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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and Ancient Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_(7th_century_–_1517)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_(7th_century_–_1517)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages (7th century – 1517) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_(7th_century_–_1517)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period:_Ottoman_Egypt_(1517–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period:_Ottoman_Egypt_(1517–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period:_Ottoman_Egypt_(1517–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_and_Kingdom_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_and_Kingdom_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Sultanate and Kingdom of Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_and_Kingdom_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_Egypt_under_Nasser_(1952–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Egypt_under_Nasser_(1952–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Egypt_under_Nasser_(1952–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_under_Sadat_and_Mubarak_(1971–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_under_Sadat_and_Mubarak_(1971–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak (1971–2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_under_Sadat_and_Mubarak_(1971–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution,_political_crisis_and_transition_(2011–Present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution,_political_crisis_and_transition_(2011–Present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Revolution, political crisis and transition (2011–Present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution,_political_crisis_and_transition_(2011–Present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_and_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Military and foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Freedom of the press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suez_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suez_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Suez Canal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suez_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Dances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Egypt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 296 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-296" aria-hidden="true" > 296 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meus%C3%A9" title="Meusé – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meusé" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%85" title="ግብፅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግብፅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gypt" title="Ægypt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ægypt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мсыр – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мсыр" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echipto" title="Echipto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Echipto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܡܨܪܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܨܪܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եգիպտոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եգիպտոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88gipta" title="Ègipta – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ègipta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="ইজিপ্ত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইজিপ্ত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptu" title="Exiptu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exiptu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eh%C3%ADto" title="Ehíto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ehíto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqiptu" title="Iqiptu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Iqiptu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="میصر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میصر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0" title="মিশর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp" title="Ai-ki̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Егіпет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Егіпет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Эгіпет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эгіпет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip" title="Ijip – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ijip" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptn" title="Egyptn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Egyptn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨའི་ཅི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨའི་ཅི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egipat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehiptu" title="Ehiptu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ehiptu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipita" title="Ijipita – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ijipita" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egittu" title="Egittu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Egittu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Aifft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypta" title="Egypta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Egypta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%9E%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މިޞްރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މިޞްރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidiit%C5%82%CA%BCintsoh_Da%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Ahidiitłʼintsoh Daʼííłʼíní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ahidiitłʼintsoh Daʼííłʼíní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptojska" title="Egyptojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Egyptojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इजिप्ट – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इजिप्ट" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptus" title="Egiptus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Egiptus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αίγυπτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίγυπτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Египет Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Египет Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptio" title="Egiptio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu" title="Egitu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Egitu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edzipti" title="Edzipti – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Edzipti" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland" title="Egyptaland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Egyptaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Égypte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Egypte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjit" title="Egjit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Egjit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%89igipt" title="An Éigipt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Éigipt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Egypt" title="Yn Egypt – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Egypt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%88ipheit" title="An Èipheit – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Èipheit" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exipto" title="Exipto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exipto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Мисаре – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мисаре" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4" title="ઇજિપ્ત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇજિપ્ત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍅𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌿 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍅𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="ईजिप्त – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ईजिप्त" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82i-khi%CC%8Dp" title="Âi-khi̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Âi-khi̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8" title="이집트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAikupika" title="ʻAikupika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAikupika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եգիպտոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եգիպտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptowska" title="Egyptowska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Egyptowska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egipat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Egiptia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0" title="মিশর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মিশর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypto" title="Egypto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Egypto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Egiptia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%C4%A1aq" title="Masuġaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Masuġaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe" title="IGibhithe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGibhithe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland" title="Egyptaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Egyptaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipiti" title="Egipiti – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Egipiti" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejiptu" title="Ejiptu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ejiptu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ეგვიპტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%90%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مِصر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مِصر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мысыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejyp" title="Ejyp – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ejyp" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri" title="Misiri – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Misiri" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misri" title="Misri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Misri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Египет Араб Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Египет Араб Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri" title="Misiri – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Misiri" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra" title="Misra – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Misra" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip" title="Ejip – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ejip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9jip" title="Léjip – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léjip" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Egit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayifto" title="Ayifto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ayifto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мисри – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мисри" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A" title="ປະເທດເອຢິບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເອຢິບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aegyptus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92%C4%A3ipte" title="Ēģipte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ēģipte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мисри – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мисри" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptas" title="Egiptas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egiptas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Egitto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Egypte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipte" title="Ejipte – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ejipte" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misre" title="Misre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Misre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegiptu" title="Jegiptu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jegiptu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/misrygu%27e" title="misrygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="misrygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Egit" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptom" title="Egyiptom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipta" title="Ejipta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ejipta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഈജിപ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈജിപ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A1ittu" title="Eġittu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Eġittu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAhipa" title="Īhipa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īhipa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="इजिप्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इजिप्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ეგვიპტე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეგვიპტე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯏꯖꯤꯞ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯖꯤꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82i-g%C4%ADk" title="Ăi-gĭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ăi-gĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigito" title="Eigito – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eigito" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82" title="Эгипт – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эгипт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီဂျစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဂျစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipt" title="Ejipt – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Ejipt" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipita" title="Ijipita – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ijipita" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(land)" title="Egypte (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egypte (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(laand)" title="Egypte (laand) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Egypte (laand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इजिप्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इजिप्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मिस्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिस्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88" title="エジプト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naggitto" title="Naggitto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Naggitto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%96%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%94%DF%91%DF%95" title="ߌߖ߭ߌߔߑߕ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߖ߭ߌߔߑߕ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мисар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мисар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Agypte" title="Êgypte – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êgypte" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia" title="Egiptia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Egiptia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egipte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" title="ଇଜିପ୍ଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଜିପ୍ଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijiipti" title="Ijiipti – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ijiipti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr" title="Misr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Misr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਿਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="ईजिप्ट – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईजिप्ट" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Egipto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iijip" title="Iijip – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iijip" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94" title="អេស៊ីប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេស៊ីប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89djipe" title="Édjipe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Édjipe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit" title="Egit – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Egit" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idjiputu" title="Idjiputu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Idjiputu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip" title="Ijip – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ijip" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αίγυπτος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αίγυπτος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egito" title="Egito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Egito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Aifiti" title="’Aifiti – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Aifiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAsire" title="Mêsire – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mêsire" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Egipta" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihiptu" title="Ihiptu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ihiptu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Еґіпет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еґіпет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Эгиипэт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эгиипэт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikupito" title="Aikupito – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aikupito" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="मिस्रदेश – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मिस्रदेश" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mit%C3%A2" title="Kâmitâ – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kâmitâ" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu" title="Egitu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Egitu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyp" title="Egyp – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Egyp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten" title="Ägypten – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ägypten" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egepeta" title="Egepeta – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Egepeta" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjipti" title="Egjipti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Egjipti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggittu" title="Eggittu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eggittu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ඊජිප්තුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඊජිප්තුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe" title="IGibhithe – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IGibhithe" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D1%B7%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8A" title="Єгѷптъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єгѷптъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masar_(Kumaad)" title="Masar (Kumaad) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Masar (Kumaad)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="میسر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میسر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptakondre" title="Egiptakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Egiptakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Египат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Египат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat" title="Egipat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egipat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypti" title="Egypti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egypti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egypten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="எகிப்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எகிப்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%E1%B9%A3ra" title="Miṣra – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Miṣra" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%A3er" title="Maṣer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Maṣer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitte" title="Egitte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Egitte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мисыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мисыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းဢီးၵျိပ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီးၵျိပ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="ఈజిప్టు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈజిప్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejitu" title="Ejitu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ejitu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศอียิปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอียิปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%BA" title="ግብጺ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ግብጺ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80" title="Миср – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миср" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIsipite" title="ʻIsipite – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIsipite" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎢᏥᏈᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏥᏈᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCs%C3%BCr" title="Müsür – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Müsür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrim" title="Misrim – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Misrim" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1sa%CC%B1t" title="Ma̱sa̱t – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱sa̱t" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Египет – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Египет" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91" title="ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Єгипет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єгипет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="مصر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1" title="مىسىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihgiz" title="Aihgiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aihgiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezito" title="Ezito – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ezito" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Egipt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ai Cập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ai Cập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4g%C3%BCpt%C3%A4n" title="Lägüptän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lägüptän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BCpt%C3%BCs" title="Egüptüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Egüptüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edjipe" title="Edjipe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Edjipe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte" title="Egypte – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Egypte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isipt" title="Isipt – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Isipt" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibita" title="Gibita – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Gibita" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9F" title="עגיפטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עגיפטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%C3%ADpt%C3%AC" title="Ìjíptì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjíptì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Mısır – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mısır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehypte" title="Ehypte – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Ehypte" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C4%97pts" title="Egėpts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Egėpts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃及" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipiti" title="Ijipiti – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijipiti" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mesir" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Egypt" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip" title="Ejip – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ejip" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosir" title="Mosir – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mosir" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir" title="Misir – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Misir" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9A%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=26_N_30_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:EG">26°N 30°E / 26°N 30°E / 26; 30</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Egypt (disambiguation)">Egypt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Arab Republic of Egypt</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name">جمهورية مصر العربية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Egypt"><img alt="Flag of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/125px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/188px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/250px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Egypt"><img alt="Coat of arms of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="815" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">Bilady, Bilady, Bilady</a></li><li>"بلادي، بلادي، بلادي"</li><li>(English: My country, my country, my country)</li><li><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="86" data-mwtitle="Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Bilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Bilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg/Bilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=arz&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="arz" label="مصرى ‪(arz)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=kge&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kge" label="Kumoring ‪(kge)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilady%2C_Bilady%2C_Bilady.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:EGY_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EGY_orthographic.svg/250px-EGY_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EGY_orthographic.svg/375px-EGY_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EGY_orthographic.svg/500px-EGY_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=30_2_N_31_13_E_type:city">30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E / 30.033; 31.217</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-CoARE-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-lang-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion in Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-relig-7">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian people">Egyptian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> under an authoritarian regime<a href="#cite_note-Truex_&_Tavana_2019-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly" title="Mostafa Madbouly">Mostafa Madbouly</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unification of <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-goldschmidt_oldest_nation-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">343 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">639–642</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1171/4–1517</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> inaugurated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1805<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Egyptian Revolution">Revolution Day</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1952</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 2014</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,010,408<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> km2 (390,121 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.632</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024<a href="#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-18">[16]</a> estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 107,304,000 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2017<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 94,798,827</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">106.20/km2 (275.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.232 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-18">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20,799<a href="#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-18">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">87th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $380.044 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-18">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">42nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,542<a href="#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-18">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">132nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31.9<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.728<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-21">[19]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">105th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a> (LE/E£/£E) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EGP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt Standard Time">EGY</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a><a href="#cite_note-UTCoff-22">[c]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Egypt" title="Telephone numbers in Egypt">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B20" class="mw-redirect" title="+20">+20</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:EG" title="ISO 3166-2:EG">EG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.eg" title=".eg">.eg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1." class="mw-redirect" title="مصر.">مصر.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مصر Miṣr <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[mesˁr]</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[mɑsˤr]</a>), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">northeast corner of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">southwest corner of Asia</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">the north</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> and Israel to <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Egypt–Israel barrier">the northeast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the east, Sudan to <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Egypt–Sudan border">the south</a>, and Libya to <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Egypt–Libya border">the west</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">largest city of Egypt</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the <a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Mediterranean coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov-23">[20]</a> At approximately 110 million inhabitants, Egypt is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">14th-most populated country in the world</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">third-most populated</a> in Africa. Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle of civilisation">cradle of civilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> Egypt was an early and important <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">centre of Christianity</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">adopting Islam</a> from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in the tenth century, and of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1517, before its local ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> established modern Egypt as an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> in 1867. The country was then <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and gained independence in 1922 as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">a monarchy</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Egyptian Revolution">1952 revolution</a>, Egypt declared itself a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt_(1953%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Egypt (1953–58)">republic</a>. For a brief period between 1958 and 1961 Egypt merged with <a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Syria</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. Egypt fought <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">several armed conflicts</a> with Israel in <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic">occupied</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">recognised Israel</a> in exchange for its withdrawal from the occupied Sinai. After the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a> and overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, the country faced a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">protracted period of political unrest</a>; this included the <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">election in 2012</a> of a brief, short-lived <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>-aligned Islamist government spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, and its subsequent <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'etat">overthrow</a> after <a href="/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests" title="June 2013 Egyptian protests">mass protests in 2013</a>. Egypt's current government, a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> led by president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> since he was elected in 2014, has been described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian and responsible for perpetuating the country's poor <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">human rights record</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a> of Egypt, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is its official language.<a href="#cite_note-CoARE-1">[1]</a> The great majority of its people live near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> is found. The large regions of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About 43% of Egypt's residents live across the country's urban areas,<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in North Africa, the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> having a diversified economy, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">second largest in Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">42nd-largest economy by nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">132nd by nominal GDP</a> per capita.<a href="#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-18">[16]</a> Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Forum" title="World Youth Forum">World Youth Forum</a>, and a member of <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> The English name "Egypt" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> "Aígyptos" ("Αἴγυπτος"), via <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> "Egypte" and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "Aegyptus". It is reflected in early Greek <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets as "a-ku-pi-ti-yo".<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> The adjective "aigýpti-"/"aigýptios" was borrowed into Coptic as "gyptios", and from there into <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as "qubṭī", back formed into "قبط" ("qubṭ"), whence English "<a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copt</a>". Prominent <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> historian and <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">Geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, provided a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> stating that "Αἴγυπτος" (Aigýptios) had originally evolved as a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> from "Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως" Aegaeou huptiōs, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Below the Aegean</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Engsheden-28">[25]</a> "Miṣr" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[misˤɾ]</a>; "مِصر") is the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Quranic Arabic</a> and modern official name of Egypt, while "Maṣr" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[mɑsˤɾ]</a>; مَصر) is the local pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The current name of Egypt, Misr/Misir/Misru, stems from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">Ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> name for it. The term originally connoted "<a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-AncientCivils-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> Miṣr (Egyptian Arabic Maṣr) is directly cognate with the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a> Miṣráyīm (מִצְרַיִם / מִצְרָיִם), meaning "the two straits", a reference to the predynastic separation of <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a>. Also mentioned in several Semitic languages as Mesru, Misir and Masar.<a href="#cite_note-AncientCivils-30">[27]</a> The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> "mi-iṣ-ru" ("miṣru")<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".<a href="#cite_note-akkadian-33">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> used the derived term <a href="/wiki/File:Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg/60px-Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg/90px-Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg/120px-Rassam_cylinder_Mu-%E1%B9%A3ur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="47" /></a>, Mu-ṣur.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <div>The ancient Egyptian name of the country was <div style="display:inline-block;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I6.png?19fec" height="17" title="I6 [km]" alt="km" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17 [m]" alt="m" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%F0%93%86%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/𓆎">𓆎</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%F0%93%85%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/𓅓">𓅓</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%F0%93%8F%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/𓏏">𓏏</a>𓊖) km.t, which means black land, likely referring to the <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile</a> black soils of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile flood">Nile flood</a> plains, distinct from the deshret (⟨dšṛt⟩), or "red land" of the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> This name is commonly vocalised as Kemet, but was probably pronounced [kuːmat] in ancient Egyptian.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The name is realised as K(h)ēmə (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Dialects" title="Coptic language">Bohairic Coptic</a>: ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Dialects" title="Coptic language">Sahidic Coptic</a>: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ) in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as Χημία (Khēmía).<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Another name was ⟨tꜣ-mry⟩ "land of the riverbank".<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The names of <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a> were Ta-Sheme'aw (⟨tꜣ-šmꜥw⟩) "sedgeland" and Ta-Mehew (⟨tꜣ mḥw⟩) "northland", respectively.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of Egypt</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_Ancient_Egypt">Prehistory and Ancient Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derr_(_125_miles_south_of_Aswan,_right_bank)._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Derr_%28_125_miles_south_of_Aswan%2C_right_bank%29._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg/170px-Derr_%28_125_miles_south_of_Aswan%2C_right_bank%29._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Derr_%28_125_miles_south_of_Aswan%2C_right_bank%29._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg/255px-Derr_%28_125_miles_south_of_Aswan%2C_right_bank%29._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Derr_%28_125_miles_south_of_Aswan%2C_right_bank%29._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg/340px-Derr_%28_125_miles_south_of_Aswan%2C_right_bank%29._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Derr" title="Temple of Derr">Temple of Derr</a> ruins in 1960</figcaption></figure> There is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Rock_carvings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock carvings">rock carvings</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> terraces and in desert oases. In the <a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10th millennium BCE">10th millennium BCE</a>, a culture of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishers</a> was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>-grinding culture. Climate changes or <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> around 8000 <a href="/wiki/Before_common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before common era">BCE</a> began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Tribal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal people">tribal peoples</a> migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economy</a> and more centralised society.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> By about 6000 BCE, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture took root in the Nile Valley.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Badarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Badarian">Badarian</a> culture and the successor <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a> series are generally regarded as precursors to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">dynastic Egypt</a>. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphic</a> inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/220px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/440px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Necropolis</a> is the oldest of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">ancient Wonders</a> and the only one still in existence.</figcaption></figure> A unified kingdom was founded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150 BCE by King <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>, leading to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Egyptian dynasties">series of dynasties</a> that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egyptian culture</a> flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">language</a> and customs. The <a href="/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Protodynastic Period of Egypt">first two ruling dynasties</a> of a unified Egypt set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2700–2200 BCE, which constructed many <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">pyramid of Djoser</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza pyramids</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2040 BCE, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">second period of disunity</a> heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BCE and founded a new capital at <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a>. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> and relocated the capital from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550–1070 BCE began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an <a href="/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power in international relations">international power</a> that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as <a href="/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)" title="Tombos (Nubia)">Tombos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, and included parts of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>. The first historically attested expression of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> came during this period as <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a>. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Nubians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg/220px-BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg/330px-BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg/440px-BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>The Weighing of the Heart from the <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Book of the Dead of Ani</a></figcaption></figure> In 525 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses II of Persia">Cambyses II</a>, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> at the battle of <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>, but ruled Egypt from his home of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapy</a>. The entire <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a>, from 525 to 402 BCE, save for <a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a>, was an entirely Achaemenid-ruled period, with the Achaemenid emperors all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Achaemenids marked the fifth century BCE, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Achaemenids.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a> was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It <a href="/wiki/History_of_Achaemenid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Achaemenid Egypt">fell to the Achaemenids again</a> in 343 BCE after the last native Pharaoh, King <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a>, was defeated in battle. This <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a>, however, did not last long, as the Achaemenids were toppled several decades later by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The Macedonian Greek general of Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt">Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/170px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/255px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/340px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The Ptolemaic Queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> and her son by Julius Caesar, <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Temple of Dendera</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> was a powerful <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> became the capital city and a centre of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greek</a> culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The last ruler from the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> line was <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a>, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Christianity was brought to Egypt by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark the Evangelist">Saint Mark the Evangelist</a> in the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reign (284–305 CE) marked the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> had by then been translated into Egyptian. After the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in CE 451, a distinct <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Egyptian Coptic Church</a> was firmly established.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_(7th_century_–_1517)">Middle Ages (7th century – 1517)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C9B5617-Pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/C9B5617-Pano.jpg/220px-C9B5617-Pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/C9B5617-Pano.jpg/330px-C9B5617-Pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/C9B5617-Pano.jpg/440px-C9B5617-Pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> mosque in Cairo, recognised as the oldest in Africa</figcaption></figure> The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanid Persian</a> invasion early in the 7th century amidst the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a> during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a>, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">conquered by the Islamic caliphate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine armies in Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Islam</a> to the country. Some time during this period, Egyptians began to blend in their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders that have flourished to this day.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown-50">[47]</a> These earlier rites had survived the period of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> In 639 an army was sent in Egypt by the second <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>. They defeated a Roman army at the battle of Heliopolis. Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria, which surrendered to him by a treaty signed on 8 November 641. Alexandria was regained for the Byzantine Empire in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646. In 654 an invasion fleet sent by <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> was repulsed. The Arabs founded the capital of Egypt called <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, which was later burned down during the Crusades. Cairo was later built in the year 986 to grow to become the largest and richest city in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab caliphate">Arab caliphate</a>, second only to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg/440px-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tulun_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tulun Mosque">Ibn Tulun Mosque</a> in Cairo, of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_Tulun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Ibn Tulun">Ahmad Ibn Tulun</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> period was marked by new taxations, and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule. At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Egypt through a governor was resumed under <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Tahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Tahir">Abdallah ibn Tahir</a>, who decided to reside at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, sending a deputy to Egypt to govern for him. In 828 another Egyptian revolt broke out, and in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government. Eventually the power loss of the Abbasids in Baghdad led for general upon general to take over rule of Egypt, yet being under Abbasid allegiance, the <a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a> (868–905) and <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a> (935–969) were among the most successful to defy the Abbasid Caliph.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%80%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5443" data-file-height="2866" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a> in Cairo, of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, the sixth caliph, as renovated by <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> </figcaption></figure> Muslim rulers remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, with <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> military caste, took control about 1250. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-53">[50]</a> The mid-14th-century <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killed about 40% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period:_Ottoman_Egypt_(1517–1867)">Early modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/220px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/330px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/440px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon defeated the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a>, 21 July 1798, painted by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois,_Baron_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-François, Baron Lejeune">Lejeune</a>.</figcaption></figure> Egypt was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1517, after which it became a province of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-53">[50]</a> The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-53">[50]</a> Between 1687 and 1731, Egypt experienced six famines.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The 1784 <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> cost it roughly one-sixth of its population.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans">Sultans</a> to control, due in part to the continuing power and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a>, the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries. Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> until it was <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">invaded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte in 1798. After the French were defeated by the British, a three-way power struggle ensued between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and <a href="/wiki/Arnauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnauts">Albanian mercenaries</a> in the service of the Ottomans. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/170px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/255px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/340px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4638" data-file-height="5862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt and Sudan.</figcaption></figure> After the French were expelled, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">power was seized</a> in 1805 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Albanian</a> military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt. Muhammad Ali <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">massacred</a> the Mamluks and established a <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">dynasty</a> that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952. The introduction in 1820 of long-staple cotton transformed its agriculture into a cash-crop <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> before the end of the century, concentrating land ownership and shifting production towards international markets.<a href="#cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2-57">[54]</a> Muhammad Ali annexed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sudan">Northern Sudan</a> (1820–1824), Syria (1833), and parts of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans. His military ambition required him to modernise the country: he built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2-57">[54]</a> He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire in a way showing various similarities to the Soviet strategies (without communism) conducted in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png/220px-Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png/330px-Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png/440px-Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty</figcaption></figure> Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers became mandatory; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> The policy that Mohammad Ali Pasha followed during his reign explains partly why the numeracy in Egypt compared to other North-African and Middle-Eastern countries increased only at a remarkably small rate, as investment in further education only took place in the military and industrial sector.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim</a> (in September 1848), then by a grandson <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt" title="Abbas I of Egypt">Abbas I</a> (in November 1848), then by <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Said</a> (in 1854), and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il</a> (in 1863) who encouraged science and agriculture and banned slavery in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-auto-58">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> remained nominally an Ottoman province. It was granted the status of an <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">autonomous vassal state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> (1867–1914) in 1867. The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction was financed by European banks. Large sums also went to patronage and corruption. New taxes caused popular discontent. In 1875 Isma'il avoided bankruptcy by selling all Egypt's shares in the canal to the British government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French <a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(politics)" title="Dual control (politics)">controllers</a> who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Other circumstances like epidemic diseases (cattle disease in the 1880s), floods and wars drove the economic downturn and increased Egypt's dependency on foreign debt even further.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel-el-Kebir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tel-el-Kebir.JPG/220px-Tel-el-Kebir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tel-el-Kebir.JPG/330px-Tel-el-Kebir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tel-el-Kebir.JPG/440px-Tel-el-Kebir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tel el-Kebir">battle of Tel el-Kebir</a> in 1882 during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a></figcaption></figure> Local dissatisfaction with the Khedive and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_%CA%BBUrabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed ʻUrabi">Ahmed ʻUrabi</a> a prominent figure. After increasing tensions and nationalist revolts, the United Kingdom invaded Egypt in 1882, crushing the Egyptian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_El_Kebir" title="Battle of Tell El Kebir">Battle of Tell El Kebir</a> and militarily occupying the country.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Following this, the Khedivate became a de facto British protectorate under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> In 1899 the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement was signed: the Agreement stated that Sudan would be jointly governed by the Khedivate of Egypt and the United Kingdom. However, actual control of Sudan was in British hands only. In 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Denshawai_incident" title="Denshawai incident">Denshawai incident</a> prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanate_and_Kingdom_of_Egypt">Sultanate and Kingdom of Egypt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt"> Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt_(1922%E2%80%931953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)">Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_Edward_VIII,_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fuad_I_of_Egypt%2C_Edward_VIII%2C_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg/170px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt%2C_Edward_VIII%2C_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fuad_I_of_Egypt%2C_Edward_VIII%2C_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg/255px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt%2C_Edward_VIII%2C_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fuad_I_of_Egypt%2C_Edward_VIII%2C_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg/340px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt%2C_Edward_VIII%2C_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">Fuad I of Egypt</a> with <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, 1932</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg/170px-1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg/255px-1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg/340px-1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>British infantry near <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, 17 July 1942</figcaption></figure> In 1914 the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> entered World War I in alliance with the Central Empires; Khedive <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II</a> (who had grown increasingly hostile to the British in preceding years) decided to support the motherland in war. Following such decision, the British forcibly removed him from power and replaced him with his brother <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Hussein Kamel declared Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire, assuming the title of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a>. Shortly following independence, Egypt was declared a protectorate of the United Kingdom.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg/170px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg/255px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg/340px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Female nationalists demonstrating in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, 1919</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghlul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad Zaghlul">Saad Zaghlul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a> led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly. When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919, the country arose in its <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1919">first modern revolution</a>. The revolt led the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_coalition_government_(1916%E2%80%931922)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom coalition government (1916–1922)">UK government</a> to issue a <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence</a> on 22 February 1922.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Following independence from the United Kingdom, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">Fuad I</a> assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">King of Egypt</a>; despite being nominally independent, the Kingdom was still under British military occupation and the UK still had great influence over the state. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">new government</a> drafted and implemented a <a href="/wiki/1923_Constitution_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1923 Constitution of Egypt">constitution</a> in 1923 based on a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> system. The nationalist Wafd Party won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="1923–24 Egyptian parliamentary election">1923–1924 election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul" title="Saad Zaghloul">Saad Zaghloul</a> was appointed as the new prime minister. In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty</a> was concluded and British troops withdrew from Egypt, except for the Suez Canal. The treaty did not resolve the question of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a>, which, under the terms of the existing Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain, but with real power remaining in British hands.<a href="#cite_note-ModernSudan-68">[65]</a> Britain used Egypt as a base for Allied operations throughout the region, especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany. Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean, and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia. When the war began in September 1939, Egypt declared martial law and broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. It broke diplomatic relations with Italy in 1940, but never declared war, even when the Italian army invaded Egypt. The Egyptian army did no fighting. In June 1940 the King dismissed Prime Minister Aly Maher, who got on poorly with the British. A new coalition Government was formed with the Independent Hassan Pasha Sabri as prime minister. Following a ministerial crisis in February 1942, the ambassador Sir <a href="/wiki/Miles_Lampson,_1st_Baron_Killearn" title="Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn">Miles Lampson</a>, pressed Farouk to have a <a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd</a> or Wafd-coalition government replace <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sirri_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Sirri Pasha">Hussein Sirri Pasha</a>'s government. On the night of 4 February 1942, <a href="/wiki/Abdeen_Palace_Incident_of_1942" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942">British troops and tanks surrounded Abdeen Palace in Cairo and Lampson presented Farouk with an ultimatum</a>. Farouk capitulated, and Nahhas formed a government shortly thereafter. Most British troops were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947 (although the British army maintained a military base in the area), but nationalist, anti-British feelings continued to grow after the War. Anti-monarchy sentiments further increased following the disastrous performance of the Kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/First_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arab-Israeli War">First Arab-Israeli War</a>. The 1950 election saw a landslide victory of the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Wafd_Party" title="Wafd Party">Wafd Party</a> and the King was forced to appoint <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa El-Nahas">Mostafa El-Nahas</a> as new prime minister. In 1951 Egypt unilaterally withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936" title="Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936">Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936</a> and ordered all remaining British troops to leave the Suez Canal. As the British refused to leave their base around the Suez Canal, the Egyptian government cut off the water and refused to allow food into the Suez Canal base, announced a boycott of British goods, forbade Egyptian workers from entering the base and sponsored guerrilla attacks. On 24 January 1952, Egyptian guerrillas staged a fierce attack on the British forces around the Suez Canal, during which the Egyptian Auxiliary Police were observed helping the guerrillas. In response, on 25 January, General <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">George Erskine</a> sent out British tanks and infantry to surround the auxiliary police station in Ismailia. The police commander called the Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Serageddin" title="Fouad Serageddin">Fouad Serageddin</a>, Nahas's right-hand man, to ask if he should surrender or fight. Serageddin ordered the police to fight "to the last man and the last bullet". The resulting battle saw the police station levelled and 43 Egyptian policemen killed together with 3 British soldiers. The Ismailia incident outraged Egypt. The next day, 26 January 1952 was <a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire" title="Cairo fire">"Black Saturday"</a>, as the anti-British riot was known, that saw much of downtown Cairo which the Khedive Ismail the Magnificent had rebuilt in the style of Paris, burned down. Farouk blamed the Wafd for the Black Saturday riot, and dismissed Nahas as prime minister the next day. He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Aly_Maher_Pasha" title="Aly Maher Pasha">Aly Maher Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-69">[66]</a> On 22–23 July 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Naguib">Muhammad Naguib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, launched a coup d'état (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a>) against the king. Farouk I abdicated the throne to his son <a href="/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt" title="Fuad II of Egypt">Fouad II</a>, who was, at the time, a seven-month-old baby. The Royal Family left Egypt some days later and the Council of Regency, led by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Muhammad_Abdel_Moneim" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim">Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim</a> was formed. The council, however, held only nominal authority and the real power was actually in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council">Revolutionary Command Council</a>, led by Naguib and Nasser. Popular expectations for immediate reforms led to the workers' riots in <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Dawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Dawar">Kafr Dawar</a> on 12 August 1952. Following a brief experiment with civilian rule, the Free Officers abrogated the monarchy and the 1923 constitution and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953. Naguib was proclaimed as president, while Nasser was appointed as the new prime minister. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Egypt_under_Nasser_(1952–1970)">Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">History of republican Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">1952 Revolution</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers Movement</a>, the rule of Egypt passed to military hands and all political parties were banned. On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared, with General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Naguib">Muhammad Naguib</a> as the first President of the Republic, serving in that capacity for a little under one and a half years. Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) was declared.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_in_Mansoura,_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nasser_in_Mansoura%2C_1960.jpg/220px-Nasser_in_Mansoura%2C_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nasser_in_Mansoura%2C_1960.jpg/330px-Nasser_in_Mansoura%2C_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nasser_in_Mansoura%2C_1960.jpg/440px-Nasser_in_Mansoura%2C_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> in Mansoura, 1960</figcaption></figure> Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arabist">Pan-Arabist</a> and the real architect of the 1952 movement – and was later put under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>. After Naguib's resignation, the position of president was vacant until the election of Nasser in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> In October 1954, Egypt and the United Kingdom agreed to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement</a> of 1899 and grant Sudan independence; the agreement came into force on 1 January 1956. Nasser assumed <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">power</a> as president in June 1956 and began <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">dominating the history of modern Egypt</a>. British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. He <a href="/wiki/Nationalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalised">nationalised</a> the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956; his hostile approach towards Israel and economic nationalism prompted the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Arab-Israeli War">Second Arab-Israeli War</a> (Suez Crisis), in which Israel (with support from France and the United Kingdom) occupied the Sinai peninsula and the Canal. The war came to an end because of US and USSR diplomatic intervention and the status quo was restored.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Said_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Port_Said_from_air.jpg/220px-Port_Said_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Port_Said_from_air.jpg/330px-Port_Said_from_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Port_Said_from_air.jpg/440px-Port_Said_from_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> hit during the initial <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Anglo-French assault</a> on Egypt, 5 November 1956.</figcaption></figure> In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">North Yemen</a> (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a>. In the early 1960s, Egypt became fully involved in the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a>. Despite several military moves and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Fawzi_(general)" title="Mohamed Fawzi (general)">Mohamed Fawzi</a> verified them as "baseless",<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: on 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a> to Israeli shipping.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> On 26 May <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> This prompted the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Arab-Israeli War">Third Arab Israeli War</a> (Six-Day War) in which Israel attacked Egypt, and occupied <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, which Egypt had <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">occupied</a> since the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. During the 1967 war, an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt" title="Emergency law in Egypt">Emergency Law</a> was enacted, and remained in effect until 2012, with the exception of an 18-month break in 1980/81.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Under this law, police powers were extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship legalised.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor.<a href="#cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120-78">[75]</a> Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953–54 through 1965–66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser.<a href="#cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120-78">[75]</a> During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt_under_Sadat_and_Mubarak_(1971–2011)">Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak (1971–2011)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Egyptian_Armor.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Egyptian_Armor.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Egyptian_Armor.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin,_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg/220px-Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg/330px-Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg/440px-Begin%2C_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Celebrating the signing of the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a>: <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></figcaption></figure>In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>. During <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">his period</a>, Sadat switched Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> allegiance from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to the United States, expelling the Soviet advisors in 1972. Egypt was renamed as Arab Republic of Egypt in 1971. Sadat launched the <a href="/wiki/Infitah" title="Infitah">Infitah</a> economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Arab-Israeli War">Fourth Arab-Israeli War</a> (Yom Kippur War), a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his programme of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, it led to the <a href="/wiki/1977_Egyptian_Bread_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Egyptian Bread Riots">1977 Egyptian Bread Riots</a>. Sadat made a <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat%27s_visit_to_Israel,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar Sadat's visit to Israel, 1977">historic visit to Israel in 1977</a>, which led to the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt-Israel peace treaty</a> in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. In return, Egypt recognised Israel as a legitimate sovereign state. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and led to Egypt's expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, but it was supported by most Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Sadat was assassinated</a> by an Islamic extremist in October 1981. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG/170px-Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG/255px-Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG/340px-Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> — president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-82">[79]</a> He became another leader to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">dominate the Egyptian history</a>. Hosni Mubarak reaffirmed Egypt's relationship with Israel yet eased the tensions with Egypt's Arab neighbours. Domestically, Mubarak faced serious problems. Mass poverty and unemployment led rural families to stream into cities like Cairo where they ended up in crowded slums, barely managing to survive. On <a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">25 February 1986</a>, the Security Police started rioting, protesting against reports that their term of duty was to be extended from 3 to 4 years. Hotels, nightclubs, restaurants and casinos were attacked in Cairo and there were riots in other cities. A day time curfew was imposed. It took the army 3 days to restore order. 107 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_north.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cairo_north.JPG/220px-Cairo_north.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cairo_north.JPG/330px-Cairo_north.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cairo_north.JPG/440px-Cairo_north.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> grew into a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> with a population of over 20 million.</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copts</a>, foreign tourists and government officials.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> In the 1990s an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group, <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a>, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a>, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> grew into a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> with a population of over 20 million. On 17 November 1997, <a href="/wiki/Luxor_massacre" title="Luxor massacre">62 people, mostly tourists, were massacred</a> near <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>. In late February 2005, Mubarak announced a reform of the presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">1952 movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> However, the new law placed restrictions on the candidates, and led to Mubarak's easy re-election victory.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Voter turnout was less than 25%.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Election observers also alleged government interference in the election process.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> After the election, Mubarak imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nour" title="Ayman Nour">Ayman Nour</a>, the runner-up.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Human Rights Watch's 2006 report on Egypt detailed serious human rights violations under Mubarak's rule, including routine <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-94">[91]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> released a report alleging that Egypt had become an international centre for torture, where other nations send suspects for interrogation, often as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Egypt's foreign ministry quickly issued a rebuttal to this report.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (<a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">NDP</a>), described Egypt as a "<a href="/wiki/Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic">pharaonic</a>" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution,_political_crisis_and_transition_(2011–Present)">Revolution, political crisis and transition (2011–Present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian parliamentary election">2011 Egyptian parliamentary election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">2012 Egyptian presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Egyptian protests">2013 Egyptian protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2014 Egyptian presidential election">2014 Egyptian presidential election</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/200px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/300px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png/400px-Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="462" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg/200px-TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg/300px-TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg/400px-TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top: celebrations in Tahrir Square after the announcement of Hosni Mubarak's resignation. Bottom: protests in Tahrir Square against President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a> on 27 November 2012.</div></div></div></div> On 25 January 2011, <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">widespread protests</a> began against Mubarak's government. On 11 February 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo. Jubilant celebrations broke out in Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> at the news.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian military">Egyptian military</a> then assumed the power to govern.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Mohamed Hussein Tantawi</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council of the Armed Forces</a>, became the de facto interim <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> On 13 February 2011, the military dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2011">constitutional referendum</a> was held on 19 March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> On 28 November 2011, Egypt held its <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election">first parliamentary election</a> since the previous regime had been in power. Turnout was high and there were no reports of major irregularities or violence.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, who was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, was <a href="/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2012 Egyptian presidential election">elected president</a> on 24 June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt's president.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Qandil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham Qandil">Hisham Qandil</a> announced his 35-member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers, including four from the Muslim Brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Liberal and secular groups walked out of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly of Egypt">constituent assembly</a> because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> On 22 November 2012, President Morsi issued a temporary declaration immunising his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> On 5 December 2012, tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of President Morsi clashed, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country's revolution.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Mohamed Morsi offered a "national dialogue" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012">December 2012 constitutional referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> On 3 July 2013, <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Egyptian protests">after a wave of public discontent</a> with autocratic excesses of Morsi's <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> government,<a href="#cite_note-morsi-think-again-114">[111]</a> the military <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">removed</a> Morsi from office, dissolved the Shura Council and installed a temporary interim government.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg/220px-School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg/330px-School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg/440px-School_trip_to_the_Citadel_of_Qaitbay_in_Alexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4219" /></a><figcaption>Alexandria in 2017</figcaption></figure> On 4 July 2013, 68-year-old Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt">Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a> was sworn in as acting president over the new government following the removal of Morsi.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The new Egyptian authorities cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, jailing thousands and forcefully dispersing pro-Morsi and pro-Brotherhood protests.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Many of the Muslim Brotherhood leaders and activists have either been sentenced to death or life imprisonment in a series of mass trials.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">new constitution</a> following a referendum approved by an overwhelming majority of voters (98.1%). 38.6% of registered voters participated in the referendum<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> a higher number than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2014 Egyptian presidential election">elections</a> of June 2014 El-Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1%.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> On 8 June 2014, Abdel Fatah el-Sisi was officially sworn in as Egypt's new president.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Under President el-Sisi, Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip, including the dismantling of tunnels between the Gaza strip and Sinai.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> In April 2018, El-Sisi was re-elected by a landslide in <a href="/wiki/2018_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2018 Egyptian presidential election">election</a> with no real opposition.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In April 2019, Egypt's parliament extended presidential terms from four to six years. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi was also allowed to run for a third term in the next election in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Under El-Sisi Egypt is said to have returned to authoritarianism. New constitutional reforms have been implemented, meaning strengthening the role of military and limiting the political opposition.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The constitutional changes were accepted in a <a href="/wiki/2019_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum" title="2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> in April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> In December 2020, final results of the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2020_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Egyptian parliamentary election">election</a> confirmed a clear majority of the seats for Egypt's Mostaqbal Watan (<a href="/wiki/Nation%27s_Future_Party" title="Nation's Future Party">Nation's Future</a>) Party, which strongly supports president El-Sisi. The party even increased its majority, partly because of new electoral rules.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Egypt_Topography.png/220px-Egypt_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Egypt_Topography.png/330px-Egypt_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Egypt_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Egypt's topography</figcaption></figure> Egypt lies primarily between latitudes <a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_north" title="22nd parallel north">22°</a> and <a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25°</a> and <a href="/wiki/35th_meridian_east" title="35th meridian east">35°E</a>. At 1,001,450 square kilometres (386,660 sq mi), it is the world's 30th-largest country.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Due to the extreme aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that about 99% of the population uses about 5.5% of the total land area.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> 98% of Egyptians live on 3% of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. A <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental nation">transcontinental nation</a>, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>) that <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean</a> by way of the Red Sea. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Egypt is the eighth most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> scattered about. Winds create prolific <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">sand dunes</a> that peak at more than 30 metres (100 ft) high. Egypt includes parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert and of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a>. Sinai peninsula hosts the highest mountain in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a> at 2,642 metres. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a>, on the east of the peninsula, is renowned for its wealth of coral reefs and marine life. Towns and cities include <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the second largest city; <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the modern Egyptian capital and largest city; <a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El Kubra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, the site of the Pyramid of Khufu; <a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>; <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Port_Safaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Safaga">Port Safaga</a>; <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, where the south end of the Suez Canal is located; <a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oases</a> include <a href="/wiki/Bahariya_Oasis" title="Bahariya Oasis">Bahariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorates">Protectorates</a> include Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate and Siwa. On 13 March 2015, plans for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_new_capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed new capital of Egypt">proposed new capital of Egypt</a> were announced.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand_Dunes_(Qattara_Depression).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sand_Dunes_%28Qattara_Depression%29.jpg/220px-Sand_Dunes_%28Qattara_Depression%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sand_Dunes_%28Qattara_Depression%29.jpg/330px-Sand_Dunes_%28Qattara_Depression%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sand_Dunes_%28Qattara_Depression%29.jpg/440px-Sand_Dunes_%28Qattara_Depression%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a> in Egypt's north west</figcaption></figure> Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in),<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltim" title="Baltim">Baltim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a>, and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time in many decades.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a> is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt has an unusually hot, sunny and dry climate. Average high temperatures are high in the north but very to extremely high in the rest of the country during summer. The cooler Mediterranean winds consistently blow over the northern sea coast, which helps to get more moderated temperatures, especially at the height of the summertime. The <a href="/wiki/Khamaseen" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamaseen">Khamaseen</a> is a hot, dry wind that originates from the vast deserts in the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer. It brings scorching sand and dust particles, and usually brings daytime temperatures over 40 °C (104 °F) and sometimes over 50 °C (122 °F) in the interior, while the relative humidity can drop to 5% or even less. Prior to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, the Nile flooded annually, replenishing Egypt's soil. This gave Egypt a consistent harvest throughout the years. The potential rise in sea levels due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> could threaten Egypt's densely populated coastal strip and have grave consequences for the country's economy, agriculture and industry. Combined with growing demographic pressures, a significant rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into <a href="/wiki/Environmental_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental refugees">environmental refugees</a> by the end of the 21st century, according to some climate experts.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg/220px-Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg/330px-Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg/440px-Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Imperial Eagle">Eastern Imperial Eagle</a> is the national animal of Egypt.</figcaption></figure> Egypt signed the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 9 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> It has subsequently produced a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>, which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Where many <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">CBD</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans</a> neglect biological kingdoms apart from animals and plants,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> For the grasses, 284 native and naturalised species have been identified and recorded in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg/170px-Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg/255px-Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg/340px-Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> is the current <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President of Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">House of Representatives</a>, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a> were held between <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election">November 2011 and January 2012</a>, which were later dissolved. After a wave of public discontent with the autocratic excesses[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> government of President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-morsi-think-again-114">[111]</a> on 3 July 2013 then-<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Army ranks">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> announced the removal of Morsi from office and the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2012" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2012">constitution</a>. A 50-member constitution committee was formed for modifying <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">the constitution</a>, which was later published for <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2014">public voting</a> and was adopted on 18 January 2014.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015">The next parliamentary election</a> was announced to be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014, and were held in two phases, from 17 October to 2 December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ao30aug-147">[144]</a> Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president <a href="/wiki/Adly_Mansour" title="Adly Mansour">Adly Mansour</a> pushed the date.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2014 Egyptian presidential election">2014 Egyptian presidential election</a> took place on 26–28 May. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.9% compared to 757,511 (3.1%) for <a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> In 2024, as part of its <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> rated <a href="/wiki/Political_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rights">political rights</a> in Egypt at 6 (with 40 representing the most free and 0 the least), and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> at 12 (with 60 being the highest score and 0 the lowest), which gave it the freedom rating of "Not Free".<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Egypt is the eighth least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">democratic country in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-151">[148]</a> The 2023 edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">The Economist Democracy Index</a> categorises Egypt as an "authoritarian regime", with a score of 2.93.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a> predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the 19th century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The ideology espoused by <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> is mostly supported by the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Egypt has the oldest continuous parliamentary tradition in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-pogar-155">[152]</a> The first popular assembly was established in 1866. It was disbanded as a result of the British occupation of 1882, and the British allowed only a consultative body to sit. In 1923, however, after the country's independence was declared, a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-pogar-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_foreign_relations">Military and foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian honour guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen</figcaption></figure> The military is influential in the political and economic life of Egypt and exempts itself from laws that apply to other sectors. It enjoys considerable power, prestige and independence within the state and has been widely considered part of the Egyptian "<a href="/wiki/State_within_a_state" class="mw-redirect" title="State within a state">deep state</a>".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Egypt is speculated by Israel to be the second country in the region with a <a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">spy satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_1" title="EgyptSat 1">EgyptSat 1</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_2" title="EgyptSat 2">EgyptSat 2</a> launched on 16 April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg/185px-Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg/278px-Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg/370px-Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="313" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_%281%29.jpg/185px-Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_%281%29.jpg/278px-Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_%281%29.jpg/370px-Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top: Former President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> with former US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> at Camp David in 2002. Bottom: President <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a> and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Sochi, August 2014.</div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">United States</a> provides Egypt with annual <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Military_Financing" title="United States Foreign Military Financing">military assistance</a>, which in 2015 amounted to US$1.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> In 1989, Egypt was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Nevertheless, ties between the two countries have partially soured since the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">July 2013 overthrow</a> of Islamist president <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> denouncing Egypt over its crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> There have been recent attempts, however, to normalise relations between the two, with both governments frequently calling for mutual support in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">fight against regional and international terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> However, following <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">the election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as the President of the United States, the two countries were looking to improve the <a href="/wiki/Egypt-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-United States relations">Egyptian-American relations</a>. On 3 April 2017 al-Sisi met with Trump at the White House, marking the first visit of an Egyptian president to Washington in 8 years. Trump praised al-Sisi in what was reported as a public relations victory for the Egyptian president, and signaled it was time for a normalisation of the relations between Egypt and the US.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Relations with <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Russia</a> have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> and trade ties<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> among other aspects of bilateral co-operation. <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Relations with China</a> have also improved considerably. In 2014, Egypt and China established a bilateral "comprehensive strategic partnership".<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> The permanent <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">headquarters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Ahmed Aboul Gheit</a>. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> in 1978 to protest the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a>, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Egypt–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the overthrow of Morsi.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg/220px-President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg/330px-President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg/440px-President_Biden_met_with_President_El-Sisi_of_Egypt_at_the_margins_of_COP27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President el-Sisi with US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, 11 November 2022</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 war</a> and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Egypt–Israel relations">diplomatic relations</a> with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">peace process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza</a> have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the <a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas government in Gaza">Hamas government in Gaza</a> following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi,<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Ties between Egypt and other non-Arab Middle Eastern nations, including <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Egypt–Turkey relations">Turkey</a>, have often been strained. Tensions with Iran are mostly due to Egypt's peace treaty with Israel and Iran's rivalry with traditional Egyptian allies in the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Turkey's recent support for the now-banned Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and its alleged involvement in <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Libya</a> also made both countries bitter regional rivals.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Egypt is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the United Nations. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation internationale de la francophonie">Organisation internationale de la francophonie</a>, since 1983. Former Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> from 1991 to 1996. In 2008, Egypt was estimated to have two million African refugees, including over 20,000 Sudanese nationals registered with UNHCR as refugees fleeing armed conflict or asylum seekers. Egypt adopted "harsh, sometimes lethal" methods of border control.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Egyptian Civil Code</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg/280px-Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg/420px-Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg/560px-Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>The High Court of Justice in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Cairo" title="Downtown Cairo">Downtown Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> The legal system is based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Islamic</a> and civil law (particularly <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic codes</a>); and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> jurisdiction only with reservations.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-69">[66]</a> Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation. Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Justice (Egypt)">Ministry of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia. In a family court, a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's testimony.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> On 26 December 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood attempted to institutionalise a controversial new constitution. It was approved by the public in a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012">referendum</a> held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, but with only 33% electorate participation.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> It replaced the <a href="/wiki/2011_Provisional_Constitution_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt">2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt</a>, adopted following the revolution. The Penal code was unique as it contains a "<a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy Law</a>."<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> The present court system allows a death penalty including against an absent individual <a href="/wiki/Tried_in_absentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tried in absentia">tried in absentia</a>. Several Americans and Canadians were sentenced to death in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Constitution of 2014">secular constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-187">[184]</a> The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-187">[184]</a> The parliament may impeach the president.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-187">[184]</a> Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Religion">freedom of thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-187">[184]</a> The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next two full presidential terms since the constitution took effect.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-187">[184]</a> Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-187">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights in Egypt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Egypt" title="Sudanese refugees in Egypt">Sudanese refugees in Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">August 2013 Rabaa massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution of Copts</a></div> In 2003, the government established the National Council for Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Shortly after its foundation, the council came under heavy criticism by local activists, who contend it was a propaganda tool for the government to excuse its own violations<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> and to give legitimacy to repressive laws such as the Emergency Law.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg/220px-Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg/330px-Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg/440px-Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum_on_Religion_%26_Public_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life">Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life</a> ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</a>, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> According to a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">leave Islam</a>; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a> face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from underrepresentation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Intolerance towards followers of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and those of the non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a>, also remains a problem.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-94">[91]</a> When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Baháʼís, could not obtain <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">identification documents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2008-196">[193]</a> An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-197">[194]</a> Clashes continued between police and supporters of former president Mohamed Morsi. During violent clashes that ensued as part of the <a href="/wiki/August_2013_Egyptian_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Egyptian raids">August 2013 sit-in dispersal</a>, 595 protesters were killed<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> with 14 August 2013 becoming the single deadliest day in Egypt's modern history.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-200">[197]</a> The United Nations human rights office<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> and various NGOs<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former president <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> were to be executed for their alleged role in violence following his <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">removal</a> in July 2013. The judgement was condemned as a violation of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>),<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after Morsi's removal<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> was labelled as <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organisation">terrorist organisation</a> by the post-Morsi interim Egyptian government.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> According to human rights groups there are some 60,000 political prisoners in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg/220px-Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg/330px-Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg/440px-Alaa_Abd_El-Fatah_speaking_to_aljazeera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Prominent Egyptian dissident <a href="/wiki/Alaa_Abd_El-Fattah" title="Alaa Abd El-Fattah">Alaa Abd El-Fattah</a> was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">Homosexuality</a> is illegal in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> According to a 2013 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 95% of Egyptians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<a href="#cite_note-pewglobal.org-211">[208]</a> In 2017, Cairo was voted the most dangerous megacity for women with more than 10 million inhabitants in a poll by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>. Sexual harassment was described as occurring on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_the_press">Freedom of the press</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked Egypt in their 2017 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a> at <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 160 out of 180 nations. At least 18 journalists were imprisoned in Egypt, as of August 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit">[update]</a>. A new anti-terror law was enacted in August 2015 that threatens members of the media with fines ranging from about US$25,000 to $60,000 for the distribution of wrong information on acts of terror inside the country "that differ from official declarations of the Egyptian Department of Defense".<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Some critics of the government have been <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic">arrested</a> for allegedly spreading <a href="/wiki/False_information" class="mw-redirect" title="False information">false information</a> about the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt">COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorates of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Subdivisions of Egypt</a></div> Egypt is divided into 27 governorates. The governorates are further divided into regions. The regions contain towns and villages. Each governorate has a capital, sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate.<a href="#cite_note-Beckouche2017-216">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png/550px-Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="507" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption><div style="font-size:larger"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Governorates of Egypt</div> 1. <a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate" title="Kafr El Sheikh Governorate">Kafr El Sheikh</a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a> 6. <a href="/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a> 7. <a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate" title="North Sinai Governorate">North Sinai</a> 9. <a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a> 10. <a href="/wiki/Monufia_Governorate" title="Monufia Governorate">Monufia</a> 11. <a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a> 12. <a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate">Sharqia</a> 13. <a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a> 14. <a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a> 15. <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a> 16. <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a> 17. <a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a> 18. <a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai</a> 19. <a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate" title="Beni Suef Governorate">Beni Suef</a> 20. <a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a> 21. <a href="/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate" title="New Valley Governorate">New Valley</a> 22. <a href="/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a> 23. <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a> 24. <a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag</a> 25. <a href="/wiki/Qena_Governorate" title="Qena Governorate">Qena</a> 26. <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor</a> 27. <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a> </div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.</figcaption></figure> Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, natural gas, and tourism. There are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Libya, Saudi Arabia, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and Europe. The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswan High Dam">Aswan High Dam</a> in 1970 and the resultant <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> have altered the time-honoured place of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a> in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy. In 2022, the Egyptian economy entered an ongoing crisis, the Egyptian pound was one of the worst performing currencies,<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> inflation. reached 32.6% and <a href="/wiki/Core_inflation" title="Core inflation">core inflation</a> reached nearly 40% in March.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The government has invested in communications and physical infrastructure. Egypt has received <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">United States foreign aid</a> since 1979 (an average of $2.2 billion per year) and is the third-largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Egypt's economy mainly relies on these sources of income: tourism, remittances from Egyptians working abroad and revenues from the Suez Canal.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian army has expanded its economic influence</a>, dominating sectors such as petrol stations, fish-farming, car manufacturing, media, infrastructure including roads and bridges, and cement production. This hold on various industries has resulted in a suppression of competition, deterring private investment, and leading to adverse effects for ordinary Egyptians, including slower growth, higher prices, and limited opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> The military-owned <a href="/wiki/National_Service_Products_Organization" title="National Service Products Organization">National Service Products Organization</a> (NSPO) continues its expansion by establishing new factories dedicated to producing fertilisers, irrigation equipment, and veterinary vaccines. Businesses operated by the military, such as Wataniya and Safi, which manage petrol stations and bottled water, respectively, remain under government ownership.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Economic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>. In its annual report, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms.<a href="#cite_note-IMF-222">[219]</a> Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new <a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">taxation law</a> implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenue</a> by 2006. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smartvillagelandscape.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smartvillagelandscape.JPG/220px-Smartvillagelandscape.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smartvillagelandscape.JPG/330px-Smartvillagelandscape.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Smartvillagelandscape.JPG/440px-Smartvillagelandscape.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smart_Village,_Egypt" title="Smart Village, Egypt">Smart Village</a>, a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses</figcaption></figure> Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standards of living</a> or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The government promised major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Telecommunications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates Telecommunications Corporation">Etisalat</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> 2013, Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_America_(CV-66)_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg/220px-USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg/330px-USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg/440px-USS_America_%28CV-66%29_in_the_Suez_canal_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></figcaption></figure> An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians abroad contribute actively to the development of their country through <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> (US$7.8 billion in 2009), as well as circulation of human and social capital and investment.<a href="#cite_note-IOMEgypt-227">[224]</a> Remittances, money earned by Egyptians living abroad and sent home, reached a record US$21 billion in 2012, according to the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Egyptian society is moderately unequal in terms of income distribution, with an estimated 35–40% of Egypt's population earning less than the equivalent of $2 a day, while only around 2–3% may be considered wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg/220px-Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg/330px-Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg/440px-Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Tourists riding an <a href="/wiki/Arabian_camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian camel">Arabian camel</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre" title="Pyramid of Khafre">Pyramid of Khafre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Necropolis</a> is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions.</figcaption></figure> Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Egypt's economy. More than 12.8 million tourists visited Egypt in 2008, providing revenues of nearly $11 billion. The tourism sector employs about 12% of Egypt's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Tourism Minister Hisham Zaazou told industry professionals and reporters that tourism generated some $9.4 billion in 2012, a slight increase over the $9 billion seen in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giza Necropolis">Giza Necropolis</a> is one of Egypt's best-known tourist attractions; it is the only one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a> still in existence. Egypt's beaches on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, which extend to over 3,000 kilometres (1,900 miles), are also popular tourist destinations; the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> beaches, <a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm el-Sheikh">Sharm el-Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_Sidr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Sidr">Ras Sidr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a> are popular sites. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfeel_plat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Darfeel_plat.png/220px-Darfeel_plat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Darfeel_plat.png/330px-Darfeel_plat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Darfeel_plat.png/440px-Darfeel_plat.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field</figcaption></figure> Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydro power</a>. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi),<a href="#cite_note-eia-232">[229]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a> up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Egypt produced 691,000 <a href="/wiki/Bbl/d" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbl/d">bbl/d</a> of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas in 2013, making the country the largest non-<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> producer of oil and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012).<a href="#cite_note-eia-232">[229]</a> Egypt is currently building its first <a href="/wiki/El_Dabaa_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant">nuclear power plant in El Dabaa</a>, in the northern part of the country, with $25 billion in Russian financing.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport in Egypt</a></div> Transport in Egypt is centred around Cairo and largely follows the pattern of settlement along the Nile. The main line of the nation's 40,800-kilometre (25,400 mi) railway network runs from Alexandria to Aswan and is operated by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Railways" title="Egyptian National Railways">Egyptian National Railways</a>. The vehicle road network has expanded rapidly to over 34,000 km (21,000 mi), consisting of 28 lines, 796 stations, 1800 trains covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro-1-l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Metro-1-l.jpg/220px-Metro-1-l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Metro-1-l.jpg/330px-Metro-1-l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Metro-1-l.jpg/440px-Metro-1-l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>The Cairo Metro (line 2)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Metro" title="Cairo Metro">Cairo Metro</a> consists of three operational lines with a fourth line expected in the future. <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir" class="mw-redirect" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a>, which is now the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> and largest airline, was founded in 1932 by Egyptian industrialist <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Harb" title="Talaat Harb">Talaat Harb</a>, today owned by the Egyptian government. The airline is based at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport" title="Cairo International Airport">Cairo International Airport</a>, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 75 destinations in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>. The Current <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir" class="mw-redirect" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a> fleet includes 80 aeroplanes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suez_Canal">Suez Canal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG/220px-Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG/330px-Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG/440px-Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bridge" title="Suez Canal Bridge">Suez Canal Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 kilometres (1+7⁄8 miles) from the half-way point. The canal is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">193.30 km (120+1⁄8 mi) long, 24 metres (79 feet) deep and 205 m (673 ft) wide as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit">[update]</a>. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">162.25 km (100+7⁄8 mi) and the southern access channel of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">9 km (5+1⁄2 mi). The canal is a single lane with passing places in the Ballah By-Pass and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. On 26 August 2014 a proposal was made for opening a <a href="/wiki/New_Suez_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="New Suez Canal">New Suez Canal</a>. Work on the New Suez Canal was completed in July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> The channel was officially inaugurated with a ceremony attended by foreign leaders and featuring military flyovers on 6 August 2015, in accordance with the budgets laid out for the project.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egypt_sat.png/220px-Egypt_sat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egypt_sat.png/330px-Egypt_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egypt_sat.png/440px-Egypt_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta</figcaption></figure> The piped <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> in Egypt increased between 1990 and 2010 from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas despite rapid population growth. Over that period, Egypt achieved the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a> in rural areas and invested in infrastructure. Access to an <a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved water source</a> in Egypt is now practically universal with a rate of 99%. About one half of the population is connected to <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDRC-240">[237]</a> Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world. This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs, a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. Poor operation of facilities, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, as well as limited government accountability and transparency, are also issues. Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. The main source of irrigation water is the river Nile of which the flow is controlled by the high dam at Aswan. It releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre·ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre·ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals.<a href="#cite_note-ewup-241">[238]</a> In the Nile valley and delta, almost 33,600 square kilometres (13,000 sq mi) of land benefit from these irrigation waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year.<a href="#cite_note-ewup-241">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/220px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/330px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Egypt_2010_population_density1.png/440px-Egypt_2010_population_density1.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Egypt's population density (people per km2)</figcaption></figure> Egypt is the most populated country in the Arab world and the third most populous on the <a href="/wiki/African_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="African continent">African continent</a>, with about 95 million inhabitants as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-popclock-242">[239]</a> Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#Late_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">medical advances</a> and increases in agricultural productivity<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> enabled by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Egypt's population was estimated at 3 million when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> invaded the country in 1798.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the <a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">fellahin</a>, or farmers, that reside in rural villages. The total inhabited area constitutes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Egypt-Cities.html">only 77,041 km²</a>, putting the <a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">physiological density</a> at over 1,200 people per km2, similar to Bangladesh. While emigration was restricted under Nasser, thousands of Egyptian professionals were dispatched abroad in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Egyptian emigration was liberalised in 1971, under President Sadat, reaching record numbers after the 1973 oil crisis.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in Saudi Arabia, 332,600 in Libya, 226,850 in Jordan, 190,550 in Kuwait with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% reside mostly in Europe and North America (318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada and 90,000 in Italy).<a href="#cite_note-IOMEgypt-227">[224]</a> The process of emigrating to non-Arab states has been ongoing since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 99.7% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-69">[66]</a> Ethnic minorities include the <a href="/wiki/Abaza_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaza people">Abazas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Siwis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwis">Siwis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a> communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> communities concentrated in the southeasternmost corner of the country, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a> clans mostly in the Nile Delta and <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases. Some 5 million immigrants live in Egypt, mostly Sudanese, "some of whom have lived in Egypt for generations".<a href="#cite_note-Karasapan-249">[246]</a> Smaller numbers of immigrants come from Iraq, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-Karasapan-249">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> estimated that the total number of "people of concern" (refugees, asylum seekers, and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless people">stateless people</a>) was about 250,000. In 2015, the number of registered <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees in Egypt">Syrian refugees in Egypt</a> was 117,000, a decrease from the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-Karasapan-249">[246]</a> Egyptian government claims that a half-million Syrian refugees live in Egypt are thought to be exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-Karasapan-249">[246]</a> There are 28,000 registered <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Egypt" title="Sudanese refugees in Egypt">Sudanese refugees in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karasapan-249">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jewish communities in Egypt</a> have almost <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab lands">disappeared</a>. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages of Egypt</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Republic is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken languages</a> are: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> (68%), <a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'idi Arabic</a> (29%), <a href="/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedawi Arabic">Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic</a> (1.6%), <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a> (0.6%), <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Siwi_language" title="Siwi language">Siwi</a> and others.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally, Greek, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and Italian, and more recently, African languages like <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrigna</a> are the main languages of immigrants. The main foreign languages taught in schools, by order of popularity, are English, French, German and Italian. Historically <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> was spoken, the latest stage of which is <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic Egyptian</a>. Spoken Coptic was mostly extinct by the 17th century but may have survived in isolated pockets in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> as late as the 19th century. It remains in use as the liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-extinct-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Star_Egypt-252">[249]</a> It forms a separate branch among the family of <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_%284%29.jpg/170px-Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_%284%29.jpg/255px-Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_%284%29.jpg/340px-Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan">Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hassan</a></figcaption></figure> Islam is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of Egypt, and the country has the largest Muslim population in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and the world's <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">sixth largest Muslim population</a>, accounting for five percent of all Muslims worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-253">[250]</a> Egypt also has the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">largest Christian population</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Christianity-254">[251]</a> Official data about religion is lacking due to social and political sensitivities.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> An estimated 85–90% are identified as Muslim, 10–15% as <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a>, and 1% as other Christian denominations; other estimates place the Christian population as high as 15–20%.<a href="#cite_note-261">[d]</a> Egypt was an early and leading center of Christianity into <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> was founded in the first century and remains the largest church in the country. With the arrival of Islam in the seventh century, the country was gradually Islamised into a majority-Muslim country.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> It is unknown when Muslims reached a majority, variously estimated from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 CE to as late as the 14th century. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, Islam became the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> the main source of law.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarkCathAlex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/StMarkCathAlex.jpg/170px-StMarkCathAlex.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/StMarkCathAlex.jpg/255px-StMarkCathAlex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/StMarkCathAlex.jpg/340px-StMarkCathAlex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Alexandria)" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)">St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria</a></figcaption></figure> The majority of Egyptian Muslims adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni branch of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">Nondenominational Muslims</a> form roughly 12% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-churches-deleg-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> minority. The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a> estimates the Shia population at 1 to 2.2 million<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> and could measure as much as 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> population is estimated at less than 50,000,<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> (ultra-conservative Sunni) population is estimated at five to six million.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> is famous for its numerous mosque <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> and has been dubbed "The City of 1,000 Minarets".<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> The city also hosts <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>, which is considered the preeminent institution of Islamic higher learning and jurisprudence;<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> founded in the late tenth century, it is by some measures the second oldest continuously operating university in the world.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow native Sufi <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">orders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost15Million-274">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater, as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost15Million-274">[270]</a> At least 305 people were killed during a <a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">November 2017 attack</a> on a Sufi mosque in Sinai.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> Of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christian population in Egypt</a> over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christian Church.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt</a> and various other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Lebanese_in_Egypt" title="Syro-Lebanese in Egypt">Syro-Lebanese</a>, who belong to <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic">Maronite Catholic</a> denominations.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> The Egyptian government recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects, such as the small <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> communities, are not recognised by the state and face persecution by the government, which labels these groups a threat to Egypt's national security.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> Individuals, particularly Baháʼís and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">are denied this ability</a>, and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.<a href="#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2008-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/330px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics</figcaption></figure> In 2022, Egypt's adult literacy rate was 74.5%, compared to 71.1% in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> Literacy is lowest among those over 60 years of age, at 35.1%, and highest among youth between 15 and 24 years of age, at 92.2%.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoUniv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/220px-CairoUniv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/330px-CairoUniv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/440px-CairoUniv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a></figcaption></figure>A European-style education system was first introduced in Egypt by the Ottomans in the early 19th century to nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-283">[279]</a> Under British occupation, investment in education was curbed drastically, and secular public schools, which had previously been free, began to charge fees.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-283">[279]</a> In the 1950s, President Nasser phased in free education for all Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-283">[279]</a> The Egyptian curriculum influenced other Arab education systems, which often employed Egyptian-trained teachers.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-283">[279]</a> Demand soon outstripped the level of available state resources, causing the quality of public education to deteriorate.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-283">[279]</a> Today this trend has culminated in poor teacher–student ratios (often around one to fifty) and persistent gender inequality.<a href="#cite_note-edu-chatham-283">[279]</a> Basic education, which includes six years of primary and three years of preparatory school, is a right for Egyptian children from the age of six.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-edu-284">[280]</a> After grade 9, students are tracked into one of two strands of secondary education: general or technical schools. General secondary education prepares students for further education, and graduates of this track normally join higher education institutes based on the results of the <a href="/wiki/Thanaweya_Amma" title="Thanaweya Amma">Thanaweya Amma</a>, the leaving exam.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-edu-284">[280]</a> Technical secondary education has two strands, one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five. Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam, but this is generally uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-edu-284">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> is Egypt's premier <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a>. The country is currently opening new research institutes with the aim of modernising scientific research and development; the most recent example is <a href="/wiki/Zewail_City_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zewail City of Science and Technology">Zewail City of Science and Technology</a>. Egypt was ranked 86th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_57357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Cancer_Hospital_Egypt" title="Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt">Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> Egyptian life expectancy at birth was 73.20 years in 2011, or 71.30 years for males and 75.20 years for females. Egypt spends 3.7 percent of its gross domestic product on health including treatment costs 22 percent incurred by citizens and the rest by the state.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 4.66% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 16.04 physicians and 33.80 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programmes are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101–132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50–60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28–30/1000).<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 2008, an estimated 91.1% of Egypt's girls and women aged 15 to 49 have been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">genital mutilation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> despite being illegal in the country. In 2016 the law was amended to impose tougher penalties on those convicted of performing the procedure, pegging the highest jail term at 15 years. Those who escort victims to the procedure can also face jail terms up to 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> The total number of Egyptians with <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> reached 37 million in 2009, of which 11 million are minors, providing an insurance coverage of approximately 52 percent of Egypt's population.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">List of cities and towns in Egypt</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Egypt <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Egypt-Cities.html">2023 estimate</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Egypt">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Egypt">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cairo"><img alt="Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/120px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/180px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/240px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1290" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_Egypt_(235108493).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexandria"><img alt="Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108493%29.jpeg/120px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108493%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108493%29.jpeg/180px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108493%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108493%29.jpeg/240px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108493%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1189" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,801,536</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">531,861 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza-Nile.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giza"><img alt="Giza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/120px-Giza-Nile.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/180px-Giza-Nile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Giza-Nile.JPG/240px-Giza-Nile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> <a href="/wiki/File:3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shubra El Kheima"><img alt="Shubra El Kheima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-3-D_Building_on_Google_Map_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,362,517</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khusus" title="Khusus">Khusus</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">502,864 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,458,135</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zagazig" title="Zagazig">Zagazig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate"> Sharqia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">460,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima" title="Shubra El Kheima">Shubra El Kheima</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalyubia Governorate">Qalyubia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,275,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate" title="Ismailia Governorate">Ismailia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">450,388 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate" title="Port Said Governorate">Port Said</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">791,749</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">401,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">716,458</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=6_October_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6 October (city) (page does not exist)"> 6 October</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Giza_Governorate" title="Giza Governorate">Giza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">376,302 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">632,330</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beheira_Governorate" title="Beheira Governorate">Beheira</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">329,572 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">El Mahalla El Kubra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">614,202</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">319,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tanta" title="Tanta">Tanta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate" title="Gharbia Governorate">Gharbia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">597,694</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Damietta_Governorate" title="Damietta Governorate">Damietta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">312,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asyut_Governorate" title="Asyut Governorate">Asyut</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">562,061</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">298,021 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture of Egypt</a></div> Egypt is a recognised cultural trendsetter of the Arabic-speaking world. Contemporary Arabic and Middle-Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arabic-speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/220px-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/330px-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg/440px-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Park" title="Al-Azhar Park">Al-Azhar Park</a> is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the <a href="/wiki/Project_for_Public_Spaces" title="Project for Public Spaces">Project for Public Spaces</a>.</figcaption></figure> Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Christianity and Judaism; and a new language, Arabic, and its spoken descendant, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> which is also based on many Ancient Egyptian words.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> The work of early 19th century scholar <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a> renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian antiquity</a> and exposed Egyptian society to <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Mubarak">Ali Mubarak</a> a native <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyuti">Suyuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a>, who themselves studied the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">antiquities</a> of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Loutfi_Goumah" title="Muhammad Loutfi Goumah">Muhammad Loutfi Goumah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_el-Hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawfiq el-Hakim">Tawfiq el-Hakim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Awad" title="Louis Awad">Louis Awad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qasim_Amin" title="Qasim Amin">Qasim Amin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar" title="Mahmoud Mokhtar">Mahmoud Mokhtar</a>. They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and faith in science to bring progress.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg/280px-The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg/420px-The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg/560px-The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>The "weighing of the heart" scene from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture of Egypt</a></div> The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">architecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>, also known as calcium copper silicate, is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a> and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a> designed by ancient architect and engineer <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a>, and the temple of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Fathy" title="Hassan Fathy">Hassan Fathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramses_Wissa_Wassef" title="Ramses Wissa Wassef">Ramses Wissa Wassef</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar" title="Mahmoud Mokhtar">Mahmoud Mokhtar</a>'s sculptures, to the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic iconography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Fanous" title="Isaac Fanous">Isaac Fanous</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House" title="Cairo Opera House">Cairo Opera House</a> serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egyptian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necip_Mahfuz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Necip_Mahfuz.jpg/170px-Necip_Mahfuz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Necip_Mahfuz.jpg/255px-Necip_Mahfuz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Necip_Mahfuz.jpg/340px-Necip_Mahfuz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a>, the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature</figcaption></figure> Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and is some of the earliest known literature. Indeed, the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today, that is, the book.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> The first modern Egyptian novel <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)" title="Zaynab (novel)">Zaynab</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a> was published in 1913 in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian vernacular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> Egyptian novelist <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> was the first Arabic-language writer to win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Egyptian women writers include <a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Nawal El Saadawi</a>, well known for her <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> activism, and <a href="/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat" title="Alifa Rifaat">Alifa Rifaat</a> who also writes about women and tradition. Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> among Egyptians, represented by the works of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Fouad_Negm" title="Ahmed Fouad Negm">Ahmed Fouad Negm</a> (Fagumi), <a href="/wiki/Salah_Jaheen" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah Jaheen">Salah Jaheen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_el-Abnudi" title="Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi">Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Egypt">Media of Egypt</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Egypt">Egyptian media</a> are highly influential throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>, attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg/170px-Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg/255px-Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg/340px-Salah_Zulfikar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a>, film star</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suad_Husni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Suad_Husni.jpg/170px-Suad_Husni.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Suad_Husni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soad_Hosny" title="Soad Hosny">Soad Hosny</a>, film star</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian cinema">Egyptian cinema</a> became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Studio_Misr" title="Studio Misr">Studio Misr</a>, financed by industrialist <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha_Harb" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaat Pasha Harb">Talaat Harb</a>, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> Actors from all over the Arab world seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival" title="Cairo International Film Festival">Cairo International Film Festival</a> has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> The number of cinemas increased with the emergence of talking films, and reached 395 in 1958. This number began to decline after the establishment of television in 1960 and the establishment of the public sector in cinemas in 1962, and reached 297 in 1965, then to 141 in 1995 due to the circulation of films through video equipment though the boom of the film industry in this period. Due to laws and procedures that encouraged investment in the establishment of private cinemas, they increased again, especially in commercial centres, until their number reached 200 in 2001 and 400 in 2009. Over a period of more than a hundred years, Egyptian cinema has presented more than four thousand films.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient Egyptians playing music" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png/220px-Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png/330px-Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png/440px-Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptians playing music</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian music</a> is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egyptian culture</a> since antiquity. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> credited one of their gods <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> with the invention of music, which <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as <a href="/wiki/Abdu_al-Hamuli" title="Abdu al-Hamuli">Abdu al-Hamuli</a>, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Darwish" title="Sayed Darwish">Sayed Darwish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab" title="Mohammed Abdel Wahab">Mohammed Abdel Wahab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Halim_Hafez" title="Abdel Halim Hafez">Abdel Halim Hafez</a>. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include <a href="/wiki/Amr_Diab" title="Amr Diab">Amr Diab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mounir" title="Mohamed Mounir">Mohamed Mounir</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dances">Dances</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanoura_Dancing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tanoura_Dancing.jpg/220px-Tanoura_Dancing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tanoura_Dancing.jpg/330px-Tanoura_Dancing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tanoura_Dancing.jpg/440px-Tanoura_Dancing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanoura_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanoura (dance)">Tanoura</a> dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo</figcaption></figure> Today, Egypt is often considered the home of <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly dance</a>. Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly dance</a> has two main styles – <a href="/wiki/Raqs_baladi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs baladi">raqs baladi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raqs_sharqi" title="Raqs sharqi">raqs sharqi</a>. There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with <a href="/wiki/Raqs_baladi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs baladi">raqs baladi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">List of museums in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG/220px-Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG/330px-Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG/440px-Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> of Cairo</figcaption></figure> Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. At least 60 museums may be found in Egypt. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/170px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/255px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/340px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> of Cairo.</figcaption></figure> The three main museums in Egypt are <a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Egyptian Museum">The Egyptian Museum</a> which has more than 120,000 items, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Military_Museum" title="Egyptian National Military Museum">Egyptian National Military Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_Panorama" title="6th of October Panorama">6th of October Panorama</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a> (GEM), also known as the Giza Museum, is an under construction museum that will house the largest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts in the world, it has been described as the world's largest archaeological museum.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> The museum was scheduled to open in 2015 and will be sited on 50 hectares (120 acres) of land approximately two kilometres (1.2 miles) from the Giza Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau. The Minister of Antiquities Mamdouh al-Damaty announced in May 2015 that the museum will be partially opened in May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as mulid. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. The ancient spring festival of <a href="/wiki/Sham_El_Nessim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham El Nessim">Sham en Nisim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style>Ϭⲱⲙ‘ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ shom en nisim) has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian months</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paremoude" class="mw-redirect" title="Paremoude">Paremoude</a> (April) and <a href="/wiki/Pashons" title="Pashons">Pashons</a> (May), following Easter Sunday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg/220px-Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg/330px-Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg/440px-Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">Kushari</a>, one of Egypt's national dishes</figcaption></figure> Egyptian cuisine relies heavily on legume and vegetable dishes. Although food in Alexandria and the coast of Egypt tends to use a great deal of fish and other seafood, for the most part Egyptian cuisine is based on foods that grow out of the ground. Meat has been very expensive for most Egyptians throughout history, so a great number of vegetarian dishes have been developed. Some consider <a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">kushari</a> (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">ful medames</a> (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> (also known as "ta'miya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to <a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulukhiyya">molokhiya</a>, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/220px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/330px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg/440px-Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">Egypt national football team</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> of Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Derby">Cairo Derby</a> is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC" title="Al Ahly SC">Al Ahly</a> is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals <a href="/wiki/Zamalek_SC" title="Zamalek SC">Zamalek SC</a>. They are known as the "<a href="/wiki/CAF_Clubs_of_the_20th_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="CAF Clubs of the 20th Century">African Club of the Century</a>". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's <a href="/wiki/A.C._Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Milan">A.C. Milan</a> and Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Boca_Juniors" title="Boca Juniors">Boca Juniors</a>, both having eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">Egyptian national football team</a>, known as the Pharaohs, won the <a href="/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> seven times, including three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Considered the most successful African national team and one which has reached the top 10 of the FIFA world rankings, Egypt has qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> three times. Two goals from star player <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Salah" title="Mohamed Salah">Mohamed Salah</a> in their last qualifying game took Egypt through to the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> The Egyptian Youth National team Young Pharaohs won the Bronze Medal of the <a href="/wiki/2001_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship" title="2001 FIFA World Youth Championship">2001 FIFA youth world cup</a> in Argentina. Egypt was 4th place in the football tournament in the <a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a> Olympics. <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a> and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been competitive in international championships since the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Amr_Shabana" title="Amr Shabana">Amr Shabana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Farag" title="Ali Farag">Ali Farag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramy_Ashour" title="Ramy Ashour">Ramy Ashour</a> are Egypt's best players and all were ranked the world's number one squash player. Egypt has won the Squash World Championships five times, with the last title being in <a href="/wiki/2019_Men%27s_World_Team_Squash_Championships" title="2019 Men's World Team Squash Championships">2019</a>. In 1999, Egypt <a href="/wiki/1999_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1999 World Men's Handball Championship">hosted</a> the <a href="/wiki/IHF_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="IHF World Men's Handball Championship">IHF World Men's Handball Championship</a>, and hosted it again in <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2021 World Men's Handball Championship">2021</a>. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="Egypt men's national handball team">national handball team</a> achieved its best result in the tournament by reaching fourth place. Egypt has won in the <a href="/wiki/African_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="African Men's Handball Championship">African Men's Handball Championship</a> five times, being the best team in Africa. In addition to that, it also championed the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_2013_Mediterranean_Games" title="Egypt at the 2013 Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_2013_Mediterranean_Games" title="Handball at the 2013 Mediterranean Games">2013</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beach_Handball_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach Handball World Championships">Beach Handball World Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/2004_Beach_Handball_World_Championships" title="2004 Beach Handball World Championships">2004</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="Egypt at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics">Summer Youth Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Boys%27_tournament" title="Handball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament">2010</a>. Among all African nations, the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt national basketball team">Egypt national basketball team</a> holds the record for best performance at the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="FIBA Basketball World Cup">Basketball World Cup</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> Further, the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Africa Championship">African Championship</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Egypt has taken part</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since 1912 and has hosted <a href="/wiki/Category:International_sports_competitions_hosted_by_Egypt" title="Category:International sports competitions hosted by Egypt">several other international competitions</a> including <a href="/wiki/1951_Mediterranean_Games" title="1951 Mediterranean Games">the first Mediterranean Games</a> in 1951, the <a href="/wiki/1991_All-Africa_Games" title="1991 All-Africa Games">1991 All-Africa Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup">2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1953_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 Pan Arab Games">1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/1965_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Pan Arab Games">1965</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Pan Arab Games">2007</a> editions of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a>. Egypt featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a> in both the women's and the men's section.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Egypt-related_articles" title="Index of Egypt-related articles">Index of Egypt-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Outline of ancient Egypt">Outline of ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt" title="Outline of Egypt">Outline of Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lang-3"><a href="#cite_ref-lang_3-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> is the sole official language.<a href="#cite_note-Provisional_Constitution-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">dialects and minority languages</a> are spoken regionally. </li> <li id="cite_note-relig-7"><a href="#cite_ref-relig_7-0">^</a> While <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the majority and official religion of the country, the size of the country's historic <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christian minority</a> is highly controversial and disputed by various entities and groups. Estimates range from as low as 5% to as high as 20%. Since 2006, religion has been omitted from censuses after widespread claims that the figures had been distorted.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-churches-deleg-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-UTCoff-22"><a href="#cite_ref-UTCoff_22-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Egypt" title="Daylight saving time in Egypt">Daylight saving time in Egypt</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> The population of Egypt is estimated as being 90% Muslim, 9% Coptic Christian and 1% other Christian, though estimates vary.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Microsoft Encarta Online similarly estimates the Sunni population at 90% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life</a> gave a higher estimate of the Muslim population, at 94.6%.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> In 2017, the government-owned newspaper <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ahram">Al Ahram</a> estimated the percentage of Christians at 10 to 15%.<a href="#cite_note-churches-deleg-5">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CoARE-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoARE_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoARE_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf">"Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014"</a> (PDF). sis.gov.eg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718052913/http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. 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The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F703209">10.1086/703209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816">0022-3816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203513334">203513334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Implicit+Attitudes+toward+an+Authoritarian+Regime&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1014-1027&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203513334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F703209&rft.aulast=Truex&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=Tavana%2C+Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy-9"><a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambanis2015" class="citation web cs1">Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/">"Egypt's Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210231855/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Sisi+Is+Getting+Pretty+Good+%E2%80%A6+at+Being+a+Dictator&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F05%2F22%2Fegypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/egypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule">"Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713152806/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/egypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+A+Move+to+Enhance+Authoritarian+Rule&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2Fegypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2020" class="citation news cs1">Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html">"Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023939/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Egypt+tries+to+silence+its+critics+in+the+United+States+by+jailing+their+relatives&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Sudarsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fegypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives%2F2020%2F07%2F08%2Fc93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Arian2020" class="citation web cs1">Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi">"Hosni Mubarak's legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019213139/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Hosni+Mubarak%27s+legacy+is+Abdel+Fattah+el-Sisi&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Al-Arian&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2020%2F2%2F27%2Fhosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldschmidt_oldest_nation-13"><a href="#cite_ref-goldschmidt_oldest_nation_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt1988" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmZyAAAAMAAJ&q=nation-state">Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-182-4"><bdi>978-0-86531-182-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217150902/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Modern_Egypt/YmZyAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nation-state">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <q>Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Egypt%3A+The+Formation+of+a+Nation-State&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-86531-182-4&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmZyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dnation-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm">"Background Note: Egypt"</a>. United States Department of State <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a>. 10 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183905/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Egypt&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Bureau+of+Near+Eastern+Affairs&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5309.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Crabitès1935" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Crabitès (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1">Ibrahim of Egypt</a>. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81121-7"><bdi>978-0-415-81121-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064900/http://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. <q>... on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibrahim+of+Egypt&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0-415-81121-7&rft.au=Pierre+Crabit%C3%A8s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NbCRckI3EoC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035">"Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Density+By+Governorate+1%2F7%2F2020+%E2%80%93+Area+km2+%28Theme%3A+Population+%E2%80%93+pg.14%29&rft.pub=Capmas.gov.eg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FStaticPages.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D5035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321110107/http://capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf">"Total area km2, pg.15"</a> (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. 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Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D469%2C%26s%3DNGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNID_NGDP%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTMG_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CTXG_RPCH%2CLUR%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGSB%2CGGSB_NPGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDN%2CGGXWDN_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2023%26ey%3D2024%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf">"الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء"</a> (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224804/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20%2FAdmin%2FPages%20Files%2F2017109143840cns.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capmas.gov.eg&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FShowPDF.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D%2520%2FAdmin%2FPages%2520Files%2F2017109143840cns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-21"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-23"><a href="#cite_ref-gov_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMap" class="citation web cs1">Map, Egypt's Projects. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egy-map.com/">"محافظة الأسكندرية"</a>. www.egy-map.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525194517/https://www.egy-map.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.egy-map.com&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.aulast=Map&rft.aufirst=Egypt%27s+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egy-map.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidant-Reynes" class="citation book cs1">Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Egypt%3A+From+the+First+Egyptians+to+the+First+Kings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.aulast=Midant-Reynes&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=EG">"Urban population (% of total population) - Egypt, Arab Rep"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314193242/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=EG">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Urban+population+%28%25+of+total+population%29+-+Egypt%2C+Arab+Rep.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS%3Flocations%3DEG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Lessons+from%2Ffor+BRICSAM+about+south%E2%80%93north+Relations+at+the+Start+of+the+21st+Century%3A+Economic+Size+Trumps+All+Else%3F&rft.volume=9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Breyer, Fr. A. K. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&dq=%22a-ku-pi-ti-yo%22&pg=PA381">Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409180842/https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&dq=%22a-ku-pi-ti-yo%22&pg=PA381">Archived</a> 9 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München. Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447051750" title="Special:BookSources/9783447051750">9783447051750</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engsheden-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Engsheden_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅke_Engsheden2018" class="citation cs2">Åke Engsheden (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26863322">"An etymological safari to Aigyptos"</a>, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 47: 1–30, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26863322">26863322</a>, retrieved 31 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=An+etymological+safari+to+Aigyptos&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26863322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=%C3%85ke+Engsheden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26863322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZ.1928" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Z., T. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417234107/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Il-Malti/Il-Malti.%20004%281928%292/01.pdf">"Il-Belt (Valletta)"</a> (PDF). Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Il-Malti/Il-Malti.%20004(1928)2/01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il-Malti&rft.atitle=Il-Belt+%28Valletta%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Z.&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FIl-Malti%2FIl-Malti.%2520004%281928%292%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AncientCivils-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AncientCivils_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientCivils_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallmayrAkif_KayapınarYaylacı2014" class="citation cs2">Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QeqBAAAQBAJ&q=misr+means+civilization&pg=PA87">Civilizations and World Order</a>, Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739186077" title="Special:BookSources/9780739186077"><bdi>9780739186077</bdi></a>, retrieved 31 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations+and+World+Order&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.isbn=9780739186077&rft.aulast=Dallmayr&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Akif+Kayap%C4%B1nar%2C+M.&rft.au=Yaylac%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0smail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QeqBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmisr%2Bmeans%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The ending of the Hebrew form is either a <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a>), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) "dual" ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any "two-ness" about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as "water" ("מַיִם"), "noon" ("צָהֳרַיִם"), "sky/heaven" ("שָׁמַיִם"), and in the <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">qere</a> – but not the original "ketiv" – of "Jerusalem" ("ירושל[י]ם"). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in "Mitzráyim" actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky ("Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim" in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1AMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">p. 128</a>) and Nadav Na'aman ("Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah" in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf">no. 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017233422/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_101.pdf">Archived</a> 17 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 2–3). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzre&#39" class="citation journal cs1">Izre&#39, Shlomo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/371050">"On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru"</a>. www.academia.edu: 84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://www.academia.edu/371050/On_the_So-Called_Ventive_Morpheme_in_the_Akkadian_Texts_of_Amurru">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=On+the+So-Called+Ventive+Morpheme+in+the+Akkadian+Texts+of+Amurru&rft.pages=84&rft.aulast=Izre%26%2339&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F371050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-akkadian-33"><a href="#cite_ref-akkadian_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGeorgePostgate2000" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&pg=PA212">A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04264-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04264-2"><bdi>978-3-447-04264-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Akkadian&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04264-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+A.&rft.au=George%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Postgate%2C+J.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qIuVCsRb98C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> As in inscriptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>. For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P421807">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613113247/https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P421807">Archived</a> 13 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalie,_David1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce. Routledge. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyramid+Builders+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+A+Modern+Investigation+of+Pharaoh%27s+Workforce&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Rosalie%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuḥammad_Jamāl_al-Dīn_Mukhtār1990" class="citation book cs1">Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZWuVAL2GooC&pg=PA43">Ancient Civilizations of Africa</a>. Currey. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-092-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-092-2"><bdi>978-0-85255-092-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131155854/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZWuVAL2GooC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilizations+of+Africa&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Currey&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-092-2&rft.au=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Jam%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+Mukht%C4%81r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZWuVAL2GooC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Antonio Loprieno, "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology", in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*x:entry+group=20:entry=*xhmi/a">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419212900/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*x:entry+group=20:entry=*xhmi/a">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CE%A7+%CF%87%2C+%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%5E%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%89%2C+%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3D%2Ax%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D20%3Aentry%3D%2Axhmi%2Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html">"A Brief History of Alchemy"</a>. University of Bristol School of Chemistry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005180735/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Alchemy&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol+School+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fwebprojects2002%2Fcrabb%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreastedPeter_A._Piccione2001" class="citation book cs1">Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bT0q7nt1-gUC">Ancient Records of Egypt</a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06975-8"><bdi>978-0-252-06975-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt&rft.pages=76%2C+40&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06975-8&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft.au=Peter+A.+Piccione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbT0q7nt1-gUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214084636/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/nile_valley/6000-4000BC">"The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/nile_valley/6000-4000BC">the original</a> on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Valley+6000%E2%80%934000+BCE+Neolithic&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnile_valley%2F6000-4000BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/69">The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8"><bdi>0-19-280458-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml">"The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom"</a>. BBC. 17 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117133705/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Egyptian+Old+Kingdom&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fegyptians%2Fapocalypse_egypt_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201014554/http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm">"The Kushite Conquest of Egypt"</a>. Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kushite+Conquest+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Ancientsudan.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientsudan.org%2Fhistory_06_nubconegypt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/383">The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/383">383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8"><bdi>0-19-280458-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw%2Fpage%2F383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Prudence J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatrasourceb0000jone">Cleopatra: A Sourcebook</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatrasourceb0000jone/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806137414"><bdi>978-0806137414</bdi></a>. <q>They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0806137414&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Prudence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatrasourceb0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1996" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20531-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20531-6"><bdi>0-520-20531-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+after+the+Pharaohs+332+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+642&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=25-26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-20531-6&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanwick2003" class="citation book cs1">Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77772-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77772-8"><bdi>0-292-77772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+the+Ptolemies%3A+Greek+kings+as+Egyptian+pharaohs&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-292-77772-8&rft.aulast=Stanwick&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgetown_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgetown_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145046/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt">"Egypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt">the original</a> on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire" </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Daly2005" class="citation book cs1">El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=El-Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-Lughod-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Janet L.</a> (1991) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC&pg=PA244">"The Mideast Heartland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/243">Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/243">243–244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506774-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506774-3"><bdi>978-0-19-506774-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mideast+Heartland&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony%3A+The+World+System+A.D.+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=243-244&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506774-3&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYlgGU2SLiQC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm">"Egypt – Major Cities"</a>. Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011718/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+Major+Cities&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fegypt%2F57.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Quataert2005" class="citation book cs1">Donald Quataert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1jR39OM_hsC&pg=PA115">The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44591-7"><bdi>978-1-139-44591-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213015351/http://books.google.com/books?id=T1jR39OM_hsC&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1700%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44591-7&rft.au=Donald+Quataert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1jR39OM_hsC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm">"Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows"</a>. ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013900/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Icelandic+Volcano+Caused+Historic+Famine+In+Egypt%2C+Study+Shows&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F11%2F061121232204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzeddin1981" class="citation book cs1">Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86199-012-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86199-012-2"><bdi>978-0-86199-012-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasser+of+the+Arabs%3A+an+Arab+assessment&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Third+World+Centre+for+Research+and+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86199-012-2&rft.aulast=Izzeddin&rft.aufirst=Nejla+M.+Abu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahmy1997" class="citation book cs1">Fahmy, Khaled (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlQsbY3REP4C">All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt</a>. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56007-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56007-8"><bdi>978-0-521-56007-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424091006/https://books.google.com/books?id=IlQsbY3REP4C">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Pasha%27s+Men%3A+Mehmed+Ali%2C+his+army+and+the+making+of+modern+Egypt&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+Studies&rft.pages=119-147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56007-8&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlQsbY3REP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220, Figure 7.4 "Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries", based on Prayon and Baten (2013). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present&rft.pages=220%2C+Figure+7.4+%22Numeracy+in+selected+Middle+Eastern+countries%22%2C+based+on+Prayon+and+Baten+%282013%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217, 224 Figure 7.6: "Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)" and 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=217%2C+224+Figure+7.6%3A+%22Height+development+in+the+Middle+East+and+the+world+%28male%29%22+and+225&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowski" class="citation book cs1">Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.pages=111&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">"Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive"</a>. wwi.lib.byu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613183950/https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwi.lib.byu.edu&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne+%E2%80%93+World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Lausanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowski" class="citation book cs1">Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.pages=112&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModernSudan-68"><a href="#cite_ref-ModernSudan_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsCollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33">A History of Modern Sudan</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85820-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85820-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85820-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175515/https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Sudan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85820-5&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Professor+of+History+Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zpShVWIxwIC%26q%3D%2522Anglo-Egyptian%2BCondominium%2BAgreement%2522%2B%25221899%2522%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/">"Egypt"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073315/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=ruler&ID=ieiMjZc32OCIOCRsXII4PA==">"ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية"</a>. modernegypt.bibalex.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226053316/http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=ruler&ID=ieiMjZc32OCIOCRsXII4PA==">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=modernegypt.bibalex.org&rft.atitle=%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernegypt.bibalex.org%2FTypes%2FPersons%2FDetails.aspx%3Ftype%3Druler%26ID%3DieiMjZc32OCIOCRsXII4PA%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrkaby2014" class="citation journal cs1">Orkaby, Asher Aviad. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12269828/Orkaby_gsas.harvard_0084L_11420.pdf?sequence=">"The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968"</a> (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429073554/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12269828/Orkaby_gsas.harvard_0084L_11420.pdf?sequence=">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doctoral+Dissertation%2C+Harvard+University&rft.atitle=The+International+History+of+the+Yemen+Civil+War%2C+1962-1968&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Orkaby&rft.aufirst=Asher+Aviad.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F12269828%2FOrkaby_gsas.harvard_0084L_11420.pdf%3Fsequence%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAburish2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Said_Aburish" title="Said Aburish">Aburish, Said K.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312286835">Nasser, the Last Arab</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28683-5"><bdi>978-0-312-28683-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasser%2C+the+Last+Arab&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28683-5&rft.aulast=Aburish&rft.aufirst=Said+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312286835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandil2012" class="citation book cs1">Kandil, Hazem (2012). Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt's Road to Revolt. Brooklyn: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-962-1"><bdi>978-1-84467-962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%2C+Spies+and+Statesmen%3A+Egypt%27s+Road+to+Revolt&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-962-1&rft.aulast=Kandil&rft.aufirst=Hazem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Shlaim, Rogan, 2012 pp. 7, 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamir_A._Mutawi2002" class="citation book cs1">Samir A. 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Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+Emergency+Law+No.+162%2F1958.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnatlex%2Fnatlex4.detail%3Fp_lang%3Den%26p_isn%3D111245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120_78-1">b</a> Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Ferris2013" class="citation book cs1">Jesse Ferris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UC4_aVRh7MgC&pg=PA172">Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15514-2"><bdi>978-0-691-15514-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906085333/https://books.google.com/books?id=UC4_aVRh7MgC&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. 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Simon Ingram p. 8, <a href="/wiki/Per_Gahrton" title="Per Gahrton">Per Gahrton</a> p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, Scribner, 2002, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> "Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year." (in 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm">... concerns over tourism's future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924131816/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm">Archived</a> 24 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708">10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159943632">159943632</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/21822/1/s1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Nasser%27s+Educators+and+Agitators+across+al-Watan+al-%27Arabi%3A+Tracing+the+Foreign+Policy+Importance+of+Egyptian+Regional+Migration%2C+1952%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-341&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159943632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F21822%2F1%2Fs1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsourapas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20161/1/CJMS_A_1049940.pdf">"Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt"</a> (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (13): 2192–2214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2015.1049940">10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-183X">1369-183X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73675854">73675854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Do+States+Develop+Multi-tier+Emigrant+Policies%3F+Evidence+from+Egypt&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2192-2214&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73675854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1369-183X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2015.1049940&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F20161%2F1%2FCJMS_A_1049940.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimona.2010" class="citation book cs1">Simona., Talani, Leila (1 January 2010). 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Egyptian Government Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201095854/http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Government+Services&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Declaration+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypt.gov.eg%2Fenglish%2Flaws%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extinct-251"><a href="#cite_ref-extinct_251-0">^</a> The language may have survived in isolated pockets in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Star_Egypt-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Star_Egypt_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071828/http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=106">"Daily News Egypt – Full Article"</a>. 21 July 2011. 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(ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/">"Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234700/http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013. 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Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream+Makers+on+the+Nile%3A+A+Portrait+of+Egyptian+Cinema&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Darwish&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouissa" class="citation web cs1">Houissa, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.cornell.edu/MidEastCinema/Egypt">"LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film"</a>. guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.library.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Middle+Eastern+%26+North+African+Cinema+%26+Film%3A+Egyptian+Cinema+%26+Film&rft.aulast=Houissa&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.cornell.edu%2FMidEastCinema%2FEgypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDajani1980" class="citation journal cs1">Dajani, Karen Finlon (1 May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/001654928002600202">"Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World"</a>. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands). 26 (2): 89–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001654928002600202">10.1177/001654928002600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5492">0016-5492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144015456">144015456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+%28Leiden%2C+Netherlands%29&rft.atitle=Cairo%3A+the+Hollywood+of+the+Arab+World&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-98&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144015456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0016-5492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001654928002600202&rft.aulast=Dajani&rft.aufirst=Karen+Finlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F001654928002600202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1209/366778/AlAhram-Weekly/Focus/The-golden-age-of--Egyptian-cinema-.aspx">"The golden age of Egyptian cinema - Focus"</a>. Ahram Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=The+golden+age+of+Egyptian+cinema+-+Focus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F50%2F1209%2F366778%2FAlAhram-Weekly%2FFocus%2FThe-golden-age-of--Egyptian-cinema-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/">"Cairo International Film Festival information"</a>. UKHotMovies. 1 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105193710/http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-053-0"><bdi>978-977-416-053-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Egyptian+Cinema%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+and+Nation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-977-416-053-0&rft.aulast=Shafik&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQusdDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Degyptian%2Bcinema%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html">Music of Ancient Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013114158/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="Kelsey Museum of Archaeology">Kelsey Museum of Archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Farghalli2006" class="citation web cs1">Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221138/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html">"Marketplace: Egypt's next big thing"</a>. Marketplace. American Public Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2008. 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Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Sport+Academy+%26%23124%3B+Al-Ahly+v+Zamalek&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsportacademy%2Fhi%2Fsa%2Ffootball%2Ffeatures%2Fnewsid_2299000%2F2299305.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/11/al-ahly-master-world/">"Al-Ahly – master of the world"</a>. Daily News Egypt. 11 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211115406/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/11/al-ahly-master-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Al-Ahly+%E2%80%93+master+of+the+world&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2014%2F12%2F11%2Fal-ahly-master-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify">"Mo Salah's late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990"</a>. The Guardian. 8 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206052043/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mo+Salah%27s+late+penalty+gives+Egypt+first+World+Cup+qualification+since+1990&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2017%2Foct%2F08%2Fworld-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html">"1950 World Championship for Men"</a>. FIBA. 9 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212042/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1950+World+Championship+for+Men&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffa%2Fevent%2Fp%2Fcid%2F%2Fsid%2F2902%2F_%2F1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html">"Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men"</a>. FIBA. 9 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212844/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+1952+Olympic+Games%3B+Tournament+for+Men&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffa%2Fteam%2Fp%2Fsid%2F2933%2Ftid%2F276%2F_%2F1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIVB" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB">FIVB</a>. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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</ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=EG">Key Development Forecasts for Egypt</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eip.gov.eg/">Information Portal</a> – Official Egypt Information Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106111532/http://www.idsc.gov.eg/">Information and Decision</a> – Egypt Information and Decision Support Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.gov.eg/">Information Services</a> – official website of Egypt State Information Services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.eg/en/">Presidency</a> – official website of the president of Egypt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabinet.gov.eg/">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Egypt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.eg">House of Representatives</a> – official website of Egypt House of Representatives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sccourt.gov.eg">Supreme Constitutional Court</a> – official website of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capmas.gov.eg">Mobilization and Statistics</a> – official website of Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.gov.eg/section/0/701?lang=en-us">"History"</a> – Egyptian history at Egypt Information Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://descegy.bibalex.org/en">"Description de l'Egypte"</a> – Ancient, modern and natural history of Egypt at The <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernegypt.bibalex.org/">"Modern Egypt"</a> – website from the Bibliotheca Alexandrina</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_2">Tourism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.experienceegypt.eg/">Experience Egypt</a> – Egypt's official tourism portal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Egypt">Wikimedia Atlas of Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1473947">Egypt</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Egypt">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Egypt">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a>5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a>6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a>7</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a>8</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>. 2Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5<a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed territory</a> located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8Disputed between Morocco and Spain</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/42px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Egypt at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="c:مصر">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Egypt" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Egypt">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Egypt" class="extiw" title="q:Egypt">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" class="extiw" title="voy:Egypt">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122592789">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404908075">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130890862">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208755/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRDwpX7XgppvP7ww3J9c">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000556-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061791">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863530z">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238583n">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938556d">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863530z">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238583n">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938556d">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562068">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35058797">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129127&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450764">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/125093">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90074621">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548044305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8e0551f2-95c2-3cc0-a0a9-f2d344f10667">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7d52ce20-fea6-42a6-bcf3-9f11ebed03d8">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/814605">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/mfuTWJhJ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027316866">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003431">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046273">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17479">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43151">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/misir">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=26_N_30_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:EG">26°N 30°E / 26°N 30°E / 26; 30</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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