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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Civil society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Private sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Urban centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Visual arts and crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Museums and libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Media and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Textiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bangladesh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 272 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-272" aria-hidden="true" > 272 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bangladèsh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bangladesj" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%BD" title="ባንግላዴሽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባንግላዴሽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6ngladesc" title="Bængladesc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bængladesc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بنغلاديش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنغلاديش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangllad%C3%A8ch%C2%B7e" title="Banglladèch·e – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Banglladèch·e" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বাংলাদেশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাংলাদেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladex" title="Bangladex – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bangladex" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangalande" title="Vangalande – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vangalande" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banladish" title="Banladish – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Banladish" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqlade%C5%9F" title="Banqladeş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banqladeş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="بنقلادش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنقلادش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বাংলাদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলাদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladisa" title="Bangladisa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bangladisa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Бангладэш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бангладэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Банглядэш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Банглядэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷང་ལ་རྡེ་ཤུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷང་ལ་རྡེ་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Bangladéš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bangladéš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangaladhesha" title="Bhangaladhesha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhangaladhesha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بانݣلاديش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بانݣلاديش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%85%DE%AA" title="ބަންގާޅު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަންގާޅު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BCa%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haʼaʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haʼaʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बङ्गलादेश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बङ्गलादेश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BE%92%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A4" title="བངྒ་ལ་དེཤ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བངྒ་ལ་དེཤ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Μπανγκλαντές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπανγκλαντές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бангладеш Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бангладеш Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Bangladés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9Do" title="Bangladeŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bangladeŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="بنگلادش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنگلادش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bangladesj" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bangladesj" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banngladesh" title="Banngladesh – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Banngladesh" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhanglaid%C3%A9is" title="An Bhanglaidéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhanglaidéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vangladesh" title="Yn Vangladesh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vangladesh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladais" title="Bangladais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bangladais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Бенгалойче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бенгалойче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" title="孟加拉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="孟加拉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6" title="બાંગ્લાદેશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાંગ્લાદેશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांगलादेश – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बांगलादेश" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C" title="방글라데시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방글라데시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banagaladesa" title="Banagaladesa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Banagaladesa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Բանգլադեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանգլադեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांग्लादेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बांग्लादेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বাংলাদেশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বাংলাদেশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladess" title="Bangladess – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bangladess" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9" title="בנגלדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנגלדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggalad%C3%A9sa" title="Banggaladésa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banggaladésa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%8Bg%C9%A9lad%C9%9B%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბანგლადეში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბანგლადეში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B4" title="بَنٛگلہ دیٖش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَنٛگلہ دیٖش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesz" title="Bangladesz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bangladesz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaladeshi" title="Bangaladeshi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bangaladeshi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeca" title="Bangladeca – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bangladeca" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8ch" title="Bangladèch – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bangladèch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benglade%C5%9F" title="Bengladeş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bengladeş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesc" title="Bangladesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bangladesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດບັງກລາເທດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບັງກລາເທດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesa" title="Bangladesa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bangladesa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1a" title="Bangladeša – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bangladeša" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1as" title="Bangladešas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangladešas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ngalad%C9%9B%CC%81si" title="Bángaladɛ́si – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bángaladɛ́si" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladex" title="Bangladex – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bangladex" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/begygu%27e" title="begygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="begygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglades" title="Banglades – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banglades" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बाङ्लादेश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाङ्लादेश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesy" title="Bangladesy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bangladesy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D" title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladexx" title="Bangladexx – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bangladexx" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81karat%C4%93hi" title="Pākaratēhi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pākaratēhi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बांगलादेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बांगलादेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბანგლადეში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბანგლადეში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بانجلاديش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بانجلاديش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="بنگلادش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنگلادش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81" title="ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladexe" title="Bangladexe – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bangladexe" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Бангладэш – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бангладэш" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बङ्गलादेश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गलादेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बंगलादेश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बंगलादेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="バングラデシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バングラデシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladash" title="Bangladash – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bangladash" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bangladèsh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baangilaadish" title="Baangilaadish – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baangilaadish" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="बंगलादेश – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बंगलादेश" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بنگلا دیش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگلا دیش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗန်းကလားဒေတ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗန်းကလားဒေတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B4" title="بنګله دېش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنګله دېش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggladesh" title="Banggladesh – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Banggladesh" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F" title="បង់ក្លាដែស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បង់ក្លាដែស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladek" title="Bangladek – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bangladek" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesz" title="Bangladesz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bangladesz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlaris" title="Panlaris – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panlaris" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Банґладеш – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Банґладеш" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Баҥладеш – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баҥладеш" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagalatesi" title="Pagalatesi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pagalatesi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="बाङ्गलादेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बाङ्गलादेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بنگلہ دیش – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بنگلہ دیش" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesch" title="Bangladesch – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi" title="Bangladeshi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bangladeshi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesci" title="Bangladesci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bangladesci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="බංග්ලාදේශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බංග්ලාදේශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بنگلاديش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بنگلاديش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhangladeshi" title="IBhangladeshi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhangladeshi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Bangladéš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bangladéš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesz" title="Bangladesz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bangladesz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaladhesh" title="Bangaladhesh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bangaladhesh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B4" title="بەنگلادێش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەنگلادێش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%C3%A9s" title="Bangladés – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bangladés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காளதேசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காளதேசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladec" title="Bangladec – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bangladec" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9C%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းပင်းၵလႃးတဵတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပင်းၵလႃးတဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D" title="బంగ్లాదేశ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగ్లాదేశ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladexe" title="Bangladexe – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bangladexe" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ประเทศบังกลาเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบังกลาเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%BD" title="ባንግላደሽ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ባንግላደሽ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Банглодеш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Банглодеш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengil%C4%81tesi" title="Pengilātesi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pengilātesi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%8D" title="ᏆᏂᎦᎵᏕᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏂᎦᎵᏕᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9F" title="Bangladeş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bangladeş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Бангладеш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бангладеш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بنگلہ دیش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگلہ دیش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B4" title="بانگلادېش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بانگلادېش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1" title="Bangladeš – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bangladeš" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladej%C3%A4n" title="Bangladejän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bangladejän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B" title="孟加拉國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="孟加拉國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglaades" title="Banglaades – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Banglaades" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟加拉国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A9" title="באנגלאדעש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באנגלאדעש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglad%E1%BA%B9%CC%81sh%C3%AC" title="Bangladẹ́shì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bangladẹ́shì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B" title="孟加拉國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟加拉國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benglade%C5%9F" title="Bengladeş – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bengladeş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%A1os" title="Bangladešos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bangladešos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggalad%C3%A9sa" title="Benggaladésa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Benggaladésa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangl%C9%99de%C5%A1" title="Banglədeš – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Banglədeš" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9B" title="ⴱⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⴷⵉⵛ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵏⴳⵍⴰⴷⵉⵛ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangladesh&params=24_N_90_E_type:country_region:BD">24°N 90°E / 24°N 90°E / 24; 90</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bangladesh (disambiguation)">Bangladesh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">People's Republic of Bangladesh</div><div class="ib-country-names">গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bangladesh"><img alt="Flag of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Bangladesh"><img alt="Emblem of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/85px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/128px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg/170px-National_emblem_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Bangladesh"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: আমার সোনার বাংলা (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) <a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a> "My Golden Bengal" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="135" data-mwtitle="Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga/Amar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAmar_Sonar_Bangla_instrumental_by_US_Navy_Band.oga&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Marching Song: নতুনের গান (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) <a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> "The Youth Song" <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="144" data-mwtitle="Notuner_Gaan_(Chol_Chol_Chol,_Instrumental_"Metal").oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Notuner_Gaan_%28Chol_Chol_Chol%2C_Instrumental_%22Metal%22%29.oga/Notuner_Gaan_%28Chol_Chol_Chol%2C_Instrumental_%22Metal%22%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Notuner_Gaan_%28Chol_Chol_Chol%2C_Instrumental_%22Metal%22%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Government of Bangladesh"><img alt="Seal of the Government of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/100px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/150px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/200px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Bangladesh_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangladesh&params=23_45_50_N_90_23_20_E_type:city_region:BD">23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E / 23.76389; 90.38889</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><a href="#cite_note-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised foreign language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">English</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">99% <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"><div>1% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh">others</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_people" title="Bishnupriya people">Bishnupriyas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakmas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasis</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khumi_people" title="Khumi people">Khumis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Manipuris</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marmas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mru_people_(Mrucha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mru people (Mrucha)">Mrus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangyas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuris</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">91.04% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7.94% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.60% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.30% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.12% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Yunus_interim_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunus interim government">interim government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Adviser_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Adviser of Bangladesh">Chief Adviser</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Refaat_Ahmed" title="Syed Refaat Ahmed">Syed Refaat Ahmed</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh" title="Independence of Bangladesh">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Victory</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">148,460<a href="#cite_note-bdarea-9">[9]</a> km2 (57,320 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">92nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.4</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Land area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,170 km2<a href="#cite_note-bdarea-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water area</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,290 km2<a href="#cite_note-bdarea-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">173,562,364 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">169,828,911<a href="#cite_note-populationcensus2022-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,165/km2 (3,017.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.620 trillion<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">25th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $9,410<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $455.166 billion<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,650<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">137th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 49.9<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.670<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">129th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Taka</a> (৳) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+6 (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Standard_Time" title="Bangladesh Standard Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bangladesh" title="Telephone numbers in Bangladesh">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bangladesh" title="Telephone numbers in Bangladesh">+880</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BD" title="ISO 3166-2:BD">BD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bd" title=".bd">.bd</a> <a href="/wiki/.bangla" title=".bangla">.বাংলা</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="Bengali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/40px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/60px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg/80px-Bengali_Conjunct_Kssya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bangla_script_display_help" title="Wikipedia:Bangla script display help">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">eighth-most populous</a> country in the world and seventh <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most densely populated</a> with a population of 173,562,364 in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to the north, west, and east, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. To the north, it is separated from <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> by the mountainous Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">largest city</a>, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> is the second-largest city and the busiest port. The official language is <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English</a> also used in government. Bangladesh is part of the historic and <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, which was divided during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of British India</a> in 1947 as the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">eastern enclave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EyetsemitanGire2003-21">[19]</a> The country came into existence in 1971 after declaring independence from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">bloody war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EyetsemitanGire2003-21">[19]</a> The country has a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> majority. Ancient Bengal was known as <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> and was a stronghold of pre-Islamic kingdoms. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquest</a> after 1204 led to the sultanate and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> periods, during which an independent <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and wealthy <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 marked the beginning of British rule. The creation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> was founded in Dhaka in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> in 1940 was supported by <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a>. The present-day territorial boundary was established with the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. In 1947, <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> became the most populous province in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> and was renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, with Dhaka as the legislative capital. The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970 Pakistani general election</a> spurred <a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy">pro-democracy</a> movements. The refusal of the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> to transfer power to the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, triggered the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971. The <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>, aided by India, waged a successful <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">armed revolution</a>; the conflict saw the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Bangladeshi genocide</a>. After the war, Sheikh Mujib became the leader of the country. Mujib's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">assassination</a> in 1975 led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a>, who himself was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">assassinated</a> in 1981. The 1980s was dominated by the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad" title="Hussain Muhammad Ershad">H M Ershad</a>. After 1990, the Battle of the <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begums</a> between <a href="/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a> defined Bangladesh's politics for next 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> In 2024, an <a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">interim government</a> led by Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> took power after the <a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">fall of Sheikh Hasina</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Bangladesh is home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">fifth-most spoken native language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">third-largest Muslim-majority population</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">second-largest economy</a> in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">military</a> in the region and is the largest contributor to <a href="/wiki/UN_peacekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="UN peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Bangladesh is a unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> make up almost 99% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The country consists of <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">eight divisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh" title="Districts of Bangladesh">64 districts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upazila" title="Upazila">495 subdistricts</a>, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">world's largest mangrove forest</a>. Bangladesh has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">refugee populations</a> in the world due to the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> in neighboring Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Bangladesh faces challenges like <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>. Bangladesh has twice chaired the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Vulnerable_Forum" title="Climate Vulnerable Forum">Climate Vulnerable Forum</a> and hosts the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a> (BIMSTEC) headquarters. It is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC) and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></div> The etymology of Bangladesh ("Bengali country") can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy by <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> and Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo by <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, used the term in 1905 and 1932 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. The term Bangla is a major name for both the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>. The origins of the term Bangla are unclear, with theories pointing to a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">proto-Dravidian</a> tribe,<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> and the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The earliest known usage of the term is the <a href="/wiki/Nesari" title="Nesari">Nesari plate</a> in 805 AD. The term Vangala Desa is found in 11th-century South Indian records.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen-1999-34">[32]</a> The term gained official status during the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bengal">Sultanate of Bengal</a> in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2004-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> proclaimed himself as the first "<a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Bangala" in 1342.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2004-35">[33]</a> The word Bangāl became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> 16th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a> mentions in his <a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a> that the addition of the suffix "al" came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> This is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Riyaz-us-Salatin" title="Riyaz-us-Salatin">Riyaz-us-Salatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-riaj-39">[37]</a> The Indo-Aryan suffix <a href="/wiki/-desh" class="mw-redirect" title="-desh">Desh</a> is derived from the Sanskrit word deśha, which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".<a href="#cite_note-Sen-1999-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:History of Bangladesh">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal,_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1776 Map of Bengal Subah"><img alt="1776 Map of Bengal Subah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/250px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/375px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/500px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9106" data-file-height="6000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:smaller;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapada</a>, c. 1200 – c. 600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a>, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundra kingdom</a>, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Bengal in Mahabharata</a>, c. 400 – c. 325 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai kingdom</a>, c. 350 – c. 325 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, c. 325 – c. 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata kingdom</a>, c. 232 BCE – c. 800 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> Period, c. 185 BCE – c. 75 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Southwestern Silk Road</a>, c. 114 BCE – c. 1450 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a>, c. 30 BCE – c. 600 AD</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela kingdom</a>, c. 600 - c. 650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>, c. 590 – c. 626</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour (Sylhet)</a>, c. 600 – c. 1303</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a>, c. 650 – c. 750</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, c. 750 – c. 1100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Arrival of Islam</a>, c. 800 – c. 1050 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candra_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Candra dynasty">Candra dynasty</a>, c. 900 – c. 1050</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>, c. 1070 – c. 1320</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a>, c. 1100 – c. 1250</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Mediaeval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhulua_Kingdom" title="Bhulua Kingdom">Bhulua (Noakhali)</a>, c. 1203 – c. 1600s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, c. 1204 – c. 1338 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon Sultanate</a>, c. 1338 – c. 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, c. 1352 – c. 1576 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, c. 1540 – c. 1556</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Twelve Bhuyans</a>, c. 1550 – c. 1620</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Grande_de_Bengala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Grande de Bengala">Porto Grande de Bengala</a>, c. 1528 – c. 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Chittagong-Arakan Kingdom</a>, c. 1530 – c. 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1717 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, c. 1717 – c. 1757</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraizi_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraizi Movement">Faraizi Movement</a>, c. 1818 – c. 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, c. 1857 – c. 1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, c. 1858 – c. 1947 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, c. 1947 – c. 1955 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, c. 1955 – c. 1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Point Movement">Six Point Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 uprising in East Pakistan">1969 uprising in East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">Pakistani general election, 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement, 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, c. 1971 <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh Genocide">1971 Bangladesh Genocide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Forces">Bangladesh Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Pakistan">Surrender of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_(1971%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bangladesh (1971–present)">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Post-independence years, 1972 – 1975 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Bangladesh famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League">Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jail_Killing_Day" title="Jail Killing Day">Jail Killing Day</a></li></ul></li> <li>Military rule, 1975 – 1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Mass Uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transition to democracy, 1991 – 2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh" title="Caretaker government of Bangladesh">Caretaker government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord">Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hasina era, 2009–2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_2021" title="Vision 2021">Vision 2021 and Digital Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Shapla_Square_protests" title="2013 Shapla Square protests">2013 Shapla Square protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" title="2015 Bangladeshi political crisis">2015 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road-safety_protests" title="2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests">2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bangladesh_Communal_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence">2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Bangladesh" title="Smart Bangladesh">Smart Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_protests_(2022%E2%80%932024)" title="Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)">Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interim Government era, 2024–present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">Yunus ministry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline of Bangladeshi history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of Bangladesh dates back over four millennia to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period. The region's early history was characterized by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> kingdoms and empires that fought for control over the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> arrived in the 8th century and gradually became dominant from the early 13th century with the conquests led by <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> in 1204 and the activities of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> missionaries like <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a>. Muslim rulers promoted the spread of Islam by building mosques across the region. In 1338 <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah">Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah</a> established independent <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> in Bengal, establishing the capital at <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a> and founded an individual currency. The Bengal Sultanate expanded under rulers like <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a>, leading to economic prosperity and military dominance, with Bengal being referred to by Europeans as the richest country to trade with. The region later became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. By the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> emerged as the wealthiest province of the empire. <a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> became a semi-independent state under the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a> in 1717 and ultimately led by <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daulah" title="Siraj-ud-Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daulah</a> who was defeated by the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 and thus Bengal was conquered by the British. Bengal played a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Britain, but also faced significant <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a> resulted in millions of deaths. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> was established during British rule.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">partition of Bengal</a> between India and Pakistan during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in August 1947, when the region became <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> as part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">State of Pakistan</a> following the end of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in the region</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence</a> on 26 March 1971 by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> led to the nine-month-long <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, which culminated in the emergence of the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh after victory was achieved on 16 December 1971. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siraj_ud-Daula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Siraj_ud-Daula.jpg/130px-Siraj_ud-Daula.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Siraj_ud-Daula.jpg/195px-Siraj_ud-Daula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Siraj_ud-Daula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daulah" title="Siraj-ud-Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daulah</a>, the last independent <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution of Bangladesh</a>, enacted in 1972, established a democratic state with fundamental rights, an independent judiciary, and an elected parliament called the <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Since gaining independence, Bangladesh has faced issues of political instability, economic reconstruction, and social transformation. The country experienced <a href="/wiki/BAKSAL" class="mw-redirect" title="BAKSAL">one party socialism</a> under Sheikh Mujib in 1975, followed by military coups and military rule, notably under <a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">General Ziaur Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad" title="Hussain Muhammad Ershad">General Hussain Muhammad Ershad</a>. Between 1972 and 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> was the dominant party. Between 1975 and 1991, the country was placed under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> twice (1975-1979 and 1982-1986) while a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> existed in which the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> (BNP) and <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Ershad)" title="Jatiya Party (Ershad)">National Party</a> (JP) were dominant.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The BNP and National Party promoted gradual economic liberalization and free market reforms, while <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was declared the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The restoration of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> in 1991 saw power alternate between the Awami League and BNP. In recent decades, Bangladesh has achieved significant economic growth, emerging as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, driven by its <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">garment industry</a>, remittances, and infrastructure development. However, it continues to grapple with political instability, human rights issues, and the impact of climate change. The return of the Awami League to power on 6 January 2009 under <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>'s leadership saw economic progress but criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>. Bangladesh has played a critical role in addressing regional issues, including the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugee_crisis" title="Rohingya refugee crisis">Rohingya refugee crisis</a>, which has strained its resources and highlighted its humanitarian commitments. The <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> rate went down from 80% in 1971 to 44% in 1991 to 13% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-2021-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Bangladesh emerged as the second-largest economy in South Asia,<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-2019-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-52">[50]</a> surpassing the per capita income levels of both India and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2021-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-52">[50]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Green_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Green transition">green transition</a>, Bangladesh's industrial sector emerged as a leader in building green factories, with the country having the largest number of certified green factories in the world in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> In January 2024, Awami League led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina secured a fourth straight term in Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="2024 Bangladeshi general election">general election</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">nationwide protests</a> against the Awami League government, on 5 August 2024, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina was <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)#Resignation_of_Sheikh_Hasina" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">forced to resign and flee</a> to India.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-resign_TST-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-resign-59">[57]</a> An <a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_interim_government" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Bangladesh interim government">interim government</a> was formed on 8 August 2024, with Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Advisor_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Advisor of Bangladesh">Chief Advisor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/220px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/330px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg/440px-Map_of_Bangladesh-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is in South Asia on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India, and shares a small border with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to its southeast, though it lies very close to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, and China. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a>, the largest river delta in the world.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the <a href="/wiki/Madhupur_tract" title="Madhupur tract">Madhupur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barind_Tract" title="Barind Tract">Barind</a> plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> hill ranges. The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a> or Pôdda), <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamuna_River_(Bangladesh)" title="Jamuna River (Bangladesh)">Jamuna</a> or Jomuna), and <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a> rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the "Land of Rivers",<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> as it is home to over 57 <a href="/wiki/Trans-boundary_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-boundary river">trans-boundary rivers</a>, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are politically complicated since Bangladesh is downstream of India.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Bangladesh is predominantly rich fertile flat land. Most of it is less than 12 m (39 ft) above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of its land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.3 ft).<a href="#cite_note-ali-64">[62]</a> 12% of the country is covered by hill systems. The country's <a href="/wiki/Haor" title="Haor">haor</a> wetlands are of significance to global environmental science. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="List of mountains of Bangladesh">highest point in Bangladesh</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Saka_Haphong" title="Saka Haphong">Saka Haphong</a>, located near the border with Myanmar, with an elevation of 1,064 m (3,491 ft).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a> Previously, either <a href="/wiki/Keokradong" title="Keokradong">Keokradong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tazing_Dong" title="Tazing Dong">Tazing Dong</a> were considered the highest. In Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 14% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,883,400 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 1,920,330 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,725,330 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 158,070 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 33% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh#Climate" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography of Bangladesh § Climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh" title="Climate change in Bangladesh">Climate change in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/220px-Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/330px-Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg/440px-Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Flooding after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">1991 Bangladesh cyclone</a>, which killed around 140,000 people</figcaption></figure> Straddling the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, Bangladesh's climate is tropical, with a mild winter from October to March and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below 0 °C (32 °F), with a record low of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) in the northwest city of <a href="/wiki/Dinajpur" title="Dinajpur">Dinajpur</a> on 3 February 1905.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> A warm and humid <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Bangladesh" title="Floods in Bangladesh">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bores</a> occur almost every year,<a href="#cite_note-NatDis-69">[67]</a> combined with the effects of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soils_retrogression_and_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soils retrogression and degradation">soil degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">cyclones</a> of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">latter</a> killing approximately 140,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the <a href="/wiki/1998_Bangladesh_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Bangladesh floods">most severe flooding</a> in modern history, after which two-thirds of the country went underwater, along with a death toll of 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-EWG-71">[69]</a> As a result of various international and national level initiatives in disaster risk reduction, the human toll and economic damage from floods and cyclones have come down over the years.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2007_South_Asian_floods" title="2007 South Asian floods">2007 South Asian floods</a> ravaged areas across the country, leaving five million people displaced, with a death toll around 500.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh" title="Climate change in Bangladesh">Climate change in Bangladesh</a></div> Bangladesh is recognised to be one of the countries most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Over the course of a century, 508 cyclones have affected the Bay of Bengal region, 17 percent of which are believed to have made landfall in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazards">Natural hazards</a> that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health, and shelter.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> It is estimated that by 2050, a three-foot rise in sea levels will inundate some 20 percent of the land and displace more than 30 million people.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> To address the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> threat in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 has been launched.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Bangladesh" title="Fauna of Bangladesh">Fauna of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg/220px-Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg/330px-Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg/440px-Bengal_Tiger_gets_down_in_a_shallow_canal_in_Sundarban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, the national animal, in the Sundarbans</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is located in the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a>, and lies within four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram%E2%80%93Manipur%E2%80%93Kachin_rain_forests" title="Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests">Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_freshwater_swamp_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests">Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans mangroves">Sundarbans mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-81">[79]</a> Its ecology includes a long sea coastline, numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Bangladesh">rivers and tributaries</a>, lakes, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, hill forests, moist <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>, freshwater swamp forests and flat land with tall grass. The Bangladesh Plain is famous for its fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> soil which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-global.britannica.com-82">[80]</a> The country has up to 6000 species of plant life, including 5000 flowering plants.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Water bodies and wetland systems provide a habitat for many aquatic plants. <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Water lilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotuses</a> grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bangladesh" title="List of protected areas of Bangladesh">50 wildlife sanctuaries</a>. Bangladesh is home to most of the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a>, covering an area of 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) in the southwest littoral region. It is divided into three protected sanctuaries: the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">West</a> zones. The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, a unique ecosystem. It also includes <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">tropical and subtropical coniferous forests</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">freshwater swamp forest</a>, and mixed deciduous forests. The southeastern Chittagong region covers evergreen and semi-evergreen hilly jungles. Central Bangladesh includes the plainland Sal forest running along with the districts of Gazipur, <a href="/wiki/Tangail" title="Tangail">Tangail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Island" title="St. Martin's Island">St. Martin's Island</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> in the country. Bangladesh has an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife in Bangladesh">wildlife</a> in its forests, marshes, woodlands, and hills.<a href="#cite_note-global.britannica.com-82">[80]</a> The vast majority of animals dwell within a habitat of 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">black panther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cat</a> are among the chief predators in the Sundarbans.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Northern and eastern Bangladesh is home to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">hoolock gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_pied_hornbill" title="Oriental pied hornbill">oriental pied hornbill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bearprojectbd.weebly.com-86">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> deer are widely seen in southwestern woodlands. Other animals include the <a href="/wiki/Black_giant_squirrel" title="Black giant squirrel">black giant squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">capped langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(genus)" title="Python (genus)">pythons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_water_monitor" title="Asian water monitor">water monitors</a>. Bangladesh has one of the largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrawaddy dolphins">Irrawaddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Ganges dolphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The country has numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (53), reptiles (139), <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a> (19) and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> (5). It also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Bangladesh" title="List of birds of Bangladesh">628 species of birds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one-horned and two-horned <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> and common <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Rapid urban growth has threatened natural habitats. The country has widespread environmental issues; pollution of the <a href="/wiki/Dhaleshwari_River" title="Dhaleshwari River">Dhaleshwari River</a> by the textile industry and shrimp cultivation in Chakaria Sundarbans have both been described by academics as <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Although many areas are protected under law, some Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environment_Conservation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act">Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act</a> was enacted in 1995. The government has designated several regions as <a href="/wiki/Ecologically_Critical_Area" title="Ecologically Critical Area">Ecologically Critical Areas</a>, including wetlands, forests, and rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_tiger_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans tiger project">Sundarbans tiger project</a> and the Bangladesh Bear Project are among the key initiatives to strengthen conservation.<a href="#cite_note-bearprojectbd.weebly.com-86">[84]</a> It ratified the Rio <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> on 3 May 1994.<a href="#cite_note-cbd.int-91">[89]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country was set to revise its <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbd.int-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_Politics">Government and Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangabhaban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bangabhaban.jpg/220px-Bangabhaban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bangabhaban.jpg/330px-Bangabhaban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bangabhaban.jpg/440px-Bangabhaban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangabhaban" title="Bangabhaban">Bangabhaban</a> (literally Bengal House) is the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">presidential palace</a> of Bangladesh. It was originally a house for the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-The_National_Parliament_of_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad_Bhaban" title="Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban">National Parliament</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagar" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagar">Sher-e-Bangla Nagar</a>, a neighborhood named after the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is a <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> under its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">constitution</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who forms a government every five years. The President invites the leader of the largest party in parliament to become prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court of Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> is overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">cabinet</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister of Bangladesh</a>. The tenure of a parliamentary government is five years. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Bangladesh Civil Service</a> assists the cabinet in running the government. Recruitment for the civil service is based on a public examination. In theory, the civil service should be a meritocracy. But a disputed quota system coupled with politicisation and preference for seniority have allegedly affected the civil service's meritocracy.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President of Bangladesh</a> is the ceremonial head of state<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> whose powers include signing bills passed by parliament into law. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Bangladesh Armed Forces and the chancellor of all universities. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court of Bangladesh</a> is the highest court of the land, followed by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court</a> and Appellate Divisions. The head of the judiciary is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice of Bangladesh</a>, who sits on the Supreme Court. The courts have wide latitude in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_Bangladesh" title="Judicial review in Bangladesh">judicial review</a>, and judicial <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> is supported by Article 111 of the constitution. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Bangladesh" title="Judiciary of Bangladesh">judiciary</a> includes district and metropolitan courts divided into civil and criminal courts. Due to a shortage of judges, the judiciary has a large backlog. The <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangshad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiya Sangshad">Jatiya Sangshad</a> (National Parliament) is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> parliament. It has 350 members of parliament (MPs), including 300 MPs elected on the <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> system and 50 MPs appointed to reserved seats for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">women's empowerment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Article_70_of_the_Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh">Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh</a> forbids MPs from voting against their party. However, several laws proposed independently by MPs have been transformed into legislation, including the anti-torture law.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> The parliament is presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad</a>, who is second in line to the president as per the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations of Bangladesh</a></div> Bangladesh is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">global politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> It plays an important role in the geopolitical affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> due to its strategic location between South and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Bangladesh joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> in 1972 and the United Nations in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> It relies on multilateral diplomacy on issues like climate change, nuclear nonproliferation, trade policy and non-traditional security issues.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Bangladesh pioneered the creation of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>, which has been the preeminent forum for regional diplomacy among the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> It joined the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_8_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing 8 Countries">Developing 8 Countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In recent years, Bangladesh has focused on promoting regional trade and transport links with support from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Dhaka hosts the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BIMSTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMSTEC">BIMSTEC</a>, an organisation that brings together <a href="/wiki/Countries_dependent_on_the_Bay_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal">countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Bangladesh–Myanmar relations">Relations</a> with neighbouring Myanmar have been severely strained since 2016–2017, after over 700,000 <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">Rohingya refugees</a> illegally entered Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-RohingyaHRW-107">[105]</a> The parliament, government, and civil society of Bangladesh have been at the forefront of <a href="/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_2016%E2%80%9317_Rohingya_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="International reaction to the 2016–17 Rohingya exodus">international criticism</a> against Myanmar for military operations against the Rohingya, and have demanded their <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">right of return</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Bangladesh shares an important <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">bilateral and economic relationship</a> with its largest neighbour India,<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> which is often strained by <a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Water politics in India">water politics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_water_dispute" title="Ganges water dispute">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River#Water_sharing_challenge" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deaths_along_the_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border" title="Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border">border killings of Bangladeshi civilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Post-independent Bangladesh has continued to have a problematic relationship with Pakistan, mainly due to its denial of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> It maintains a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh-China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh-China relations">warm relationship</a> with China, which is its largest trading partner, and the largest arms supplier.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic aid provider, and the two maintain a <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Japan relations">strategic and economic partnership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Political relations with Middle Eastern countries are robust.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Bangladesh receives 59% of its remittances from the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> despite poor working conditions affecting over four million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Bangladeshi workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Bangladesh plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global climate</a> diplomacy as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Vulnerable_Forum" title="Climate Vulnerable Forum">Climate Vulnerable Forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map, indicating where the Bangladeshi UN peacekeeping force is stationed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg/260px-BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg/390px-BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg/520px-BangladeshMilitaryUN_PeacekeepingForce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_UN_Peacekeeping_Force" title="Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force">Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force</a> deployments</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh Armed Forces</a> have inherited the institutional framework of the <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British military</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In 2022, the active personnel strength of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a> was around 250,000,<a href="#cite_note-IISS-124">[122]</a> excluding the Air Force and the Navy (24,000).<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has supported civil authorities in disaster relief and provided internal security during periods of political unrest. For many years, Bangladesh has been the world's largest contributor to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_Bangladesh" title="Military budget of Bangladesh">military budget of Bangladesh</a> accounts for 1.3% of GDP, amounting to US$4.3 billion in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a>, one of the largest in the Bay of Bengal, includes a <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_ships_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy">fleet</a> of frigates, submarines, corvettes, and other vessels. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh Air Force</a> has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">small fleet</a> of multi-role combat aircraft. Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> In recent years, Bangladesh and India have increased joint military exercises, high-level visits of military leaders, <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> cooperation and intelligence sharing. Bangladesh is vital to ensuring stability and security in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Bangladesh's strategic importance in the eastern subcontinent hinges on its proximity to China, its frontier with Burma, the separation of mainland and northeast India, and its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> In 2002, Bangladesh and China signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> The United States has pursued negotiations with Bangladesh on a <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_and_Cross-Servicing_Agreement" title="Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement">Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement</a> and a General Security of Military Information Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In 2019, Bangladesh ratified the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_society">Civil society</h3></div> Since the colonial period, Bangladesh has had a prominent <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>. There are various special interest groups, including <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">non-governmental organisations</a>, human rights organisations, professional associations, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chambers of commerce</a>, employers' associations, and trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_Bangladesh" title="National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh">National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh</a> was set up in 2007. Notable human rights organisations and initiatives include the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Law_and_Mediation_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Law and Mediation (Bangladesh)">Centre for Law and Mediation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odhikar" title="Odhikar">Odhikar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Bangladesh_Worker_Safety" title="Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety">Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environmental_Lawyers_Association" title="Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association">Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Hindu_Buddhist_Christian_Unity_Council" title="Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council">Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Fact_Finding_Committee" title="War Crimes Fact Finding Committee">War Crimes Fact Finding Committee</a>. The world's largest international NGO <a href="/wiki/BRAC_(organisation)" title="BRAC (organisation)">BRAC</a> is based in Bangladesh. There have been concerns regarding the shrinking space for independent civil society in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R.A.B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Armed men in black uniforms on a street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R.A.B.jpg/170px-R.A.B.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/R.A.B.jpg/255px-R.A.B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/R.A.B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">Rapid Action Battalion</a> has been sanctioned by the United States for human rights abuses.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a> is banned by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution of Bangladesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> but is rampantly used by Bangladesh's security forces. Bangladesh joined the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a> in 1998 and it enacted its first anti-torture law, the <a href="/wiki/Torture_and_Custodial_Death_(Prevention)_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act">Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act</a>, in 2013. The first conviction under this law was announced in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Amnesty International <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoners of Conscience</a> from Bangladesh have included <a href="/wiki/Saber_Hossain_Chowdhury" title="Saber Hossain Chowdhury">Saber Hossain Chowdhury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahidul_Alam" title="Shahidul Alam">Shahidul Alam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The widely criticized <a href="/wiki/Digital_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Security Act">Digital Security Act</a> was repealed and replaced by the Cyber Security Act in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The repeal was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Institute" title="International Press Institute">International Press Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> On <a href="/wiki/International_Human_Rights_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Human Rights Day">International Human Rights Day</a> in December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> announced <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> on commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">Rapid Action Battalion</a> for extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has criticised the government for human rights abuses, the crackdown on the opposition, mass media, and civil society through politicized enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Bangladesh is ranked "partly free" in Freedom House's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> but its <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a> has deteriorated from "free" to "not free" in recent years due to increasing pressure from the government.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> According to the British <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, the country has a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>: the third of four rankings in its <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Bangladesh was ranked 96th among 163 countries in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> According to National Human Rights Commission, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a> are frowned upon among social conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Homosexuality is affected by <a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Bangladesh" title="Penal Code of Bangladesh">Penal Code of Bangladesh</a>, which was originally enacted by the British colonial government.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> An underground LGBT scene is flourishing across the country. However, Bangladesh only recognises the local <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> community known as the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a>, which is the most widely accepted LGBT group among poorer sections of society.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 1,531,300 people are enslaved in Bangladesh, or roughly 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption in Bangladesh</a></div> Like many developing countries, <a href="/wiki/Institutional_corruption" title="Institutional corruption">institutional corruption</a> is an issue of concern for Bangladesh. Bangladesh was ranked 146th among 180 countries on <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s 2018 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Land administration was the sector with the most bribery in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> followed by education,<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> police<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> and water supply.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti_Corruption_Commission_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh">Anti Corruption Commission</a> was formed in 2004, and it was active during the <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis</a>, indicting many leading politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen for <a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative geography of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh" title="Districts of Bangladesh">Districts of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazilas of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Bangladesh exhibiting its divisions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg/300px-Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg/450px-Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg/600px-Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2150" usemap="#ImageMap_7e2ae818281c9310" resource="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_7e2ae818281c9310"><area href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" shape="poly" coords="107,110,97,112,82,107,77,101,66,95,56,89,52,76,46,81,36,81,30,70,19,59,12,60,8,50,13,45,16,34,31,21,33,14,23,14,25,4,33,11,56,31,68,30,58,19,61,15,69,19,75,33,90,44,104,46,105,41,103,36,109,33,115,42,119,58,119,80,113,90,104,110" alt="Rangpur Division" title="Rangpur Division" /><area href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" shape="poly" coords="111,193,98,196,85,188,74,184,48,171,45,159,37,162,14,151,5,135,12,126,11,119,14,117,19,122,29,114,32,101,42,101,53,101,66,97,83,108,88,111,105,110,109,125,115,133,113,145,113,159,117,176,109,183,109,193" alt="Rajshahi Division" title="Rajshahi Division" /><area href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" shape="poly" coords="78,344,71,320,65,299,62,272,59,248,65,238,45,230,52,222,41,206,42,191,49,189,45,171,62,175,76,188,85,199,100,216,110,245,122,269,123,289,120,327,80,344" alt="Khulna Division" title="Khulna Division" /><area href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" shape="poly" coords="117,86,112,92,116,98,108,110,112,128,115,145,122,141,121,133,124,131,126,133,135,131,137,134,143,150,147,164,159,159,171,164,171,158,165,150,174,147,194,142,208,139,206,131,194,120,192,105,177,104,163,104,144,100,128,94,124,94,116,90,113,92" alt="Mymensingh Division" title="Mymensingh Division" /><area href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" shape="poly" coords="135,127,122,136,113,146,111,154,116,167,116,178,109,183,111,194,99,196,90,191,85,199,92,203,105,230,120,259,142,246,146,250,154,250,163,244,164,226,165,211,171,204,177,193,186,189,194,176,193,170,201,164,208,160,207,139,183,146,167,149,172,153,172,160,164,164,160,159,153,164,143,160,144,150,136,141,135,126,116,143" alt="Dhaka Division" title="Dhaka Division" /><area href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" shape="poly" coords="153,251,174,260,188,287,190,309,177,326,144,333,126,331,121,304,124,279,124,260,140,247,169,253" alt="Barisal Division" title="Barisal Division" /><area href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" shape="poly" coords="192,100,217,104,244,101,263,101,283,112,289,122,274,125,266,148,256,158,251,169,250,171,240,166,240,172,233,169,233,174,218,175,217,184,212,183,213,165,206,164,209,160,209,145,209,135,206,124,197,119,194,103,210,99" alt="Sylhet Division" title="Sylhet Division" /><area href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" shape="poly" coords="212,167,214,184,205,194,203,210,210,230,216,247,219,246,218,235,223,235,228,253,238,253,243,244,242,231,251,223,255,218,253,203,260,208,268,203,274,208,280,235,281,254,285,265,296,309,294,310,296,329,294,344,299,369,294,372,289,365,286,364,278,357,274,365,270,369,270,379,278,403,277,405,262,379,256,360,251,354,248,355,247,337,247,326,247,316,239,292,228,293,222,300,204,308,179,311,185,287,175,262,164,247,163,226,171,216,171,203,179,194,188,189,194,180,194,171,212,168" alt="Chittagong Division" title="Chittagong Division" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Bangladesh exhibiting its divisions.</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions,<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> each named after their respective divisional headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal</a> (officially Barishal<a href="#cite_note-namechange-173">[171]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong</a> (officially Chattogram<a href="#cite_note-namechange-173">[171]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh</a>, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Sylhet. Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several <a href="/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Councils of Bangladesh">unions</a>, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, further divided into mahallas. There are no elected officials at the divisional or district levels, and the administration is composed only of government officials. Direct elections are held in each union (or ward) for a chairperson and several members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Division</a> </th> <th scope="col">Capital </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="date">Established </th> <th scope="col">Area (km2) <a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> </th> <th scope="col">2021 Population (projected)<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Density 2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> </td> <td>1 January 1993 </td> <td>13,225 </td> <td>9,713,000 </td> <td>734 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> </td> <td>1 January 1829 </td> <td>33,909 </td> <td>34,747,000 </td> <td>1,025 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> </td> <td>1 January 1829 </td> <td>20,594 </td> <td>42,607,000 </td> <td>2,069 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a> </td> <td>1 October 1960 </td> <td>22,284 </td> <td>18,217,000 </td> <td>817 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> </td> <td>14 September 2015 </td> <td>10,584 </td> <td>13,457,000 </td> <td>1,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a> </td> <td>1 January 1829 </td> <td>18,153 </td> <td>21,607,000 </td> <td>1,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a> </td> <td>25 January 2010 </td> <td>16,185 </td> <td>18,868,000 </td> <td>1,166 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> </td> <td>1 August 1995 </td> <td>12,635 </td> <td>12,463,000 </td> <td>986 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhaka_April_(33244268934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/244px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/366px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg/488px-Dhaka_April_%2833244268934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>'s largest CBD is the <a href="/wiki/Motijheel_Thana" title="Motijheel Thana">Motijheel Commercial Area</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is the second largest economy in South Asia after India.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-2019-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-52">[50]</a> The country has outpaced India and Pakistan in terms of per capita income.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2021-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll.in-52">[50]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, "when the newly independent country of Bangladesh was born on December 16, 1971, it was the second poorest country in the world—making the country's transformation over the next 50 years one of the great development stories. Since then, poverty has been cut in half at record speed. Enrollment in primary school is now nearly universal. Hundreds of thousands of women have entered the workforce. Steady progress has been made on maternal and child health. And the country is better buttressed against the destructive forces posed by climate change and natural disasters. Bangladesh's success comprises many moving parts—from investing in human capital to establishing macroeconomic stability. Building on this success, the country is now setting the stage for further economic growth and job creation by ramping up investments in energy, inland connectivity, urban projects, and transport infrastructure, as well as focusing on climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness on its path toward sustainable growth."<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Bangladesh has made one of the greatest leaps on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> among Asian countries. According to <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>, "Asia and the Pacific has observed the fastest Human Development Index (HDI) progress in the world—with Bangladesh being one of the best performers, moving from an HDI of 0.397 in 1990, the fourth lowest in the region, to a HDI of 0.661 in 2021. Only China had greater improvements in the region over this period".<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_%2801%29.jpg/244px-Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_%2801%29.jpg/366px-Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_%2801%29.jpg/488px-Straddle_carrier_from_Port_of_Chittagong_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chittagong" title="Port of Chittagong">busiest port</a> on the Bay of Bengal.</figcaption></figure> In 2022, Bangladesh had the second largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">foreign-exchange reserves</a> in South Asia. The reserves have boosted the government's spending capacity despite tax revenues forming only 7.7% of government revenue.<a href="#cite_note-trade.gov-179">[177]</a> A big chunk of investments have gone into the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">power</a> sector. In 2009, Bangladesh was experiencing daily blackouts several times a day. In 2022, the country achieved 100% electrification.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> One of the major anti-poverty schemes of the Bangladeshi government is the <a href="/wiki/Ashrayan_Project" title="Ashrayan Project">Ashrayan Project</a> which aims to eradicate homelessness by providing free housing.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The poverty rate has gone down from 80% in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> to 44.2% in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> to 12.9% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-2021-48">[46]</a> The literacy rate was 74.66% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Bangladesh has a <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> of roughly 70 million,<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> which is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">seventh-largest</a>; with an unemployment rate of 5.2% as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The government is setting up 100 special economic zones to attract <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) and generate 10 million jobs.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Investment_Development_Authority" title="Bangladesh Investment Development Authority">Bangladesh Investment Development Authority</a> (BIDA) and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Economic_Zones_Authority" title="Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority">Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority</a> (BEZA) have been established to help investors in setting up factories; and to complement the longstanding <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority</a> (BEPZA). The <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka</a> is the national currency. The service sector accounts for about 51.3% of total GDP and employs 39% of the workforce. The industrial sector accounts for 35.1% of GDP and employs 20.4% of the workforce. The <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">agriculture sector</a> makes up 13.6% of the economy but is the biggest employment sector, with 40.6% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-trade.gov-179">[177]</a> In agriculture, the country is a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishes in Bangladesh">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">tea</a>, fruits, vegetables, flowers,<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> and jute. <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a> are some of Bangladesh's well-known exports.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_sector">Private sector</h3></div> The private sector accounts for 80% of GDP compared to the dwindling role of state-owned companies.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Bangladesh's economy is dominated by family-owned <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bangladesh" title="List of companies of Bangladesh">conglomerates</a> and small and medium-sized businesses. Some of the largest publicly traded companies in Bangladesh include <a href="/wiki/Beximco" class="mw-redirect" title="Beximco">Beximco</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRAC_Bank" title="BRAC Bank">BRAC Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSRM" title="BSRM">BSRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPH_Ispat" title="GPH Ispat">GPH Ispat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grameenphone" title="Grameenphone">Grameenphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summit_Group" title="Summit Group">Summit Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Square_Pharmaceuticals" title="Square Pharmaceuticals">Square Pharmaceuticals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Capital markets include the <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka Stock Exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong Stock Exchange</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">telecommunications industry</a> is one of the world's fastest-growing, with 172 million cellphone subscribers in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Over 80% of Bangladesh's export earnings come from the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_textile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh textile industry">garments industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bdarea-9">[9]</a> Other major industries include <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">shipbuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leather_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Leather industry in Bangladesh">leather goods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Khan_(businessman)" title="Aziz Khan (businessman)">Muhammad Aziz Khan</a> became the first person from Bangladesh to be listed as a billionaire by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_padma_bridge_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_padma_bridge_04.jpg/220px-The_padma_bridge_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_padma_bridge_04.jpg/330px-The_padma_bridge_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_padma_bridge_04.jpg/440px-The_padma_bridge_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="3948" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bridge" title="Padma Bridge">Padma Bridge</a> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_road%E2%80%93rail_bridges" title="List of road–rail bridges">road-rail bridge</a> which spans the Bangladeshi branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> that is known as the <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma River</a>. It is the longest bridge on the Ganges. When it was opened in June 2022, the bridge was expected to boost GDP by 1.23%.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> Since 2009, Bangladesh has embarked on a series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_megaprojects_in_Bangladesh" title="List of megaprojects in Bangladesh">megaprojects</a>. For instance, the 6.15 km long <a href="/wiki/Padma_Bridge" title="Padma Bridge">Padma Bridge</a> was built for US$3.86 billion.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The bridge was the first self-financed megaproject in the country's history.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Other megaprojects include the <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Metro">Dhaka Metro</a>, a mass rapid-transit system in the capital; <a href="/wiki/Karnaphuli_Tunnel" title="Karnaphuli Tunnel">Karnaphuli Tunnel</a>, an underwater expressway in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Elevated_Expressway" title="Dhaka Elevated Expressway">Dhaka Elevated Expressway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Elevated_Expressway" title="Chittagong Elevated Expressway">Chittagong Elevated Expressway</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Delta_Plan" title="Bangladesh Delta Plan">Bangladesh Delta Plan</a>, designed to mitigate the impact of climate change. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism in Bangladesh</a></div> The tourism industry is expanding, contributing some 3.02% of total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Bangladesh's international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $391 million.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">three UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historic_Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat">the Mosque City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_the_Buddhist_Vihara_at_Paharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur">the Paharpur Buddhist Ruins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>) and five <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Nominating_process" title="World Heritage Site">tentative-list</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Activities for tourists include <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a>, river cruising, hiking, <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">beachgoing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lp-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-lp_web-204">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a> (WTTC) reported in 2019 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,180,500 jobs in 2018 or 1.9% of the country's total employment.<a href="#cite_note-2019_report-205">[203]</a> According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals per year.<a href="#cite_note-2019_report-205">[203]</a> Domestic spending generated 97.7 percent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-2013_report-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity sector in Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Power_Development_Board" title="Bangladesh Power Development Board">Bangladesh Power Development Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moving_Turbines!!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg/220px-Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg/330px-Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg/440px-Moving_Turbines%21%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2989" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbines on <a href="/wiki/Kutubdia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutubdia Island">Kutubdia Island</a></figcaption></figure> Bangladesh is gradually transitioning to a <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a>. It has the largest off-grid solar power programme in the world, benefiting 20 million people.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> called the Palki is being developed for production in the country.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a> is being used to produce organic fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Bangladesh continues to have huge untapped reserves of natural gas, particularly in its maritime territory.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> A lack of exploration and decreasing proven reserves have forced Bangladesh to import <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a> from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Gas shortages were further exasperated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> While <a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_Bangladesh" title="List of government-owned companies of Bangladesh">government-owned companies in Bangladesh</a> generate nearly half of Bangladesh's electricity, privately owned companies like the Summit Group and <a href="/wiki/Orion_Group_(Bangladesh)" title="Orion Group (Bangladesh)">Orion Group</a> are playing an increasingly important role in both generating electricity, and supplying machinery, reactors, and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Bangladesh increased electricity production from 5 gigawatts in 2009 to 25.5 gigawatts in 2022. It plans to produce 50 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatts">gigawatts</a> by 2041. U.S. companies like <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> supply around 55% of Bangladesh's domestic natural gas production and are among the largest investors in power projects. 80% of Bangladesh's installed gas-fired power generation capacity comes from turbines manufactured in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The government stopped buying <a href="/wiki/Spot_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot price">spot price</a> LNG in June 2022. The country's <a href="/wiki/Forex" class="mw-redirect" title="Forex">forex</a> reserves declined due to surging fuel imports. Bangladesh imported 30% of its LNG on the <a href="/wiki/Spot_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot price">spot price</a> market in 2022, down from 40% in 2021. Bangladesh continues to trade in LNG on the <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures exchange</a> markets.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rooppur_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant">Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant</a>, Bangladesh's first operational nuclear plant, is nearing completion as of the end of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population (millions)</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">67,800,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,600,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.94%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">105,300,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,600,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.10%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">148,700,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">161,100,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">165,160,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.25%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: OECD/World Bank<a href="#cite_note-IEApop2011-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-dhakatribune1-221">[219]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Census_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Census of Bangladesh">2022 Census</a>, Bangladesh has a population of 165.1 million,<a href="#cite_note-populationcensus2022-10">[10]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">eighth-most-populous country</a> in the world, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">fifth-most populous country</a> in Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most densely populated large country</a> in the world, with a headline population density of 1,265 people/km2 as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR), once among the highest in the world, has experienced a dramatic decline, from 5.5 in 1985 to 3.7 in 1995, down to 2.0 in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> which is below the <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> of 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> The majority of Bangladeshis live in rural areas, with only 39% of the population living in urban areas as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of roughly 28 years, with 26% of the total population aged 14 or younger,<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> and merely 5% aged 65 and above.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Bangladesh is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">ethnically and culturally homogeneous society</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a> form 99% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-dhakatribune1-221">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a> population includes the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mru_people_(Mrucha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mru people (Mrucha)">Mros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bawm_people" title="Bawm people">Bawms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khumi_people" title="Khumi people">Khumis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kukis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bisnupriya_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisnupriya Manipuri people">Bisnupriya Manipuris</a>. The Chittagong Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">insurgency</a> from 1975 to 1997 in an autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was signed in 1997, the region remains militarised.<a href="#cite_note-rashiduzzaman-228">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranded Pakistanis">stranded Pakistanis</a> were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Bangladesh also hosts over 700,000 Rohingya refugees since 2017, giving it one of the largest refugee populations in the world.<a href="#cite_note-RohingyaHRW-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">List of cities and towns in Bangladesh</a></div> Bangladesh's capital Dhaka and the largest city and is overseen by two city corporations that manage between them the northern and southern parts of the city. There are 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">city corporations</a> which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comilla" title="Comilla">Comilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazipur,_Dhaka_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazipur, Dhaka Division">Gazipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a>. There are, however, eight divisions in total. They are: <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barishal" class="mw-redirect" title="Barishal">Barishal</a>. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh which 43 cities have a population of more than 100,000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Bangladesh <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf">[1]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bangladesh">Name</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhaka"><img alt="Dhaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/120px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/180px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg/240px-2.%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3232" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Amanat_763.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chittagong"><img alt="Chittagong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shah_Amanat_763.jpg/120px-Shah_Amanat_763.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shah_Amanat_763.jpg/180px-Shah_Amanat_763.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shah_Amanat_763.jpg/240px-Shah_Amanat_763.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,278,882 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Halls_and_student_center_(front_view),_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gazipur"><img alt="Gazipur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg/120px-Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg/180px-Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg/240px-Halls_and_student_center_%28front_view%29%2C_Islamic_University_of_Technology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gazipur" title="Gazipur">Gazipur</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hajiganj_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narayanganj"><img alt="Narayanganj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hajiganj_Fort.jpg/120px-Hajiganj_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hajiganj_Fort.jpg/180px-Hajiganj_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hajiganj_Fort.jpg/240px-Hajiganj_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="1218" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,227,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gazipur" title="Gazipur">Gazipur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,674,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narayanganj" title="Narayanganj">Narayanganj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">967,724 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">718,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">708,384 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">576,722 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">552,791 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">532,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cumilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumilla">Cumilla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">439,414 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></div> The official and predominant language of Bangladesh is <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, which is spoken by more than 99% of the population as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOG-231">[229]</a> Bengali is described as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> where there are various <a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a> spoken throughout the country. There is a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> in which much of the population can understand or speak in Standard Colloquial Bengali, and in their regional dialect or language.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a> which is spoken in the south-eastern Chittagong region, and <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> spoken in the north-eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOG-231">[229]</a> English plays an important role in Bangladesh's judicial and educational affairs, due to the country's history as part of the British Empire. It is widely spoken and commonly understood, and is taught as a compulsory subject in all <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of colleges in Bangladesh">colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">universities</a>, while the English-medium educational system is widely attended.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Tribal languages, although increasingly endangered, include the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma language</a>, another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Chakma people. Others are <a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>, the most spoken is the <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali language</a>, native to the <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santal people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">stranded Pakistanis</a> and some sections of the <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Old Dhakaites</a> often use <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> as their native tongue. Still, the usage of the latter remains highly reproached.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion in Bangladesh</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Bangladesh (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Muslims</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:91.04%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">91.04%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hindus</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:7.94%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.94%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:0.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.60%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:0.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.11%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg/142px-Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg/213px-Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg/284px-Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque_in_2022.09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram" title="Baitul Mukarram">Baitul Mukarram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg/142px-Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg/213px-Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg/284px-Shiva_temples_Dhakeshwari_Mandir_2_by_Ragib_Hasan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dhakeswari_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhakeswari Mandir">Dhakeswari Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Swarno_Mandir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Swarno_Mandir.JPG/159px-Swarno_Mandir.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Swarno_Mandir.JPG/239px-Swarno_Mandir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Swarno_Mandir.JPG/318px-Swarno_Mandir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Dhatu_Jadi" title="Buddha Dhatu Jadi">Buddha Dhatu Jadi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bandarban" title="Bandarban">Bandarban</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Mission_Church,_Barisal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oxford_Mission_Church%2C_Barisal.jpg/125px-Oxford_Mission_Church%2C_Barisal.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oxford_Mission_Church%2C_Barisal.jpg/188px-Oxford_Mission_Church%2C_Barisal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oxford_Mission_Church%2C_Barisal.jpg/250px-Oxford_Mission_Church%2C_Barisal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="4224" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Mission_Church" title="Oxford Mission Church">Oxford Mission Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a></div></div></div></div></div> Bangladesh was constitutionally proclaimed as a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> in 1972. Secularism is one of its four founding constitutional principles. The constitution also grants <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, while establishing Islam as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Secularism-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-constituteproject-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera:1-240">[238]</a> The constitution bans religion-based politics and discrimination, and proclaims equal recognition of people adhering to all faiths.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a> is the largest religion across the country, being followed by about 91.1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-dhakatribune1-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalreligiousfutures1-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-kbrs-243">[241]</a> The vast majority of Bangladeshi citizens are <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>, adhering to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. The country is the third-most populous Muslim-majority state in the world and has the fourth-largest overall Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Before the partition of India in 1941, Hindus formed 28% of the population. Mass exodus of Hindu-refugees from the then East Pakistan to India took place during the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh War of Independence">Bangladesh War of Independence</a>, due to Pakistan Army's genocidal onslaught. After the formation of Bangladesh, the Hindus constituted 13.50% in 1974. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism</a> is followed by 7.9% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-dhakatribune1-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalreligiousfutures1-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-kbrs-243">[241]</a> mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>, who form the country's second-largest religious group and the third-largest Hindu community globally, after India and Nepal. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a> is the third-largest religion, at 0.6% of the population. Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among the tribal ethnic groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. At the same time, coastal Chittagong is home to many <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Buddhist">Bengali Buddhists</a>. Christianity is the fourth-largest religion at 0.3%, followed mainly by a small <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christian</a> minority. 0.1% of the population practices other religions like <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> or is <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dhakatribune1-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education in Bangladesh</a></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_(2022,_Total).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg/250px-Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg/375px-Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg/500px-Bangladesh_Literacy_Rate_%282022%2C_Total%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="663" /></a> The constitution states that all children shall receive free and compulsory education.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> Education in Bangladesh is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Education</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Primary_and_Mass_Education" title="Ministry of Primary and Mass Education">Ministry of Primary and Mass Education</a> is responsible for implementing policy for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level. Primary and secondary education is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a>, and is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. Bangladesh has a <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 74.7% per cent as of 2019: 77.4% for males and 71.9% for females.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> The country's educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidised, with the government operating many schools at the primary, secondary and higher secondary levels and subsidising many private schools. In the tertiary education sector, the Bangladeshi government funds over 45 state universities<a href="#cite_note-ugc-universities.gov.bd-249">[247]</a> through the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)">University Grants Commission</a> (UGC), created by Presidential Order 10 in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first to fifth grade), junior secondary (sixth to eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grade), higher secondary (11th and 12th grade), and tertiary which is university level.<a href="#cite_note-CompEd2-251">[249]</a> According to Hossain 2016, the formal schooling of secondary education in Bangladesh is seven years. The first three years are called junior secondary and include grades six to eight. The next two years are called secondary and include grades nine and ten. The final two years are called higher secondary and include grade eleven and twelve. Based on the information from Hossain 2016 and Daily Star 2010, to pass the fifth grade the Bangladesh Education Ministry requires a public exam called Primary School Certificate (PSC). During the eighth grade students have to pass the Junior School Certificate (JSC) exam to get enrolled in ninth grade, while tenth-grade students have to pass the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) exam to proceed to eleventh grade. Lastly, students have to pass the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) exam at grade twelve to apply for university.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Bangladesh" title="Universities in Bangladesh">Universities in Bangladesh</a> are of three general types: public (government-owned and subsidised), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded by international organisations). The country has 47 public,<a href="#cite_note-ugc-universities.gov.bd-249">[247]</a> 105 private<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> and two international <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">universities</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh National University">Bangladesh National University</a> has the largest enrolment, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> (established in 1921) is the oldest. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology">Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)</a> is a premiere university for engineering education. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chittagong" title="University of Chittagong">University of Chittagong</a>, established in 1966, has the largest campus.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_College" title="Dhaka College">Dhaka College</a>, established in 1841, is the oldest educational institution for higher education in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Medical education is provided by 29 government and private <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of medical colleges in Bangladesh">medical colleges</a>. All medical colleges are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>. Bangladesh was ranked 106th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png/220px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png/330px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png/440px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bangladesh.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Bangladesh, displaying significant strides since independence<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></figcaption></figure> Bangladesh, by the constitution, guarantees healthcare services as a fundamental right to all of its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a> is the largest institutional healthcare provider in Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-overview-260">[258]</a> and contains two divisions: <a href="/wiki/Health_Service_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Service Division">Health Service Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_Education_And_Family_Welfare_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Education And Family Welfare Division">Medical Education And Family Welfare Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> However, healthcare facilities in Bangladesh are considered less than adequate, although they have improved as the economy has grown and poverty levels have decreased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-overview-260">[258]</a> Bangladesh faces a severe health workforce crisis, as formally trained providers make up a small percentage of the total health workforce.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Significant deficiencies in the treatment practices of village doctors persist, with widespread harmful and inappropriate drug prescribing.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Bangladesh's poor healthcare system suffers from severe underfunding from the government.<a href="#cite_note-overview-260">[258]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, some 2.48% of total GDP was attributed to healthcare,<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> and domestic general government spending on healthcare was 18.63% of the total budget,<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> while out-of-pocket expenditures made up the vast majority of the total budget, totalling 72.68%.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Domestic private health expenditure was about 75% of the total healthcare expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are only 5.3 doctors per 10,000 people, and about six physicians<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> and three nurses per 10,000 people, while the number of hospital beds is 8 per 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The overall life expectancy in Bangladesh at birth was 73 years (71 years for males and 75 years for females) as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> and it has a comparably high <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate (24 per 1,000 live births) and <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> rate (29 per 1,000 live births).<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a> remains high, clocking at 173 per 100,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Bangladesh is a key source market for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> for various countries, mainly <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_India" title="Medical tourism in India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> due to its citizens dissatisfaction and distrust over their own healthcare system.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> The main causes of death are <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and chronic <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a>; comprising 62% and 60% of all adult male and female deaths, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a> is a major and persistent problem in Bangladesh, mainly affecting the rural regions, more than half of the population suffers from it. Severe acute malnutrition affects 450,000 children, while nearly 2 million children have moderate acute malnutrition. For children under the age of five, 52% are affected by <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>, 41% are <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunted</a>, 16% are <a href="/wiki/Wasting" title="Wasting">wasted</a>, and 36% are <a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">underweight</a>. A quarter of women are underweight and around 15% have short stature, while over half also suffer from anaemia.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture of Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg/220px-Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg/330px-Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg/440px-Mosque_in_the_15th_century_Bengal_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in the 15th century in a <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengali style</a></figcaption></figure> The architectural traditions of Bangladesh have a 2,500-year-old heritage.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Terracotta architecture is a distinct feature of Bengal. Pre-Islamic Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle in the Pala Empire when the Pala School of Sculptural Art established grand structures such as the Somapura Mahavihara. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> began developing under the Bengal Sultanate, when local terracotta styles influenced medieval mosque construction. The <a href="/wiki/Sixty_Dome_Mosque" title="Sixty Dome Mosque">Sixty Dome Mosque</a> was the largest medieval mosque built in Bangladesh and is a fine example of Turkic-Bengali architecture.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal style</a> replaced indigenous architecture when Bengal became a province of the Mughal Empire and influenced urban housing development. The <a href="/wiki/Kantajew_Temple" title="Kantajew Temple">Kantajew Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhakeshwari_Temple" title="Dhakeshwari Temple">Dhakeshwari Temple</a> are excellent examples of late medieval <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture</a>, based on Indo-Islamic styles, flourished during the British period. The zamindar gentry in Bangladesh built numerous Indo-Saracenic palaces and country mansions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajhat_Palace" title="Tajhat Palace">Tajhat Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Gonobhaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Gonobhaban">Dighapatia Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puthia_Rajbari" title="Puthia Rajbari">Puthia Rajbari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natore_Rajbari" title="Natore Rajbari">Natore Rajbari</a>. Bengali <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> is noted for pioneering the <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a>. Bangladeshi villages consist of <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatched</a> roofed houses made of natural materials like <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, wood, and bamboo. In modern times, village bungalows are increasingly made of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Muzharul_Islam" title="Muzharul Islam">Muzharul Islam</a> was the pioneer of Bangladeshi modern architecture. His varied works set the course of modern architectural practice in the country. Islam brought leading global architects, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Tigerman" title="Stanley Tigerman">Stanley Tigerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)" title="Paul Rudolph (architect)">Paul Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boughey" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Boughey">Robert Boughey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a>, to work in erstwhile East Pakistan. Louis Kahn was chosen to design the National Parliament Complex in <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_Nagar" title="Sher-e-Bangla Nagar">Sher-e-Bangla Nagar</a>. Kahn's monumental designs, combining regional red brick aesthetics, his concrete and marble <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">brutalism</a> and the use of lakes to represent Bengali geography, are regarded as one of the masterpieces of the 20th century. In recent times, architects like <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Azam" title="Rafiq Azam">Rafiq Azam</a> have set the course of contemporary architecture by adopting influences from the works of Islam and Kahn.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts_and_crafts">Visual arts and crafts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantha_(Quilt)_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg/220px-Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg/330px-Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg/440px-Kantha_%28Quilt%29_LACMA_AC1994.131.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Embroidery on <a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a> (embroidered <a href="/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt">quilt</a>), a centuries-old Bengali art tradition</figcaption></figure> The recorded history of art in Bangladesh can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> sculptures were made in the region. In classical antiquity, notable sculptural Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist art developed in the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty. Islamic art has evolved since the 14th century. The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>'s most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a> <a href="/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)" title="Motif (textile arts)">motifs</a> on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a>. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art (<a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">paisley</a>). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> were also widely used in Mughal art. <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_Bangladesh" title="Pottery of Bangladesh">Pottery</a> is thoroughly used in Bengali culture. The <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> movement in Bangladesh took shape during the 1950s, particularly with the pioneering works of <a href="/wiki/Zainul_Abedin" title="Zainul Abedin">Zainul Abedin</a>. East Bengal developed its own modernist painting and sculpture traditions, which were distinct from the art movements in West Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_Dhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Institute Dhaka">Art Institute Dhaka</a> has been a significant centre for visual art in the region. Its annual <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra" title="Mangal Shobhajatra">Bengali New Year parade</a> was enlisted as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2016. Modern Bangladesh has produced many of South Asia's leading painters, including <a href="/wiki/SM_Sultan" title="SM Sultan">SM Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kibria" title="Mohammad Kibria">Mohammad Kibria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Ahmed_(artist)" title="Shahabuddin Ahmed (artist)">Shahabuddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanak_Chanpa_Chakma" title="Kanak Chanpa Chakma">Kanak Chanpa Chakma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafil_Ahmed" title="Kafil Ahmed">Kafil Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Ahmed" title="Saifuddin Ahmed">Saifuddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qayyum_Chowdhury" title="Qayyum Chowdhury">Qayyum Chowdhury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Choudhury" title="Rashid Choudhury">Rashid Choudhury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quamrul_Hassan" title="Quamrul Hassan">Quamrul Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafiqun_Nabi" title="Rafiqun Nabi">Rafiqun Nabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Jahangir" title="Syed Jahangir">Syed Jahangir</a>, among others. <a href="/wiki/Novera_Ahmed" title="Novera Ahmed">Novera Ahmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitun_Kundu" title="Nitun Kundu">Nitun Kundu</a> were the country's pioneers of modernist sculpture. In recent times, photography as a medium of art has become popular. Biennial <a href="/wiki/Chobi_Mela" class="mw-redirect" title="Chobi Mela">Chobi Mela</a> is considered the largest photography festival in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_libraries">Museums and libraries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums in Bangladesh">Museums in Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Bangladesh" title="List of libraries in Bangladesh">List of libraries in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg/220px-Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg/330px-Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg/440px-Varendra_Research_Museum_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Varendra_Research_Museum" title="Varendra Research Museum">Varendra Research Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, maintained by Rajashi University<a href="#cite_note-Rudro_2022_f820-283">[281]</a></figcaption></figure> Established in 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Varendra_Research_Museum" title="Varendra Research Museum">Varendra Research Museum</a> is the oldest museum in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-Rudro_2022_f820-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Financial_Express_2024_n822-284">[282]</a> It houses important collections from both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, including the sculptures of the Pala-Sena School of Art and the Indus Valley civilisation, and Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian manuscripts and inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-Sun_2024_j674-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-wub.edu.bd_n079-286">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a>, the former residence of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Dhaka" title="Nawab of Dhaka">Nawab of Dhaka</a>, is a national museum housing collections from the British Raj.<a href="#cite_note-wub.edu.bd_n079-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morshed_2018_t186-287">[285]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_National_Museum_southern_side_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Museum" title="Bangladesh National Museum">Bangladesh National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tajhat_Palace" title="Tajhat Palace">Tajhat Palace</a> Museum preserves artifacts of the rich cultural heritage of North Bengal, including Hindu-Buddhist sculptures and Islamic manuscripts. The <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Museum" title="Mymensingh Museum">Mymensingh Museum</a> houses the personal antique collections of Bengali aristocrats in central Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnological Museum of Chittagong">Ethnological Museum of Chittagong</a> showcases the lifestyle of various tribes in Bangladesh. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Museum" title="Bangladesh National Museum">Bangladesh National Museum</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Shahbag" title="Shahbag">Shahbagh</a>, Dhaka, and has a rich collection of antiquities. The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_War_Museum" title="Liberation War Museum">Liberation War Museum</a> documents the Bangladeshi struggle for independence and the 1971 genocide.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Hussain Shahi dynasty established royal libraries during the Bengal Sultanate. Libraries were established in each district of Bengal by the <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a> gentry during the Bengal Renaissance in the 19th century. The trend of establishing libraries continued until the beginning of World War II. In 1854, four major public libraries were opened, including the Bogra Woodburn Library, the Rangpur Public Library, the Jessore Institute Public Library, and the Barisal Public Library. The <a href="/wiki/Northbrook_Hall" title="Northbrook Hall">Northbrook Hall Public Library</a> was established in Dhaka in 1882 in honour of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Northbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Northbrook">Lord Northbrook</a>, the Governor-General. Other libraries inaugurated in the British period included the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Public_Library" title="Rajshahi Public Library">Rajshahi Public Library</a> (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Shah Makhdum Institute Public Library, Rajshahi (1891), the Noakhali Town Hall Public Library (1896), the Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), the Chittagong Municipality Public Library (1904) and the Varendra Research Library (1910). The Great Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Public_Library_(Dhaka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Public Library (Dhaka)">Central Public Library of Dhaka</a> was established in 1959. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bangladesh" title="National Library of Bangladesh">National Library of Bangladesh</a> was established in 1972. The <a href="/wiki/Bishwo_Shahitto_Kendro" title="Bishwo Shahitto Kendro">World Literature Centre</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award" title="Ramon Magsaysay Award">Ramon Magsaysay Award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abu_Sayeed" title="Abdullah Abu Sayeed">Abdullah Abu Sayeed</a>, is noted for operating numerous <a href="/wiki/Mobile_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile library">mobile libraries</a> across Bangladesh and was awarded the UNESCO Jon, Amos Comenius Medal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi literature">Bangladeshi literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syed_Mujtaba_Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali.jpg/220px-Syed_Mujtaba_Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali" title="Syed Mujtaba Ali">Syed Mujtaba Ali</a></figcaption></figure> Bengali literature is a millennium-old tradition; the <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapadas</a> are the earliest examples of Bengali poetry. Sufi spiritualism inspired many Bengali Muslim writers. During the Bengal Sultanate, medieval Bengali writers were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian works</a>. Sultans of Bengal patronized Bengali literature. Examples include the writings of <a href="/wiki/Maladhar_Basu" title="Maladhar Basu">Maladhar Basu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipradas_Pipilai" title="Bipradas Pipilai">Bipradas Pipilai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Gupta_(poet)" title="Vijay Gupta (poet)">Vijay Gupta</a>, and Yasoraj Khan. The <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a> are notable lyric poets from the early Medieval Age. <a href="/wiki/Alaol" title="Alaol">Syed Alaol</a> was the bard of Middle Bengali literature. The Bengal Renaissance shaped modern Bengali literature, including novels, short stories, and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">science fiction</a>. Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European laureate of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> and is described as the Bengali Shakespeare.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> was a revolutionary poet who espoused political rebellion against colonialism and fascism. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> is regarded as the pioneer feminist writer of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-Rubaiyat-290">[288]</a> Other renaissance icons included Michael Madhusudan Dutt and <a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>. The writer <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mujtaba_Ali" title="Syed Mujtaba Ali">Syed Mujtaba Ali</a> is noted for his cosmopolitan Bengali worldview.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jasimuddin" title="Jasimuddin">Jasimuddin</a> was a renowned pastoral poet. <a href="/wiki/Shamsur_Rahman_(poet)" title="Shamsur Rahman (poet)">Shamsur Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahmud" title="Al Mahmud">Al Mahmud</a> are considered two of the greatest Bengali poets to have emerged in the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Ahmad" title="Farrukh Ahmad">Farrukh Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufia_Kamal" title="Sufia Kamal">Sufia Kamal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Ahsan" title="Syed Ali Ahsan">Syed Ali Ahsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Habib_(poet)" title="Ahsan Habib (poet)">Ahsan Habib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hussain" title="Abul Hussain">Abul Hussain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Qadri" title="Shahid Qadri">Shahid Qadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Shahabuddin" title="Fazal Shahabuddin">Fazal Shahabuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zafar_Obaidullah" title="Abu Zafar Obaidullah">Abu Zafar Obaidullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_(poet)" title="Omar Ali (poet)">Omar Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Mujahidi" title="Al Mujahidi">Al Mujahidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Shamsul_Huq" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Shamsul Huq">Syed Shamsul Huq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirmalendu_Goon" title="Nirmalendu Goon">Nirmalendu Goon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abid_Azad" title="Abid Azad">Abid Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Hafizur_Rahman" title="Hasan Hafizur Rahman">Hasan Hafizur Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hye_Sikder" title="Abdul Hye Sikder">Abdul Hye Sikder</a> are important figures of modern Bangladeshi poetry. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sofa" title="Ahmed Sofa">Ahmed Sofa</a> is regarded as the most important Bangladeshi intellectual in the post-independence era. <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a> was a popular writer of modern Bangladeshi <a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a> and science fiction. Notable writers of Bangladeshi fictions include Mir Mosharraf Hossain, <a href="/wiki/Akhteruzzaman_Elias" title="Akhteruzzaman Elias">Akhteruzzaman Elias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Al_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Al Azad">Alauddin Al Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahidul_Zahir" title="Shahidul Zahir">Shahidul Zahir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Karim" title="Rashid Karim">Rashid Karim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmudul_Haque" title="Mahmudul Haque">Mahmudul Haque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Waliullah" title="Syed Waliullah">Syed Waliullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahidullah_Kaiser" title="Shahidullah Kaiser">Shahidullah Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawkat_Osman" title="Shawkat Osman">Shawkat Osman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selina_Hossain" title="Selina Hossain">Selina Hossain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahed_Ali" title="Shahed Ali">Shahed Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Razia_Khan" title="Razia Khan">Razia Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anisul_Hoque" title="Anisul Hoque">Anisul Hoque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Mannan_Syed" title="Abdul Mannan Syed">Abdul Mannan Syed</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay_Festival_Dhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay Festival Dhaka">Dhaka Literature Festival</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a>, are among the enormous literary festivals in South Asia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Bangladesh" title="Gender inequality in Bangladesh">Gender inequality in Bangladesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Bangladesh">Child marriage in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Begum_Rokeya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Begum_Rokeya.jpg/199px-Begum_Rokeya.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Begum_Rokeya.jpg/299px-Begum_Rokeya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Begum_Rokeya.jpg/398px-Begum_Rokeya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hossain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain">Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain</a></figcaption></figure> Although as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, several women occupied a key political office in Bangladesh, its women continue to live under a patriarchal social regime where violence is common.<a href="#cite_note-whispers-292">[290]</a> Whereas in India and Pakistan, women participate less in the workforce as their education increases, the reverse is the case in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-whispers-292">[290]</a> Bengal has a long history of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism">feminist activism</a> dating back to the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Faizunnesa" title="Nawab Faizunnesa">Faizunnessa Chowdhurani</a> played an important role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>, before the country's division, as well as promoting girls' education. Several women were elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the British Raj. The first women's magazine, <a href="/wiki/Begum_(magazine)" title="Begum (magazine)">Begum</a>, was published in 1948. In 2008, Bangladeshi female workforce participation stood at 26%.<a href="#cite_note-whispers-292">[290]</a> According to a report published by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in March 2023, the female labour force participation rate has reached to 42.68%.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> in 2022 Women dominate <a href="/wiki/Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">blue collar</a> jobs in the Bangladeshi garment industry. Agriculture, social services, healthcare, and education are chosen occupations for Bangladeshi women, while their employment in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> positions has steadily increased. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ektara_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ektara_player.jpg/220px-Ektara_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ektara_player.jpg/330px-Ektara_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ektara_player.jpg/440px-Ektara_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a> playing the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lalon_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalon Shah">Lalon Shah</a>'s shrine in <a href="/wiki/Kushtia" title="Kushtia">Kushtia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre in Bangladesh</a> includes various forms with a history dating back to the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed,_Syed_Jamil_2000_p._396-294">[292]</a> It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performances with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and processional forms.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed,_Syed_Jamil_2000_p._396-294">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a> is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre. The dance traditions of Bangladesh include indigenous tribal and Bengali dance forms, as well as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian dance">classical Indian dances</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dances</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">music of Bangladesh</a> features the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> tradition, listed by UNESCO as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Fakir Lalon Shah</a> popularised Baul music in the country in the 18th century and it has since been one of the most popular music genres in the country since then. Most modern <a href="/wiki/Bauls" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauls">Bauls</a> are devoted to Lalon Shah.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Numerous lyric-based musical traditions, varying from one region to the next, exist, including <a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a>. Folk music is accompanied by a one-stringed instrument known as the <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">ektara</a>. Other instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">dotara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a>, flute, and <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>. Bengali classical music includes <a href="/wiki/Tagore_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagore songs">Tagore songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazrul_geeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazrul geeti">Nazrul Sangeet</a>. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, which uses instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, tabla, <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Yasmin" title="Sabina Yasmin">Sabina Yasmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runa_Laila" title="Runa Laila">Runa Laila</a> were considered the leading playback singers in the 1990s, while musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Bachchu" title="Ayub Bachchu">Ayub Bachchu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_(musician)" title="James (musician)">James</a> are credited with popularising rock music in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_cinema">Media and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bangladesh">Media of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_(1967).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg/220px-Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg/330px-Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg/440px-Anwar_Hossain_in_the_film_%22Nawab_Sirajuddoulah%22_%281967%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Hossain_(actor)" title="Anwar Hossain (actor)">Anwar Hossain</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daulah" title="Siraj-ud-Daulah">Siraj-ud-Daulah</a>, the last independent <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a>, in the 1967 film <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Sirajuddaula_(film)" title="Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)">Nawab Sirajuddaulah</a></figcaption></figure> The Bangladeshi press is diverse and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Betar" title="Bangladesh Betar">Bangladesh Betar</a> is a state-run radio service.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> operates the popular <a href="/wiki/BBC_Bangla" title="BBC Bangla">BBC Bangla</a> news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> are also very popular. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Television" title="Bangladesh Television">Bangladesh Television</a> (BTV) is the state-owned television network, operating two main television stations broadcast from <a href="/wiki/BTV_Dhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="BTV Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/BTV_Chittagong" title="BTV Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, alongside a satellite service known as <a href="/wiki/BTV_World" title="BTV World">BTV World</a>. Around forty privately owned television networks, including several <a href="/wiki/News_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="News channel">news channels</a>, are also broadcast in the country.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the media">Freedom of the media</a> remains a major concern due to government attempts at censorship and the harassment of journalists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">cinema of Bangladesh</a> dates back to 1898 when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Nawab_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Nawab Family">Dhaka Nawab Family</a> patronised the production of several <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled Last Kiss. The first feature film in East Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Mukh_O_Mukhosh" title="Mukh O Mukhosh">Mukh O Mukhosh</a>, was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dhaka. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success, the country has produced notable independent filmmakers. <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Raihan" title="Zahir Raihan">Zahir Raihan</a> was a prominent documentary maker assassinated in 1971. <a href="/wiki/Tareque_Masud" title="Tareque Masud">Tareque Masud</a> is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Masud was honoured by <a href="/wiki/FIPRESCI" class="mw-redirect" title="FIPRESCI">FIPRESCI</a> at the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> for his film <a href="/wiki/Matir_Moina" title="Matir Moina">The Clay Bird</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tanvir_Mokammel" title="Tanvir Mokammel">Tanvir Mokammel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostofa_Sarwar_Farooki" title="Mostofa Sarwar Farooki">Mostofa Sarwar Farooki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Kabir_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamgir Kabir (filmmaker)">Alamgir Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chashi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Chashi Nazrul Islam">Chashi Nazrul Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sohanur_Rahman_Sohan" title="Sohanur Rahman Sohan">Sohanur Rahman Sohan</a>, who was best known in <a href="/wiki/Dhallywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhallywood">Dhallywood</a> for directing romantic films.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> His film <a href="/wiki/Ananta_Bhalobasha" title="Ananta Bhalobasha">Ananta Bhalobasha</a> released in 1999 marked a turning point in Bangladeshi cinema by introducing <a href="/wiki/Shakib_Khan" title="Shakib Khan">Shakib Khan</a>, who is now one of the biggest superstars in the industry,<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> are some of the prominent directors of Bangladeshi cinema. Bangladesh has a very active film society culture. It started in 1963 in Dhaka. Now around 40 Film Societies are active all over Bangladesh. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Film_Societies_of_Bangladesh" title="Federation of Film Societies of Bangladesh">Federation of Film Societies of Bangladesh</a> is the parent organisation of the film society movement of Bangladesh. Active film societies include the Rainbow Film Society, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Film_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Film Society">Children's Film Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moviyana_Film_Society" title="Moviyana Film Society">Moviyana Film Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University_Film_Society" title="Dhaka University Film Society">Dhaka University Film Society</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_Bangladesh" title="Textile arts of Bangladesh">Textile arts of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg/170px-Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg/255px-Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg/340px-Fashion_Exhibition_of_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A ramp walk by a model during a fashion show in Bangladesh in 2012</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nakshi_Kantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakshi Kantha">Nakshi Kantha</a> is a centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> tradition for <a href="/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt">quilts</a>, said to be indigenous to eastern Bengal (Bangladesh). The sari is the national dress for Bangladeshi women. Mughal Dhaka was renowned for producing the finest <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> saris, as well as the famed <a href="/wiki/Dhakai" title="Dhakai">Dhakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a>, the weaving of which is listed by UNESCO as one of the masterpieces of humanity's intangible cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> Bangladesh also produces the <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_silk" title="Rajshahi silk">Rajshahi silk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">shalwar kameez</a> is also widely worn by Bangladeshi women. In urban areas, some women can be seen in Western clothing. The <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">sherwani</a> are the national dress of Bangladeshi men; the <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> are worn in informal settings. Aside from ethnic wear, domestically <a href="/wiki/Tailored" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailored">tailored</a> <a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">suits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neckties" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckties">neckties</a> are customarily worn by the country's men in offices, in schools, and at social events. The handloom industry supplies 60–65% of the country's clothing demand.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> The Bengali ethnic <a href="/wiki/Fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion industry">fashion industry</a> has flourished. The retailer <a href="/wiki/Aarong" title="Aarong">Aarong</a> is one of South Asia's most successful ethnic wear brands. The development of the Bangladesh textile industry, which supplies leading international brands, has promoted the local production and retail of modern Western attire. The country now has several expanding local brands like Westecs and Yellow. Bangladesh is the world's second-largest garment exporter. Among Bangladesh's fashion designers, <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Russell" title="Bibi Russell">Bibi Russell</a> has received international acclaim for her "Fashion for Development" shows.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panta_Ilish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Panta_Ilish.jpg/220px-Panta_Ilish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Panta_Ilish.jpg/330px-Panta_Ilish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Panta_Ilish.jpg/440px-Panta_Ilish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panta_bhat" title="Panta bhat">Panta bhat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Hilsa fish</a>, a popular dish consumed on <a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a> (Bengali New Year)</figcaption></figure> Bangladeshi cuisine, formed by its geographic location and climate, is rich and diverse; sharing its culinary heritage with the neighbouring Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-309">[307]</a>: 14  The staple dish is <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a>, which along with fish, forms the culinary base. Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a>, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a>) also play an important role. <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curries</a> of beef, <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, chicken and duck are commonly consumed,<a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a> along with multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Bhurta" title="Bhurta">bhortas</a> (mashed vegetables),<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> bhajis (<a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir fried</a> vegetables) and <a href="/wiki/Tarkari" title="Tarkari">tarkaris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curried</a> vegetables).<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-309">[307]</a>: 8  Mughal-influenced dishes include <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">kormas</a>, kalias, <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pulaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahri_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahri (dish)">teharis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khichuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Khichuri">khichuris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chitoi_Pitha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chitoi_Pitha.jpg/220px-Chitoi_Pitha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chitoi_Pitha.jpg/330px-Chitoi_Pitha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chitoi_Pitha.jpg/440px-Chitoi_Pitha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6626" data-file-height="4417" /></a><figcaption>Egg Chitoi Pitha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg/220px-Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg/330px-Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg/440px-Bangladeshi_Cuisine_Puri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6384" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Puri</figcaption></figure> Among the various used spices, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">fenugreek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigella" title="Nigella">nigella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili powder</a> are widely used; a famous spice mix is the <a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">panch phoron</a>. Condiments and herbs used include <a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">red onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">green chillies</a>, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilantro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilantro">cilantro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-309">[307]</a>: 12  <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustard seeds">mustard seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">mustard oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_pickle" title="South Asian pickle">achars</a><a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a> are also widely used in the cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-309">[307]</a>: 13–14  Fish is the main source of protein, owing to the country's riverine geography, and it is often enjoyed with its <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilsa">hilsa</a> is the national fish and is immensely popular; a famous dish is <a href="/wiki/Shorshe_ilish" title="Shorshe ilish">shorshe ilish</a>. Other highly consumed fishes include <a href="/wiki/Rohu" title="Rohu">rohu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasius_pangasius" title="Pangasius pangasius">pangas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">dried fish</a> (shutki) also play an important role, with the <a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">chingri malai curry</a> being a famous shrimp dish.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-309">[307]</a>: 8  In Chittagong, famous dishes include <a href="/wiki/Kala_bhuna" title="Kala bhuna">kala bhuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mezban" title="Mezban">mezban</a>, the latter being a traditionally popular feast, featuring the serving of mezbani gosht, a hot and spicy beef curry.<a href="#cite_note-cuisine-309">[307]</a>: 10 <a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardiancuisine-313">[311]</a> In Sylhet, the <a href="/wiki/Shatkora" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkora">shatkora</a> lemons are used to marinate dishes, a notable one is <a href="/wiki/Beef_Hatkhora" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef Hatkhora">beef hatkora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancuisine-313">[311]</a> Among the tribal communities in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a>, cooking with <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a> is popular.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> Khulna is renowned for using chui jhal (<a href="/wiki/Piper_chaba" title="Piper chaba">piper chaba</a>) in its meat-based dishes.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancuisine-313">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_%282%29.jpg/220px-Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_%282%29.jpg/330px-Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_%282%29.jpg/440px-Basmati_Kacchi_Biryani_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Kacchi Biryani, a popular dish originating in the capital Dhaka</figcaption></figure> Bangladesh has a vast spread of desserts, including distinctive <a href="/wiki/Sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweets">sweets</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">rôshogolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_malai" title="Ras malai">roshmalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">chomchom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">sondesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishti_doi" title="Mishti doi">mishti doi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">kalojaam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">jilapi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitha" title="Pitha">Pithas</a> are traditional boiled desserts made with rice or fruits.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwa">Halwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shemai" title="Shemai">shemai</a>, the latter being a variation of <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">vermicelli</a>; are popular desserts during religious festivities.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Ruti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratha" title="Paratha">paratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">luchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakarkhani" title="Bakarkhani">bakarkhani</a> are the main local breads.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a> Hot <a href="/wiki/Milk_tea" title="Milk tea">milk tea</a> is the most commonly consumed beverage in the country, being the centre of <a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">addas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borhani" title="Borhani">Borhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">mattha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">lassi</a> are popular traditionally consumed beverages.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebabs</a> are widely popular, particularly <a href="/wiki/Seekh_kebab" title="Seekh kebab">seekh kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapli_kebab" title="Chapli kebab">chapli kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shami_kebab" title="Shami kebab">shami kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka" title="Chicken tikka">chicken tikka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">shashlik</a>, along with various types of chaaps.<a href="#cite_note-shaheda-310">[308]</a> Popular street foods include <a href="/wiki/Chotpoti" title="Chotpoti">chotpoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhal_muri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhal muri">jhal muri</a>, shingara,<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">samosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panipuri" title="Panipuri">fuchka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays in Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Bangladesh" title="List of festivals in Bangladesh">List of festivals in Bangladesh</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a>, the Bengali new year, is the major festival of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Bengali culture</a> and sees widespread festivities. Of the major holidays celebrated in Bangladesh, only Pahela Baishakh comes without any pre-existing expectations (specific religious identity, a culture of gift-giving, etc.) and has become an occasion for celebrating the simpler, rural roots of Bengal. Other cultural festivals include <a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabonno</a> and Poush Parbon, Bengali harvest festivals.<a href="#cite_note-Discover_the_Vibrant_Festivals_in_Bangladesh-2023-325">[323]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela,_2019_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela%2C_2019_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela%2C_2019_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela%2C_2019_%2804%29.jpg/330px-Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela%2C_2019_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela%2C_2019_%2804%29.jpg/440px-Cumilla_Shilpo_Mela%2C_2019_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Comilla" title="Comilla">Comilla</a></figcaption></figure> The Muslim festivals of Eid al-Fitr, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chand_Raat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand Raat">Chand Raat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barat_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Barat Night">Shab-e-Barat</a>; the Hindu festivals of <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a>; the Buddhist festival of <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddha Purnima</a>, which marks the birth of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, and the Christian festival of Christmas are <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">national holidays</a> in Bangladesh and see the most widespread celebrations in the country. The two Eids are celebrated with a long streak of public holidays and allow celebrating the festivals with their families outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-Discover_the_Vibrant_Festivals_in_Bangladesh-2023-325">[323]</a> Alongside national days like the remembrance of 21 February 1952 <a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day</a> (declared as <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1999),<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-326">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Independence Day (Bangladesh)">Independence Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victory_day_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory day of Bangladesh">Victory Day</a>. On Language Movement Day, people congregate at the <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shaheed Minar</a> in Dhaka to remember the national heroes of the Bengali Language Movement. Similar gatherings are observed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a> on Independence Day and Victory Day on 26 March and 16 December respectively to remember the national heroes of the Bangladesh Liberation War.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Bangladesh">Sports in Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mashrafe_2016_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg/220px-Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg/330px-Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg/440px-Mashrafe_2016_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh cricket team">Bangladesh cricket team</a></figcaption></figure> In rural Bangladesh, several <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional games of Bangladesh">traditional indigenous sports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathi_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathi Khela">Lathi Khela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nouka_Baich" title="Nouka Baich">Nouka Baich</a> remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh national cricket team">national cricket team</a> participated in their first <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> in 1999 and the following year was granted <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-final of the <a href="/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2015 Cricket World Cup">2015 Cricket World Cup</a>, the semi-final of the <a href="/wiki/2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2017 ICC Champions Trophy">2017 ICC Champions Trophy</a> and they reached the final of the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cup" title="Asia Cup">Asia Cup</a> 3 times – in 2012, 2016, and 2018. <a href="/wiki/Shakib_Al_Hasan" title="Shakib Al Hasan">Shakib Al Hasan</a> is widely regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/All-rounder" title="All-rounder">All-rounders</a> in the history of Cricket and as one of the greatest Bangladeshi sportsman ever.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailycricket.com.bd-333">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> On 9 February 2020, the Bangladesh youth national cricket team won the men's <a href="/wiki/2020_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup">Under-19 Cricket World Cup</a>, held in South Africa. This was Bangladesh's first World Cup victory.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="Bangladesh women's national cricket team">Bangladesh women's national cricket team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Women%27s_Twenty20_Asia_Cup" title="2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup">2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup</a> defeating <a href="/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="India women's national cricket team">India women's national cricket team</a> in the final.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_National_Football_Team_in_Maldives_in_the_SAFF_Championship_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4149" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh national football team">Bangladesh football team</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is also a leading sport in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> Although football was seen as the most popular sport in the country before the 21st century, success in cricket has overshadowed its previous popularity. The first instance of a national football team was the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Shadhin_Bangla_Football_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhin Bangla Football Team">Shadhin Bangla Team</a>, which played friendly matches throughout India to raise international awareness about the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> On 25 July 1971, the team's captain, <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Pintoo" title="Zakaria Pintoo">Zakaria Pintoo</a>, became the first person to hoist the Bangladesh flag on foreign land before their match in <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia district</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> Following independence, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh national football team">national football team</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1980 AFC Asian Cup">1980</a>), becoming only the second South Asian team to do so.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> Bangladesh's most notable achievements in football include the <a href="/wiki/2003_South_Asian_Football_Federation_Gold_Cup" title="2003 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup">2003 SAFF Gold Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1999_South_Asian_Games" title="Football at the 1999 South Asian Games">1999 South Asian Games</a>. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Bangladesh women's national football team">Bangladesh women's national football team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2022_SAFF_Women%27s_Championship" title="2022 SAFF Women's Championship">2022 SAFF Women's Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won several gold medals winning all the 10 <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> events (both individual and team events) in the <a href="/wiki/2019_South_Asian_Games" title="2019 South Asian Games">2019 South Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Council" title="National Sports Council">National Sports Council</a> regulates 42 sporting federations.<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, <a href="/wiki/Niaz_Murshed" title="Niaz Murshed">Niaz Murshed</a> was the first grandmaster in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> In 2010, mountain climber <a href="/wiki/Musa_Ibrahim" title="Musa Ibrahim">Musa Ibrahim</a> became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dailystardetail-347">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wasfia_Nazreen" title="Wasfia Nazreen">Wasfia Nazreen</a> is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> Bangladesh hosts several international tournaments. <a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Cup" title="Bangabandhu Cup">Bangabandhu Cup</a> is an international football tournament hosted in the country. Bangladesh hosted the South Asian Games several times. Bangladesh co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Cricket World Cup 2011">ICC Cricket World Cup 2011</a> with India and Sri Lanka in 2011. Bangladesh solely hosted the <a href="/wiki/2014_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 ICC World Twenty20">2014 ICC World Twenty20</a> championship. Bangladesh hosted the Cricket Asia Cup in 2000, 2012, 2014 and 2016. Bangladesh has also hosted the <a href="/wiki/1985_Men%27s_Hockey_Asia_Cup" title="1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup">1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bangladesh-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Bangladesh-related articles">Index of Bangladesh-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbæŋɡləˈdɛʃ, ˌbɑːŋ-/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: বাংলাদেশ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Bāṅlādēś, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga\/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bn-\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga/Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Bn-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6.oga" title="File:Bn-বাংলাদেশ.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ɡɔnopɾodʒat̪ɔnt̪ɾi‿baŋlad̪eʃ]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/">"National Symbols → National march"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/">the original</a> on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Symbols+%E2%86%92+National+march&rft.pub=Bangla+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitbangladesh.gov.bd%2Fabout-bangladesh%2Fnational-symbol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd-2"><a href="#cite_ref-bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html">"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law,_Justice_and_Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs">Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Law%2C+Justice+and+Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fact-details-367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html"><bdi lang="bn">বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭</bdi></a> [Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law,_Justice_and_Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs">Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107175804/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%2C+%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd%2Fact-705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol10/02/05.pdf">Historical Evolution of English in Bangladesh</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nurul_Islam" title="Mohammad Nurul Islam">Mohammad Nurul Islam</a>. 1 March 2019. pp. 9–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205130347/http://www.academypublication.com/issues2/jltr/vol10/02/05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Evolution+of+English+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=Mohammad+Nurul+Islam&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academypublication.com%2Fissues2%2Fjltr%2Fvol10%2F02%2F05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf">"Ethnic population in 2022 census"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+population+in+2022+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fsid.portal.gov.bd%2Fpublications%2F01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3%2FPHC_Preliminary_Report_%28English%29_August_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Census-data-confirm-decline-of-Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-religious-minorities-56363.html">"Census data confirm decline of Bangladesh's religious minorities"</a>. Asia News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207012047/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Census-data-confirm-decline-of-Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-religious-minorities-56363.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+News&rft.atitle=Census+data+confirm+decline+of+Bangladesh%27s+religious+minorities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FCensus-data-confirm-decline-of-Bangladesh%25E2%2580%2599s-religious-minorities-56363.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( ACT NO. OF 1972 ). (n.d.). In Bangladesh. Retrieved 13 June 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html">http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117214755/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html">Archived</a> 17 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/hindu-population-bangladesh-decreases-further-466170">"Population of minority religions decrease further in Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Business_Standard" title="The Business Standard">The Business Standard</a>. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505210353/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/hindu-population-bangladesh-decreases-further-466170">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Population+of+minority+religions+decrease+further+in+Bangladesh&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fbangladesh%2Fhindu-population-bangladesh-decreases-further-466170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdarea-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bdarea_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdarea_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdarea_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdarea_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh">"Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2021.zip">(Archived 2021 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-populationcensus2022-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-populationcensus2022_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-populationcensus2022_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics">Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics</a>. 18 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530205648/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2022%3A+Post+Enumeration+Check+%28PEC%29+Adjusted+Population&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fbbs.portal.gov.bd%2Fpage%2Fb343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0%2F2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages">"Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>. 28 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021005/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Report%3A+68%25+Bangladeshis+live+in+villages&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F332419%2Freport-68%2525-bangladeshis-live-in-villages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD">"Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023"</a>. International Monetary Fund – IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204110102/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations=BD&most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+April+2023&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+%E2%80%93+IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FBGD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD">"Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023"</a>. International Monetary Fund – IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204111604/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2022&locations=BD&most_recent_value_desc=false&start=1990&view=chart">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+April+2023&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+%E2%80%93+IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FBGD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD">"Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204120113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=BD&most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+April+2023&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FBGD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD">"Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204161657/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=BD&most_recent_value_desc=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+April+2023&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FBGD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83/2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf">"KEY FINDINGS HIES 2022"</a> (PDF) (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics">Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics</a>. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530091430/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83/2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KEY+FINDINGS+HIES+2022&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbs.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fbbs.portal.gov.bd%2Fpage%2F57def76a_aa3c_46e3_9f80_53732eb94a83%2F2023-04-13-09-35-ee41d2a35dcc47a94a595c88328458f4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNations2024" class="citation web cs1">Nations, United (13 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24">"Human Development Report 2023-24"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318221638/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024 – via hdr.undp.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023-24&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fhuman-development-report-2023-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/">"List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world"</a>. worldstandards.eu. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldstandards.eu&rft.atitle=List+of+all+left-+%26+right-driving+countries+around+the+world&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstandards.eu%2Fcars%2Flist-of-left-driving-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EyetsemitanGire2003-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EyetsemitanGire2003_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EyetsemitanGire2003_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_E._EyetsemitanJames_T._Gire2003" class="citation book cs1">Frank E. Eyetsemitan; James T. Gire (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxZf3Jai1rAC&pg=PA91">Aging and Adult Development in the Developing World: Applying Western Theories and Concepts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-925-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-925-3"><bdi>978-0-89789-925-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065138/https://books.google.com/books?id=xxZf3Jai1rAC&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aging+and+Adult+Development+in+the+Developing+World%3A+Applying+Western+Theories+and+Concepts&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-925-3&rft.au=Frank+E.+Eyetsemitan&rft.au=James+T.+Gire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxZf3Jai1rAC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muslim_League">"Muslim League"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320205000/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muslim_League">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FMuslim_League&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42999503">"Bangladesh grows tired of the Battling Begums"</a>. 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+grows+tired+of+the+Battling+Begums&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42999503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1424946/amp">"PM Hasina on top in battle of the Bangladesh Begums"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+Hasina+on+top+in+battle+of+the+Bangladesh+Begums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1424946%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/12/07/the-battle-between-bangladeshs-two-begums-is-over">"The battle between Bangladesh's two begums is over"</a>. The Economist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+battle+between+Bangladesh%27s+two+begums+is+over&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2017%2F12%2F07%2Fthe-battle-between-bangladeshs-two-begums-is-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power">"A rising Bangladesh starts to exert its regional power"</a>. The Interpreter. Lowyinstitute.org. 21 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093408/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Interpreter&rft.atitle=A+rising+Bangladesh+starts+to+exert+its+regional+power&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Frising-bangladesh-starts-exert-its-regional-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf">"Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type"</a> (PDF). United Nations. 4 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512143419/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contribution+of+Uniformed+Personnel+to+UN+by+Country+and+Personnel+Type&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacekeeping.un.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyDeshwara2022" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Pinaki; Deshwara, Mintu (9 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941">"Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110404/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Ethnic+population+in+2022+census%3A+Real+picture+not+reflected&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Pinaki&rft.au=Deshwara%2C+Mintu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews%2Fbangladesh%2Fnews%2Fethnic-population-2022-census-real-picture-not-reflected-3090941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud" class="citation web cs1">Mahmud, Faisal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/25/rohingya-exodus-hopes-are-getting-thin-for-repatriation">"Four years on, Rohingya stuck in Bangladesh camps yearn for home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605193447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/25/rohingya-exodus-hopes-are-getting-thin-for-repatriation">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Four+years+on%2C+Rohingya+stuck+in+Bangladesh+camps+yearn+for+home&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F25%2Frohingya-exodus-hopes-are-getting-thin-for-repatriation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011316/http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html">"Notation of song aaji bangladesher hridoy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notation+of+song+aaji+bangladesher+hridoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geetabitan.com%2Flyrics%2FA%2Faaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29">"Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202"</a>. Bangladesh: A country study. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. September 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207010051/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bd0014%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014. <q>Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+country+study&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%3A+early+history%2C+1000+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+1202&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2Bbd0014%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga">"Vanga | ancient kingdom, India"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062030/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Vanga+%26%23124%3B+ancient+kingdom%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVanga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). India: A History. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-1999-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen-1999_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen-1999_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [First published 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age International (page does not exist)">New Age International</a>. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111745/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2004-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2004_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2004_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23">Bangladesh: Past and Present</a>. APH Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-469-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-469-5&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzfqq7ruqWgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> "But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Banglapedia: Islam, Bengal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Archived</a> 23 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Sircar, D.C.</a> (1971) [First published 1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC">Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</a> (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0690-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161603/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Geography+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0690-0&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqKw1Mn8WcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Land of Two Rivers, <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-riaj-39"><a href="#cite_ref-riaj_39-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11">RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11">Archived</a> 15 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a>, The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1902. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2007" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P.J. (27 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/2601/chapter/142976769">fulltextThe Making and Unmaking of Empires</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199226665.003.0009">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226665.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922666-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922666-5"><bdi>978-0-19-922666-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=fulltextThe+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Empires&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199226665.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922666-5&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F2601%2Fchapter%2F142976769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/presidencies-in-British-India-Bombay-Madras-and-Bengal">"Presidencies in British India | Setup, Major Locations, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidencies+in+British+India+%26%23124%3B+Setup%2C+Major+Locations%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpresidencies-in-British-India-Bombay-Madras-and-Bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilam2009" class="citation book cs1">Milam, William B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrF2fUx6te0C">Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70066-5"><bdi>978-0-231-70066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+and+Pakistan%3A+Flirting+with+Failure+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70066-5&rft.aulast=Milam&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrF2fUx6te0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilam2009" class="citation book cs1">Milam, William B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrF2fUx6te0C">Bangladesh and Pakistan: Flirting with Failure in South Asia</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70066-5"><bdi>978-0-231-70066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+and+Pakistan%3A+Flirting+with+Failure+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70066-5&rft.aulast=Milam&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrF2fUx6te0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12651483">"Bangladesh profile - Timeline"</a>. BBC News. 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+profile+-+Timeline&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12651483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/bangladeshs-remarkable-development-journey-government-had-an-important-role-too/">"Bangladesh's remarkable development journey: Government had an important role too"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%27s+remarkable+development+journey%3A+Government+had+an+important+role+too&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fbangladeshs-remarkable-development-journey-government-had-an-important-role-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1991" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Shah (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43110030">"The State-Religion Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Critique"</a>. Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 24 (2): 209–225. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43110030">43110030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verfassung+und+Recht+in+%C3%9Cbersee+%2F+Law+and+Politics+in+Africa%2C+Asia+and+Latin+America&rft.atitle=The+State-Religion+Amendment+to+the+Constitution+of+Bangladesh%3A+A+Critique&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-225&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43110030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43110030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12651483">"Bangladesh profile - Timeline"</a>. BBC News. 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+profile+-+Timeline&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12651483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Daily_Star-2021-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Star-2021_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Star-2021_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pre-pandemic-level-poverty-set-drop-further-2193171">"Pre-Pandemic Level: Poverty set to drop further"</a>. The Daily Star. 8 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203050519/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pre-pandemic-level-poverty-set-drop-further-2193171">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Pre-Pandemic+Level%3A+Poverty+set+to+drop+further&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews%2Fbangladesh%2Fnews%2Fpre-pandemic-level-poverty-set-drop-further-2193171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/">"What milestones have Bangladesh crossed in 50 years"</a>. 26 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006211719/https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+milestones+have+Bangladesh+crossed+in+50+years&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcri.org.bd%2F2021%2F03%2F26%2Fwhat-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity">"Bangladesh: Reducing Poverty and Sharing Prosperity"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103122155/https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. 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Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+ranked+41st+largest+economy+in+2019+all+over+the+world&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbangladesh%2Fbangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll.in-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scroll.in_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeed_Iftekhar_Ahmed2022" class="citation news cs1">Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed (18 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/1019006/where-do-bangladesh-and-pakistan-stand-after-50-years-of-separation#:~:text=Bangladesh%20outpaces%20Pakistan%20across%20all,the%20world's%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20economies">"Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation?"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%27s+prime+minister+flees+country+and+resigns+after+deadly+protest&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fbangladesh-prime-minister-resigns-after-deadly-protests-reports-13191184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/bangladesh-pm-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say-sheikh-hasina">"Bangladesh PM has resigned and left country, reports say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 5 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065034/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/05/bangladesh-pm-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say-sheikh-hasina">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2024. 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Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+PM+Sheikh+Hasina+has+resigned+and+left+the+country%2C+media+reports+say&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fbangladesh-protesters-call-march-dhaka-defiance-curfew-2024-08-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-resign_TST-58"><a href="#cite_ref-resign_TST_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/bangladesh-protest-pm-sheikh-hasina-resign-storm-palace-flee-safety-4527106">"Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina resigns and flees as protesters storm palace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. 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Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+PM+Sheikh+Hasina+resigns+and+flees+as+protesters+storm+palace&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fasia%2Fbangladesh-protest-pm-sheikh-hasina-resign-storm-palace-flee-safety-4527106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-resign-59"><a href="#cite_ref-resign_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3273265/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-has-resigned-and-left-country-media-reports-say">"Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina has resigned and left the country, media reports say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. 5 August 2024. 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Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GEO+ExPro&rft.atitle=Natural+Gas+%E2%80%93+Underexplored+in+Bangladesh%3F&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoexpro.com%2Farticles%2F2021%2F12%2Fnatural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower/#:~:text=With%20its%20new%20territory%2C%20Bangladesh%27s,the%20end%20of%20the%20year.">"Bangladesh: Asia's New Energy Superpower?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229123448/https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower/#:~:text=With%20its%20new%20territory%2C%20Bangladesh%27s,the%20end%20of%20the%20year.">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Asia%27s+New+Energy+Superpower%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fbangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWith%2520its%2520new%2520territory%252C%2520Bangladesh%2527s%2Cthe%2520end%2520of%2520the%2520year.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/imported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075">"Imported LNG to be 24 times more expensive than local gas: CPD"</a>. The Business Standard. 13 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114118/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/imported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Imported+LNG+to+be+24+times+more+expensive+than+local+gas%3A+CPD&rft.date=2022-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fbangladesh%2Fenergy%2Fimported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-lng-power-idINL1N2Z10R7">"Bangladesh halts expensive spot LNG imports despite load-shedding"</a>. Reuters. 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+halts+expensive+spot+LNG+imports+despite+load-shedding&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fbangladesh-lng-power-idINL1N2Z10R7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImam2021" class="citation web cs1">Imam, Badrul (26 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/let-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721">"Let us not become dependent on LNG import"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114121/https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/let-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Let+us+not+become+dependent+on+LNG+import&rft.date=2021-12-26&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Badrul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fviews%2Fopinion%2Fnews%2Flet-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb">"Bangladesh is being 'killed by economic conditions elsewhere in the world'"</a>. Financial Times. London. 24 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126085309/https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+is+being+%27killed+by+economic+conditions+elsewhere+in+the+world%27&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/summit-signs-22-year-ppa-upcoming-583-mw-gas-power-plant-ge-co-develop-plant">"Summit signs 22-year PPA for upcoming 583 MW gas power plant; GE to co-develop plant in Bangladesh"</a>. GE News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023153618/https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/summit-signs-22-year-ppa-upcoming-583-mw-gas-power-plant-ge-co-develop-plant">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GE+News&rft.atitle=Summit+signs+22-year+PPA+for+upcoming+583+MW+gas+power+plant%3B+GE+to+co-develop+plant+in+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ge.com%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fsummit-signs-22-year-ppa-upcoming-583-mw-gas-power-plant-ge-co-develop-plant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-power-and-energy">"Bangladesh – Power and Energy"</a>. 20 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005062425/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-power-and-energy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+%E2%80%93+Power+and+Energy&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fbangladesh-power-and-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevnath2022" class="citation web cs1">Devnath, Arun (7 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-08/bangladesh-plans-staggered-factory-holidays-to-ease-power-crunch">"Bangladesh Plans Staggered Factory Holidays to Ease Power Crunch"</a>. Bloomberg News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007093314/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-08/bangladesh-plans-staggered-factory-holidays-to-ease-power-crunch">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+Plans+Staggered+Factory+Holidays+to+Ease+Power+Crunch&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2022-08-07&rft.aulast=Devnath&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-08-08%2Fbangladesh-plans-staggered-factory-holidays-to-ease-power-crunch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-russia-nuclear-plant-b38f3dcdce3404c3da0be1d68e7ba469">"Bangladesh gets first uranium shipment from Russia for its Moscow-built nuclear power plant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a>. 5 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209134648/https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-russia-nuclear-plant-b38f3dcdce3404c3da0be1d68e7ba469">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+gets+first+uranium+shipment+from+Russia+for+its+Moscow-built+nuclear+power+plant&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbangladesh-russia-nuclear-plant-b38f3dcdce3404c3da0be1d68e7ba469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEApop2011-220"><a href="#cite_ref-IEApop2011_220-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021013446/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS">CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion</a> Population 1971–2009 IEA (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202035728/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf">pdf</a>. pp. 87–89) </li> <li id="cite_note-dhakatribune1-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhakatribune1_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhakatribune1_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhakatribune1_221-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhakatribune1_221-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhakatribune1_221-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million">"Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million"</a>. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727073234/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/bangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2022%3A+Bangladesh+population+now+165+million&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2022%2F07%2F27%2Fbangladeshs-population-size-now-1651-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=BD">"Population density (people per sq. km of land area) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004211704/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=BD">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Population+density+%28people+per+sq.+km+of+land+area%29+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FEN.POP.DNST%3Flocations%3DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=BD">"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916005417/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=BD">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Fertility+rate%2C+total+%28births+per+woman%29+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Flocations%3DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoraSaikiaKebedeLutz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bora, Jayanta Kumar; Saikia, Nandita; Kebede, Endale Birhanu; Lutz, Wolfgang (21 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17441730.2022.2028253">"Revisiting the causes of fertility decline in Bangladesh: the relative importance of female education and family planning programs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Population_Studies" title="Asian Population Studies">Asian Population Studies</a>. 19. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 81–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17441730.2022.2028253">10.1080/17441730.2022.2028253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246183181">246183181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Population+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+causes+of+fertility+decline+in+Bangladesh%3A+the+relative+importance+of+female+education+and+family+planning+programs&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=81-104&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17441730.2022.2028253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246183181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bora&rft.aufirst=Jayanta+Kumar&rft.au=Saikia%2C+Nandita&rft.au=Kebede%2C+Endale+Birhanu&rft.au=Lutz%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F17441730.2022.2028253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=BD">"Urban population (% of total population) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004214008/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=BD">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. 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Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization.&rft.au=Dutta%2C+Soumitra.&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno.&rft.au=Rivera+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Lorena.&rft.au=Wunsch-Vincent%2C+Sacha.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByronAlamgir2020" class="citation web cs1">Byron, Rejaul Karim; Alamgir, Mohiuddin (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/life-expectancy-birth-rises-1923149">"Life expectancy rises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001114007/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/life-expectancy-birth-rises-1923149">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+rises&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=Rejaul+Karim&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+Mohiuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbackpage%2Fnews%2Flife-expectancy-birth-rises-1923149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf">"Chapter-5 | Health Services Division"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter-5+%7C+Health+Services+Division&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Finance+%28Bangladesh%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmof.portal.gov.bd%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fmof.portal.gov.bd%2Fbudget_mof%2Fb3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b%2FG-1_04_127_Health%2520Services_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_260-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_260-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedAlamAnwarBegum2015" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Syed Masud; Alam, Bushra Binte; Anwar, Iqbal; Begum, Tahmina; Huque, Rumana; AM Khan, Jahangir; Nababan, Herfina; Osman, Ferdaus Arfina (2015). Naheed, Aliya; Hort, Krishna (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208214/9789290617051_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Bangladesh Health System Review</a> (PDF). Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9061-705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9061-705-1"><bdi>978-92-9061-705-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124162855/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208214/9789290617051_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+Health+System+Review&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-9061-705-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Syed+Masud&rft.au=Alam%2C+Bushra+Binte&rft.au=Anwar%2C+Iqbal&rft.au=Begum%2C+Tahmina&rft.au=Huque%2C+Rumana&rft.au=AM+Khan%2C+Jahangir&rft.au=Nababan%2C+Herfina&rft.au=Osman%2C+Ferdaus+Arfina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F208214%2F9789290617051_eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newagebd.net/article/11610/onelink.to/articlelist/323/Cartoon">"Health Ministry split into 2 divisions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Age_(Bangladesh)" title="New Age (Bangladesh)">New Age</a>. 20 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001104255/https://www.newagebd.net/article/11610/onelink.to/articlelist/323/Cartoon">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022. <q>The government has now split the Health and Family Welfare Ministry into two divisions. The new divisions under the ministry are — Health Services Division and Medical Education and Family Welfare Division.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Age&rft.atitle=Health+Ministry+split+into+2+divisions&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newagebd.net%2Farticle%2F11610%2Fonelink.to%2Farticlelist%2F323%2FCartoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedHossainChowdhuryBhuiya2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Syed Masud; Hossain, Md Awlad; Chowdhury, Ahmed Mushtaque Raja; Bhuiya, Abbas Uddin (22 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037300">"The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-mix, and inequitable distribution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Resources_for_Health" title="Human Resources for Health">Human Resources for Health</a>. 9 (3). <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1478-4491-9-3">10.1186/1478-4491-9-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037300">3037300</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255446">21255446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resources+for+Health&rft.atitle=The+health+workforce+crisis+in+Bangladesh%3A+shortage%2C+inappropriate+skill-mix%2C+and+inequitable+distribution&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3037300%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21255446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1478-4491-9-3&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Syed+Masud&rft.au=Hossain%2C+Md+Awlad&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+Ahmed+Mushtaque+Raja&rft.au=Bhuiya%2C+Abbas+Uddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3037300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoodIqbalHanifiWahed2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmood, Shehrin S.; Iqbal, Mohammad; Hanifi, S M A; Wahed, Tania; Bhuiya, Abbas (6 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910021">"Are 'Village Doctors' in Bangladesh a curse or a blessing?"</a>. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 10 (18). <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>: 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-698X-10-18">10.1186/1472-698X-10-18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910021">2910021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20602805">20602805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+International+Health+and+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Are+%27Village+Doctors%27+in+Bangladesh+a+curse+or+a+blessing%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2910021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20602805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1472-698X-10-18&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Shehrin+S.&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Hanifi%2C+S+M+A&rft.au=Wahed%2C+Tania&rft.au=Bhuiya%2C+Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2910021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD">"Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001112510/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Current+health+expenditure+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS%3Flocations%3DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.GHED.CH.ZS?locations=BD">"Domestic general government health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 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Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Out-of-pocket+expenditure+%28%25+of+current+health+expenditure%29+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS%3Flocations%3DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PVTD.CH.ZS?locations=BD">"Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004144940/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PVTD.CH.ZS?locations=BD">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Domestic+private+health+expenditure+%28%25+of+current+health+expenditure%29+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.XPD.PVTD.CH.ZS%3Flocations%3DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BD">"Physicians (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001122619/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BD">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Physicians+%28per+1%2C000+people%29+%E2%80%93+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.MED.PHYS.ZS%3Flocations%3DBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamTalukderSiddiquiIslam2020" class="citation journal cs1">Islam, Md. Taimur; Talukder, Anup Kumar; Siddiqui, Md. Nurealam; Islam, Tofazzal (14 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7582102">"Tackling the COVID-19 pandemic: The Bangladesh perspective"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=daily-sun&rft.atitle=Importance+of+Varendra+Research+Museum&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft.aulast=Howlader&rft.aufirst=Md.+Ziaul+Haque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daily-sun.com%2Fprintversion%2Fdetails%2F696700%2FImportance-of-Varendra-Research-Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wub.edu.bd_n079-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wub.edu.bd_n079_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wub.edu.bd_n079_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wub.edu.bd/about/know_about_bangladesh">"Know About Bangladesh"</a>. The World University of Bangladesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311172034/https://wub.edu.bd/about/know_about_bangladesh">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+University+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=Know+About+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwub.edu.bd%2Fabout%2Fknow_about_bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morshed_2018_t186-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Morshed_2018_t186_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorshed2018" class="citation web cs1">Morshed, Adnan Zillur (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/palace-the-river-ahsan-manzil-1598293">"A Palace on the River: Ahsan Manzil"</a>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065547/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Library&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Md+Zillur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunaidul_Haque2011" class="citation news cs1">Junaidul Haque (7 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548">"Rabindranath: He belonged to the world"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092524/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Rabindranath%3A+He+belonged+to+the+world&rft.date=2011-05-07&rft.au=Junaidul+Haque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D184548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubaiyat-290"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubaiyat_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubaiyat" class="citation news cs1">Rubaiyat, Hossain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubaiyat-hossain.com/2011/05/26/begum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh/">"Begum Rokeya : The Pioneer Feminist of Bangladesh"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113311/https://rubaiyat-hossain.com/2011/05/26/begum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Begum+Rokeya+%3A+The+Pioneer+Feminist+of+Bangladesh&rft.aulast=Rubaiyat&rft.aufirst=Hossain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubaiyat-hossain.com%2F2011%2F05%2F26%2Fbegum-rokeya-the-pioneer-feminist-of-bangladesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359">"Syed Mujtaba Ali"</a>. The Daily Star. 18 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125956/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=106359">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Syed+Mujtaba+Ali&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D106359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whispers-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whispers_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whispers_292-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whispers_292-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/25/000334955_20080325105524/Rendered/PDF/430450NWP0BD0gender0Box0327344B01PUBLIC1.pdf">Whispers to Voices: Gender and Social Transformation in Bangladesh</a> (PDF). Bangladesh Development Series. Vol. 22. World Bank. 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Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whispers+to+Voices%3A+Gender+and+Social+Transformation+in+Bangladesh&rft.series=Bangladesh+Development+Series&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2008%2F03%2F25%2F000334955_20080325105524%2FRendered%2FPDF%2F430450NWP0BD0gender0Box0327344B01PUBLIC1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/more-women-joining-workforce-607426">"More women joining the workforce"</a>. The Business Standard. 29 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207045954/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/more-women-joining-workforce-607426">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=More+women+joining+the+workforce&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fbangladesh%2Fmore-women-joining-workforce-607426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed,_Syed_Jamil_2000_p._396-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed,_Syed_Jamil_2000_p._396_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed,_Syed_Jamil_2000_p._396_294-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2000" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Syed Jamil (2000). 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Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+The+Samba+of+Roda+and+the+Ramlila+proclaimed+Masterpieces+of+the+Oral+and+Intangible+Heritage+of+Humanity&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D30973%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm">"Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'"</a>. BBC News. 14 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011709/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Listeners+name+%27greatest+Bengali%27&rft.date=2004-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3623345.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> London, Ellen (2004). Bangladesh. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 29. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8368-3107-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8368-3107-1">0-8368-3107-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/ayub-bachchu-passes-away-1648585">"Rock's leading light goes out"</a>. The Daily Star. 18 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020110810/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/ayub-bachchu-passes-away-1648585">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018. 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Retrieved 28 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=An+Ode+to+the+Guru+of+Rock&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft.aulast=Shahnewaz&rft.aufirst=Sadi+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fshowbiz%2Fcover-story%2Fode-the-guru-of-bangladeshi-rock-james-1509028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away">"Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away"</a>. bdnews24.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229065132/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bdnews24.com&rft.atitle=Swadhin+Bangla+Betar+Kendra%27s+Rashidul+Hossain+passes+away&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdnews24.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2015%2F12%2F22%2Fswadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/9wajrzt966"><bdi lang="bn">জমকালো আয়োজনে গ্রিন টিভির যাত্রা শুরু</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Prothom_Alo" title="Prothom Alo">Prothom Alo</a> (in Bengali). 19 May 2023. 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Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Tareque+Masud%2C+filmmaker+extraordinaire&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ftareque-masud-filmmaker-extraordinaire-36845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Lifestyle/tareque-masuds-63rd-birth-anniversary-observed/37230">"Tareque Masud's 63rd birth anniversary observed"</a>. UNB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726143149/https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Lifestyle/tareque-masuds-63rd-birth-anniversary-observed/37230">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNB&rft.atitle=Tareque+Masud%27s+63rd+birth+anniversary+observed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unb.com.bd%2Fcategory%2FLifestyle%2Ftareque-masuds-63rd-birth-anniversary-observed%2F37230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamol2007" class="citation news cs1">Kamol, Ershad (23 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115200620/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/23/d705231401127.htm">""Our young generation is least interested in Dhallywood""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/23/d705231401127.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=%22Our+young+generation+is+least+interested+in+Dhallywood%22&rft.date=2007-05-23&rft.aulast=Kamol&rft.aufirst=Ershad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2007%2F05%2F23%2Fd705231401127.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/renowned-filmmaker-sohanur-rahman-sohan-found-dead-at-home-a-day-after-his-wifes-demise/articleshow/103657633.cms?from=mdr">"Renowned filmmaker Sohanur Rahman Sohan found dead at home, a day after his wife's demise"</a>. The Times of India. 14 September 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925170905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/renowned-filmmaker-sohanur-rahman-sohan-found-dead-at-home-a-day-after-his-wifes-demise/articleshow/103657633.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Renowned+filmmaker+Sohanur+Rahman+Sohan+found+dead+at+home%2C+a+day+after+his+wife%27s+demise&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbengali%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Frenowned-filmmaker-sohanur-rahman-sohan-found-dead-at-home-a-day-after-his-wifes-demise%2Farticleshow%2F103657633.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879">"Traditional art of Jamdani weaving – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+kala+bhuna+to+shatkora+curry+%E2%80%93+let%27s+all+get+a+taste+for+Bangladesh&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=Ahsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmar%2F21%2Ffrom-kala-bhuna-to-shatkora-curry-lets-all-get-a-taste-for-bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/bamboo-shoots-now-popular-delicacy-tourists-120037">"Bamboo shoots now a popular delicacy for tourists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Business_Standard" title="The Business Standard">The Business Standard</a>. 16 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002095316/https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/bamboo-shoots-now-popular-delicacy-tourists-120037">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. 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Retrieved 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Champions+of+Asia+T20+Cup+2018%3A+Bangladesh+Women%27s+Cricket+Team&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fstar-live%2Fwomen-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive-1671032486">"Football ... the game which makes us come alive"</a>. The Financial Express. 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Football+...+the+game+which+makes+us+come+alive&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefinancialexpress.com.bd%2Fviews%2Ffootball-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive-1671032486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other">"'Shadhin Bangla Football Dal': A team like no other"</a>. The Business Standard. 16 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815160845/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Standard&rft.atitle=%27Shadhin+Bangla+Football+Dal%27%3A+A+team+like+no+other&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbsnews.net%2Fsports%2Fshadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo">"I am luckier than Pele: Zakaria Pintoo"</a>. New Age. 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Age&rft.atitle=I+am+luckier+than+Pele%3A+Zakaria+Pintoo&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newagebd.net%2Farticle%2F133717%2Fi-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iqbal, Niar (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87"><bdi lang="bn">যে ম্যাচগুলো 'আফসোস' বাংলাদেশের ফুটবলে</bdi></a>. Prothom Alo (in Bengali).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prothom+Alo&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B+%27%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%27+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Niar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prothomalo.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2F%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258B-%25E2%2580%2598%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E2%2580%2599-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/09/19/president-pm-lauds-bangladesh-team-for-winning-saff-womens-championship-2022">"President, PM lauds Bangladesh team for winning SAFF Women's Championship 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=President%2C+PM+lauds+Bangladesh+team+for+winning+SAFF+Women%27s+Championship+2022&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2022%2F09%2F19%2Fpresident-pm-lauds-bangladesh-team-for-winning-saff-womens-championship-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/2022/09/19/bangladesh-women-create-history-clinch-saff-championship-for-first-time">"Bangladesh women create history, clinch Saff Championship for first time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a>. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+women+create+history%2C+clinch+Saff+Championship+for+first+time&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fsport%2F2022%2F09%2F19%2Fbangladesh-women-create-history-clinch-saff-championship-for-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/athletics/bangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909">"Ety, Sana complete Bangladesh's clean sweep in archery"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11">the original</a> on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Affiliated+National+Federation%2FAssociation&rft.pub=National+Sports+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsc.gov.bd%2Fn%2F%3Fcat%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129112718/http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters/">"Bangladesh Chess Federation"</a>. bdchessfed.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters">the original</a> on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdchessfed.com&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Chess+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdchessfed.com%2Fgrand-masters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailystardetail-347"><a href="#cite_ref-dailystardetail_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027015045/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-139787">"Musa conquers Everest"</a>. The Daily Star. 24 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=139787">the original</a> on 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Musa+conquers+Everest&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D139787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Anne_Potts2016" class="citation web cs1">Mary Anne Potts (27 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031640/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/">"Bangladeshi Climber Shares Her Spiritual Journey for the Women of Her Country"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/">the original</a> on 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+Climber+Shares+Her+Spiritual+Journey+for+the+Women+of+Her+Country&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.au=Mary+Anne+Potts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fadventure%2Fadventure-blog%2F2016%2F05%2F27%2Fbangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-sports.org/field-hockey-1985-men-s-asia-cup-epr101028.html">"Field hockey – Men's Asia Cup 1985 – Standings / Rankings"</a>. the-sports.org. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the-sports.org&rft.atitle=Field+hockey+%E2%80%93+Men%27s+Asia+Cup+1985+%E2%80%93+Standings+%2F+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-sports.org%2Ffield-hockey-1985-men-s-asia-cup-epr101028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-469-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-469-5&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baxter" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Baxter, Craig</a> (1997). Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3632-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3632-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47885632">47885632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%2C+from+a+Nation+to+a+State&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47885632&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3632-9&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50257-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ahmed, Nizam. The Parliament of Bangladesh (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Ali, S. Mahmud (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FD2KzBG1ejwC">Understanding Bangladesh</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70143-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70143-3"><bdi>978-0-231-70143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70143-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=S.+Mahmud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFD2KzBG1ejwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2021" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Manash (2021). Bangladesh War: Report from Ground Zero. Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789391125370" title="Special:BookSources/9789391125370"><bdi>9789391125370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+War%3A+Report+from+Ground+Zero&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789391125370&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Manash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Baxter, Craig. Bangladesh: From a nation to a state (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2012" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sarmila (2012). Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-426-6"><bdi>978-93-5009-426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Reckoning+Memories+of+the+1971+Bangladesh+War&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-5009-426-6&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sarmila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2004" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in1_AgAAQBAJ">The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33274-8"><bdi>978-1-134-33274-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932-1947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-33274-8&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din1_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrover2000" class="citation book cs1">Grover, Verinder (2000). Bangladesh: Government and Politics. Deep and Deep Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-928-2"><bdi>978-81-7100-928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Government+and+Politics&rft.pub=Deep+and+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-928-2&rft.aulast=Grover&rft.aufirst=Verinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuhathakurtavan_Schendel2013" class="citation book cs1">Guhathakurta, Meghna; van Schendel, Willem, eds. (2013). The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5304-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-5304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bangladesh+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5304-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hasnat, GN Tanjina, Md Alamgir Kabir, and Md Akhter Hossain. "Major environmental issues and problems of South Asia, particularly Bangladesh." Handbook of environmental materials management (2018): 1-40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/G_N_Hasnat/publication/323264078_Major_Environmental_Issues_and_Problems_of_South_Asia_Particularly_Bangladesh/links/5e7c678fa6fdcc139c04692f/Major-Environmental-Issues-and-Problems-of-South-Asia-Particularly-Bangladesh.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943 (Palgrave Macmillan) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-23183-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-23183-7">0-230-23183-7</a></li> <li>Islam, Saiful, and Md Ziaur Rahman Khan. "A review of the energy sector of Bangladesh." Energy Procedia 110 (2017): 611–618. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217302230/pdf?md5=762df35a45d6d280234429fc79ec79bd&pid=1-s2.0-S1876610217302230-main.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Jannuzi, F. Tomasson, and James T. Peach. The agrarian structure of Bangladesh: An impediment to development (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-052-6"><bdi>978-1-84774-052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84774-052-6&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Mojlum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookherjee2015" class="citation book cs1">Mookherjee, Nayanika (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjUWrgEACAAJ">The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5949-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5949-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-5949-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectral+Wound%3A+Sexual+Violence%2C+Public+Memories%2C+and+the+Bangladesh+War+of+1971&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5949-4&rft.aulast=Mookherjee&rft.aufirst=Nayanika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjUWrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156800811">156800811</a></li> <li>M. Mufakharul Islam (2007) Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study (Cambridge University Press), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04985-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04985-7">0-521-04985-7</a></li> <li>Prodhan, Mohit. "The educational system in Bangladesh and scope for improvement." Journal of International Social Issues 4.1 (2016): 11–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winona.edu/socialwork/Media/Prodhan%20The%20Educational%20System%20in%20Bangladesh%20and%20Scope%20for%20Improvement.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2013). 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72864-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72864-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1971%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72864-6&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid1977" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Haroun Er (1977). Geography of Bangladesh. University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4638928">4638928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4638928&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Haroun+Er&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Riaz, Ali. Bangladesh: A political history since independence (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiaz2010" class="citation book cs1">Riaz, Ali (2010). Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92624-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92624-2"><bdi>978-1-136-92624-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+and+Governance+in+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92624-2&rft.aulast=Riaz&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazRahman2016" class="citation book cs1">Riaz, Ali; Rahman, Mohammad Sajjadur (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30877-5"><bdi>978-1-317-30877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-30877-5&rft.aulast=Riaz&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Mohammad+Sajjadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchendel2009" class="citation book cs1">Schendel, Willem van (2009). A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86174-8"><bdi>978-0-521-86174-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86174-8&rft.aulast=Schendel&rft.aufirst=Willem+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shelley, Israt J., et al. "Rice cultivation in Bangladesh: present scenario, problems, and prospects." Journal of International Cooperation for Agricultural Development 14.4 (2016): 20–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icrea.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jpn/journal/Vol14_20-29-Review-Shelley.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971(Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-512-337-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-512-337-6">984-512-337-6</a></li> <li>Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2003) Banglapedia: A National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.(10 Vols. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0585-5" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0585-5">984-32-0585-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSissonRose1991" class="citation book cs1">Sisson, Richard; Rose, Leo E (1991). War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07665-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Secession%3A+Pakistan%2C+India%2C+and+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07665-5&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogra2014" class="citation book cs1">Sogra, Khair Jahan (2014). The Impact of Gender Differences on the Conflict Management Styles of Managers in Bangladesh: An Analysis. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6854-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-6854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Gender+Differences+on+the+Conflict+Management+Styles+of+Managers+in+Bangladesh%3A+An+Analysis&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6854-9&rft.aulast=Sogra&rft.aufirst=Khair+Jahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmar2006" class="citation book cs1">Umar, Badruddin (2006). The Emergence of Bangladesh: Rise of Bengali nationalism, 1958–1971. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597908-4"><bdi>978-0-19-597908-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Bangladesh%3A+Rise+of+Bengali+nationalism%2C+1958%E2%80%931971&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597908-4&rft.aulast=Umar&rft.aufirst=Badruddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Van Schendel, Willem. A history of Bangladesh (Cambridge University Press, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUddin2006" class="citation book cs1">Uddin, Sufia M. (2006). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7733-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7733-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-7733-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Bangladesh%3A+Religion%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Language+in+an+Islamic+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7733-3&rft.aulast=Uddin&rft.aufirst=Sufia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahidWeis1996" class="citation book cs1">Wahid, Abu N.M..; Weis, Charles E (1996). The Economy of Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95347-8"><bdi>978-0-275-95347-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Bangladesh%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95347-8&rft.aulast=Wahid&rft.aufirst=Abu+N.M..&rft.au=Weis%2C+Charles+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bangladesh at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bangladesh">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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title="n:Category:Bangladesh">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="q:Bangladesh">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Bangladesh">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bangladesh">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bangladesh">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650940">Bangladesh</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124922/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/bangladesh.htm">Bangladesh</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/184640">Bangladesh</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Bangladesh" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Bangladesh">Wikimedia Atlas of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BD">Key Development Forecasts for Bangladesh</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bangladesh_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template talk:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadhan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Founding kingdom: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Classical empires: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sultanates: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li>British Bengal: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li>Nature: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Places: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> (parliament): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li>Industries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finance sectors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank (central bank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stock Exchange: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Energy and resources: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li>Infrastructure: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Bangladesh">Marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:South_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:South Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_countries" title="Category:South Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Bangalore 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Thimphu 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit" title="17th SAARC summit">Addu 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit" title="18th SAARC summit">Kathmandu 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit" title="19th SAARC summit">Islamabad 2016</a> (Cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning" title="SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning">SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre" title="SAARC Documentation Centre">SAARC Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme" title="South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme">South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature" title="Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature">Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry">SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants" title="South Asian Federation of Accountants">South Asian Federation of Accountants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC Secretary General">SAARC Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat">SAARC Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">SAARC satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award" title="SAARC Literary Award">SAARC Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH48" title="AH48">SAARC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Fountain" title="SAARC Fountain">SAARC Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_socialist_states_not_espousing_Marxism–Leninism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_rulers" title="Template:Socialist rulers"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFDE00">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_rulers" title="Template talk:Socialist rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFDE00">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFDE00">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_socialist_states_not_espousing_Marxism–Leninism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states#Non-Marxist–Leninist_states" title="List of socialist states">socialist states not espousing Marxism–Leninism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_Larbaoui" title="Nadir Larbaoui">Nadir Larbaoui</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rose_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/100px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/200px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#F42A41;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin_Chuppu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin Chuppu">Mohammed Shahabuddin Chuppu</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#F42A41;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">State of Eritrea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Republic of Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_Nabiam" title="Nuno Gomes Nabiam">Nuno Gomes Nabiam</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#CE1126;"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Co-operative Republic of Guyana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a>, Head of state and government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Phillips_(Guyanese_politician)" title="Mark Phillips (Guyanese politician)">Mark Phillips</a>, Deputy Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#ED1C27;"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>, General Secretary and Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok-hun" title="Kim Tok-hun">Kim Tok-hun</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#DD0C39;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Republic of Nicaragua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/23px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/35px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg/45px-Ej%C3%A9rcito_Zapatista_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional%2C_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Good_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Councils of Good Government">Councils of Good Government</a>, Local leadership</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouchraya_Hammoudi_Bayoun" title="Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun">Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#8E0D37;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Elham_Ehmed" title="Îlham Ehmed">Îlham Ehmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Selum" title="Mansur Selum">Mansur Selum</a>, Co-Presidents</li> <li>Amina Omar and <a href="/wiki/Riad_Darar" title="Riad Darar">Riad Darar</a>, Co-Chairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;backgruond-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">United Republic of Tanzania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu</a>, Head of state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassim_Majaliwa" title="Kassim Majaliwa">Kassim Majaliwa</a>, Head of government</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFDE00; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em;;background-color:#D91D2C;"><a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State"><img alt="Wa State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Wa_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wa_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Youxiang" title="Bao Youxiang">Bao Youxiang</a>, Head of state and government</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121886953">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153614928">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213724/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRFY9Rf3kyRgDG9r6dwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130903-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81063207">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943135b">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124780d">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284528k">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943135b">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124780d">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284528k">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560507">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128710&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453080">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn243f68501q4zt">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564574305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/20395c3e-610c-34fd-9995-6b6f299121f2">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/1caad6d6-e147-4b9f-b4c2-ad079b13b978">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/CdgZkYhZ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086272926">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003403">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035837">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40237">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/benglades">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" 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