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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Potash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Commercial production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commercial production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Chemical extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cation_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cation_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Cation identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cation_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commercial uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commercial uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertilizer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fertilizer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Medical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potassium_citrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium_citrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Potassium citrate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium_citrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potassium_chloride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium_chloride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Potassium chloride </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium_chloride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Food additives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Industrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niche_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Niche uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Laboratory uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biochemical_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemical_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Biochemical function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemical_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeostasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeostasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Homeostasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeostasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plasma_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Plasma levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Control mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renal_filtration,_reabsorption,_and_excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renal_filtration,_reabsorption,_and_excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Renal filtration, reabsorption, and excretion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renal_filtration,_reabsorption,_and_excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Food sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficient_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficient_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Deficient intake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficient_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Supplementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_by_taste_buds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_by_taste_buds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.5 Detection by taste buds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_by_taste_buds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Potassium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" > 167 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%89%B3%E1%88%BA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፖታሺየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖታሺየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटैशियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोटैशियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوتاسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوتاسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Potasio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliu" title="Kaliu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Kaliu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Potasiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटासियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पोटासियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="پوتاسیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوتاسیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasium" title="Potasium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Potasium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="পটাশিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পটাশিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Калій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Каль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटैशियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोटैशियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasyo" title="Potasyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potasyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="དུག་སེལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དུག་སེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiom" title="Potasiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Potasiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potassi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Potasio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drasl%C3%ADk" title="Draslík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Draslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiu" title="Potassiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Potassiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiwm" title="Potasiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Potasiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پوطاسيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پوطاسيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޕޮޓޭސިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮޓޭސިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalium" title="Kaalium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaalium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κάλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potasio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio" title="Kalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Potasiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Potasio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پتاسیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتاسیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Potassium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potassium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Potassi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potaisiam" title="Potaisiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Potaisiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potashum" title="Potashum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Potashum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasium" title="Potasium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Potasium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Potasio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%80" title="鉀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鉀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasium" title="Potasium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Potasium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પોટેશિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોટેશિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap" title="Kap – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kap" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Калион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Калион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A5%A8" title="칼륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiuma" title="Potasiuma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Potasiuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կալիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटैशियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोटैशियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio" title="Kalio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Potassium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmKhosha" title="UmKhosha – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmKhosha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%ADn" title="Kalín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potassio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אשלגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשלגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliyum" title="Kaliyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaliyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94tas%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Pɔtasɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔtasɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಶಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಶಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კალიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiom" title="Potassiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Potassiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasy%C3%B2m" title="Potasyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Potasyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qelye" title="Qelye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qelye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassie" title="Potassie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Potassie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9E%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂພແທດຊຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂພແທດຊຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lijs" title="Kālijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kālijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potascio" title="Potascio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Potascio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasu" title="Potasu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Potasu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalii" title="Kalii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kalii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sodnrkali" title="sodnrkali – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sodnrkali" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Potasio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lium" title="Kálium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kálium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പൊട്ടാസ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊട്ടാസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konurehu" title="Konurehu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konurehu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="पलाश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पलाश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوتاسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوتاسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯄꯣꯇꯥꯁꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯇꯥꯁꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1k_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Gák (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gák (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Поташ – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Поташ" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кали – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кали" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုတက်ဆီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုတက်ဆီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटासियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोटासियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटासियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोटासियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="カリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalium" title="Kaalium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaalium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Potassi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ପୋଟାସିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୋଟାସିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliy" title="Kaliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪੋਟਾਸ਼ੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਟਾਸ਼ੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटासियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोटासियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پوٹاشیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پوٹاشیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပိုတဲတ်သီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုတဲတ်သီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پوتاشیم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوتاشیم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Potassi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potas" title="Potas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A1ssio" title="Potássio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potássio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Potasiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyu" title="Kalyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kalyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Калиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पोटैशियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोटैशियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudassa" title="Pudassa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pudassa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Potassium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliumi" title="Kaliumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaliumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put%C3%A0ssiu" title="Putàssiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Putàssiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%91%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="පොටෑසියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොටෑසියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Potassium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پوٽاشيئم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پوٽاشيئم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drasl%C3%ADk" title="Draslík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Draslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botashiyaam" title="Botashiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Botashiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پۆتاسیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆتاسیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasyo" title="Potasyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potasyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொட்டாசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொட்டாசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калий" 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– Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏉᏔᏏᎥᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᏔᏏᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasyum" title="Potasyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Potasyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Калій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калій" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the use of potassium as a medication, see <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride_(medical_use)" title="Potassium chloride (medical use)">Potassium chloride (medical use)</a>. For the use of potassium in biology, see <a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium in biology</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Potassium, 19K</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg/220px-Potassium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg/330px-Potassium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Potassium-2.jpg/440px-Potassium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="394" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Potassium pearls (in paraffin oil, ~5 mm each)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Potassium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white, faint bluish-purple hue when exposed to air</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(K)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>39.0983±0.0001<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>39.098±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Potassium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> ↑ K ↓ <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> ← potassium → <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">group 1: hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 4s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 8, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">336.7 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (63.5 °C, 146.3 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1030.793 K (757.643 °C, 1395.757 °F)<a href="#cite_note-aitK-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.8590 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.82948 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-aitK-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2223 K, 16 MPa<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.33 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">76.9 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29.6 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +1 −1<a href="#cite_note-neg_metals-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 0.82 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 418.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 3052 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 4420 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#potassium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 227 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">203±12 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">275 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Potassium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Potassium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Potassium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Potassium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Potassium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Potassium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of potassium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for potassium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 532.69 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77.37×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">102.5 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">72 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">paramagnetic<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+20.8×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.53 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.3 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.1 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2000 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.4 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.363 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-09-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1807)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"K": from <a href="/wiki/New_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Latin">New Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kalium#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:kalium">kalium</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium" title="Isotopes of potassium">Isotopes of potassium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_potassium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox potassium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_potassium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox potassium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">39K </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">93.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">40K</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.0120% </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.248×109 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-40">40Ca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Argon-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon-40">40Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">40Ar </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">41K </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.73% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Potassium" title="Category:Potassium">Category: Potassium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_potassium" title="Template:Infobox potassium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_potassium" title="Template talk:Infobox potassium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_potassium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox potassium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Potassium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> K (from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> kalium) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 19. It is a silvery white metal that is soft enough to easily cut with a knife.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to form flaky white <a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">potassium peroxide</a> in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, potassium is one of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, all of which have a single <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electron</a> in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">an ion with a positive charge</a> (which combines with <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a>). In nature, potassium occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> emitted in the reaction, and burning with a <a href="/wiki/Lilac" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac">lilac</a>-<a href="/wiki/Flame_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame color">colored flame</a>. It is found dissolved in seawater (which is 0.04% potassium by weight),<a href="#cite_note-seawaterconcentration-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and occurs in many <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">orthoclase</a>, a common constituent of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Potassium is chemically very similar to <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, the previous element in <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar first <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a>, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. It was first suggested in 1702 that they were distinct elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts,<a href="#cite_note-1702Suspect-13">[13]</a> which was demonstrated in 1807 when elemental potassium was first isolated via <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">40 K</a> is <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>. Traces of 40 K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> in the human body. Potassium ions are vital for the functioning of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions across nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium deficiency and excess can each result in numerous signs and symptoms, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiographic">electrocardiographic</a> abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> potassium levels, by shifting potassium from outside to inside cells and increasing potassium excretion by the kidneys. Most industrial applications of potassium exploit the high <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> of its compounds in water, such as <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_soap" title="Saltwater soap">saltwater soap</a>. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, and this can be remedied with agricultural fertilizers containing potassium, accounting for 95% of global potassium chemical production.<a href="#cite_note-g73-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English name for the element potassium comes from the word <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> which refers to an early method of extracting various potassium salts: placing in a pot the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves, adding water, heating, and evaporating the solution. When <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> first isolated the pure element using <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> in 1807, he named it potassium, which he derived from the word potash. The symbol K stems from kali, itself from the root word <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>, which in turn comes from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: القَلْيَه al-qalyah 'plant ashes'. In 1797, the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Klaproth</a> discovered "potash" in the minerals <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">leucite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a>, and realized that "potash" was not a product of plant growth but actually contained a new element, which he proposed calling kali.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1807, Humphry Davy produced the element via electrolysis: in 1809, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wilhelm_Gilbert" title="Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert">Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert</a> proposed the name Kalium for Davy's "potassium".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1814, the Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> advocated the name kalium for potassium, with the chemical symbol K.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The English and French-speaking countries adopted the name Potassium, which was favored by Davy and French chemists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>, whereas the other Germanic countries adopted Gilbert and Klaproth's name Kalium.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The "Gold Book" of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> has designated the official chemical symbol as K.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungK.png/110px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungK.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungK.png 1.5x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a> of potassium.</figcaption></figure> Potassium is the second least dense metal after <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>. It is a soft solid with a low <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a>, and can be easily cut with a knife. Potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air.<a href="#cite_note-g76-21">[21]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Flame_test" title="Flame test">flame test</a>, potassium and its compounds emit a <a href="/wiki/Lilac_(color)" title="Lilac (color)">lilac color</a> with a peak emission wavelength of 766.5 nanometers.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Neutral potassium atoms have 19 electrons, one more than the configuration of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. Because of its low first <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> of 418.8 kJ/mol, the potassium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge, although negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Alkalide" title="Alkalide">alkalide</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>K− ions are not impossible.<a href="#cite_note-K--23">[23]</a> In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (3052 kJ/mol). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3></div> Potassium reacts with oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide components in air. With oxygen it forms <a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">potassium peroxide</a>. With water potassium forms <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> (KOH). The reaction of potassium with water can be violently <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>, especially since the coproduced <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas can ignite. Because of this, potassium and the liquid sodium-potassium (<a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">NaK</a>) alloy are potent <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccants</a>, although they are no longer used as such.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/170px-Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/255px-Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/340px-Potassium-superoxide-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Structure of solid potassium superoxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KO2).</figcaption></figure> Four oxides of potassium are well studied: <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">potassium oxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2O), potassium peroxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2O2), <a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">potassium superoxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KO2)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ozonide" title="Potassium ozonide">potassium ozonide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KO3). The binary potassium-oxygen compounds react with water forming KOH. KOH is a <a href="/wiki/Strong_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong base">strong base</a>. Illustrating its <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> character, as much as 1.21 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> of KOH can dissolve in a single liter of water.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Anhydrous KOH is rarely encountered. KOH reacts readily with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2) to produce <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2CO3), and in principle could be used to remove traces of the gas from air. Like the closely related <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, KOH reacts with <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>. In general, potassium compounds are ionic and, owing to the high hydration energy of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+ ion, have excellent water solubility. The main species in water solution are the <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">aquo complexes</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[K(H2O)n]+ where n = 6 and 7.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_heptafluorotantalate" title="Potassium heptafluorotantalate">Potassium heptafluorotantalate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2[TaF7]) is an intermediate in the purification of <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> from the otherwise persistent contaminant of <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agulyanski-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organopotassium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organopotassium compound">Organopotassium compounds</a> illustrate nonionic compounds of potassium. They feature highly <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> K–C bonds. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Benzyl_potassium" title="Benzyl potassium">benzyl potassium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KCH2C6H5. Potassium <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" title="Intercalation (chemistry)">intercalates</a> into <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> to give a variety of <a href="/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite intercalation compounds">graphite intercalation compounds</a>, including <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KC8. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium" title="Isotopes of potassium">Isotopes of potassium</a></div> There are 25 known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of potassium, three of which occur naturally: 39 K (93.3%), 40 K (0.0117%), and 41 K (6.7%) (by mole fraction). Naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">40 K</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 1.250×109 years. It decays to stable <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">40 Ar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a> (11.2%) or to stable <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">40 Ca</a> by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> (88.8%).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-30">[30]</a> The decay of 40 K to 40 Ar is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional <a href="/wiki/Potassium-argon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium-argon dating">K-Ar dating method</a> depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon (40 Ar) was quantitatively retained. <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic 40 Ar that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>, and volcanic <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Petrography" title="Petrography">whole rock</a> samples from volcanic flows and shallow <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">instrusives</a> can also be dated if they are unaltered.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">tracers</a> in studies of <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a> studies because potassium is a <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient (ecology)">macronutrient</a> required for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> on Earth. 40 K occurs in natural potassium (and thus in some commercial salt substitutes) in sufficient quantity that large bags of those substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations. 40 K is the radioisotope with the largest abundance <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in the human body</a>. In healthy animals and people, 40 K represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">14 C</a>. In a human body of 70 kg, about 4,400 nuclei of 40 K decay per second.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The activity of natural potassium is 31 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a>/g.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potash">Potash</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></div> Potash is primarily a mixture of potassium salts because plants have little or no sodium content, and the rest of a plant's major mineral content consists of calcium salts of relatively low solubility in water. While potash has been used since ancient times, its composition was not understood. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702,<a href="#cite_note-1702Suspect-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau">Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau</a> was able to prove this difference in 1736.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> did not include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-disco-37">[37]</a> For a long time the only significant applications for potash were the production of glass, bleach, soap and <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> as potassium nitrate.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Potassium soaps from animal fats and vegetable oils were especially prized because they tend to be more water-soluble and of softer texture, and are therefore known as soft soaps.<a href="#cite_note-g73-14">[14]</a> The discovery by <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a> in 1840 that potassium is a necessary element for plants and that most types of soil lack potassium<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> caused a steep rise in demand for potassium salts. Wood-ash from fir trees was initially used as a potassium salt source for fertilizer, but, with the discovery in 1868 of mineral deposits containing <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sta%C3%9Ffurt" title="Staßfurt">Staßfurt</a>, Germany, the production of potassium-containing fertilizers began at an industrial scale.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Other potash deposits were discovered, and by the 1960s Canada became the dominant producer.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Humphry_Davy,_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/220px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/330px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/440px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Sir Humphry Davy</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium.JPG/170px-Potassium.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium.JPG/255px-Potassium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium.JPG/340px-Potassium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Pieces of potassium metal</figcaption></figure> Potassium metal was first isolated in 1807 by Humphry Davy, who derived it by electrolysis of molten <a href="/wiki/Caustic_potash" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic potash">caustic potash</a> (KOH) with the newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis.<a href="#cite_note-Enghag2004-45">[45]</a> Later in the same year, Davy reported extraction of the metal <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> from a mineral derivative (<a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>, NaOH, or lye) rather than a plant salt, by a similar technique, demonstrating that the elements, and thus the salts, are different.<a href="#cite_note-weeks-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-disco-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davy1807-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-200disco-47">[47]</a> Although the production of potassium and sodium metal should have shown that both are elements, it took some time before this view was universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-disco-37">[37]</a> Because of the sensitivity of potassium to water and air, <a href="/wiki/Air-free_technique" title="Air-free technique">air-free techniques</a> are normally employed for handling the element. It is unreactive toward nitrogen and saturated hydrocarbons such as mineral oil or <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-48">[48]</a> It readily dissolves in liquid <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, up to 480 g per 1000 g of ammonia at 0 °C. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. Potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form <a href="/wiki/Potassium_amide" title="Potassium amide">KNH 2</a>, but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts.<a href="#cite_note-b32-49">[49]</a> Because it can reduce the <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a> to the metal, potassium is often used as the reductant in the preparation of finely divided metals from their salts by the <a href="/wiki/Rieke_metal" title="Rieke metal">Rieke method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Illustrative is the preparation of magnesium: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">MgCl2</a> + 2 K → Mg + 2 KCl</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg/170px-PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg/255px-PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg/340px-PotassiumFeldsparUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Potassium in <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a></figcaption></figure> Potassium is formed in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a> from lighter atoms. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovae via an <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">explosive oxygen-burning process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> These are nuclear <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Fusion">fusion</a> reactions, not to be confused with chemical burning of potassium in oxygen. 40 K is also formed in <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> nucleosynthesis and the <a href="/wiki/Neon_burning_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon burning process">neon burning process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Potassium is the 20th most abundant element in the solar system and the 17th most abundant element by weight in the Earth. It makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39 g/L<a href="#cite_note-seawaterconcentration-10">[10]</a> (0.039 wt/v%), about one twenty-seventh the concentration of sodium.<a href="#cite_note-geo-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-indus-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> Elemental potassium does not occur in nature because of its high reactivity. It reacts violently with water<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-48">[48]</a> and also reacts with oxygen. <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">Orthoclase</a> (potassium feldspar) is a common rock-forming mineral. <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> for example contains 5% potassium, which is well above the average in the Earth's crust. <a href="/wiki/Sylvite" title="Sylvite">Sylvite</a> (KCl), <a href="/wiki/Carnallite" title="Carnallite">carnallite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), <a href="/wiki/Kainite" title="Kainite">kainite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MgSO4·KCl·3H2O) and <a href="/wiki/Langbeinite" title="Langbeinite">langbeinite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MgSO4·K2SO4) are the minerals found in large <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits worldwide. The deposits often show layers starting with the least soluble at the bottom and the most soluble on top.<a href="#cite_note-indus-55">[55]</a> Deposits of niter (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>) are formed by decomposition of organic material in contact with atmosphere, mostly in caves; because of the good water solubility of niter the formation of larger deposits requires special environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_production">Commercial production</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg/220px-Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg/330px-Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg/440px-Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Silvita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Sylvite" title="Sylvite">Sylvite</a> from New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg/220px-Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg/330px-Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg/440px-Wintershall_Monte_Kali_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Kali_(Heringen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Kali (Heringen)">Monte Kali</a>, a potash mining and <a href="/wiki/Beneficiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficiation">beneficiation</a> waste heap in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse, Germany</a>, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>.</figcaption></figure> Potassium salts such as <a href="/wiki/Carnallite" title="Carnallite">carnallite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langbeinite" title="Langbeinite">langbeinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyhalite" title="Polyhalite">polyhalite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvite" title="Sylvite">sylvite</a> form extensive <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits in ancient lake bottoms and <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabeds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-geo-54">[54]</a> making extraction of potassium salts in these environments commercially viable. The principal source of potassium – potash – is mined in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and other places around the world.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2008-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2006-59">[59]</a> The first mined deposits were located near Staßfurt, Germany, but the deposits span from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> over Germany into Poland. They are located in the <a href="/wiki/Zechstein" title="Zechstein">Zechstein</a> and were deposited in the Middle to Late <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>. The largest deposits ever found lie 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) below the surface of the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>. The deposits are located in the <a href="/wiki/Elk_Point_Group" title="Elk Point Group">Elk Point Group</a> produced in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle Devonian</a>. Saskatchewan, where several large mines have operated since the 1960s pioneered the technique of freezing of wet sands (the Blairmore formation) to drive mine shafts through them. The main potash mining company in Saskatchewan until its merge was the <a href="/wiki/Potash_Corporation_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan">Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">Nutrien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The water of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> is used by Israel and Jordan as a source of potash, while the concentration in normal oceans is too low for commercial production at current prices.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2008-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2006-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_extraction">Chemical extraction</h3></div> Several methods are used to separate potassium salts from sodium and magnesium compounds. The most-used method is fractional precipitation using the solubility differences of the salts. Electrostatic separation of the ground salt mixture is also used in some mines. The resulting sodium and magnesium waste is either stored underground or piled up in <a href="/wiki/Slag_heap" class="mw-redirect" title="Slag heap">slag heaps</a>. Most of the mined potassium mineral ends up as potassium chloride after processing. The mineral industry refers to potassium chloride either as potash, muriate of potash, or simply MOP.<a href="#cite_note-indus-55">[55]</a> Pure potassium metal can be isolated by electrolysis of its <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">hydroxide</a> in a process that has changed little since it was first used by Humphry Davy in 1807. Although the electrolysis process was developed and used in industrial scale in the 1920s, the thermal method by reacting sodium with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> in a chemical equilibrium reaction became the dominant method in the 1950s. <dl><dd>Na + KCl → NaCl + K</dd></dl> The production of <a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">sodium potassium alloys</a> is accomplished by changing the reaction time and the amount of sodium used in the reaction. The Griesheimer process employing the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_fluoride" title="Potassium fluoride">potassium fluoride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">calcium carbide</a> was also used to produce potassium.<a href="#cite_note-indus-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 KF + CaC2 → 2 K + CaF2 + 2 C</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">Reagent-grade</a> potassium metal costs about $10.00/<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> ($22/<a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a>) in 2010 when purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>. Lower purity metal is considerably cheaper. The market is volatile because long-term storage of the metal is difficult. It must be stored in a dry <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a> atmosphere or <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> to prevent the formation of a surface layer of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">potassium superoxide</a>, a pressure-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> that <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonates</a> when scratched. The resulting explosion often starts a fire difficult to extinguish.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-fire-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cation_identification">Cation identification</h3></div> Potassium is now quantified by ionization techniques, but at one time it was quantitated by <a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">gravimetric analysis</a>. Reagents used to precipitate potassium salts include <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetraphenylborate" title="Sodium tetraphenylborate">sodium tetraphenylborate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexachloroplatinic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexachloroplatinic acid">hexachloroplatinic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobaltinitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cobaltinitrite">sodium cobaltinitrite</a> into respectively <a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetraphenylborate" title="Potassium tetraphenylborate">potassium tetraphenylborate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Potassium hexachloroplatinate">potassium hexachloroplatinate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cobaltinitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium cobaltinitrite">potassium cobaltinitrite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-48">[48]</a> The reaction with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobaltinitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cobaltinitrite">sodium cobaltinitrite</a> is illustrative: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">3 K+ + Na3[Co(NO2)6] → K3[Co(NO2)6] + 3 Na+</dd></dl> The potassium cobaltinitrite is obtained as a yellow solid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patentkali_(Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg/220px-Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg/330px-Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg/440px-Patentkali_%28Potassium_sulfate_with_magnesium%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate fertilizer</figcaption></figure> Potassium ions are an essential component of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> nutrition and are found in most <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> types.<a href="#cite_note-g73-14">[14]</a> They are used as a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroponic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroponic">hydroponic</a> culture in the form of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">chloride</a> (KCl), <a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">sulfate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2SO4), or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">nitrate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KNO3), representing the 'K' <a href="/wiki/Labeling_of_fertilizer" title="Labeling of fertilizer">in 'NPK'</a>. Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl.<a href="#cite_note-g73-14">[14]</a> The potassium content of most plants ranges from 0.5% to 2% of the harvested weight of crops, conventionally expressed as amount of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2O. Modern high-<a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a> agriculture depends upon fertilizers to replace the potassium lost at harvest. Most agricultural fertilizers contain potassium chloride, while potassium sulfate is used for chloride-sensitive crops or crops needing higher sulfur content. The sulfate is produced mostly by decomposition of the complex minerals <a href="/wiki/Kainite" title="Kainite">kainite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MgSO4·KCl·3H2O) and <a href="/wiki/Langbeinite" title="Langbeinite">langbeinite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MgSO4·K2SO4). Only a very few fertilizers contain potassium nitrate.<a href="#cite_note-Kent-64">[64]</a> In 2005, about 93% of world potassium production was consumed by the fertilizer industry.<a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2006-59">[59]</a> Furthermore, potassium can play a key role in nutrient cycling by controlling litter composition.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potassium_citrate">Potassium citrate</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_citrate" title="Potassium citrate">Potassium citrate</a> is used to treat a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stone</a> condition called <a href="/wiki/Renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Renal tubular acidosis">renal tubular acidosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potassium_chloride">Potassium chloride</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride_(medical_use)" title="Potassium chloride (medical use)">Potassium chloride (medical use)</a></div> Potassium, in the form of potassium chloride is used as a medication to treat and prevent <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood potassium">low blood potassium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-67">[67]</a> Low blood potassium may occur due to <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, or certain medications.<a href="#cite_note-MTM2017-68">[68]</a> It is given by <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_infusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous infusion">slow injection into a vein</a> or by mouth.<a href="#cite_note-BNF69-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_additives">Food additives</h3></div> Potassium sodium tartrate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KNaC4H4O6, <a href="/wiki/Rochelle_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochelle salt">Rochelle salt</a>) is a main constituent of some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a>; it is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvering</a> of mirrors. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromate" title="Potassium bromate">Potassium bromate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KBrO3) is a strong oxidizer (E924), used to improve <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> strength and rise height. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bisulfite" title="Potassium bisulfite">Potassium bisulfite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KHSO3) is used as a food preservative, for example in <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>-making (but not in meats). It is also used to <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a> textiles and straw, and in the tanning of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3></div> Major potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> KOH is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and weak <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, to control <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and to manufacture potassium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. It is also used to <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponify</a> fats and <a href="/wiki/Oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Oils">oils</a>, in industrial cleaners, and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of <a href="/wiki/Esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Esters">esters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KNO3) or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaporites" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporites">evaporites</a> or manufactured via the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>; it is the <a href="/wiki/Oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidant">oxidant</a> in gunpowder (<a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>) and an important agricultural fertilizer. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a> (KCN) is used industrially to dissolve <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and precious metals, in particular <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, by forming <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complexes</a>. Its applications include <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electroforming" title="Electroforming">electroforming</a> of these <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>; it is also used in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Nitriles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitriles">nitriles</a>. Potassium carbonate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2CO3 or potash) is used in the manufacture of glass, soap, color TV tubes, fluorescent lamps, textile dyes and pigments.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KMnO4) is an oxidizing, bleaching and purification substance and is used for production of <a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">saccharin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">Potassium chlorate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KClO3) is added to matches and explosives. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</a> (KBr) was formerly used as a sedative and in photography.<a href="#cite_note-g73-14">[14]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chromate" title="Potassium chromate">potassium chromate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2CrO4) is used in the manufacture of a host of different commercial products such as <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, wood <a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">stains</a> (by reacting with the <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a> in wood), <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly paper">fly paper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safety_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety match">safety matches</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> as well as in the tanning of leather, all of these uses are due to the chemistry of the <a href="/wiki/Chromate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromate ion">chromate ion</a> rather than to that of the potassium ion.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niche_uses">Niche uses</h4></div> There are thousands of uses of various potassium compounds. One example is <a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">potassium superoxide</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KO2, an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide absorber. It is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Rebreather#Rebreathers_using_an_absorbent_that_releases_oxygen" title="Rebreather">respiration systems</a> in mines, submarines and spacecraft as it takes less volume than the gaseous oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 KO2 + 2 CO2 → 2 K2CO3 + 3 O2</dd></dl> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cobaltinitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium cobaltinitrite">potassium cobaltinitrite</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K3[Co(NO2)6], which is used as artist's pigment under the name of <a href="/wiki/Aureolin" title="Aureolin">Aureolin</a> or Cobalt Yellow.<a href="#cite_note-Getts-80">[80]</a> The stable isotopes of potassium can be <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooled</a> and used to probe fundamental and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">technological</a> problems in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum physics</a>. The two <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosonic</a> isotopes possess convenient <a href="/wiki/Feshbach_resonance" title="Feshbach resonance">Feshbach resonances</a> to enable studies requiring tunable interactions, while 40 K is one of only two stable <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a> amongst the alkali metals.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_uses">Laboratory uses</h4></div> An <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of sodium and potassium, <a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">NaK</a> is a liquid used as a heat-transfer medium and a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a> for producing <a href="/wiki/Air-free_technique" title="Air-free technique">dry and air-free solvents</a>. It can also be used in <a href="/wiki/Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">reactive distillation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The ternary alloy of 12% Na, 47% K and 41% Cs has the lowest melting point of −78 °C of any metallic compound.<a href="#cite_note-g76-21">[21]</a> Metallic potassium is used in several types of <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium in biology</a></div> Potassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the human body, so that a 60 kg adult contains a total of about 120 g of potassium.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only calcium and phosphorus are more abundant (with the exception of the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/CHON" class="mw-redirect" title="CHON">CHON</a> elements).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Potassium ions are present in a wide variety of proteins and enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemical_function">Biochemical function</h3></div> Potassium levels influence multiple physiological processes, including<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <ul><li>resting cellular-membrane potential and the propagation of action potentials in neuronal, muscular, and cardiac tissue. Due to the electrostatic and chemical properties, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+ ions are larger than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+ ions, and ion channels and pumps in cell membranes can differentiate between the two ions, actively pumping or passively passing one of the two ions while blocking the other.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>hormone secretion and action</li> <li>vascular tone</li> <li>systemic blood pressure control</li> <li>gastrointestinal motility</li> <li>acid–base homeostasis</li> <li>glucose and insulin metabolism</li> <li>mineralocorticoid action</li> <li>renal concentrating ability</li> <li>fluid and electrolyte balance</li> <li>local cortical monoaminergic norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine levels, and through them, sleep/wake balance, and spontaneous activity.<a href="#cite_note-Dietz_Weikop_Hauglund_Andersen_2023_p.-91">[91]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</h3></div> Potassium homeostasis denotes the maintenance of the total body potassium content, plasma potassium level, and the ratio of the intracellular to extracellular potassium concentrations within narrow limits, in the face of pulsatile intake (meals), obligatory renal excretion, and shifts between intracellular and extracellular compartments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plasma_levels">Plasma levels</h4></div> Plasma potassium is normally kept at 3.5 to 5.5 millimoles (mmol) [or milliequivalents (mEq)] per liter by multiple mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Wei_Gritter_Vogt_de_Borst_2020_pp._952–968-92">[92]</a> Levels outside this range are associated with an increasing rate of death from multiple causes,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and some cardiac, kidney,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and lung diseases progress more rapidly if serum potassium levels are not maintained within the normal range. An average meal of 40–50 mmol presents the body with more potassium than is present in all plasma (20–25 mmol). This surge causes the plasma potassium to rise up to 10% before clearance by renal and extrarenal mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Hypokalemia</a>, a deficiency of potassium in the plasma, can be fatal if severe. Common causes are increased gastrointestinal loss (<a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>), and increased renal loss (<a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">diuresis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, <a href="/wiki/Paralytic_ileus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralytic ileus">paralytic ileus</a>, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response; and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis, <a href="/wiki/Alkalosis" title="Alkalosis">alkalosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Control_mechanisms">Control mechanisms</h4></div> Potassium content in the plasma is tightly controlled by four basic mechanisms, which have various names and classifications. These are: <ol><li>a reactive negative-feedback system,</li> <li>a reactive feed-forward system,</li> <li>a predictive or <a href="/wiki/Circadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian">circadian</a> system, and</li> <li>an internal or cell membrane transport system.</li></ol> Collectively, the first three are sometimes termed the "external potassium homeostasis system";<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and the first two, the "reactive potassium homeostasis system". <ul><li>The reactive negative-feedback system refers to the system that induces renal secretion of potassium in response to a rise in the plasma potassium (potassium ingestion, shift out of cells, or intravenous infusion.)</li> <li>The reactive feed-forward system refers to an incompletely understood system that induces renal potassium secretion in response to potassium ingestion prior to any rise in the plasma potassium. This is probably initiated by gut cell potassium receptors that detect ingested potassium and trigger <a href="/wiki/Vagal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagal">vagal</a> <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent</a> signals to the pituitary gland.</li> <li>The predictive or circadian system increases renal secretion of potassium during mealtime hours (e.g. daytime for humans, nighttime for rodents) independent of the presence, amount, or absence of potassium ingestion. It is mediated by a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian oscillator">circadian oscillator</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> of the brain (central clock), which causes the kidney (peripheral clock) to secrete potassium in this rhythmic circadian fashion.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg/400px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg/600px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg/800px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>The action of the <a href="/wiki/Sodium-potassium_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-potassium pump">sodium-potassium pump</a> is an example of primary <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a>. The two carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane on the left are using <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> to move sodium out of the cell against the concentration gradient; The two proteins on the right are using secondary active transport to move potassium into the cell. This process results in reconstitution of ATP.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>The ion transport system moves potassium across the cell membrane using two mechanisms. One is active and pumps sodium out of, and potassium into, the cell. The other is passive and allows potassium to leak out of the cell. Potassium and sodium cations influence fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments by <a href="/wiki/Osmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic">osmotic</a> forces. The movement of potassium and sodium through the cell membrane is mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Na%E2%81%BA/K%E2%81%BA-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase">Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase</a> pump.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">ion pump</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient and electromotive force across the cell membrane. The highly selective <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium ion channels">potassium ion channels</a> (which are <a href="/wiki/Tetramer" title="Tetramer">tetramers</a>) are crucial for <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(biology)" title="Hyperpolarization (biology)">hyperpolarization</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> after an action potential is triggered, to cite one example. The most recently discovered potassium ion channel is KirBac3.1, which makes a total of five potassium ion channels (KcsA, KirBac1.1, KirBac3.1, KvAP, and MthK) with a determined structure. All five are from <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16253415-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renal_filtration,_reabsorption,_and_excretion">Renal filtration, reabsorption, and excretion</h4></div> Renal handling of potassium is closely connected to sodium handling. Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells (150 mmol/L, 4.8 g/L), while sodium is the major cation of <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> (150 mmol/L, 3.345 g/L). In the kidneys, about 180 liters of plasma is filtered through the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomeruli</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Renal_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tubules">renal tubules</a> per day.<a href="#cite_note-Potts1964-101">[101]</a> This filtering involves about 600 mg of sodium and 33 mg of potassium. Since only 1–10 mg of sodium and 1–4 mg of potassium are likely to be replaced by diet, renal filtering must efficiently reabsorb the remainder from the plasma. Sodium is reabsorbed to maintain extracellular volume, osmotic pressure, and serum sodium concentration within narrow limits. Potassium is reabsorbed to maintain serum potassium concentration within narrow limits.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium pump">Sodium pumps</a> in the renal tubules operate to reabsorb sodium. Potassium must be conserved, but because the amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about 30 times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> in counter flow to sodium in response to an apparent (but not actual) <a href="/wiki/Donnan_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnan equilibrium">Donnan equilibrium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> the urine can never sink below the concentration of potassium in serum except sometimes by actively excreting water at the end of the processing. Potassium is excreted twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> At that point, urine usually has about the same potassium concentration as plasma. At the end of the processing, potassium is secreted one more time if the serum levels are too high.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] With no potassium intake, it is excreted at about 200 mg per day until, in about a week, potassium in the serum declines to a mildly deficient level of 3.0–3.5 mmol/L.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> If potassium is still withheld, the concentration continues to fall until a severe deficiency causes eventual death.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The potassium moves passively through pores in the cell membrane. When ions move through <a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">ion transporters</a> (pumps) there is a gate in the pumps on both sides of the cell membrane and only one gate can be open at once. As a result, approximately 100 ions are forced through per second. <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channels</a> have only one gate, and there only one kind of ion can stream through, at 10 million to 100 million ions per second.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Calcium is required to open the pores,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> although calcium may work in reverse by blocking at least one of the pores.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Carbonyl groups inside the pore on the amino acids mimic the water hydration that takes place in water solution<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> by the nature of the electrostatic charges on four carbonyl groups inside the pore.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_America">North America</h5></div> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (NAM), on behalf of both the U.S. and Canada, sets <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a>, including Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Adequate Intake">Adequate Intakes</a> (AIs) for when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. For both males and females under 9 years of age, the AIs for potassium are: 400 mg of potassium for 0 to 6-month-old infants, 860 mg of potassium for 7 to 12-month-old infants, 2,000 mg of potassium for 1 to 3-year-old children, and 2,300 mg of potassium for 4 to 8-year-old children. For males 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,500 mg of potassium for 9 to 13-year-old males, 3,000 mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old males, and 3,400 mg for males that are 19 years of age and older. For females 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,300 mg of potassium for 9 to 18-year-old females, and 2,600 mg of potassium for females that are 19 years of age and older. For pregnant and lactating females, the AIs for potassium are: 2,600 mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old pregnant females, 2,900 mg for pregnant females that are 19 years of age and older; furthermore, 2,500 mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old lactating females, and 2,800 mg for lactating females that are 19 years of age and older. As for safety, the NAM also sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals, but for potassium the evidence was insufficient, so no UL was established.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> As of 2004, most Americans adults consume less than 3,000 mg.<a href="#cite_note-iom_panel2005-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Europe">Europe</h5></div> Likewise, in the European Union, in particular in Germany, and Italy, insufficient potassium intake is somewhat common.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> in the United Kingdom recommends a similar intake, saying that "adults (19 to 64 years) need 3500 mg per day" and that excess amounts may cause health problems such as stomach pain and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_sources">Food sources</h4></div> Potassium is present in all fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods with high potassium concentrations include <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, dried <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>), <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> also lists <a href="/wiki/Tomato_paste" title="Tomato paste">tomato paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">orange juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beet_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet greens">beet greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="White beans">white beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plantains</a>, and many other dietary sources of potassium, ranked in descending order according to potassium content. A day's worth of potassium is in 5 plantains or 11 bananas.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deficient_intake">Deficient intake</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Hypokalemia</a></div> Mild hypokalemia does not cause distinct symptoms acting instead as a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EU2010-123">[123]</a> Severe hypokalemia usually presents with <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cramps">muscle cramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EU2010-123">[123]</a> Causes of hypokalemia include vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, medications like <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">diabetes insipidus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperaldosteronism" title="Hyperaldosteronism">hyperaldosteronism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypomagnesemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypomagnesemia">hypomagnesemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EU2010-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplementation">Supplementation</h4></div> Supplements of potassium are most widely used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a> that block reabsorption of sodium and water upstream from the <a href="/wiki/Distal_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal tubule">distal tubule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thiazide" title="Thiazide">thiazides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loop_diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop diuretics">loop diuretics</a>), because this promotes increased distal tubular potassium secretion, with resultant increased potassium excretion.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> A variety of prescription and over-the counter supplements are available.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Potassium chloride may be dissolved in water, but the salty/bitter taste makes liquid supplements unpalatable.<a href="#cite_note-bitter-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Potassium is also available in tablets or capsules, which are formulated to allow potassium to leach slowly out of a matrix, since very high concentrations of potassium ion that occur adjacent to a solid tablet can injure the gastric or intestinal mucosa.<a href="#cite_note-BNF69-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> For this reason, non-prescription potassium pills are limited by law in the US to a maximum of 99 mg of potassium.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Potassium supplementation can also be combined with other metabolites, such as citrate or chloride, to achieve specific clinical effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> Potassium supplements may be employed to mitigate the impact of hypertension, thereby reducing cardiovascular risk.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">potassium bicarbonate</a> may be useful to control mild <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 2020, potassium was the 33rd most commonly prescribed medication in the U.S., with more than 17 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Potassium supplementation has been shown to reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with essential hypertension.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> Additionally, potassium supplements may be employed with the aim of preventing the formation of kidney stones, a condition that can lead to renal complications if left untreated. Low potassium levels can lead to decreased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing the risk of elevated urine calcium and the formation of kidney stones. By maintaining adequate potassium levels, this risk can be reduced.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> The mechanism of action of potassium involves various types of transporters and channels that facilitate its movement across cell membranes. This process can lead to an increase in the pumping of hydrogen ions. This, in turn, can escalate the production of gastric acid, potentially contributing to the development of gastric ulcers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> Potassium has a role in bone health. It contributes to the acid-base equilibrium in the body and helps protect bone tissue. Potassium salts produce an alkaline component that can aid in maintaining bone health.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> For individuals with diabetes, potassium supplementation may be necessary, particularly for those with type 2 diabetes. Potassium is essential for the secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells, which helps regulate glucose levels. Without sufficient potassium, insulin secretion is compromised, leading to hyperglycemia and worsening diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> Excessive potassium intake can have adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort and disturbances in heart rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> Potassium supplementation can have side effects on ulceration, particularly in relation to peptic ulcer disease. Potassium channels have the potential to increase gastric acid secretion, which can lead to an increased risk of ulcerations. Medications used for peptic ulcer disease, known as "proton pump inhibitors", work by inhibiting potassium pumps that activate the H/K ATPase. This inhibition helps to reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the parietal cell, thereby decreasing acidic synthesis and lowering the risk of ulcers. Nicorandil, a drug used for the treatment of ischemic heart disease, can stimulate nitrate and potassium ATP channels, and as a result, it has been associated with side effects such as GI, oral, and anal ulcers. Prolonged and chronic use of potassium supplements has been linked to more severe side effects, including ulcers outside of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Close monitoring is necessary for patients who are also taking angiotensinogen-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or potassium-sparing diuretics.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38333496-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detection_by_taste_buds">Detection by taste buds</h4></div> Potassium can be detected by taste because it triggers three of the five types of taste sensations, according to concentration. Dilute solutions of potassium ions taste sweet, allowing moderate concentrations in milk and juices, while higher concentrations become increasingly bitter/alkaline, and finally also salty to the taste. The combined bitterness and saltiness of high-potassium solutions makes high-dose potassium supplementation by liquid drinks a palatability challenge.<a href="#cite_note-bitter-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Potassium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously">H260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P223: Do not allow contact with water.">P223</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P231+P232: Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture">P231+P232</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370+P378: In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish.">P370+P378</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P422: Store contents under ...">P422</abbr><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_a5f39cac3c1eb49b" /><map name="ImageMap_a5f39cac3c1eb49b"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">W</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Potassium metal can react violently with water producing KOH and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas. <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 K(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 KOH(aq) + H2(g)↑</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/220px--Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv/Potassium_water_20.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A reaction of potassium metal with water. Hydrogen is produced, and with potassium vapor, burns with a pink or lilac flame. Strongly alkaline potassium hydroxide is formed in solution.</figcaption></figure> This reaction is exothermic and releases sufficient heat to ignite the resulting hydrogen in the presence of oxygen. Finely powdered potassium ignites in air at room temperature. The bulk metal ignites in air if heated. Because its density is 0.89 g/cm3, burning potassium floats in water that exposes it to atmospheric oxygen. Many common fire extinguishing agents, including water, either are ineffective or make a potassium fire worse. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (table salt), <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> (soda ash), and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> (sand) are effective if they are dry. Some <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Class D</a> dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are also effective. These agents deprive the fire of oxygen and cool the potassium metal.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> During storage, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> such as oils. Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Because potassium reacts with water vapor in the air, it is usually stored under anhydrous mineral oil or kerosene. Unlike lithium and sodium, potassium should not be stored under oil for longer than six months, unless in an inert (oxygen-free) atmosphere, or under vacuum. After prolonged storage in air dangerous shock-sensitive peroxides can form on the metal and under the lid of the container, and can detonate upon opening.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>, strongly influencing the cardiovascular system.<a href="#cite_note-hyper-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Potassium chloride is used in the U.S. for <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a> executions.<a href="#cite_note-hyper-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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title="Portal:Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/potassium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Potassium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Potassium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fpotassium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" 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Retrieved 2021-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Potassium&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=9122&rft.pages=135-140&rft.date=1998-07-11&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208790031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9672294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2898%2985044-7&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+L.&rft.au=Kamel%2C+Kamel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0140673698850447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1702Suspect-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1702Suspect_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1702Suspect_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarggraf1761" class="citation book cs1">Marggraf AS (1761). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-ATAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA167">Chymische Schriften</a>. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chymische+Schriften&rft.pages=167&rft.date=1761&rft.aulast=Marggraf&rft.aufirst=Andreas+Siegmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-ATAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g73-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g73_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g73_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g73_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g73_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g73_14-4">e</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood</a>, p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy H (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32">"On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, in particular the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances that constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 98: 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0001">10.1098/rstl.1808.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+some+new+phenomena+of+chemical+changes+produced+by+electricity%2C+in+particular+the+decomposition+of+the+fixed+alkalies%2C+and+the+exhibition+of+the+new+substances+that+constitute+their+bases%3B+and+on+the+general+nature+of+alkaline+bodies&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0001&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpwEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Klaproth, M. (1797) "Nouvelles données relatives à l'histoire naturelle de l'alcali végétal" (New data regarding the natural history of the vegetable alkali), Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres (Berlin), pp. 9–13 ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704093;view=1up;seq=103">see p. 13.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124010707/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704093;view=1up;seq=103">Archived</a> 2020-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From p. 13: "Cet alcali ne pouvant donc plus être envisagé comme un produit de la végétation dans les plantes, occupe une place propre dans la série des substances primitivement simples du règne minéral, &I il devient nécessaire de lui assigner un nom, qui convienne mieux à sa nature. La dénomination de Potasche (potasse) que la nouvelle nomenclature françoise a consacrée comme nom de tout le genre, ne sauroit faire fortune auprès des chimistes allemands, qui sentent à quel point la dérivation étymologique en est vicieuse. Elle est prise en effet de ce qu'anciennement on se servoit pour la calcination des lessives concentrées des cendres, de pots de fer (pott en dialecte de la Basse-Saxe) auxquels on a substitué depuis des fours à calciner. Je propose donc ici, de substituer aux mots usités jusqu'ici d'alcali des plantes, alcali végétal, potasse, &c. celui de kali, & de revenir à l'ancienne dénomination de natron, au lieu de dire alcali minéral, soude &c." (This alkali [i.e., potash] — [which] therefore can no longer be viewed as a product of growth in plants — occupies a proper place in the originally simple series of the mineral realm, and it becomes necessary to assign it a name that is better suited to its nature. The name of "potash" (potasse), which the new French nomenclature has bestowed as the name of the entire species [i.e., substance], would not find acceptance among German chemists, who feel to some extent [that] the etymological derivation of it is faulty. Indeed, it is taken from [the vessels] that one formerly used for the roasting of washing powder concentrated from cinders: iron pots (pott in the dialect of Lower Saxony), for which roasting ovens have been substituted since then. Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of "plant alkali", "vegetable alkali", "potash", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying "mineral alkali", "soda", etc.) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy,_Humphry1809" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1809). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyswAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157">"Ueber einige neue Erscheinungen chemischer Veränderungen, welche durch die Electricität bewirkt werden; insbesondere über die Zersetzung der feuerbeständigen Alkalien, die Darstellung der neuen Körper, welche ihre Basen ausmachen, und die Natur der Alkalien überhaupt"</a> [On some new phenomena of chemical changes that are achieved by electricity; particularly the decomposition of flame-resistant alkalis [i.e., alkalies that cannot be reduced to their base metals by flames], the preparation of new substances that constitute their [metallic] bases, and the nature of alkalies generally]. Annalen der Physik. 31 (2): 113–175. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1809AnP....31..113D">1809AnP....31..113D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18090310202">10.1002/andp.18090310202</a>. <q>p. 157: In unserer deutschen Nomenclatur würde ich die Namen Kalium und Natronium vorschlagen, wenn man nicht lieber bei den von Herrn Erman gebrauchten und von mehreren angenommenen Benennungen Kali-Metalloid and Natron-Metalloid, bis zur völligen Aufklärung der chemischen Natur dieser räthzelhaften Körper bleiben will. Oder vielleicht findet man es noch zweckmässiger fürs Erste zwei Klassen zu machen, Metalle und Metalloide, und in die letztere Kalium und Natronium zu setzen. — Gilbert. (In our German nomenclature, I would suggest the names Kalium and Natronium, if one would not rather continue with the appellations Kali-metalloid and Natron-metalloid which are used by Mr. Erman [i.e., German physics professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erman" title="Paul Erman">Paul Erman</a> (1764–1851)] and accepted by several [people], until the complete clarification of the chemical nature of these puzzling substances. Or perhaps one finds it yet more advisable for the present to create two classes, metals and metalloids, and to place Kalium and Natronium in the latter — Gilbert.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Ueber+einige+neue+Erscheinungen+chemischer+Ver%C3%A4nderungen%2C+welche+durch+die+Electricit%C3%A4t+bewirkt+werden%3B+insbesondere+%C3%BCber+die+Zersetzung+der+feuerbest%C3%A4ndigen+Alkalien%2C+die+Darstellung+der+neuen+K%C3%B6rper%2C+welche+ihre+Basen+ausmachen%2C+und+die+Natur+der+Alkalien+%C3%BCberhaupt&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-175&rft.date=1809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18090310202&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1809AnP....31..113D&rft.au=Davy%2C+Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyswAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Berzelius, J. Jacob (1814) Försök, att, genom användandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna, grundlägga ett rent vettenskapligt system för mineralogien [Attempt, by the use of electrochemical theory and chemical proportions, to found a pure scientific system for mineralogy]. Stockholm, Sweden: A. Gadelius., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Uw0-AAAAcAAJ#page/n91/mode/2up">p. 87.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=K">19. Kalium (Potassium) – Elementymology & Elements Multidict</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218230851/http://vanderkrogt.net/elements/element.php?sym=K">Archived</a> 2019-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. vanderkrogt.net </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> McNaught, A. D. and Wilkinson,A. eds. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). IUPAC. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. </li> <li id="cite_note-g76-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g76_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-g76_21-1">b</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood">Greenwood</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-K--23"><a href="#cite_ref-K-_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDye1979" class="citation journal cs1">Dye JL (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Angewandte Chemie International Edition">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a>. 18 (8): 587–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.197905871">10.1002/anie.197905871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Compounds+of+Alkali+Metal+Anions&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=587-598&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.197905871&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsLawton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Williams DB, Lawton M (2010). "Drying of Organic Solvents: Quantitative Evaluation of the Efficiency of Several Desiccants". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 75 (24): 8351–8354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo101589h">10.1021/jo101589h</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20945830">20945830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17801540">17801540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Drying+of+Organic+Solvents%3A+Quantitative+Evaluation+of+the+Efficiency+of+Several+Desiccants&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=8351-8354&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17801540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20945830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjo101589h&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=D.+Bradley+G.&rft.au=Lawton%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide1998" class="citation book cs1">Lide DR (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida, United States: CRC Press. pp. 477, 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0594-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0594-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-0594-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida%2C+United+States&rft.pages=477%2C+520&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0594-8&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide DR, ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 4–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.pages=4-80&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#Schultz">Schultz</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_28-0">^</a> Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T. and Sykes, A. G. "Metal Aqua Ions" in J. A. McCleverty and T. J. Meyer (eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780080437484/comprehensive-coordination-chemistry-ii">Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419212906/https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780080437484/comprehensive-coordination-chemistry-ii">Archived</a> 2019-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vol. 1, pp. 515–555, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043748-4">978-0-08-043748-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Agulyanski-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Agulyanski_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Agulyanski2004" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Agulyanski (2004). "Fluorine chemistry in the processing of tantalum and niobium". In Anatoly Agulyanski (ed.). Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds (1st ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052902-8"><bdi>978-0-08-052902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fluorine+chemistry+in+the+processing+of+tantalum+and+niobium&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Tantalum+and+Niobium+Fluoride+Compounds&rft.place=Burlington&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-08-052902-8&rft.au=Anthony+Agulyanski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation cs2">Audi G, Bersillon O, Blachot J, <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" title="Aaldert Wapstra">Wapstra AH</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=3-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenAttendorn1988" class="citation book cs1">Bowen R, Attendorn HG (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k90iAnFereYC&pg=PA207">"Theory and Assumptions in Potassium–Argon Dating"</a>. Isotopes in the Earth Sciences. Springer. pp. 203–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-53710-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-53710-3"><bdi>978-0-412-53710-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theory+and+Assumptions+in+Potassium%E2%80%93Argon+Dating&rft.btitle=Isotopes+in+the+Earth+Sciences&rft.pages=203-8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-412-53710-3&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Attendorn%2C+H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk90iAnFereYC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnaç,_D.Martin-Prével,_P.1999" class="citation book cs1">Anaç, D., Martin-Prével, P. 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Springer. pp. 290–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5850-3"><bdi>978-0-7923-5850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improved+crop+quality+by+nutrient+management&rft.pages=290-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5850-3&rft.au=Ana%C3%A7%2C+D.&rft.au=Martin-Pr%C3%A9vel%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Hr4w6QhPGsC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/radioactive-human-body">"Radiation and Radioactive Decay. 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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1615200103080921.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.1615200103080921.a01.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23896-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23896-6"><bdi>978-0-471-23896-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potassium&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.1615200103080921.a01.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0-471-23896-6&rft.aulast=Chiu&rft.aufirst=Kuen-Wai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#Burkhardt">Burkhardt</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-fire-63"><a href="#cite_ref-fire_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelahuntLindeman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delahunt J, Lindeman T (2007). 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Springer. pp. 1135–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007karh.book......">2007karh.book......</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-27843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-27843-8"><bdi>978-0-387-27843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+and+Riegel%27s+handbook+of+industrial+chemistry+and+biotechnology&rft.pages=1135-57&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007karh.book......&rft.isbn=978-0-387-27843-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Amit+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYjFoLCNHYUC%26pg%3DPA1135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchoa-HuesoDelgado-BaquerizoKingBenham2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ochoa-Hueso R, Delgado-Baquerizo M, King P, Benham M, Arca V, Power SA (2019). 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John Wiley and Sons. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39267-6"><bdi>978-0-470-39267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bleaching+and+Maturing+Agents&rft.btitle=How+Baking+Works%3A+Exploring+the+Fundamentals+of+Baking+Science&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-39267-6&rft.au=Figoni%2C+Paula+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXqKF7PqV02cC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChichester,_C._O.1986" class="citation book cs1">Chichester, C. O. (July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eblAtwEXffcC&pg=PA4">"Uses and Exposure to Sulfites in Food"</a>. Advances in food research. Academic Press. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-016430-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-016430-1"><bdi>978-0-12-016430-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uses+and+Exposure+to+Sulfites+in+Food&rft.btitle=Advances+in+food+research&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1986-07&rft.isbn=978-0-12-016430-1&rft.au=Chichester%2C+C.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeblAtwEXffcC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#Schultz">Schultz</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToedt,_JohnKoza,_DarrellCleef-Toedt,_Kathleen_Van2005" class="citation book cs1">Toedt, John, Koza, Darrell, Cleef-Toedt, Kathleen Van (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnjD4aBm9ZcC&pg=PA4">"Personal Cleansing Products: Bar Soap"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalcomposit0000toed">Chemical composition of everyday products</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32579-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Cleansing+Products%3A+Bar+Soap&rft.btitle=Chemical+composition+of+everyday+products&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32579-3&rft.au=Toedt%2C+John&rft.au=Koza%2C+Darrell&rft.au=Cleef-Toedt%2C+Kathleen+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnjD4aBm9ZcC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#Schultz">Schultz</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#Schultz">Schultz</a>, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1940" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel RS (1940). 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Journal of Clinical Investigation. 38 (7): 1134–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI103890">10.1172/JCI103890</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293261">293261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13664789">13664789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Experimental+potassium+depletion+in+normal+human+subjects.+I.+Relation+of+ionic+intakes+to+the+renal+conservation+of+potassium&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1134-48&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC293261%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13664789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI103890&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Huth%2C+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC293261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiebach,_Nicholas_H.Barker,_Lee_RandolphBurton,_John_RussellZieve,_Philip_D.2007" class="citation book cs1">Fiebach, Nicholas H., Barker, Lee Randolph, Burton, John Russell, Zieve, Philip D. 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Nature. 417 (6888): 515–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.417..515J">2002Natur.417..515J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F417515a">10.1038/417515a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037559">12037559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205029269">205029269</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einstein.ciencias.uchile.cl/CursoTroncal2007/Biblio/Jiang__MacKinnonNature417_515_2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+and+mechanism+of+a+calcium-gated+potassium+channel&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6888&rft.pages=515-22&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F417515a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205029269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12037559&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.417..515J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Lee%2C+A.&rft.au=Chen%2C+J.&rft.au=Cadene%2C+M.&rft.au=Chait%2C+B.+%27t.&rft.au=Mackinnon%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feinstein.ciencias.uchile.cl%2FCursoTroncal2007%2FBiblio%2FJiang__MacKinnonNature417_515_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiYeAlamChen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shi N, Ye S, Alam A, Chen L, Jiang Y (2006). 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Nature. 440 (7083): 570–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..570S">2006Natur.440..570S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04508">10.1038/nature04508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16467789">16467789</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4355500">4355500</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Atomic+structure+of+a+Na%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E-+and+K%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E-conducting+channel&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7083&rft.pages=570-4&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4355500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16467789&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..570S&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Ye%2C+S.&rft.au=Alam%2C+A.&rft.au=Chen%2C+L.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> includes a detailed picture of atoms in the pump. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouMorais-CabralKaufmanMacKinnon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou Y, Morais-Cabral JH, Kaufman A, MacKinnon R (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017203255/http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~moralesm/Zhou.pdf">"Chemistry of ion coordination and hydration revealed by a K+ channel-Fab complex at 2.0 A resolution"</a> (PDF). 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ClinCalc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008035439/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/PotassiumChloride">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=Potassium+Chloride+-+Drug+Usage+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FDrugs%2FPotassiumChloride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShallenberger1993" class="citation book cs1">Shallenberger RS (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_bjyjgClq0C&pg=PA120">Taste chemistry</a>. Springer. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0150-9"><bdi>978-0-7514-0150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+chemistry&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0150-9&rft.aulast=Shallenberger&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_bjyjgClq0C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/244856?lang=en&region=US">"Potassium 244856"</a>. Sigma Aldrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001103958/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/244856?lang=en&region=US">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2018-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potassium+244856&rft.pub=Sigma+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F244856%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2002" class="citation book cs1">Solomon RE (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fHsoobsCNwC&pg=PA459">Fire and Life Safety Inspection Manual</a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-472-8"><bdi>978-0-87765-472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Life+Safety+Inspection+Manual&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87765-472-8&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fHsoobsCNwC%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928002539/http://www.hss.doe.gov/nuclearsafety/ns/techstds/standard/hdbk1081/hbk1081d.html">"DOE Handbook-Alkali Metals Sodium, Potassium, NaK, and Lithium"</a>. Hss.doe.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hss.doe.gov/nuclearsafety/ns/techstds/standard/hdbk1081/hbk1081d.html">the original</a> on 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2010-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOE+Handbook-Alkali+Metals+Sodium%2C+Potassium%2C+NaK%2C+and+Lithium&rft.pub=Hss.doe.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hss.doe.gov%2Fnuclearsafety%2Fns%2Ftechstds%2Fstandard%2Fhdbk1081%2Fhbk1081d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWray" class="citation web cs1">Wray TK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729111002/https://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/handsMan/lab/Peroxide.pdf">"Danger: peroxidazable chemicals"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danger%3A+peroxidazable+chemicals&rft.pub=Environmental+Health+%26+Public+Safety%2C+North+Carolina+State+University&rft.aulast=Wray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsu.edu%2Fehs%2Fwww99%2Fright%2FhandsMan%2Flab%2FPeroxide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hyper-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hyper_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyper_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonwald2004" class="citation book cs1">Schonwald S (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA903">"Potassium Chloride and Potassium Permanganate"</a>. Medical toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 903–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2845-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2845-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-2845-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potassium+Chloride+and+Potassium+Permanganate&rft.btitle=Medical+toxicology&rft.pages=903-5&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4&rft.aulast=Schonwald&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfdighlyGiwC%26pg%3DPA903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovchickPons2003" class="citation book cs1">Markovchick VJ, Pons PT (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8RkPU1-M5wC&pg=PA223">Emergency medicine secrets</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56053-503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56053-503-4"><bdi>978-1-56053-503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+medicine+secrets&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56053-503-4&rft.aulast=Markovchick&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft.au=Pons%2C+Peter+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8RkPU1-M5wC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Burkhardt" class="citation book cs1">Burkhardt ER (2006). "Potassium and Potassium Alloys". 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Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017770-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potassium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017770-1&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmahxPfBdcxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schultz" class="citation book cs1">Schultz H, Bauer G, Schachl E, Hagedorn F, Schmittinger P (2006). "Potassium compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. A22. pp. 39–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a22_031.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potassium+compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=39-103&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a22_031.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+G.&rft.au=Schachl%2C+E.&rft.au=Hagedorn%2C+F.&rft.au=Schmittinger%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotassium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/">National Nutrient Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810230234/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list">Archived</a> 2014-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> Website</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Potassium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Potassium" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Potassium">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Potassium" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Potassium">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Potassium" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:The Elements/Potassium">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Potassium_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Potassium atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Potassium">CID Potassium</a> from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Potassium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Potassium_compounds" title="Template:Potassium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Potassium_compounds" title="Template talk:Potassium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Potassium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Potassium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Potassium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium compounds">Potassium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H, (pseudo)halogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_fluoride" title="Potassium fluoride">KF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bifluoride" title="Potassium bifluoride">KHF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydride" title="Potassium hydride">KH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">KCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hypochlorite" title="Potassium hypochlorite">KClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">KClO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">KClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">KBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromate" title="Potassium bromate">KBrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">KI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodate" title="Potassium iodate">KIO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_periodate" title="Potassium periodate">KIO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_astatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium astatide (page does not exist)">KAt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">KCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_fulminate" title="Potassium fulminate">KCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanate" title="Potassium cyanate">KOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_thiocyanate" title="Potassium thiocyanate">KSCN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">chalcogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">KOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">K2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">KO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ozonide" title="Potassium ozonide">KO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfide" title="Potassium sulfide">K2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydrosulfide" title="Potassium hydrosulfide">KHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfite" title="Potassium sulfite">K2SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bisulfite" title="Potassium bisulfite">KHSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">K2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bisulfate" title="Potassium bisulfate">KHSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxymonosulfate" title="Potassium peroxymonosulfate">KHSO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_thiosulfate" title="Potassium thiosulfate">K2S2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_metabisulfite" title="Potassium metabisulfite">K2S2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_pyrosulfate" title="Potassium pyrosulfate">K2S2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_persulfate" title="Potassium persulfate">K2S2O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_selenide" title="Potassium selenide">K2Se</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_selenite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium selenite (page does not exist)">K2SeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_selenate" title="Potassium selenate">K2SeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_telluride" title="Potassium telluride">K2Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tellurite" title="Potassium tellurite">K2TeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_tellurate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium tellurate (page does not exist)">K2TeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_polonide" title="Potassium polonide">K2Po</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pnictogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitride" title="Potassium nitride">K3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_amide" title="Potassium amide">KNH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_azide" title="Potassium azide">KN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrite" title="Potassium nitrite">KNO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">KNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_phosphide" title="Potassium phosphide">K3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopotassium_phosphite" title="Monopotassium phosphite">KH2PO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripotassium_phosphate" title="Tripotassium phosphate">K3PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipotassium_phosphate" title="Dipotassium phosphate">K2HPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopotassium_phosphate" title="Monopotassium phosphate">KH2PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorophosphate" title="Potassium hexafluorophosphate">KPF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_arsenite" title="Potassium arsenite">KAsO2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripotassium_arsenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripotassium arsenate (page does not exist)">K3AsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipotassium_arsenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipotassium arsenate (page does not exist)">K2HAsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopotassium_arsenate" title="Monopotassium arsenate">KH2AsO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B, C group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_tetraborate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium tetraborate (page does not exist)">B4K2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">K2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">KHCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_silicate" title="Potassium silicate">K2SiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_fluorosilicate" title="Potassium fluorosilicate">K2SiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_aluminate" title="Potassium aluminate">K2Al2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_aluminium_borate" title="Potassium aluminium borate">K2Al2B2O7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">transition metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetrachloroplatinate" title="Potassium tetrachloroplatinate">K2PtCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krogmann%27s_salt" title="Krogmann's salt">K2Pt(CN)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Potassium hexafluorotitanate">K2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Potassium hexachloroplatinate">K2PtCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexachlororhenate" title="Potassium hexachlororhenate">K2ReCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluororhenate" title="Potassium hexafluororhenate">K 2ReF 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluoroarsenate" title="Potassium hexafluoroarsenate">KAsF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexabromorhenate" title="Potassium hexabromorhenate">K2ReBr6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexaiodorhenate" title="Potassium hexaiodorhenate">K 2ReI 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Potassium hexafluorozirconate">K2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">K4Fe(CN)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">K3Fe(CN)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrioxalate" title="Potassium ferrioxalate">K3Fe(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrate" title="Potassium ferrate">K2FeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_manganate" title="Potassium manganate">K2MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">KMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hypochromate" title="Potassium hypochromate">K3CrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chromate" title="Potassium chromate">K2CrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxochromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium peroxochromate">K3CrO8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorochromate" title="Potassium chlorochromate">KCrO3Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">K2Cr2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_trichromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium trichromate (page does not exist)">K2Cr3O10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_tetrachromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium tetrachromate (page does not exist)">K2Cr4O13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_octachlorodimolybdate" title="Potassium octachlorodimolybdate">K4Mo2Cl8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_formate" title="Potassium formate">KHCO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_acetate" title="Potassium acetate">KCH3CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_trifluoroacetate" title="Potassium trifluoroacetate">KCF3CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium oxalate">K2C2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bioxalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium bioxalate">KHC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_laurate" title="Potassium laurate">KC12H23O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_stearate" title="Potassium stearate">KC18H35O2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_malonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium malonate (page does not exist)">C3H2K2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_potassium_malonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl potassium malonate (page does not exist)">C4H6KO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethyl_potassium_malonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethyl potassium malonate (page does not exist)">C5H7KO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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