CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Zirconium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0f5adeea-64f4-4b81-90d0-05dec59ec914","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Zirconium","wgTitle":"Zirconium","wgCurRevisionId":1254246582,"wgRevisionId":1254246582,"wgArticleId":34422,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Chembox container only","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Good articles","Zirconium","Chemical elements","Transition metals","Pyrotechnic fuels","Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure"],"wgPageViewLanguage": "en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Zirconium","wgRelevantArticleId":34422,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1038", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/1200px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="882"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/800px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="588"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/640px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="471"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Zirconium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Zirconium rootpage-Zirconium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zirconium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zirconium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zirconium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zirconium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occurrence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Separation of zirconium and hafnium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxides, nitrides, and carbides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides_and_pseudohalides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides_and_pseudohalides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Halides and pseudohalides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides_and_pseudohalides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Organic derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nuclear applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_and_aeronautic_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_and_aeronautic_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Space and aeronautic industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_and_aeronautic_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Medical uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Defunct applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zirconium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkonium" title="Sirkonium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirkonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ዚርኮኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዚርኮኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زركونيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زركونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconio" title="Zirconio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zirconio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circoniu" title="Circoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkonium" title="Sirkonium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sirkonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="زیرکونیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زیرکونیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="জিরকোনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিরকোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Цырконій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цырконій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Цыркон (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыркон (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जिरकोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिरकोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkonyo" title="Sirkonyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sirkonyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཛིར་ཀོ་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཛིར་ཀོ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonij" title="Cirkonij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cirkonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkoniom" title="Zirkoniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zirkoniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zirconi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonyo" title="Cirkonyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cirkonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirconiwm" title="Sirconiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sirconiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زيركونيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زيركونيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirkoonium" title="Tsirkoonium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsirkoonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ζιρκόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιρκόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zirkonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zirkonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زیرکونیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرکونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zirconi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siorc%C3%B3iniam" title="Siorcóiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siorcóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serconium" title="Serconium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Serconium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siorc%C3%B2nium" title="Siorcònium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siorcònium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઝિર્કોનિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝિર્કોનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Циркониум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Циркониум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8A%84" title="지르코늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지르코늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ցիրկոնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցիրկոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ज़र्कोनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़र्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonij" title="Cirkonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cirkonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zirkonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZambedu" title="IZambedu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IZambedu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkon" title="Sirkon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sirkon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconio" title="Zirconio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zirconio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="זירקוניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זירקוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkon_(Zirkon)" title="Sirkon (Zirkon) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sirkon (Zirkon)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%A9rk%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಿರ್ಕೊನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿರ್ಕೊನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცირკონიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცირკონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkoniom" title="Zirkoniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zirkoniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirikoni" title="Zirikoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zirikoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkanel" title="Zerkanel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zerkanel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikony%C3%B2m" title="Zikonyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zikonyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AErkony%C3%BBm" title="Zîrkonyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîrkonyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonijs" title="Cirkonijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cirkonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonis" title="Cirkonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cirkonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirconio" title="Sirconio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sirconio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkounii" title="Cirkounii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Cirkounii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrzirkoni" title="jinmrzirkoni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrzirkoni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconio" title="Zirconio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zirconio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirk%C3%B3nium" title="Cirkónium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Циркониум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Циркониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സിർകോണിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിർകോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="झिर्कोनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झिर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زركونيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زركونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Циркони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Циркони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဇာကိုနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇာကိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्कोनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ジルコニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジルコニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirkoonium" title="Tsirkoonium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tsirkoonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B2ni" title="Zircòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zircòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkoniy" title="Sirkoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sirkoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜ਼ਰਕੋਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਰਕੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्कोनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زرکونیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زرکونیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زرکونيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زرکونيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B2ni" title="Zircòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zircòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrkon_(pierwiastek)" title="Cyrkon (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyrkon (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B4nio" title="Zircônio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zircônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkunyu" title="Sirkunyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirkunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्कोनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B2niu" title="Zircòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Zircòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkoniumi" title="Zirkoniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zirkoniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirk%C3%B3nium" title="Zirkónium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zirkónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonij" title="Cirkonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cirkonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkooniyaam" title="Sirkooniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sirkooniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="زیرکۆنیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیرکۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цирконијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цирконијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonijum" title="Cirkonijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cirkonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonyo" title="Zirkonyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zirkonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிர்க்கோனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிர்க்கோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="జిర్కోనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జిర్కోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เซอร์โคเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซอร์โคเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сирконий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сирконий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonyum" title="Zirkonyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zirkonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Цирконій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цирконій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="زرکونیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زرکونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="سىركونىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىركونىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonii" title="Cirkonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Cirkonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zirconi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%AF" title="鋯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconyo" title="Zirconyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zirconyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="צירקאניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צירקאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%AF" title="鋯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1038#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Zirconium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Zirconium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Zirconium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&oldid=1254246582" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Zirconium&id=1254246582&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZirconium">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZirconium">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zirconium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1038" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 40</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 40 (Zr)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Zirconium, 40Zr</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4758" data-file-height="3498" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Zirconium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zɜːrˈkoʊniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">zur-KOH-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Zr)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>91.222±0.003<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>91.222±0.003 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Zirconium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> ↑ Zr ↓ <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> ← zirconium → <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">group 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d2 5s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 10, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2125 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1852 °C, 3365 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4650 K (4377 °C, 7911 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.505 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.8 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">591 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.36 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2639 </td> <td>2891 </td> <td>3197 </td> <td>3575 </td> <td>4053 </td> <td>4678 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +4 −2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-Calderazzo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ma-8">[8]</a> +3<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.33 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 640.1 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1270 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2218 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 160 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">175±7 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of zirconium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure for zirconium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 323.22 pm c = 514.79 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.69×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.6 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">421 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-magnet-10">[9]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91.1 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3800 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.34 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">820–1800 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">638–1880 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-67-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after zircon, zargun زرگون meaning "gold-colored".</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> (1789)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> (1824)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">Isotopes of zirconium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_zirconium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox zirconium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_zirconium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox zirconium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">88Zr </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">83.4 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium-88" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium-88">88Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">89Zr </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">78.4 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium-89" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium-89">89Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">89Y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">90Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">51.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">91Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">92Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">93Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.53×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-93">93Nb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">94Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.4% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">96Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.80% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.34×1019 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Double_beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Double beta minus decay">β−β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum-96" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum-96">96Mo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium" title="Category:Zirconium">Category: Zirconium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_zirconium" title="Template:Infobox zirconium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_zirconium" title="Template talk:Infobox zirconium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_zirconium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox zirconium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Zirconium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Zr and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> with a greyish-white color that closely resembles <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>. It is solid at room temperature, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant. The name zirconium is derived from the name of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jargoon" title="Jargoon">zargun</a> (zircon; zar-gun, "gold-like" or "as gold").<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[11]</a> Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudialyte" title="Eudialyte">eudialyte</a>; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. Zirconium forms a variety of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compounds">organometallic compounds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">zirconocene dichloride</a>. Five <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">isotopes</a> occur naturally, four of which are stable. The metal and its alloys are mainly used as a <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opacifier" title="Opacifier">opacifier</a>; pure zirconium plays a vital role in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a> due to strong resistance to corrosion and low nuclear reaction cross section, and in space vehicles and turbine blades where high heat resistance is necessary. Zirconium also finds uses in <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashbulb (photography)">flashbulbs</a>, biomedical applications such as <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">dental implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> systems. Zirconium compounds have no known biological role, though the element is widely distributed in nature and appears in small quantities in biological systems without adverse effects. There is no indication of zirconium as a carcinogen. The main hazards posed by zirconium are flammability in powder form and irritation of the eyes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Zirconium is a <a href="/wiki/Luster_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luster (mineralogy)">lustrous</a>, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> at lesser purities.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water and other agents.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> However, it will dissolve in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, especially when <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> is present.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> are <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> at less than 35 K.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> is 4409 °C (7968 °F).<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> Zirconium has an <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> with known electronegativities, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> At room temperature zirconium exhibits a hexagonally close-packed crystal structure, α-Zr, which changes to β-Zr, a body-centered cubic crystal structure, at 863 °C. Zirconium exists in the β-phase until the melting point.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">Isotopes of zirconium</a></div> Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes. 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr and 94Zr are stable, although 94Zr is predicted to undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> (not observed experimentally) with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of more than 1.10×1017 years. 96Zr has a half-life of 2.34×1019 years, and is the longest-lived radioisotope of zirconium. Of these natural isotopes, 90Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium. 96Zr is the least common, comprising only 2.80% of zirconium.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> Thirty-three artificial isotopes of zirconium have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 77 to 114.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium-93">93Zr</a> is the longest-lived artificial isotope, with a half-life of 1.61×106 years. Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">electron emission</a>, whereas those at or below 89 decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">positron emission</a>. The only exception is 88Zr, which decays by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> Thirteen isotopes of zirconium also exist as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable isomers</a>: 83m1Zr, 83m2Zr, 85mZr, 87mZr, 88mZr, 89mZr, 90m1Zr, 90m2Zr, 91mZr, 97mZr, 98mZr, 99mZr, and 108mZr. Of these, 97mZr has the shortest half-life at 104.8 nanoseconds. 89mZr is the longest lived with a half-life of 4.161 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium_minerals" title="Category:Zirconium minerals">Category:Zirconium minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg/240px-Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg/360px-Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg/480px-Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>World production trend of zirconium mineral concentrates</figcaption></figure> Zirconium has a concentration of about 130 mg/kg within the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and about 0.026 μg/L in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>. It is the 18th most abundant element in the crust.<a href="#cite_note-argonne-19">[18]</a> It is not found in nature as a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a>, reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water. The principal commercial source of zirconium is <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> (ZrSiO4), a <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate mineral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> which is found primarily in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, as well as in smaller deposits around the world.<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a> As of 2013, two-thirds of zircon mining occurs in Australia and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-nbb13-21">[20]</a> Zircon resources exceed 60 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> worldwide<a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-22">[21]</a> and annual worldwide zirconium production is approximately 900,000 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-argonne-19">[18]</a> Zirconium also occurs in more than 140 other minerals, including the commercially useful ores <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudialyte" title="Eudialyte">eudialyte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Zirconium is relatively abundant in <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_S" title="Stellar classification">S-type stars</a>, and has been detected in the sun and in meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> missions to the moon have a high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/EPR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR spectroscopy">EPR spectroscopy</a> has been used in investigations of the unusual 3+ valence state of zirconium. The EPR spectrum of Zr3+, which has been initially observed as a parasitic signal in Fe‐doped single crystals of ScPO4, was definitively identified by preparing single crystals of ScPO4 doped with isotopically enriched (94.6%)91Zr. Single crystals of LuPO4 and YPO4 doped with both naturally abundant and isotopically enriched Zr have also been grown and investigated.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_2">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005zirconium.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2005zirconium.PNG/220px-2005zirconium.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2005zirconium.PNG/330px-2005zirconium.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2005zirconium.PNG/440px-2005zirconium.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Zirconium output in 2005</figcaption></figure> Zirconium is a by-product formed after mining and processing of the <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> minerals <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> mining.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> From 2003 to 2007, while prices for the mineral zircon steadily increased from $360 to $840 per tonne, the price for unwrought zirconium metal decreased from $39,900 to $22,700 per ton. Zirconium metal is much more expensive than <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> because the reduction processes are costly.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-22">[21]</a> Collected from coastal waters, zircon-bearing sand is purified by <a href="/wiki/Spiral_separator#Wet_Spiral_Separators" title="Spiral separator">spiral concentrators</a> to separate lighter materials, which are then returned to the water because they are natural components of beach sand. Using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">magnetic separation</a>, the titanium ores <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> are removed.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Most zircon is used directly in commercial applications, but a small percentage is converted to the metal. Most Zr metal is produced by the reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">zirconium(IV) chloride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> metal in the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> The resulting metal is <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> until sufficiently ductile for metalworking.<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium">Separation of zirconium and hafnium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Separation of zirconium and hafnium">edit</a>]</div> Commercial zirconium metal typically contains 1–3% of <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> which is usually not problematic because the chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are very similar. Their neutron-absorbing properties differ strongly, however, necessitating the separation of hafnium from zirconium for nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> Several separation schemes are in use.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">liquid-liquid extraction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a>-oxide derivatives exploits the fact that the hafnium derivative is slightly more soluble in <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isobutyl_ketone" title="Methyl isobutyl ketone">methyl isobutyl ketone</a> than in water. This method accounts for roughly two-thirds of pure zirconium production,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> though other methods are being researched;<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a> for instance, in India, a TBP-nitrate solvent extraction process is used for the separation of zirconium from other metals.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Zr and Hf can also be separated by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)" title="Fractional crystallization (chemistry)">fractional crystallization</a> of potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2ZrF6), which is less soluble in water than the analogous hafnium derivative. <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a> of the tetrachlorides, also called <a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">extractive distillation</a>, is also used.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Vacuum <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">arc melting</a>, combined with the use of hot extruding techniques and <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> copper hearths, is capable of producing zirconium that has been purified of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Hafnium must be removed from zirconium for nuclear applications because hafnium has a neutron absorption cross-section 600 times greater than zirconium.<a href="#cite_note-b1-35">[34]</a> The separated hafnium can be used for reactor <a href="/wiki/Control_rods" class="mw-redirect" title="Control rods">control rods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium_compounds" title="Category:Zirconium compounds">Zirconium compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium_minerals" title="Category:Zirconium minerals">Zirconium minerals</a></div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, zirconium forms a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwd-37">[36]</a> In general, these compounds are colourless diamagnetic solids wherein zirconium has the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +4. Some organometallic compounds are considered to have Zr(II) oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-Calderazzo-7">[7]</a> Non-equilibrium oxidation states between 0 and 4 have been detected during zirconium oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides">Oxides, nitrides, and carbides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oxides, nitrides, and carbides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ZrO" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ZRO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ZRO (disambiguation)">ZRO</a>.</div> The most common oxide is <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a>, ZrO2, also known as zirconia. This clear to white-coloured solid has exceptional <a href="/wiki/Fracture_toughness" title="Fracture toughness">fracture toughness</a> (for a ceramic) and chemical resistance, especially in its <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-azomzirc-38">[37]</a> These properties make zirconia useful as a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal barrier">thermal barrier</a> coating,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> although it is also a common <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> substitute.<a href="#cite_note-azomzirc-38">[37]</a> Zirconium monoxide, ZrO, is also known and <a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S-type stars</a> are recognised by detection of its emission lines.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tungstate" title="Zirconium tungstate">Zirconium tungstate</a> has the unusual property of shrinking in all dimensions when heated, whereas most other substances expand when heated.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconyl_chloride" title="Zirconyl chloride">Zirconyl chloride</a> is one of the few water-soluble zirconium complexes, with the formula [Zr4(OH)12(H2O)16]Cl8.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwd-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_carbide" title="Zirconium carbide">Zirconium carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitride" title="Zirconium nitride">zirconium nitride</a> are refractory solids. Both are highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant and find uses in high-temperature resistant coatings and cutting tools.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Zirconium hydride phases are known to form when zirconium alloys are exposed to large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> over time; due to the brittleness of zirconium hydrides relative to zirconium alloys, the mitigation of zirconium hydride formation was highly studied during the development of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, in which zirconium carbide was a frequently used material.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate" title="Lead zirconate titanate">Lead zirconate titanate</a> (PZT) is the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> material, being used as <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> in medical and <a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">microelectromechanical systems</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides_and_pseudohalides">Halides and pseudohalides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halides and pseudohalides">edit</a>]</div> All four common halides are known, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) fluoride">ZrF4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">ZrCl4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_bromide" title="Zirconium(IV) bromide">ZrBr4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_iodide" title="Zirconium(IV) iodide">ZrI4</a>. All have polymeric structures and are far less volatile than the corresponding titanium tetrahalides; they find applications in the formation of organic complexes such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">zirconocene dichloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a> All tend to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyse">hydrolyse</a> to give the so-called oxyhalides and dioxides.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> Fusion of the tetrahalides with additional metal gives lower zirconium halides (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_chloride" title="Zirconium(III) chloride">ZrCl3</a>). These adopt a layered structure, conducting within the layers but not perpendicular thereto.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The corresponding tetra<a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a> are also known. Unlike the halides, the alkoxides dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Dihydrogen hexafluorozirconate is used in the metal finishing industry as an etching agent to promote paint adhesion.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_derivatives">Organic derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organic derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium chemistry">Organozirconium chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/190px-Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/285px-Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/380px-Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">Zirconocene dichloride</a>, a representative <a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium compound">organozirconium compound</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium chemistry">Organozirconium chemistry</a> is key to <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalysts</a>, used to produce <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. This application exploits the ability of zirconium to reversibly form bonds to carbon. Zirconocene dibromide ((C5H5)2ZrBr2), reported in 1952 by Birmingham and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a>, was the first organozirconium compound.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schwartz%27s_reagent" title="Schwartz's reagent">Schwartz's reagent</a>, prepared in 1970 by P. C. Wailes and H. Weigold,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocene</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> for transformations of <a href="/wiki/Alkenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkenes">alkenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hart-49">[48]</a> Many complexes of Zr(II) are derivatives of zirconocene,<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a> one example being (C5Me5)2Zr(CO)2. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The zirconium-containing mineral zircon and related minerals (<a href="/wiki/Jargoon" title="Jargoon">jargoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a>, or hyacinth, <a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate#Third_row" title="Priestly breastplate">ligure</a>) were mentioned in biblical writings.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> The mineral was not known to contain a new element until 1789,<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-50">[49]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth</a> analyzed a jargoon from the island of Ceylon (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>). He named the new element Zirkonerde (zirconia),<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jargoon" title="Jargoon">zargun</a> (zircon; zar-gun, "gold-like" or "as gold").<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> attempted to isolate this new element in 1808 through <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, but failed.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crystal_bar_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal bar process">crystal bar process</a> (also known as the Iodide Process), discovered by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of metallic zirconium. It involves the formation and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetraiodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium tetraiodide">zirconium tetraiodide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>ZrI4), and was superseded in 1945 by the much cheaper <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/William_Justin_Kroll" title="William Justin Kroll">William Justin Kroll</a>, in which zirconium tetrachloride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">ZrCl4) is reduced by magnesium:<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-metal1998-51">[50]</a> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZrCl4 + 2Mg -> Zr + 2MgCl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>ZrCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Zr</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MgCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {ZrCl4 + 2Mg -> Zr + 2MgCl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9956852d3d0a48ca0c26f989fb649a2af59d6c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.885ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZrCl4 + 2Mg -> Zr + 2MgCl2}}}"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 900,000 tonnes of zirconium ores were mined in 1995, mostly as zircon.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> Most zircon is used directly in high-temperature applications. Because it is refractory, hard, and resistant to chemical attack, zircon finds many applications. Its main use is as an opacifier, conferring a white, opaque appearance to ceramic materials. Because of its chemical resistance, zircon is also used in aggressive environments, such as moulds for molten metals.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (ZrO2) is used in laboratory crucibles, in metallurgical furnaces, and as a refractory material<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> Because it is mechanically strong and flexible, it can be <a href="/wiki/Sintered" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintered">sintered</a> into <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_knife" title="Ceramic knife">ceramic knives</a> and other blades.<a href="#cite_note-kyo-52">[51]</a> Zircon (ZrSiO4) and <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a> (ZrO2) are cut into gemstones for use in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide is a component in some <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a>, such as grinding wheels and <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-50">[49]</a> Zircon is also used in <a href="/wiki/Detrital_zircon_geochronology" title="Detrital zircon geochronology">dating of rocks</a> from about the time of the Earth's formation through the measurement of its inherent <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioisotopes</a>, most often <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloys" title="Zirconium alloys">Zirconium alloys</a></div> A small fraction of the zircon is converted to the metal, which finds various niche applications. Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to aggressive environments, such as surgical appliances, light filaments, and watch cases. The high reactivity of zirconium with oxygen at high temperatures is exploited in some specialised applications such as explosive primers and as <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Zirconium powder is used as a degassing agent in electron tubes, while zirconium wire and sheets are utilized for grid and <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> supports.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Burning zirconium was used as a light source in some <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)#Flashbulbs" title="Flash (photography)">photographic flashbulbs</a>. Zirconium powder with a <a href="/wiki/Mesh_(scale)" title="Mesh (scale)">mesh size</a> from 10 to 80 is occasionally used in pyrotechnic compositions to generate <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a>. The high reactivity of zirconium leads to bright white sparks.<a href="#cite_note-stars-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_applications">Nuclear applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nuclear applications">edit</a>]</div> Cladding for nuclear reactor fuels consumes about 1% of the zirconium supply,<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> mainly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Zircaloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircaloy">zircaloys</a>. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron cross-section">cross-section</a> and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> Efficient methods for removing the hafnium impurities were developed to serve this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> One disadvantage of zirconium alloys is the reactivity with water, producing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, leading to degradation of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel#Common_physical_forms_of_nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">fuel rod cladding</a>:<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Zr</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ZrO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b3e7fdc0ade5cdcf96a84a4ebda20f9d8b2184b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2}}}"> Hydrolysis is very slow below 100 °C, but rapid at temperature above 900 °C. Most metals undergo similar reactions. The redox reaction is relevant to the instability of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">fuel assemblies</a> at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> This reaction occurred in the reactors 1, 2 and 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Japan) after the reactor cooling was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">earthquake and tsunami</a> disaster of March 11, 2011, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I nuclear accidents</a>. After venting the hydrogen in the maintenance hall of those three reactors, the mixture of hydrogen with atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> exploded, severely damaging the installations and at least one of the containment buildings.<a href="#cite_note-IAEA2015-60">[59]</a> Zirconium is a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_zirconium_hydride" title="Uranium zirconium hydride">uranium zirconium hydrides</a>, nuclear fuels used in <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_and_aeronautic_industries">Space and aeronautic industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Space and aeronautic industries">edit</a>]</div> Materials fabricated from zirconium metal and ZrO2 are used in space vehicles where resistance to heat is needed.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> High temperature parts such as combustors, blades, and vanes in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> and stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> are increasingly being protected by thin <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> layers and/or paintable coatings, usually composed of a mixture of zirconia and <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Zirconium is also used as a material of first choice for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O2) tanks, propellant lines, valves, and thrusters, in <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion space systems</a> such as these equipping the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Space" title="Sierra Space">Sierra Space</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark2023-63">[62]</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and hydrogen peroxide, a powerful, but unstable, <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>. The reason is that zirconium has an excellent <a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Resistance_to_corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion resistance</a> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O2 and, above all, do not <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyse</a> its spontaneous self-decomposition as the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> do.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2023-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zircadyne-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Zirconium-bearing compounds are used in many biomedical applications, including dental implants and <a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crowns</a>, knee and hip replacements, middle-ear <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicular</a> chain reconstruction, and other restorative and <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthetic</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> Zirconium binds <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, a property that has been utilized extensively to the benefit of patients with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> For example, zirconium is a primary component of the <a href="/wiki/Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbent</a> column dependent dialysate regeneration and recirculation system known as the REDY system, which was first introduced in 1973. More than 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> treatments have been performed using the sorbent column in the REDY system.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Although the REDY system was superseded in the 1990s by less expensive alternatives, new sorbent-based dialysis systems are being evaluated and approved by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). Renal Solutions developed the DIALISORB technology, a portable, low water dialysis system. Also, developmental versions of a Wearable Artificial Kidney have incorporated sorbent-based technologies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_zirconium_cyclosilicate" title="Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate">Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate</a> is used by mouth in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>. It is a selective sorbent designed to trap <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ions in preference to other <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> throughout the gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Mixtures of monomeric and polymeric Zr4+ and Al3+ complexes with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_zirconium_tetrachlorohydrex_gly" title="Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly">aluminium zirconium glycine</a> salts, are used in a preparation as an <a href="/wiki/Antiperspirant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiperspirant">antiperspirant</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a> products. It has been used since the early 1960s, as it was determined more efficacious as an antiperspirant than contemporary active ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chlorohydrate" title="Aluminium chlorohydrate">aluminium chlorohydrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_applications">Defunct applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defunct applications">edit</a>]</div> Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) was used in lotions to treat <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a> but was discontinued because it occasionally caused skin reactions.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Zirconium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_3d8171e88c0df7b6" /><map name="ImageMap_3d8171e88c0df7b6"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Although zirconium has no known biological role, the human body contains, on average, 250 milligrams of zirconium, and daily intake is approximately 4.15 milligrams (3.5 milligrams from food and 0.65 milligrams from water), depending on dietary habits.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966-70">[69]</a> Zirconium is widely distributed in nature and is found in all biological systems, for example: 2.86 μg/g in whole wheat, 3.09 μg/g in brown rice, 0.55 μg/g in <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, 1.23 μg/g in eggs, and 0.86 μg/g in ground beef.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966-70">[69]</a> Further, zirconium is commonly used in commercial products (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a> sticks, aerosol <a href="/wiki/Antiperspirants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiperspirants">antiperspirants</a>) and also in water purification (e.g. control of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> pollution, bacteria- and pyrogen-contaminated water).<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> Short-term exposure to zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Persistent exposure to <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetrachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium tetrachloride">zirconium tetrachloride</a> results in increased mortality in rats and guinea pigs and a decrease of blood <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> in dogs. However, in a study of 20 rats given a standard diet containing ~4% zirconium oxide, there were no adverse effects on growth rate, blood and urine parameters, or mortality.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for zirconium exposure is 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) is 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 10 mg/m3. At levels of 25 mg/m3, zirconium is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> However, zirconium is not considered an industrial health hazard.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> Furthermore, reports of zirconium-related adverse reactions are rare and, in general, rigorous cause-and-effect relationships have not been established.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> No evidence has been validated that zirconium is carcinogenic<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> or genotoxic.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Among the numerous radioactive isotopes of zirconium, 93Zr is among the most common. It is released as a <a href="/wiki/Fission_products_(by_element)#Zirconium-90_to_96" title="Fission products (by element)">product of nuclear fission</a> of 235U and 239Pu, mainly in nuclear power plants and during nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. It has a very long half-life (1.53 million years), its decay emits only low energy radiations, and it is not considered particularly hazardous.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium alloy">Zirconium alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconia_light" title="Zirconia light">Zirconia light</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The thermal expansion of a zirconium crystal is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 4.91×10−6/K, αc = 7.26×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 5.69×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/zirconium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Zirconium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Zirconium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fzirconium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Zr(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zr(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4]−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080450476" title="Special:BookSources/9780080450476"><bdi>9780080450476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=697-739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calderazzo-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calderazzo_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderazzo_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderazzoPampaloni1992" class="citation journal cs1">Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022328X92831263">"Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower"</a>. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 423 (3): 307–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3">10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Organometallics+of+groups+4+and+5%3A+Oxidation+states+II+and+lower&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-328&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3&rft.aulast=Calderazzo&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rft.au=Pampaloni%2C+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022328X92831263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ma-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaHerbertSenanayakeYildiz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/106/10/101603/236409/Non-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium">"Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation"</a>. Applied Physics Letters. 106 (10). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.106j1603M">2015ApPhL.106j1603M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4914180">10.1063/1.4914180</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F104888">1721.1/104888</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6951">0003-6951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Non-equilibrium+oxidation+states+of+zirconium+during+early+stages+of+metal+oxidation&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F104888&rft.issn=0003-6951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4914180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApPhL.106j1603M&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Herbert%2C+F.+William&rft.au=Senanayake%2C+Sanjaya+D.&rft.au=Yildiz%2C+Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fapl%2Farticle%2F106%2F10%2F101603%2F236409%2FNon-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnet-10"><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=zircon">"zircon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=zircon&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dzircon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 506–510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850341-5"><bdi>978-0-19-850341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=506-510&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850341-5&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC2008-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_14-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2007–2008" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R., ed. (2007–2008). "Zirconium". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 4. New York: CRC Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0488-0"><bdi>978-0-8493-0488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nostrand-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidine2005" class="citation book cs1">Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005). "Zirconium". Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry. New York: Wylie-Interscience. pp. 1778–1779. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-61525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-61525-5"><bdi>978-0-471-61525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=Van+Nostrand%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1778-1779&rft.pub=Wylie-Interscience&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-61525-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2007" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/heatscape.html">"Electronegativity (Pauling)"</a>. University of Sheffield. Retrieved 2024-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronegativity+%28Pauling%29&rft.pub=University+of+Sheffield&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fperiodicity%2Feneg_pauling%2Fheatscape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnell_IAlbers_RC2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schnell I & Albers RC (January 2006). "Zirconium under pressure: phase transitions and thermodynamics". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 18 (5): 16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPCM...18.1483S">2006JPCM...18.1483S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0953-8984%2F18%2F5%2F001">10.1088/0953-8984/18/5/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56557217">56557217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Condensed+Matter&rft.atitle=Zirconium+under+pressure%3A+phase+transitions+and+thermodynamics&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56557217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0953-8984%2F18%2F5%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JPCM...18.1483S&rft.au=Schnell+I&rft.au=Albers+RC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumikamaFukudaInabeKameda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614">"Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110"</a>. Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PhRvC.103a4614S">2021PhRvC.103a4614S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.103.014614">10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F260248">10261/260248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234019083">234019083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Observation+of+new+neutron-rich+isotopes+in+the+vicinity+of+Zr110&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=014614&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F260248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234019083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.103.014614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PhRvC.103a4614S&rft.aulast=Sumikama&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Fukuda%2C+N.&rft.au=Inabe%2C+N.&rft.au=Kameda%2C+D.&rft.au=Kubo%2C+T.&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+Y.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+H.&rft.au=Takeda%2C+H.&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+K.&rft.au=Baba%2C+H.&rft.au=Browne%2C+F.&rft.au=Bruce%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+R.&rft.au=Chiga%2C+N.&rft.au=Daido%2C+R.&rft.au=Didierjean%2C+F.&rft.au=Doornenbal%2C+P.&rft.au=Fang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Gey%2C+G.&rft.au=Ideguchi%2C+E.&rft.au=Isobe%2C+T.&rft.au=Lalkovski%2C+S.&rft.au=Li%2C+Z.&rft.au=Lorusso%2C+G.&rft.au=Lozeva%2C+R.&rft.au=Nishibata%2C+H.&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+S.&rft.au=Nishizuka%2C+I.&rft.au=Odahara%2C+A.&rft.au=Patel%2C+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprc%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.103.014614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-argonne-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-argonne_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-argonne_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonMacDonell2007" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, John; MacDonell, Margaret (2007). "Zirconium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528130257/http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf">Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas</a> (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. pp. 64–65. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=Radiological+and+Chemical+Fact+Sheets+to+Support+Health+Risk+Analyses+for+Contaminated+Areas&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=MacDonell%2C+Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evs.anl.gov%2Fpub%2Fdoc%2FANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-madehow-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madehow_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madehow_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madehow_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-madehow_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Zirconium.html">"Zirconium"</a>. How Products Are Made. Advameg Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Products+Are+Made&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-1%2FZirconium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb13-21"><a href="#cite_ref-nbb13_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2014-zirco.pdf">"Zirconium and Hafnium – Mineral resources"</a> (PDF). 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zirconium+and+Hafnium+%E2%80%93+Mineral+resources&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fzirconium%2Fmcs-2014-zirco.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs2008-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2008_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2008_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2008-zirco.pdf">"Zirconium and Hafnium"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries: 192–193. January 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Zirconium+and+Hafnium&rft.pages=192-193&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fzirconium%2Fmcs-2008-zirco.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph,_JolyonRalph,_Ida2008" class="citation web cs1">Ralph, Jolyon & Ralph, Ida (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Zr%2C&exc=&sub=Search+for+Minerals">"Minerals that include Zr"</a>. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2008-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerals+that+include+Zr&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ralph%2C+Jolyon&rft.au=Ralph%2C+Ida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fchemsearch.php%3Finc%3DZr%252C%26exc%3D%26sub%3DSearch%2Bfor%2BMinerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckettPhillipsBrown1972" class="citation journal cs1">Peckett, A.; Phillips, R.; Brown, G. M. (March 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/236215a0">"New Zirconium-rich Minerals from Apollo 14 and 15 Lunar Rocks"</a>. Nature. 236 (5344): 215–217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Natur.236..215P">1972Natur.236..215P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F236215a0">10.1038/236215a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=New+Zirconium-rich+Minerals+from+Apollo+14+and+15+Lunar+Rocks&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=5344&rft.pages=215-217&rft.date=1972-03&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F236215a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Natur.236..215P&rft.aulast=Peckett&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+R.&rft.au=Brown%2C+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F236215a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamBoatnerRameyRappaz1984" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, M. M.; Boatner, L. A.; Ramey, J. O.; Rappaz, M. (1984-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.447678">"The occurrence and stability of trivalent zirconium in orthophosphate single crystals"</a>. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 81 (12): 5362–5366. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JChPh..81.5362A">1984JChPh..81.5362A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.447678">10.1063/1.447678</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9606">0021-9606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=The+occurrence+and+stability+of+trivalent+zirconium+in+orthophosphate+single+crystals&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=5362-5366&rft.date=1984-12-20&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.447678&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JChPh..81.5362A&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft.au=Boatner%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Ramey%2C+J.+O.&rft.au=Rappaz%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1063%2F1.447678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallaghan2008" class="citation web cs1">Callaghan, R. (2008-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/">"Zirconium and Hafnium Statistics and Information"</a>. US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zirconium+and+Hafnium+Statistics+and+Information&rft.pub=US+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Callaghan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fzirconium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiquiMohapatraRao2000" class="citation journal cs1">Siddiqui, A. S.; Mohapatra, A. K.; Rao, J. V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297712279.pdf">"Separation of beach sand minerals"</a> (PDF). Processing of Fines. 2. India: 114–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87053-53-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-87053-53-4"><bdi>81-87053-53-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Processing+of+Fines&rft.atitle=Separation+of+beach+sand+minerals&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=114-126&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-87053-53-4&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Mohapatra%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Rao%2C+J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F297712279.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_28-5">f</a> Nielsen, Ralph (2005) "Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a28_543">10.1002/14356007.a28_543</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStwertka1996" class="citation book cs1">Stwertka, Albert (1996). A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508083-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pages=117-119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508083-4&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuXuDongWu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Ming; Xu, Fei; Dong, Panfei; Wu, Hongzhen; Zhao, Zhiying; Wu, Chenjie; Chi, Ruan; Xu, Zhigao (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0255270121003615">"Process for synergistic extraction of Hf(IV) over Zr(IV) from thiocyanic acid solution with TOPO and N1923"</a>. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification. 170: 108673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CEPPI.17008673W">2022CEPPI.17008673W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cep.2021.108673">10.1016/j.cep.2021.108673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+and+Processing+-+Process+Intensification&rft.atitle=Process+for+synergistic+extraction+of+Hf%28IV%29+over+Zr%28IV%29+from+thiocyanic+acid+solution+with+TOPO+and+N1923&rft.volume=170&rft.pages=108673&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cep.2021.108673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CEPPI.17008673W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=Xu%2C+Fei&rft.au=Dong%2C+Panfei&rft.au=Wu%2C+Hongzhen&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zhiying&rft.au=Wu%2C+Chenjie&rft.au=Chi%2C+Ruan&rft.au=Xu%2C+Zhigao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0255270121003615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiongLiZhangWang2024" class="citation journal cs1">Xiong, Jing; Li, Yang; Zhang, Xiaomeng; Wang, Yong; Zhang, Yanlin; Qi, Tao (2024-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fseparations11040093">"The Extraction Mechanism of Zirconium and Hafnium in the MIBK-HSCN System"</a>. Separations. 11 (4): 93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fseparations11040093">10.3390/separations11040093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2297-8739">2297-8739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Separations&rft.atitle=The+Extraction+Mechanism+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+the+MIBK-HSCN+System&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fseparations11040093&rft.issn=2297-8739&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft.au=Li%2C+Yang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaomeng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yanlin&rft.au=Qi%2C+Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fseparations11040093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeyDarekarSinghMukhopadhyay2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pandey, Garima; Darekar, Mayur; Singh, K.K.; Mukhopadhyay, S. (2023-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01496395.2023.2232102">"Selective extraction of zirconium from zirconium nitrate solution in a pulsed stirred column"</a>. Separation Science and Technology. 58 (15–16): 2710–2717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01496395.2023.2232102">10.1080/01496395.2023.2232102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6395">0149-6395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Separation+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Selective+extraction+of+zirconium+from+zirconium+nitrate+solution+in+a+pulsed+stirred+column&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=15%E2%80%9316&rft.pages=2710-2717&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01496395.2023.2232102&rft.issn=0149-6395&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Garima&rft.au=Darekar%2C+Mayur&rft.au=Singh%2C+K.K.&rft.au=Mukhopadhyay%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01496395.2023.2232102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuXiaovan_SandwijkXu2016" class="citation book cs1">Xu, L.; Xiao, Y.; van Sandwijk, A.; Xu, Q.; Yang, Y. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_53">"Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium: A Review"</a>. Energy Materials 2014. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 451–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-48765-6_53">10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-48765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-48765-6"><bdi>978-3-319-48765-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Separation+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium%3A+A+Review&rft.btitle=Energy+Materials+2014&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=451-457&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-48765-6_53&rft.isbn=978-3-319-48765-6&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Y.&rft.au=van+Sandwijk%2C+A.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Q.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-48765-6_53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamsuddin2021" class="citation book cs1">Shamsuddin, Mohammad (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8">Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes</a>. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series (2nd ed.). Springer Cham. pp. 1–5, 390–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-58069-8">10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-58069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-58069-8"><bdi>978-3-030-58069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry+of+Metallurgical+Processes&rft.series=The+Minerals%2C+Metals+%26+Materials+Series&rft.pages=1-5%2C+390-391&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-58069-8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-58069-8&rft.aulast=Shamsuddin&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-58069-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-b1_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady,_George_StuartClauser,_Henry_R.Vaccari,_John_A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Brady, George Stuart; Clauser, Henry R. & Vaccari, John A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&pg=PA1063">Materials handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors</a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1063–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-136076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-136076-0"><bdi>978-0-07-136076-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2011-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+handbook%3A+an+encyclopedia+for+managers%2C+technical+professionals%2C+purchasing+and+production+managers%2C+technicians%2C+and+supervisors&rft.pages=1063-&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-136076-0&rft.au=Brady%2C+George+Stuart&rft.au=Clauser%2C+Henry+R.&rft.au=Vaccari%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIhvSQLhhMEC%26pg%3DPA1063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZardiackas,_Lyle_D.Kraay,_Matthew_J.Freese,_Howard_L.2006" class="citation book cs1">Zardiackas, Lyle D.; Kraay, Matthew J. & Freese, Howard L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAlt_F5K9KkC&pg=PA21">Titanium, niobium, zirconium and tantalum for medical and surgical applications</a>. ASTM International. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-3497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-3497-3"><bdi>978-0-8031-3497-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2011-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titanium%2C+niobium%2C+zirconium+and+tantalum+for+medical+and+surgical+applications&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8031-3497-3&rft.au=Zardiackas%2C+Lyle+D.&rft.au=Kraay%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Freese%2C+Howard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAlt_F5K9KkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwd-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwd_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwd_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azomzirc-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azomzirc_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azomzirc_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126182009/http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=133#_Key_Properties">"Zirconia"</a>. AZoM.com. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=133#_Key_Properties">the original</a> on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zirconia&rft.pub=AZoM.com&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azom.com%2Fdetails.asp%3FArticleID%3D133%23_Key_Properties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauthierDettenwangerSchütze2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gauthier, V.; Dettenwanger, F.; Schütze, M. (2002-04-10). "Oxidation behavior of γ-TiAl coated with zirconia thermal barriers". Intermetallics. 10 (7): 667–674. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0966-9795%2802%2900036-5">10.1016/S0966-9795(02)00036-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intermetallics&rft.atitle=Oxidation+behavior+of+%CE%B3-TiAl+coated+with+zirconia+thermal+barriers&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=667-674&rft.date=2002-04-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0966-9795%2802%2900036-5&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Dettenwanger%2C+F.&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtze%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan1954" class="citation journal cs1">Keenan, P. C. (1954). "Classification of the S-Type Stars". <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a>. 120: 484–505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954ApJ...120..484K">1954ApJ...120..484K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F145937">10.1086/145937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Classification+of+the+S-Type+Stars&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=484-505&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F145937&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954ApJ...120..484K&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpekaTalmyWuchinaZaykoski1999" class="citation journal cs1">Opeka, Mark M.; Talmy, Inna G.; Wuchina, Eric J.; Zaykoski, James A.; Causey, Samuel J. (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955221999001296">"Mechanical, Thermal, and Oxidation Properties of Refractory Hafnium and zirconium Compounds"</a>. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 19 (13–14): 2405–2414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0955-2219%2899%2900129-6">10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00129-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Ceramic+Society&rft.atitle=Mechanical%2C+Thermal%2C+and+Oxidation+Properties+of+Refractory+Hafnium+and+zirconium+Compounds&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=13%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=2405-2414&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0955-2219%2899%2900129-6&rft.aulast=Opeka&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rft.au=Talmy%2C+Inna+G.&rft.au=Wuchina%2C+Eric+J.&rft.au=Zaykoski%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Causey%2C+Samuel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0955221999001296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuls2012" class="citation book cs1">Puls, Manfred P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-4195-2">The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Components</a>. Engineering Materials. Springer London. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4471-4195-2">10.1007/978-1-4471-4195-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-4194-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-4194-5"><bdi>978-1-4471-4194-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effect+of+Hydrogen+and+Hydrides+on+the+Integrity+of+Zirconium+Alloy+Components&rft.series=Engineering+Materials&rft.pub=Springer+London&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4471-4195-2&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-4194-5&rft.aulast=Puls&rft.aufirst=Manfred+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4471-4195-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouquetteHainesBornandPintard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rouquette, J.; Haines, J.; Bornand, V.; Pintard, M.; Papet, Ph.; Bousquet, C.; Konczewicz, L.; Gorelli, F. A.; Hull, S. (2004-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108">"Pressure tuning of the morphotropic phase boundary in piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate"</a>. Physical Review B. 70 (1): 014108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvB..70a4108R">2004PhRvB..70a4108R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.70.014108">10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-0121">1098-0121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Pressure+tuning+of+the+morphotropic+phase+boundary+in+piezoelectric+lead+zirconate+titanate&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=014108&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.issn=1098-0121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.70.014108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvB..70a4108R&rft.aulast=Rouquette&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Haines%2C+J.&rft.au=Bornand%2C+V.&rft.au=Pintard%2C+M.&rft.au=Papet%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Bousquet%2C+C.&rft.au=Konczewicz%2C+L.&rft.au=Gorelli%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Hull%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.70.014108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_Ural_State_University,_Chelyabinsk,_Russian_FederationSharutinTarasova2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation; Sharutin, V.; Tarasova, N. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vestnik.susu.ru/chemistry/article/view/12998">"Zirconium halide complexes. Synthesis, structure, practical application potential"</a>. Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series "Chemistry" (in Russian). 15 (1): 17–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14529%2Fchem230102">10.14529/chem230102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+South+Ural+State+University+Series+%22Chemistry%22&rft.atitle=Zirconium+halide+complexes.+Synthesis%2C+structure%2C+practical+application+potential&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-30&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14529%2Fchem230102&rft.au=South+Ural+State+University%2C+Chelyabinsk%2C+Russian+Federation&rft.au=Sharutin%2C+V.&rft.au=Tarasova%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvestnik.susu.ru%2Fchemistry%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2018" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2018). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>. p. 812. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0273742753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0273742753"><bdi>978-0273742753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=812&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0273742753&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> MSDS sheet for Duratec 400, DuBois Chemicals, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson,_G.Birmingham1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson, G.</a>; Birmingham, J. M. (1954). "Bis-cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Ti, Zr, V, Nb and Ta". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (17): 4281–4284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01646a008">10.1021/ja01646a008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Bis-cyclopentadienyl+Compounds+of+Ti%2C+Zr%2C+V%2C+Nb+and+Ta&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=4281-4284&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01646a008&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+G.&rft.au=Birmingham%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouhi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rouhi, A. Maureen (2004-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/nlw/8216sci1.html">"Organozirconium Chemistry Arrives"</a>. Chemical & Engineering News. 82 (16): 36–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v082n016.p036">10.1021/cen-v082n016.p036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2347">0009-2347</a>. Retrieved 2008-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Organozirconium+Chemistry+Arrives&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=36-39&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v082n016.p036&rft.issn=0009-2347&rft.aulast=Rouhi&rft.aufirst=A.+Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2Fnlw%2F8216sci1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWailes,_P._C.Weigold,_H.1970" class="citation journal cs1">Wailes, P. C. & Weigold, H. (1970). "Hydrido complexes of zirconium I. Preparation". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Organometallic_Chemistry" title="Journal of Organometallic Chemistry">Journal of Organometallic Chemistry</a>. 24 (2): 405–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2980281-8">10.1016/S0022-328X(00)80281-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Hydrido+complexes+of+zirconium+I.+Preparation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=405-411&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2980281-8&rft.au=Wailes%2C+P.+C.&rft.au=Weigold%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hart-49"><a href="#cite_ref-hart_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart,_D._W.Schwartz,_J.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hart, D. W. & Schwartz, J. (1974). "Hydrozirconation. Organic Synthesis via Organozirconium Intermediates. Synthesis and Rearrangement of Alkylzirconium(IV) Complexes and Their Reaction with Electrophiles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 96 (26): 8115–8116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00833a048">10.1021/ja00833a048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Hydrozirconation.+Organic+Synthesis+via+Organozirconium+Intermediates.+Synthesis+and+Rearrangement+of+Alkylzirconium%28IV%29+Complexes+and+Their+Reaction+with+Electrophiles&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=8115-8116&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00833a048&rft.au=Hart%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenwood-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenwood_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs1998" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/98">The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/98">98–100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30123-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30123-0"><bdi>978-0-313-30123-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=98-100&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30123-0&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryuseofoure00kreb%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metal1998-51"><a href="#cite_ref-metal1998_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedrick1998" class="citation book cs1">Hedrick, James B. (1998). "Zirconium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/metal_prices/metal_prices1998.pdf">Metal Prices in the United States through 1998</a> (PDF). US Geological Survey. pp. 175–178. Retrieved 2008-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=Metal+Prices+in+the+United+States+through+1998&rft.pages=175-178&rft.pub=US+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hedrick&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fmetal_prices%2Fmetal_prices1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyo-52"><a href="#cite_ref-kyo_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.kyocera.com/prdct/fc/list/material/zirconia/zirconia.html">"Fine ceramics – zirconia"</a>. Kyocera Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fine+ceramics+%E2%80%93+zirconia&rft.pub=Kyocera+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.kyocera.com%2Fprdct%2Ffc%2Flist%2Fmaterial%2Fzirconia%2Fzirconia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisWilliamsKrogh2003" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Donald W.; Williams, Ian S.; Krogh, Thomas E. (2003). Hanchar, J.M.; Hoskin, P.W.O. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uncw.edu/lamaskint/GLY%20445-545%20FALL%202013/Davis%20et%20al%20Historical%20Development%20of%20Zircon%20Geochronology.pdf">"Historical development of U-Pb geochronology"</a> (PDF). Zircon: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 53: 145–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2F0530145">10.2113/0530145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zircon%3A+Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Historical+development+of+U-Pb+geochronology&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=145-181&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2F0530145&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ian+S.&rft.au=Krogh%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uncw.edu%2Flamaskint%2FGLY%2520445-545%2520FALL%25202013%2FDavis%2520et%2520al%2520Historical%2520Development%2520of%2520Zircon%2520Geochronology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosler,_J.Sylvester,_P.J.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kosler, J.; Sylvester, P.J. (2003). Hanchar, J.M.; Hoskin, P.W.O. (eds.). "Present trends and the future of zircon in U-Pb geochronology: laser ablation ICPMS". Zircon: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 53 (1): 243–275. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RvMG...53..243K">2003RvMG...53..243K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2F0530243">10.2113/0530243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zircon%3A+Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Present+trends+and+the+future+of+zircon+in+U-Pb+geochronology%3A+laser+ablation+ICPMS&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-275&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2F0530243&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003RvMG...53..243K&rft.au=Kosler%2C+J.&rft.au=Sylvester%2C+P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedo,_C._M.Sircombe,_K._N.Rainbird,_R._H.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fedo, C. M.; Sircombe, K. N.; Rainbird, R. H. (2003). "Detrital zircon analysis of the sedimentary record". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 53 (1): 277–303. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RvMG...53..277F">2003RvMG...53..277F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2F0530277">10.2113/0530277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Detrital+zircon+analysis+of+the+sedimentary+record&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=277-303&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2F0530277&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003RvMG...53..277F&rft.au=Fedo%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Sircombe%2C+K.+N.&rft.au=Rainbird%2C+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1946" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Alfred (1946). "Use of Zirconium in the Vacuum Tube". Transactions of the Electrochemical Society. 88: 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.3071684">10.1149/1.3071684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=Use+of+Zirconium+in+the+Vacuum+Tube&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=207&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F1.3071684&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refractorymetal.org/the-magic-industrial-vitamin-zirconium-metal/">"Zirconium Metal: The Magic Industrial Vitamin"</a>. Advanced Refractory Metals. Retrieved Oct 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Refractory+Metals&rft.atitle=Zirconium+Metal%3A+The+Magic+Industrial+Vitamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refractorymetal.org%2Fthe-magic-industrial-vitamin-zirconium-metal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrando1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrando, W.A. (1988). "Processing and use of zirconium based materials". Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 3 (2): 195–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10426918808953203">10.1080/10426918808953203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials+and+Manufacturing+Processes&rft.atitle=Processing+and+use+of+zirconium+based+materials&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-231&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10426918808953203&rft.aulast=Ferrando&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stars-57"><a href="#cite_ref-stars_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosanke,_Kenneth_L.Kosanke,_Bonnie_J.1999" class="citation cs2">Kosanke, Kenneth L.; Kosanke, Bonnie J. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4GOAIA8HaEC&pg=PA49">"Pyrotechnic Spark Generation"</a>, Journal of Pyrotechnics: 49–62, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889526-12-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889526-12-6"><bdi>978-1-889526-12-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pyrotechnics&rft.atitle=Pyrotechnic+Spark+Generation&rft.pages=49-62&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-889526-12-6&rft.au=Kosanke%2C+Kenneth+L.&rft.au=Kosanke%2C+Bonnie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4GOAIA8HaEC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottaCapolungoChenCinbiz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Motta, Arthur T.; Capolungo, Laurent; Chen, Long-Qing; Cinbiz, Mahmut Nedim; Daymond, Mark R.; Koss, Donald A.; Lacroix, Evrard; Pastore, Giovanni; Simon, Pierre-Clément A.; Tonks, Michael R.; Wirth, Brian D.; Zikry, Mohammed A. (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022311518316763">"Hydrogen in zirconium alloys: A review"</a>. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 518: 440–460. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JNuM..518..440M">2019JNuM..518..440M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnucmat.2019.02.042">10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.02.042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Materials&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+in+zirconium+alloys%3A+A+review&rft.volume=518&rft.pages=440-460&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jnucmat.2019.02.042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JNuM..518..440M&rft.aulast=Motta&rft.aufirst=Arthur+T.&rft.au=Capolungo%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Chen%2C+Long-Qing&rft.au=Cinbiz%2C+Mahmut+Nedim&rft.au=Daymond%2C+Mark+R.&rft.au=Koss%2C+Donald+A.&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+Evrard&rft.au=Pastore%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Simon%2C+Pierre-Cl%C3%A9ment+A.&rft.au=Tonks%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=Wirth%2C+Brian+D.&rft.au=Zikry%2C+Mohammed+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0022311518316763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Gillon, Luc (1979). Le nucléaire en question, Gembloux Duculot, French edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEA2015-60"><a href="#cite_ref-IAEA2015_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/publications/10962/the-fukushima-daiichi-accident">The Fukushima Daiichi accident</a>. STI/PUB. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2015. pp. 37–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-0-107015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-0-107015-9"><bdi>978-92-0-107015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fukushima+Daiichi+accident&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.series=STI%2FPUB&rft.pages=37-42&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-0-107015-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fpublications%2F10962%2Fthe-fukushima-daiichi-accident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuchiyaHuangKonashiTeshigawara2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuchiya, B.; Huang, J.; Konashi, K.; Teshigawara, M.; Yamawaki, M. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022311501004202">"Thermophysical properties of zirconium hydride and uranium–zirconium hydride"</a>. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 289 (3): 329–333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JNuM..289..329T">2001JNuM..289..329T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2801%2900420-2">10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00420-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Materials&rft.atitle=Thermophysical+properties+of+zirconium+hydride+and+uranium%E2%80%93zirconium+hydride&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-333&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2801%2900420-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JNuM..289..329T&rft.aulast=Tsuchiya&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Huang%2C+J.&rft.au=Konashi%2C+K.&rft.au=Teshigawara%2C+M.&rft.au=Yamawaki%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0022311501004202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlanderGreenspanGarkischPetrovic2009" class="citation journal cs1">Olander, D.; Greenspan, Ehud; Garkisch, Hans D.; Petrovic, Bojan (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0029549309001745">"Uranium–zirconium hydride fuel properties"</a>. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 239 (8): 1406–1424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NuEnD.239.1406O">2009NuEnD.239.1406O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nucengdes.2009.04.001">10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.04.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Engineering+and+Design&rft.atitle=Uranium%E2%80%93zirconium+hydride+fuel+properties&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1406-1424&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nucengdes.2009.04.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NuEnD.239.1406O&rft.aulast=Olander&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Greenspan%2C+Ehud&rft.au=Garkisch%2C+Hans+D.&rft.au=Petrovic%2C+Bojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0029549309001745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierGupta1994" class="citation journal cs1">Meier, S. M.; Gupta, D. K. (1994). "The Evolution of Thermal Barrier Coatings in Gas Turbine Engine Applications". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 116: 250–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.2906801">10.1115/1.2906801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53414132">53414132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Engineering+for+Gas+Turbines+and+Power&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Thermal+Barrier+Coatings+in+Gas+Turbine+Engine+Applications&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=250-257&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.2906801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53414132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+D.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, S. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technicalreports.ornl.gov/cppr/y2001/pres/112377.pdf">"37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit"</a> (PDF). AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIAA%2FASME%2FSAE%2FASEE+Joint+Propulsion+Conference&rft.atitle=37th+AIAA%2FASME%2FSAE%2FASEE+Joint+Propulsion+Conference+and+Exhibit&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnicalreports.ornl.gov%2Fcppr%2Fy2001%2Fpres%2F112377.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark2023-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2023_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2023_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2023" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (2023-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/11/after-decades-of-dreams-a-commercial-spaceplane-is-almost-ready-to-fly/">"After decades of dreams, a commercial spaceplane is almost ready to fly"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 2023-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=After+decades+of+dreams%2C+a+commercial+spaceplane+is+almost+ready+to+fly&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2023%2F11%2Fafter-decades-of-dreams-a-commercial-spaceplane-is-almost-ready-to-fly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zircadyne-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Zircadyne_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFATI_Materials" class="citation web cs1">ATI Materials. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/zirconium/alloy/zircadyne_702_705_in_hydrogen_peroxide_v1.pdf">"Zircadyne® 702/705 in Hydrogen Peroxide"</a> (PDF). atimaterials. Retrieved 2023-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atimaterials&rft.atitle=Zircadyne%C2%AE+702%2F705+in+Hydrogen+Peroxide&rft.au=ATI+Materials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimaterials.com%2FProducts%2FDocuments%2Fdatasheets%2Fzirconium%2Falloy%2Fzircadyne_702_705_in_hydrogen_peroxide_v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_65-4">e</a> Lee DBN, Roberts M, Bluchel CG, Odell RA. (2010) Zirconium: Biomedical and nephrological applications. ASAIO J 56(6):550–556. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Ash SR. Sorbents in treatment of uremia: A short history and a great future. 2009 Semin Dial 22: 615–622 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKooman2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kooman, Jeroen Peter (2024-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsdi.13203">"The Revival of Sorbents in Chronic Dialysis Treatment"</a>. Seminars in Dialysis. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsdi.13203">10.1111/sdi.13203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-0959">0894-0959</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38506130">38506130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Dialysis&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Sorbents+in+Chronic+Dialysis+Treatment&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft.issn=0894-0959&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38506130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsdi.13203&rft.aulast=Kooman&rft.aufirst=Jeroen+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fsdi.13203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngelfinger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ingelfinger, Julie R. (2015). "A New Era for the Treatment of Hyperkalemia?". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (3): 275–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMe1414112">10.1056/NEJMe1414112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415806">25415806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+New+Era+for+the+Treatment+of+Hyperkalemia%3F&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMe1414112&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25415806&rft.aulast=Ingelfinger&rft.aufirst=Julie+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaden1999" class="citation book cs1">Laden, Karl (January 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0FZDwAAQBAJ">Antiperspirants and Deodorants</a>. CRC Press. pp. 137–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-2405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-2405-4"><bdi>978-1-4822-2405-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiperspirants+and+Deodorants&rft.pages=137-144&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-2405-4&rft.aulast=Laden&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0FZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroederBalassa1966" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, Henry A.; Balassa, Joseph J. (May 1966). "Abnormal trace metals in man: zirconium". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 19 (5): 573–586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2866%2990095-6">10.1016/0021-9681(66)90095-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5338082">5338082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chronic+Diseases&rft.atitle=Abnormal+trace+metals+in+man%3A+zirconium&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=573-586&rft.date=1966-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0021-9681%2866%2990095-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5338082&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft.au=Balassa%2C+Joseph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Zirconium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201143952/http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc14/icsc1405.htm">International Chemical Safety Cards</a>. International Labour Organization. October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc14/icsc1405.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zirconium&rft.btitle=International+Chemical+Safety+Cards&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oit.org%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fprotection%2Fsafework%2Fcis%2Fproducts%2Ficsc%2Fdtasht%2F_icsc14%2Ficsc1405.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Zirconium and its compounds 1999. The MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. 224–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0677.html">"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Zirconium compounds (as Zr)"</a>. CDC. Retrieved 2015-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Zirconium+compounds+%28as+Zr%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0677.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPubChem" class="citation web cs1">PubChem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/2528">"Zirconium, Elemental"</a>. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hazardous+Substances+Data+Bank&rft.atitle=Zirconium%2C+Elemental&rft.au=PubChem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsource%2Fhsdb%2F2528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_ForschungsgemeinschaftCommission_for_the_Investigation_of_Health_Hazards_of_Chemical_Compounds_in_the_Work_Area2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, eds. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/3527600418">The MAK-Collection for Occupational Health and Safety: Annual Thresholds and Classifications for the Workplace</a> (in German) (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527600418.mb744067vere0012">10.1002/3527600418.mb744067vere0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-60041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-60041-0"><bdi>978-3-527-60041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MAK-Collection+for+Occupational+Health+and+Safety%3A+Annual+Thresholds+and+Classifications+for+the+Workplace&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F3527600418.mb744067vere0012&rft.isbn=978-3-527-60041-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F3527600418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpschapters.org/northcarolina/NSDS/zirconium.pdf">"ANL Human Health Fact Sheet: Zirconium (October 2001)"</a> (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANL+Human+Health+Fact+Sheet%3A+Zirconium+%28October+2001%29&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpschapters.org%2Fnorthcarolina%2FNSDS%2Fzirconium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Zirconium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zirconium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Zirconium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" class="extiw" title="c:Zirconium">Media</a> from Commons</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_zirconium_remix2_48k_tcm18-117340.mp3">Zirconium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/040.htm">Zirconium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zirconium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zirconium_compounds" title="Template:Zirconium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zirconium_compounds" title="Template talk:Zirconium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zirconium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zirconium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zirconium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium compounds">Zirconium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diboride" title="Zirconium diboride">ZrB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dibromide" title="Zirconium dibromide">ZrBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dichloride" title="Zirconium dichloride">ZrCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_difluoride" title="Zirconium difluoride">ZrF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_disilicide" title="Zirconium disilicide">ZrSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_iodide" title="Zirconium(II) iodide">ZrI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_iodide" title="Zirconium(II) iodide">ZrI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">ZrO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitride" title="Zirconium nitride">ZrN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_chloride" title="Zirconium(III) chloride">ZrCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_bromide" title="Zirconium(III) bromide">ZrBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_trifluoride" title="Zirconium trifluoride">ZrF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_iodide" title="Zirconium(III) iodide">ZrI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium phosphide">ZrP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_acetate" title="Zirconium(IV) acetate">Zr6O4(OH)4(O2CCH3)12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_bromide" title="Zirconium(IV) bromide">ZrBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_carbide" title="Zirconium carbide">ZrC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">ZrCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_iodate" title="Zirconium iodate">Zr(IO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_iodide" title="Zirconium(IV) iodide">ZrI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) nitrate">Zr(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconyl_chloride" title="Zirconyl chloride">ZrOCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_perchlorate" title="Zirconium perchlorate">Zr(ClO4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Zirconium(IV) hydroxide">Zr(OH)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diphosphide" title="Zirconium diphosphide">ZrP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphate" title="Zirconium phosphate">Zr(HPO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfide">ZrS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfate" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfate">Zr(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_selenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) selenate">Zr(SeO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_silicate" title="Zirconium(IV) silicate">ZrSiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tungstate" title="Zirconium tungstate">Zr(WO4)2</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acids and complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) fluoride">ZrF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Lithium hexafluorozirconate">Li2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Potassium hexafluorozirconate">K2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Ammonium hexafluorozirconate">(NH4)2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">ZrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_zirconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium zirconate">Cs2ZrO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organozirconium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_acetylacetonate" title="Zirconium acetylacetonate">Zr(acac)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium_trichloride" title="(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium trichloride">(C5H5)ZrCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">Cp2ZrCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_stearate" title="Zirconium stearate">C 72H 140ZrO 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4190943-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149899">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119820825">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119820825">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574852">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph675049&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534255505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&oldid=1254246582">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&oldid=1254246582</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium" title="Category:Zirconium">Zirconium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transition_metals" title="Category:Transition metals">Transition metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrotechnic_fuels" title="Category:Pyrotechnic fuels">Pyrotechnic fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_hexagonal_close-packed_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure">Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 02:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-h8htn","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.502","walltime":"2.910","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37724,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":703138,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":48662,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":355180,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2605.736 1 -total"," 70.44% 1835.391 3 Template:Infobox"," 46.32% 1206.979 1 Template:Infobox_zirconium"," 46.10% 1201.230 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 21.77% 567.210 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.97% 468.304 148 Template:Trim"," 17.17% 447.392 1 Template:Infobox_zirconium_isotopes"," 17.03% 443.867 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 16.63% 433.364 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 15.56% 405.407 8 Template:Isotopes/main/isotope"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.290","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12723686,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","780","41.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","14.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","240","12.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","2.1"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.1"],["make_citeref_id \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1316\u003E","40","2.1"],["type","20","1.1"],["[others]","240","12.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2nql","timestamp":"20241122223934","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zirconium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zirconium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1038","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1038","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T13:26:22Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T02:33:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40"}</script> </body> </html>