (1999). <i>China's Shadow Over Sikkim: The Politics of Intimidation</i>. Lancer Publishers. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1897829523" title="Special:BookSources/978-1897829523"><bdi>978-1897829523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Shadow+Over+Sikkim%3A+The+Politics+of+Intimidation&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1897829523&rft.aulast=Bajpai&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nair-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nair_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2008" class="citation book cs1">Nair, P. Sukumaran (2008). <i>Indo-Bangladesh Relations</i>. APH Publishing. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131304082" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131304082"><bdi>978-8131304082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Bangladesh+Relations&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8131304082&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=P.+Sukumaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MK-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MK_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm">"Mujib's downfall"</a>. Countrystudies.us. 15 August 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012545/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328232816/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/106.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%27s+relations+with+India&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2000" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N (2000). <i>India And Her Neighbours</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171569120" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171569120"><bdi>978-8171569120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+And+Her+Neighbours&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8171569120&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi1971-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi1971_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-25/news/29812476_1_liberation-war-sonia-gandhi-outstanding-contribution">Former PM Indira Gandhi honoured with Bangladesh's highest award, The Economic Times, 25 July 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510165730/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-25/news/29812476_1_liberation-war-sonia-gandhi-outstanding-contribution">Archived</a> 10 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Economic Times (25 July 2011). Retrieved on 25 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suryanarayan-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suryanarayan_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryanarayan2005" class="citation book cs1">Suryanarayan, Venkateswaran (2005). <i>Conflict Over Fisheries In The Palk Bay Region</i>. Lancer Publishers. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170622420" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170622420"><bdi>978-8170622420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+Over+Fisheries+In+The+Palk+Bay+Region&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8170622420&rft.aulast=Suryanarayan&rft.aufirst=Venkateswaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupte20125-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte20125_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupte20125_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupte2012">Gupte 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sndayt-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sndayt_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html">"LTTE: the Indian connection"</a>. <i>Sunday Times</i>. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915053716/http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=LTTE%3A+the+Indian+connection&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsundaytimes.lk%2F970119%2Fplus4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bandarage-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bandarage_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bandarage_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandarage2009" class="citation book cs1">Bandarage, Asoka (2009). <i>The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415776783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415776783"><bdi>978-0415776783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Separatist+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Terrorism%2C+Ethnicity%2C+Political+Economy&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415776783&rft.aulast=Bandarage&rft.aufirst=Asoka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissanayaka-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayaka_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDissanayaka2005" class="citation book cs1">Dissanayaka, T.D.S.A. (2005). <i>War Or Peace in Sri Lanka</i>. Popular Prakashan. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8179911990" title="Special:BookSources/978-8179911990"><bdi>978-8179911990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Or+Peace+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8179911990&rft.aulast=Dissanayaka&rft.aufirst=T.D.S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grover-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grover_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grover_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover1999" class="citation book cs1">Grover, Verinder (1999). <i>Events and Documents of Indo-Pak Relations: Includes Chronology of All Important Events & Documents from 1947 to 1998</i>. Deep and Deep Publications. pp. 100–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176290593" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176290593"><bdi>978-8176290593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+and+Documents+of+Indo-Pak+Relations%3A+Includes+Chronology+of+All+Important+Events+%26+Documents+from+1947+to+1998&rft.pages=100-113&rft.pub=Deep+and+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8176290593&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Verinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapur-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapur_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, S. Paul (2007). <i>Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804755504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804755504"><bdi>978-0804755504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Deterrent%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+Proliferation+and+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804755504&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=S.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte2011" class="citation book cs1">Gupte, Pranay (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PAPR9&q=saarc"><i>Mother India : a political biography of Indira Gandhi</i></a> (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143068266" title="Special:BookSources/9780143068266"><bdi>9780143068266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India+%3A+a+political+biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=482&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780143068266&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=Pranay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPAPR9%26q%3Dsaarc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AKapur-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AKapur_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2006" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Ashok (2006). <i>India: From Regional to World Power</i>. Routledge. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415328043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415328043"><bdi>978-0415328043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+From+Regional+to+World+Power&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415328043&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2009" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Anjali (2009). <i>India's Foreign Policy</i>. Pearson. pp. 306–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131710258" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131710258"><bdi>978-8131710258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=306-307&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8131710258&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaur-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaur_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaur_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaur_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur1993" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Ranjit (1993). <i>Islamic Co-Operation and Unity</i>. Deep and Deep Publications. pp. 168–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171005642" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171005642"><bdi>978-8171005642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Co-Operation+and+Unity&rft.pages=168-170&rft.pub=Deep+and+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-8171005642&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Ranjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunter-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hunter_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunter_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunter_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunter_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Shireen (2010). <i>Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804755504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804755504"><bdi>978-0804755504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Post-Soviet+Era%3A+Resisting+the+New+International+Order&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0804755504&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pande-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pande_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande2011" class="citation book cs1">Pande, Aparna (2011). <i>Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy</i>. Taylor & Francis, 2011. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136818943" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136818943"><bdi>978-1136818943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136818943&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nanda-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nanda_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nanda_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda2003" class="citation book cs1">Nanda, Prakash (2003). <i>Rediscovering Asia: Evolution of India's Look-East Policy</i>. Lancer Publishers. pp. 220–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170622970" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170622970"><bdi>978-8170622970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Asia%3A+Evolution+of+India%27s+Look-East+Policy&rft.pages=220-226&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8170622970&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=Prakash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usp.ac.fj/index.php?id=13882">"USP: Honorary Degree of Doctor"</a>. <i>usp.ac.fj</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usp.ac.fj&rft.atitle=USP%3A+Honorary+Degree+of+Doctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usp.ac.fj%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D13882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2_38-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2009" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Anjali (2009). <i>India's Foreign Policy</i>. Pearson. pp. 422–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131710258" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131710258"><bdi>978-8131710258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=422-424&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8131710258&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oonk-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oonk_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOonk2007" class="citation book cs1">Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). <i>Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory</i>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053560358" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053560358"><bdi>978-9053560358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Indian+Diasporas%3A+Exploring+Trajectories+of+Migration+and+Theory&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9053560358&rft.aulast=Oonk&rft.aufirst=Gijsbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mawdsley-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mawdsley_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mawdsley_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawdsleyGerard_McCann2011" class="citation book cs1">Mawdsley, Emma; Gerard McCann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMnTomlIPQwC&pg=PAPA51"><i>India in Africa: Changing Geographies of Power</i></a>. Fahamu & Pambazuka. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906387655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906387655"><bdi>978-1906387655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+Africa%3A+Changing+Geographies+of+Power&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Fahamu+%26+Pambazuka&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1906387655&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Gerard+McCann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMnTomlIPQwC%26pg%3DPAPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1984" class="citation book cs1">Low, D.A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8o7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PAPA42&q=gandhi"><i>The contraction of England : an inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 22 October 1984</i></a>. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521314244" title="Special:BookSources/9780521314244"><bdi>9780521314244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+contraction+of+England+%3A+an+inaugural+lecture+delivered+before+the+University+of+Cambridge+on+22+October+1984&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780521314244&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8o7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA42%26q%3Dgandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilewitz, J., 1998. Athletics & apartheid. Harvard International Review, 20(4), p.36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt1987" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Willy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBhr8W16XWMC&pg=PAPP11&q=indira"><i>Arms and hunger</i></a>. Translated by Bell, Anthea (1st MIT Press English language pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262521277" title="Special:BookSources/9780262521277"><bdi>9780262521277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+hunger&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=43-44&rft.edition=1st+MIT+Press+English+language+pbk.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780262521277&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBhr8W16XWMC%26pg%3DPAPP11%26q%3Dindira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreiskyLewisRathkolb2000" class="citation book cs1">Kreisky, Bruno; Lewis, Jill; Rathkolb, Oliver (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lb6uBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR11&q=%2520gandhi"><i>The struggle for a democratic Austria : Bruno Kreisky on peace and social justice</i></a>. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 413–414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571811554" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571811554"><bdi>978-1571811554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+a+democratic+Austria+%3A+Bruno+Kreisky+on+peace+and+social+justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=413-414&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1571811554&rft.aulast=Kreisky&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Jill&rft.au=Rathkolb%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlb6uBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPR11%26q%3D%252520gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte1992" class="citation book cs1">Gupte, Pranay (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PAPR9&q=%2520thatcher"><i>Mother India : a political biography of Indira Gandhi</i></a>. New York: Scribner's. pp. 516–517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19296-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19296-3"><bdi>978-0-684-19296-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India+%3A+a+political+biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=516-517&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19296-3&rft.aulast=Gupte&rft.aufirst=Pranay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOmK1lPWq80C%26pg%3DPAPR9%26q%3D%252520thatcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupte2012" class="citation book cs1">Pranay Gupte (2012). <i>Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306826-6"><bdi>978-0-14-306826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+India%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306826-6&rft.au=Pranay+Gupte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1988" class="citation book cs1">Yogendra Kumar Malik (1988). <i>India: The Years of Indira Gandhi</i>. <a href="/wiki/BRILL_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="BRILL Publishers">BRILL Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08681-4"><bdi>978-90-04-08681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Years+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=BRILL+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08681-4&rft.au=Yogendra+Kumar+Malik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+policy+of+the+Indira+Gandhi+government" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Algeria–India relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Angola–India relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Benin–India relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Botswana–India relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burkina Faso–India relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burundi–India relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cameroon–India relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Central African Republic–India relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chad–India relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Comoros–India relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo–India relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Djibouti–India relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Egypt–India relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eritrea–India relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eswatini–India relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ethiopia–India relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–India relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Gabon–India relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–India relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ghana–India relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea–India relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–India relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="India–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="India–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="India–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="India–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="India–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="India–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="India–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="India–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="India–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="India–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="India–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="India–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="India–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="India–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="India–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="India–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="India–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="India–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="India–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="India–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="India–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="India–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="India–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="India–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="India–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="India–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="India–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="India–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="India–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–India relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Argentina–India relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–India relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Barbados–India relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belize–India relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bolivia–India relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cayman Islands–India relations">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chile–India relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Colombia–India relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Costa Rica–India relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cuba–India relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominica–India relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominican Republic–India relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ecuador–India relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="El Salvador–India relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Grenada–India relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guatemala–India relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guyana–India relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Haiti–India relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Honduras–India relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="India–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="India–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="India–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="India–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="India–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="India–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_relations" title="India–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Lucia_relations" title="India–Saint Lucia relations">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relations" title="India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="India–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="India–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="India–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="India–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Armenia–India relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Azerbaijan–India relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bahrain–India relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bhutan–India relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brunei–India relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cambodia–India relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hong Kong–India relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93India_relations" title="East Timor–India relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="India–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="India–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="India–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="India–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="India–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="India–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="India–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="India–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="India–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="India–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="India–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="India–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="India–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="India–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="India–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="India–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="India–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="India–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="India–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="India–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="India–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="India–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="India–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="India–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="India–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="India–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="India–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="India–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="India–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="India–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Albania–India relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Austria–India relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belarus–India relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belgium–India relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bulgaria–India relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–India relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Croatia–India relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cyprus–India relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Czech Republic–India relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Denmark–India relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Estonia–India relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Finland–India relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations" title="France–India relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Greece–India relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hungary–India relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Holy See–India relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Iceland–India relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="India–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="India–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="India–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="India–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="India–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="India–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="India–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="India–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="India–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="India–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li>Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="India–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="India–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="India–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="India–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="India–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="India–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="India–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="India–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="India–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="India–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="India–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="India–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Fiji–India relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="India–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Marshall_Islands_relations" title="India–Marshall Islands relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="India–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="India–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="India–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cook Islands–India relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="India–Niue relations">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="India–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="India–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="India–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="India–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="India–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations" title="India–Tuvalu relations">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Pacific_Islands_Relations#Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pacific Islands Relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="India–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2 Ministerial Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Africa–India relations">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">13th summit</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Central_Asia" title="Connect Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">Indian Ocean Naval Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_relations" title="India–Pacific Islands relations">India–Pacific Islands relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_Cooperation" title="Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation">Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">Mekong–Ganga Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th Summit</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India" title="List of diplomatic missions of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">in India</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Chennai" title="List of diplomatic missions in Chennai">in Chennai</a>)</li> <li>Ambassadors and High Commissioners <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_to_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India">to India</a></li> <li>Foreign aid <a href="/wiki/Indian_foreign_aid" title="Indian foreign aid">by India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_India" title="Foreign aid to India">to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas citizens</a></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation_Programme" title="Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme">ITEC programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_e-Network_project" title="Pan-African e-Network project">Pan-African e-Network project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indira Gandhi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Narendra Modi government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)#Act_East_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Act East</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts with Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Disputes with China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Disputes with Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_India" title="List of diplomatic visits to India">State visits to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">State visits by prime ministers of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Manmohan_Singh" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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