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<span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_purgatory_of_Catholic_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_purgatory_of_Catholic_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The purgatory of Catholic doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_purgatory_of_Catholic_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_relation_to_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_relation_to_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Role in relation to the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_relation_to_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_relation_to_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_relation_to_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Role in relation to sin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_relation_to_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St_Catherine_of_Genoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_Catherine_of_Genoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>St Catherine of Genoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Catherine_of_Genoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Catholics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Catholics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Eastern Catholics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Catholics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_notions_of_purgatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_notions_of_purgatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Popular notions of purgatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_notions_of_purgatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>As a place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.3</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.4</span> <span>Reformed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walls'_argument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walls'_argument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.5</span> <span>Walls' argument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walls'_argument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter-day_Saint_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter-day_Saint_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Latter-day Saint Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter-day_Saint_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogous_concepts_in_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogous_concepts_in_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analogous concepts in other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analogous_concepts_in_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analogous concepts in other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analogous_concepts_in_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Purgatory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaevuur" title="Vaevuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vaevuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegefeuer" title="Fegefeuer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fegefeuer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1" title="المطهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المطهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgat%C3%A8ro" title="Purgatèro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Purgatèro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoriu" title="Purgatoriu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Purgatoriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araf" title="Araf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Araf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95" title="বিশোধক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশোধক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Чысцец (каталіцтва) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чысцец (каталіцтва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoryo" title="Purgatoryo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Purgatoryo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Чистилище – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чистилище" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatori" title="Purgatori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Purgatori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Distec" title="Očistec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Očistec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdan" title="Purdan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Purdan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A6rsilden" title="Skærsilden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skærsilden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fegefeuer" title="Fegefeuer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fegefeuer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhastustuli" title="Puhastustuli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puhastustuli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Καθαρτήριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθαρτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purgatorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Purgatorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbitoki_(erlijioa)" title="Garbitoki (erlijioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garbitoki (erlijioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%AE_(%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="برزخ (مسیحیت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برزخ (مسیحیت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoire" title="Purgatoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Purgatoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgad%C3%B3ir" title="Purgadóir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Purgadóir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Purgatorio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%98%A5_(%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90)" title="연옥 (기독교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연옥 (기독교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քավարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քավարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cistili%C5%A1te" title="Čistilište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čistilište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Purgatorio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorium" title="Purgatorium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Purgatorium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Purgatorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A3" title="כור המצרף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כור המצרף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharani" title="Toharani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Toharani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorium" title="Purgatorium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Purgatorium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%ABst%C4%ABtava" title="Šķīstītava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķīstītava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaistykla" title="Skaistykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skaistykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagevuur" title="Vagevuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vagevuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgat%C3%B3rium" title="Purgatórium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Purgatórium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Чистилиште – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чистилиште" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afo_fandiovana" title="Afo fandiovana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afo fandiovana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ശുദ്ധീകരണസ്ഥലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശുദ്ധീകരണസ്ഥലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1" title="المطهر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المطهر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorium" title="Purgatorium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Purgatorium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagevuur" title="Vagevuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vagevuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%89%E7%8D%84" title="煉獄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="煉獄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priatorio" title="Priatorio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Priatorio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%A6rsilden" title="Skjærsilden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjærsilden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%A6rselden" title="Skjærselden – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjærselden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgat%C3%B2ri" title="Purgatòri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Purgatòri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ស្ថានបន្សុទ្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្ថានបន្សុទ្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czy%C5%9Bciec" title="Czyściec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czyściec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgat%C3%B3rio" title="Purgatório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Purgatório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoriu" title="Purgatoriu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Purgatoriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Чистилище – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чистилище" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatori" title="Purgatori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Purgatori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ශුද්ධගිනිස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශුද්ධගිනිස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Purgatory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Distec" title="Očistec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Očistec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice" title="Vice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Чистилиште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чистилиште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cistili%C5%A1te" title="Čistilište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čistilište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorium" title="Purgatorium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Purgatorium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiirastuli" title="Kiirastuli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiirastuli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A4rselden" title="Skärselden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skärselden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoryo" title="Purgatoryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Purgatoryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூய்மை பெறும் நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="แดนชำระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แดนชำระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araf" title="Araf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Araf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Чистилище – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чистилище" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luy%E1%BB%87n_ng%E1%BB%A5c" title="Luyện ngục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luyện ngục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoryo" title="Purgatoryo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Purgatoryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%BC%E7%8B%B1" title="炼狱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="炼狱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%89%E7%8D%84" title="煉獄 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="煉獄" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%BC%E7%8B%B1" title="炼狱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="炼狱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatori" title="Purgatori – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Purgatori" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q566#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Purgatory" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious belief of Christianity, primarily Catholicism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Purification after death" redirects here. For the rite, see <a href="/wiki/Last_offices" title="Last offices">Last offices</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Purgatory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Purgatory (disambiguation)">Purgatory (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carracci-Purgatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carracci-Purgatory.jpg/250px-Carracci-Purgatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carracci-Purgatory.jpg/330px-Carracci-Purgatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carracci-Purgatory.jpg/500px-Carracci-Purgatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Image of a fiery purgatory by <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a>. Top: Christ directing, with Mary and interceding saints. Middle: Angel showing a soul the intercessors. Bottom: souls being purged with various attitudes.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Christianity, <b>Purgatory</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">purgatorium</i>, borrowed into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> via <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a passing <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> after physical <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> for purifying or purging a soul. A common analogy is <a href="/wiki/Dross" title="Dross">dross</a> being removed from gold in a furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Catholic doctrine</a>, purgatory refers to the final cleansing of those who died in the State of Grace, and leaves in them only "the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven";<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is entirely different from the punishment of <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">the damned</a> and is not related to the forgiveness of sins for salvation. A forgiven person can be freed from his "unhealthy attachment to creatures" by <a href="/wiki/Indulgence#Catholic_teaching" title="Indulgence">fervent charity</a> in this world, and otherwise by the non-vindictive "temporal (i.e. non-eternal) punishment" of purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1472, 1473">: 1472, 1473 </span></sup> </p><p>In late medieval times, metaphors of time, place and fire were frequently adopted. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a> (fl. 1500) re-framed the idea as ultimately joyful. It has been portrayed in art as an unpleasant (voluntary but not optional) "punishment" for unregretted minor sins and <a href="/wiki/Contrition#Perfect_and_imperfect_contrition" title="Contrition">imperfect contrition</a> (fiery purgatory) or as a joyful or marvelous final relinquishment of worldly attachments (non-fiery purgatory). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches have somewhat different formulations of an intermediate state. Most <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations do not endorse the Catholic formulation. Several other religions have concepts resembling Purgatory: <i><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Araf_(Islam)" title="Araf (Islam)">al-A'raf</a></i> or the upper most layer of hell in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. </p><p>The word "purgatory" has come to refer to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem suffering short of everlasting damnation.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English-speakers also use the word analogously to mean any place or condition of <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> or torment, especially one that is temporary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_belief">History of the belief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_purgatory" title="History of purgatory">History of purgatory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pur_24_dore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pur_24_dore.jpg/200px-Pur_24_dore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pur_24_dore.jpg/300px-Pur_24_dore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pur_24_dore.jpg/400px-Pur_24_dore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Image of a non-fiery purgatory (Gustave Doré: illustration for Dante's <a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a>, Canto 24 in <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>). Right: Dante and companions observe. 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float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Divine_Comedy" title="Template:Divine Comedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Divine_Comedy" title="Template talk:Divine Comedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Divine_Comedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Divine Comedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dante&#039;s_Divine_Comedy73" class="nowrap" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></span>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purgatory</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The noun "Purgatory" (in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>purgatorium</i>, a place of cleansing, from the verb <i>purgo</i>, "to clean, cleanse"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) appeared perhaps only between 1160 and 1180,<sup id="cite_ref-leGoff_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leGoff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 362">: 362 </span></sup> which encouraged speaking of Purgatory as a place.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purgatory pre-dates the specific Catholic tradition of purgatory as a transitional state or condition; it has a history that dates back before Christ, to related beliefs also in Judaism, that <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a> contributes to their <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> purification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The same practice appears in other traditions, such as the medieval Chinese Buddhist practice of making offerings on behalf of the dead, who are said to suffer numerous trials.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic church found specific <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> support in after-life purification in <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 12:42–45,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canons</a> but regarded as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> by Protestants and major branches of Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>, praying for the dead was adopted by Christians from the beginning,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice that presupposes that the dead are thereby assisted between death and their entry into their final abode.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition" title="New American Bible Revised Edition">New American Bible Revised Edition</a>, authorized by the United States Catholic bishops, says in a note to the 2 Maccabees passage: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This is the earliest statement of the doctrine that prayers and sacrifices for the dead are efficacious. …The author…uses the story to demonstrate belief in the resurrection of the just, and in the possibility of expiation for the sins of otherwise good people who have died. This belief is similar to, but not quite the same as, the Catholic doctrine of purgatory."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">Sacred Tradition</a>, by reference to certain texts of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a>, speaks of the process as involving a cleansing fire. According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Jacques Le Goff</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> toward the end of the twelfth century Purgatory started to be represented as a physical place,<sup id="cite_ref-leGoff_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leGoff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 362–366">: 362–366 </span></sup> Le Goff states that the concept involves the idea of a purgatorial fire, which he suggests "is expiatory and purifying not punitive like hell fire".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> in 1274, when the Catholic Church defined, for the first time, its teaching on purgatory, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> did not adopt the doctrine. The council made no mention of purgatory as a third place or as containing fire,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are absent also in the declarations by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Councils of Florence</a> (1431–1449) and of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a> (1545–1563).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popes <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> have written that the term does not indicate a place, but a condition of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Audience_of_4_August_1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audience_of_4_August_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benedictxvi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benedictxvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, mother church of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, officially denounces what it calls "the Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Eastern Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, and elements of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> traditions hold that for some there is cleansing after death and <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">pray for the dead</a>, knowing it to be efficacious.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook1883_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook1883-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WipfStock2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WipfStock2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a> teach that the departed are delivered from their sins through the process of <a href="/wiki/Glorification#Reformed_Churches" title="Glorification">glorification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PRCA2019_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRCA2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbinical Judaism also believes in the possibility of after-death purification and may even use the word "purgatory" to describe the similar rabbinical concept of <a href="/wiki/Gehenna#Rabbinical_Judaism" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>, though Gehenna is also sometimes described<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as more similar to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christians, typically <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, recognize the doctrine of purgatory. The Eastern Orthodox are less likely to use the term, although they acknowledge an intermediate state after death and before final judgment, and consequentially offer prayers for the dead. </p><p>Protestants usually do not recognize purgatory as such: following their doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i>, they claim Jesus is not recorded mentioning or otherwise endorsing it, and the deuterocanonical book <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> is not accepted by them as scripture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> holds that "all who die in God's grace and friendship but still imperfectly purified" undergo a process of purification after death, which the church calls purgatory, "so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">heaven</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-vatican.va_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though in popular imagination Purgatory is pictured as a place rather than a process of purification, the idea of Purgatory as a physical place is not part of the church's doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Audience_of_4_August_1999_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audience_of_4_August_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the church's understanding has typically been that purgatory has a temporal (temporary, terminating, non-eternal) component with only God being outside of time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire, another important element of the Purgatory of popular imagination, is also absent in the Catholic Church's doctrine. </p><p>Purgatory and <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a> are defined (i.e. official Catholic) doctrines, unlike <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>. Catholicism bases its teaching also on the practice of praying for the dead, in use within the church ever since the church began, and mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a> book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+12%3A43-46&version=DRA">2 Maccabees 12:46</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_purgatory_of_Catholic_doctrine">The purgatory of Catholic doctrine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The purgatory of Catholic doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon#Purgatory" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> in 1274, the Catholic Church defined, for the first time, its teaching on purgatory, in summary two points: </p> <ol><li>some saved souls need to be purified after death;</li> <li>such souls benefit from the prayers and pious duties that the living do for them.</li></ol> <p>The council declared: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> [I]f they die truly repentant in charity before they have made satisfaction by worthy fruits of penance for (sins) committed and omitted, their souls are cleansed after death by purgatorical or purifying punishments, … And to relieve punishments of this kind, the offerings of the living faithful are of advantage to these, namely, the sacrifices of Masses, prayers, <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a>, and other duties of piety, which have customarily been performed by the faithful for the other faithful according to the regulations of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A century and a half later, the Council of Florence repeated the same two points in practically the same words,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> again excluding certain elements of the purgatory of popular imagination, in particular fire and place, against which representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> spoke at the council.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Trent repeated the same two points and moreover in its 4 December 1563 <i>Decree Concerning Purgatory</i> recommended avoidance of speculations and non-essential questions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let the more difficult and subtle "questions", however, and those which do not make for "edification" (cf. 1Tm 1,4), and from which there is very often no increase in piety, be excluded from popular discourses to uneducated people. Likewise, let them not permit uncertain matters, or those that have the appearance of falsehood, to be brought out and discussed publicly. Those matters on the contrary, which tend to a certain curiosity or superstition, or that savor of filthy lucre, let them prohibit as scandals and stumbling blocks to the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Catholic doctrine on purgatory is presented as composed of the same two points in the <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_the_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church">Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>, first published in 2005, which is a summary in dialogue form of the <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>. It deals with purgatory in the following exchange:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>210. What is purgatory?</b> </p><dl><dd>Purgatory is the state of those who die in God's friendship, assured of their eternal salvation, but who still have need of purification to enter into the happiness of heaven.</dd></dl> <p><b>211. How can we help the souls being purified in purgatory?</b> </p> <dl><dd>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">communion of saints</a>, the faithful who are still pilgrims on earth are able to help the souls in purgatory by offering prayers in suffrage for them, especially the Eucharistic sacrifice. They also help them by almsgiving, indulgences, and works of penance.</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>These two questions and answers summarize information in sections 1030–1032<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1054<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, published in 1992, which also speaks of purgatory in sections 1472−1473.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_relation_to_the_church">Role in relation to the church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role in relation to the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prayers of the saints in Heaven and the good deeds, <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>, prayers, and <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a> of the living have a twofold effect: they help the souls in purgatory atone for their sins and they make the souls' own prayers for the living effective,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the merits of the saints in Heaven, on Earth, and in Purgatory are part of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_merit" title="Treasury of merit">treasury of merit</a>. Whenever the Eucharist is celebrated, souls in Purgatory are purified – i.e., they receive a full remission of sin and punishment – and go to Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_relation_to_sin">Role in relation to sin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in relation to sin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the doctrine of the Catholic Church, those who die in God's grace and friendship imperfectly purified, although they are assured of their eternal salvation, undergo a purification after death, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">joy of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unless "redeemed by repentance and God's forgiveness", <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a>, whose object is grave matter and is also committed with full knowledge and deliberate consent, "causes exclusion from Christ's kingdom and the eternal death of hell, for our freedom has the power to make choices for ever, with no turning back."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such sin "makes us incapable of eternal life, the privation of which is called the 'eternal punishment' of sin".<sup id="cite_ref-CCC1472_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC1472-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a>, while not depriving the sinner of friendship with God or the eternal happiness of heaven,<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_1863_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC_1863-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "weakens charity, manifests a disordered affection for created goods, and impedes the soul's progress in the exercise of the virtues and the practice of the moral good; it merits temporal punishment",<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_1863_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC_1863-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for "every sin, even venial, entails an unhealthy attachment to creatures, which must be purified either here on earth, or after death in the state called purgatory. This purification frees one from what is called the 'temporal punishment' of sin".<sup id="cite_ref-CCC1472_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC1472-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "These two punishments must not be conceived of as a kind of vengeance inflicted by God from without, but as following from the very nature of sin. A conversion which proceeds from a fervent charity can attain the complete purification of the sinner in such a way that no punishment would remain."<sup id="cite_ref-CCC1472_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC1472-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Joseph Ratzinger</a> has paraphrased this as: "Purgatory is not, as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> thought, some kind of supra-worldly concentration camp where man is forced to undergo punishment in a more or less arbitrary fashion. Rather it is the inwardly necessary process of transformation in which a person becomes capable of Christ, capable of God, and thus capable of unity with the whole communion of saints".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This purification from our sinful tendencies has been compared to rehabilitation of someone who needs to be cleansed of any addiction, a gradual and probably painful process. It can be advanced during life by voluntary self-mortification and penance and by deeds of generosity that show love of God rather than of creatures. If not completed before death, it can still be needed for entering the divine presence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person seeking purification from sinful tendencies is not alone. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">communion of saints</a>: "the holiness of one profits others, well beyond the harm that the sin of one could cause others. Thus recourse to the communion of saints lets the contrite sinner be more promptly and efficaciously purified of the punishments for sin".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church states that, through the granting of indulgences for manifestations of devotion, penance and charity by the living, it opens for individuals "the treasury of the merits of Christ and the saints to obtain from the Father of mercies the remission of the temporal punishments due for their sins".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St_Catherine_of_Genoa">St Catherine of Genoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: St Catherine of Genoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On the cusp of the Reformation, St <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a> (1447–1510) re-framed the theology of purgatory as voluntary, loving and even joyful: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "As for paradise, God has placed no doors there. Whoever wishes to enter, does so. An all-merciful God stands there with His arms open, waiting to receive us into His glory. I also see, however, that the divine presence is so pure and light-filled – much more than we can imagine – that the soul that has but the slightest imperfection would rather throw itself into a thousand hells than appear thus before the divine presence."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>So purgatory is a state of both joy and voluntary pain: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Again the soul perceives the grievousness of being held back from seeing the divine light; the soul’s instinct too, being drawn by that uniting look, craves to be unhindered”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Treatise on Purgatory</i>, Chapter 9</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> recommended to theologians the presentation of purgatory by Catherine of Genoa, for whom purgatory is not an external but an inner fire: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In her day it was depicted mainly using images linked to space: a certain space was conceived of in which Purgatory was supposed to be located. Catherine, however, did not see purgatory as a scene in the bowels of the earth: for her it is not an exterior but rather an interior fire. This is purgatory: an inner fire."<sup id="cite_ref-benedictxvi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benedictxvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He further said that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"'The soul', Catherine says, 'presents itself to God still bound to the desires and suffering that derive from sin and this makes it impossible for it to enjoy the beatific vision of God'.…The soul is aware of the immense love and perfect justice of God and consequently suffers for having failed to respond in a correct and perfect way to this love; and love for God itself becomes a flame, love itself cleanses it from the residue of sin."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his 2007 encyclical <i>Spe salvi</i>, Pope Benedict XVI, referring to the words of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+3:12">1 Corinthians 3:12–15</a> about a fire that both burns and saves, spoke of the opinion that "the fire which both burns and saves is Christ himself, the Judge and Saviour. The encounter with him is the decisive act of judgement. Before his gaze all falsehood melts away.<sup id="cite_ref-ESs_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This encounter with him, as it burns us, transforms and frees us, allowing us to become truly ourselves. All that we build during our lives can prove to be mere straw, pure bluster, and it collapses. Yet in the pain of this encounter, when the impurity and sickness of our lives become evident to us, there lies salvation. His gaze, the touch of his heart heals us through an undeniably painful transformation 'as through fire'. But it is a blessed pain, in which the holy power of his love sears through us like a flame, enabling us to become totally ourselves and thus totally of God.<sup id="cite_ref-ESs_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The pain of love becomes our salvation and our joy.<sup id="cite_ref-ESs_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration">Duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2007 encyclical <i>Spe salvi</i>, Pope Benedict XVI teaches:<sup id="cite_ref-ESs_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> It is clear that we cannot calculate the 'duration' of this transforming burning in terms of the chronological measurements of this world. The transforming 'moment' of this encounter eludes earthly time-reckoning – it is the heart's time, it is the time of 'passage' to communion with God in the Body of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-ESs_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Catholics">Eastern Catholics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern Catholics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The popular conceptions of Purgatory that, especially in late medieval times, were common among Catholics of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> have not necessarily found acceptance in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, of which there are 23 in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the Pope. Some have explicitly rejected the notions of punishment by fire in a particular place that are prominent in the popular picture of Purgatory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431–1449) argued against these notions, while declaring that they do hold that there is a cleansing after death of the souls of the saved and that these are assisted by the prayers of the living: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"If souls depart from this life in faith and charity but marked with some defilements, whether unrepented minor ones or major ones repented of but without having yet borne the fruits of repentance, we believe that within reason they are purified of those faults, but not by some purifying fire and particular punishments in some place."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The definition of purgatory adopted by that council excluded the two notions with which the Orthodox disagreed and mentioned only the two points that, they said, were part of their faith also. Accordingly, the agreement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>, that formalized the admission of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> into the full <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> of the Roman Catholic Church stated: "We shall not debate about purgatory, but we entrust ourselves to the teaching of the Holy Church".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_notions_of_purgatory">Popular notions of purgatory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Popular notions of purgatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Catholic saints, theologians and laity have had ideas about purgatory beyond those adopted by the Catholic Church, reflecting or contributing to the popular image, which includes the notions of purification by actual fire, in a determined place and for a precise length of time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_place">As a place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>La naissance du Purgatoire</i> (<i>The Birth of Purgatory</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Jacques Le Goff</a> attributes the origin of the idea of a third other-world domain, similar to heaven and hell, called Purgatory, to Paris intellectuals and <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian monks</a> at some point in the last three decades of the twelfth century, possibly as early as 1170−1180.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective <i>purgatorius</i>, as in <i>purgatorius ignis</i> (cleansing fire) existed, but only then did the noun <i>purgatorium</i> appear, used as the name of a place called Purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-leGoff_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leGoff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167–168">: 167–168 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a> also taught "that Purgatory, at least the ordinary place of expiation, is situated in the interior of the earth, that the souls in Purgatory and the reprobate are in the same subterranean space in the deep abyss which the Scripture calls Hell."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png/250px-William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png/330px-William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png/500px-William_Frederick_Wakeman_Lough_Derg.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>The island of St Patrick's Purgatory</figcaption></figure> <p>The change happened at about the same time as the composition of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_de_Purgatorio_Sancti_Patricii" title="Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii">Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii</a></i>, an account by an English Cistercian of a penitent knight's visit to the land of Purgatory reached through a cave in the island known as Station Island or <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Purgatory" title="St Patrick's Purgatory">St Patrick's Purgatory</a> in the lake of <a href="/wiki/Lough_Derg_(Donegal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lough Derg (Donegal)">Lough Derg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Le Goff said this book "occupies an essential place in the history of Purgatory, in whose success it played an important, if not decisive, role".<sup id="cite_ref-leGoff_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leGoff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">: 193 </span></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest depictions of St Patrick's Purgatory is a fresco in the Convent of San Francisco in <a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Todi</a>, Umbria, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitewashed long ago, this fresco was only restored in 1976. The painter was likely Jacopo di Mino del Pellicciaio, and the date of the fresco is around 1345. Purgatory is shown as a rocky hill filled with separate openings into its hollow center. Above the mountain St Patrick introduces the prayers of the faithful that can help attenuate the sufferings of the souls undergoing purification. In each opening, sinners are tormented by demons and by fire. Each of the seven deadly sins – avarice, envy, sloth, pride, anger, lust, and gluttony – has its own region of purgatory and its own appropriate tortures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/170px-Dante03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/255px-Dante03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/340px-Dante03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="5334" /></a><figcaption>Dante gazes at Purgatory (shown as a mountain) in this 16th-century painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le Goff dedicates the final chapter of his book to the <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i>, the second canticle of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, a poem by fourteenth-century Italian author <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>. In an interview Le Goff declared: "Dante's <i>Purgatorio</i> represents the sublime conclusion of the slow development of Purgatory that took place in the course of the Middle Ages. The power of Dante's poetry made a decisive contribution to fixing in the public imagination this 'third place', whose birth was on the whole quite recent."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dante pictures Purgatory as an island at the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">antipodes</a> of Jerusalem, pushed up, in an otherwise empty sea, by the displacement caused by the fall of <a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Satan" title="Dante's Satan">Satan</a>, which left him fixed at the central point of the globe of the Earth. The cone-shaped island has seven terraces on which souls are cleansed from the <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a> or capital vices as they ascend. Additional spurs at the base hold those for whom beginning the ascent is delayed because in life they were <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicates</a> indolent or late repenters. At the summit is the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, from where the souls, cleansed of evil tendencies and made perfect, are taken to <a href="/wiki/Heaven#Christianity" title="Heaven">heaven</a>. </p><p>The Catholic Church has included in its teaching the idea of a purgatory rather as a condition than a place. On 4 August 1999, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, speaking of purgatory, said: "The term does not indicate a place, but a condition of existence. Those who, after death, exist in a state of purification, are already in the love of Christ who removes from them the remnants of imperfection as "a condition of existence".<sup id="cite_ref-Audience_of_4_August_1999_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audience_of_4_August_1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire">Fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire has an important place in the popular image of purgatory and has been the object of speculation by theologians, speculation to which the article on purgatory in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> relates the warning by the Council of Trent against "difficult and subtle questions which tend not to edification."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almas_do_Purgat%C3%B3rio_(c._1765-70)_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Joaquim_Padr%C3%A3o_(atrib.)_-_Sala-Museu_do_Convento_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Balsam%C3%A3o,_inv.%C2%BA_8701_(Invent%C3%A1rio_Hist%C3%B3rico-Art%C3%ADstico_da_Diocese_de_Bragan%C3%A7a-Miranda).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Almas_do_Purgat%C3%B3rio_%28c._1765-70%29_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Joaquim_Padr%C3%A3o_%28atrib.%29_-_Sala-Museu_do_Convento_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Balsam%C3%A3o%2C_inv.%C2%BA_8701_%28Invent%C3%A1rio_Hist%C3%B3rico-Art%C3%ADstico_da_Diocese_de_Bragan%C3%A7a-Miranda%29.png/250px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Almas_do_Purgat%C3%B3rio_%28c._1765-70%29_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Joaquim_Padr%C3%A3o_%28atrib.%29_-_Sala-Museu_do_Convento_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Balsam%C3%A3o%2C_inv.%C2%BA_8701_%28Invent%C3%A1rio_Hist%C3%B3rico-Art%C3%ADstico_da_Diocese_de_Bragan%C3%A7a-Miranda%29.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Almas_do_Purgat%C3%B3rio_%28c._1765-70%29_-_Ant%C3%B3nio_Joaquim_Padr%C3%A3o_%28atrib.%29_-_Sala-Museu_do_Convento_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Balsam%C3%A3o%2C_inv.%C2%BA_8701_%28Invent%C3%A1rio_Hist%C3%B3rico-Art%C3%ADstico_da_Diocese_de_Bragan%C3%A7a-Miranda%29.png/500px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>A traditional depiction of a fiery Purgatory, c. 1765-70 painting by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Joaquim_Padr%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Joaquim Padrão (page does not exist)">António Joaquim Padrão</a>. The figures are in fire but, as they turn their gaze upwards, are not in torment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fire has never been included in the Catholic Church's defined doctrine on purgatory, but speculation about it is traditional. "The tradition of the Church, by reference to certain texts of Scripture, speaks of a cleansing fire."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard the <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> references in particular two New Testament passages: "If anyone's work is burned up, he will suffer loss, though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "so that the tested genuineness of your faith—more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic theologians have also cited verses such as "I will put this third into the fire, and refine them as one refines silver, and test them as gold is tested. They will call upon my name, and I will answer them. I will say, 'They are my people'; and they will say, 'The LORD is my God'",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a verse that the Jewish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Shammai" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Shammai">school of Shammai</a> applied to God's judgment on those who are not completely just nor entirely evil.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the image of a purifying fire goes back as far as <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> who, with reference to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+3:10">1 Corinthians 3:10–15</a>, seen as referring to a process by which the dross of lighter transgressions will be burnt away, and the soul, thus purified, will be saved,<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Suppose you have built, after the <i>foundation</i> which Christ Jesus has taught, not only <i>gold, silver, and precious stones</i> − if indeed you possess gold and much silver or little − suppose you have <i>silver, precious stones</i>, but I say not only these elements, but suppose that you have also <i>wood and hay and stubble</i>, what does he wish you to become after your final departure? To enter afterwards then into the holy lands with your <i>wood</i> and with your <i>hay</i> and <i>stubble</i> so that you may defile the Kingdom of God? But again do you want to be left behind in the fire on account of the <i>hay</i>, the <i>wood</i>, the <i>stubble</i>, and to receive nothing due you for the <i>gold</i> and the <i>silver</i> and <i>precious stone</i>? That is not reasonable. What then? It follows that you receive the <i>fire first</i> due to the <i>wood</i>, and the <i>hay</i> and the <i>stubble</i>. For to those able to perceive, our God is said to be in reality <i>a consuming fire</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Origen also speaks of a refining fire melting away the lead of evil deeds, leaving behind only pure gold.<sup id="cite_ref-origen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Augustine</a> tentatively put forward the idea of a post-death purgatorial fire for some Christian believers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"69. It is not incredible that something like this should occur after this life, whether or not it is a matter for fruitful inquiry. It may be discovered or remain hidden whether some of the faithful are sooner or later to be saved by a sort of purgatorial fire, in proportion as they have loved the goods that perish, and in proportion to their attachment to them."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> also argued for the existence, before Judgment, of a <i>purgatorius ignis</i> (a cleansing fire) to purge away minor faults (wood, hay, stubble) not mortal sins (iron, bronze, lead).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Gregory, in the Dialogues, quotes Christ's words (in Mat 12:32) to establish purgatory: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"But yet we must believe that before the day of judgment there is a purgatory fire for certain small sins: because our Saviour saith, that he which speaketh blasphemy against the holy Ghost, that it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, nor in the world to come. (Mat 12:32) Out of which sentence we learn, that some sins are forgiven in this world, and some other may be pardoned in the next: for that which is denied concerning one sin, is consequently understood to be granted touching some other."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> several times spoke of purgation by fire after death,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he generally has <a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">apocatastasis</a> in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval theologians accepted the association of purgatory with fire. Thus the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> considered it probable that Purgatory was situated close to hell, so that the same fire that tormented the damned cleansed the just souls in Purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideas about the supposed fire of purgatory have changed with time: in the early 20th century the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> reported that, while in the past most theologians had held that the fire of purgatory was in some sense a material fire, though of a nature different from ordinary fire, the view of what then seemed to be the majority of theologians was that the term was to be understood metaphorically.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depictions">Depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_172.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purgatory, by Peter Paul Rubens. Top: Trinity, with Mary; Middle: Angels; Lower: purified souls being pulled up towards heaven; Bottom: souls in non-fiery purgation"><img alt="Purgatory, by Peter Paul Rubens. Top: Trinity, with Mary; Middle: Angels; Lower: purified souls being pulled up towards heaven; Bottom: souls in non-fiery purgation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_172.jpg/120px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_172.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_172.jpg/250px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_172.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Purgatory, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>. Top: Trinity, with Mary; Middle: Angels; Lower: purified souls being pulled up towards heaven; Bottom: souls in non-fiery purgation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar in Iglesia de la Concepción, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Top: Trinity; Mid-top: Mary, John the Baptist, Holy family; Mid: archangel Michael; Lower: Saints interceding; Bottom: souls undergoing fiery purgation, still with worldly attachments (shackles) and venial sins (snakes)."><img alt="Altar in Iglesia de la Concepción, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Top: Trinity; Mid-top: Mary, John the Baptist, Holy family; Mid: archangel Michael; Lower: Saints interceding; Bottom: souls undergoing fiery purgation, still with worldly attachments (shackles) and venial sins (snakes)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg/86px-Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg/130px-Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg/173px-Concepcion_Santa_Cruz_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="3499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Altar in <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_(Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife)" title="Iglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)">Iglesia de la Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>. Top: Trinity; Mid-top: Mary, John the Baptist, Holy family; Mid: archangel Michael; Lower: Saints interceding; Bottom: souls undergoing fiery purgation, still with worldly attachments (shackles) and venial sins (snakes).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fiery purgatory in the Très riches heures du Duc de Berry. The faithful dead (bottom left) go through the furnace and once purified (top right) ascend towards Heaven. Some of the faithful are plucked by angels, the result of intercessory prayers. The icy water is a common pairing."><img alt="A fiery purgatory in the Très riches heures du Duc de Berry. The faithful dead (bottom left) go through the furnace and once purified (top right) ascend towards Heaven. Some of the faithful are plucked by angels, the result of intercessory prayers. The icy water is a common pairing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg/86px-Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg/129px-Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg/172px-Folio_113v_-_Purgatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A fiery purgatory in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_riches_heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Très riches heures du Duc de Berry">Très riches heures du Duc de Berry</a></i>. The faithful dead (bottom left) go through the furnace and once purified (top right) ascend towards Heaven. Some of the faithful are plucked by angels, the result of intercessory prayers. The icy water is a common pairing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Vaccaro_-_The_Virgin_intercedes_for_the_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady Interceding for the Souls in Purgatory, by Andrea Vaccaro. Top-right: Christ granting; Middle-left: Mary interceding; Bottom-right: purged souls capable of focus on Christ; Bottom-left: indistinct souls undergoing non-fiery purgation."><img alt="Our Lady Interceding for the Souls in Purgatory, by Andrea Vaccaro. Top-right: Christ granting; Middle-left: Mary interceding; Bottom-right: purged souls capable of focus on Christ; Bottom-left: indistinct souls undergoing non-fiery purgation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Andrea_Vaccaro_-_The_Virgin_intercedes_for_the_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg/120px-Andrea_Vaccaro_-_The_Virgin_intercedes_for_the_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Andrea_Vaccaro_-_The_Virgin_intercedes_for_the_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg/250px-Andrea_Vaccaro_-_The_Virgin_intercedes_for_the_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Our Lady Interceding for the Souls in Purgatory, by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vaccaro" title="Andrea Vaccaro">Andrea Vaccaro</a>. Top-right: Christ granting; Middle-left: Mary interceding; Bottom-right: purged souls capable of focus on Christ; Bottom-left: indistinct souls undergoing non-fiery purgation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel and purgatory, Beniaján, Spain"><img alt="Our Lady of Mount Carmel and purgatory, Beniaján, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg/79px-V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg/118px-V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg/157px-V.Carmen_de_Beniajan-general.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a> and purgatory, <a href="/wiki/Beniaj%C3%A1n" title="Beniaján">Beniaján</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LadyOfMtCarmelWithSufferingSouls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel and purgatory, North End, Boston"><img alt="Our Lady of Mount Carmel and purgatory, North End, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LadyOfMtCarmelWithSufferingSouls.jpg/120px-LadyOfMtCarmelWithSufferingSouls.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LadyOfMtCarmelWithSufferingSouls.jpg/250px-LadyOfMtCarmelWithSufferingSouls.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a> and purgatory, <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End, Boston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auhausen_St._Maria_473gf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of altar in Lutheran church in Auhausen, Bavaria"><img alt="Detail of altar in Lutheran church in Auhausen, Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Auhausen_St._Maria_473gf.JPG/120px-Auhausen_St._Maria_473gf.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Auhausen_St._Maria_473gf.JPG/250px-Auhausen_St._Maria_473gf.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="3666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Detail of altar in Lutheran church in <a href="/wiki/Auhausen" title="Auhausen">Auhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady, St Monica and souls in purgatory, Rattenberg, Tyrol"><img alt="Our Lady, St Monica and souls in purgatory, Rattenberg, Tyrol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg/80px-AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg/120px-AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg/160px-AMR_Kirche_-_Altar_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Our Lady, St Monica and souls in purgatory, <a href="/wiki/Rattenberg" title="Rattenberg">Rattenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Passau in St Felix Church, Kientzheim, Alsace"><img alt="Our Lady of Passau in St Felix Church, Kientzheim, Alsace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG/85px-Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG/127px-Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG/169px-Kientzheim_StFelix_30.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Our Lady of Passau in St Felix Church, <a href="/wiki/Kientzheim" title="Kientzheim">Kientzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidelberg_cpg_144_Els%C3%A4ssische_Legenda_Aurea_338r_St._Patricks_Fegefeuer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purgatory, 1419 drawing by unknown artist from Strasbourg"><img alt="Purgatory, 1419 drawing by unknown artist from Strasbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heidelberg_cpg_144_Els%C3%A4ssische_Legenda_Aurea_338r_St._Patricks_Fegefeuer.jpg/120px-Heidelberg_cpg_144_Els%C3%A4ssische_Legenda_Aurea_338r_St._Patricks_Fegefeuer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heidelberg_cpg_144_Els%C3%A4ssische_Legenda_Aurea_338r_St._Patricks_Fegefeuer.jpg/250px-Heidelberg_cpg_144_Els%C3%A4ssische_Legenda_Aurea_338r_St._Patricks_Fegefeuer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Purgatory, 1419 drawing by unknown artist from <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michel-Serre-Vierge_%C3%A0_l%27enfant_et_le_purgatoire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Michel Serre in the Saint Cannat Church, Marseilles"><img alt="Painting by Michel Serre in the Saint Cannat Church, Marseilles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michel-Serre-Vierge_%C3%A0_l%27enfant_et_le_purgatoire.jpg/120px-Michel-Serre-Vierge_%C3%A0_l%27enfant_et_le_purgatoire.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Michel-Serre-Vierge_%C3%A0_l%27enfant_et_le_purgatoire.jpg/250px-Michel-Serre-Vierge_%C3%A0_l%27enfant_et_le_purgatoire.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Painting by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Serre" title="Michel Serre">Michel Serre</a> in the Saint Cannat Church, <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wimpfen-stadtkirche-predell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar predella in the town church of Bad Wimpfen, Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Altar predella in the town church of Bad Wimpfen, Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wimpfen-stadtkirche-predell.jpg/120px-Wimpfen-stadtkirche-predell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wimpfen-stadtkirche-predell.jpg/250px-Wimpfen-stadtkirche-predell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar predella in the town church of <a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Bad Wimpfen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Request for prayer for the souls in purgatory"><img alt="Request for prayer for the souls in purgatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG/80px-Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG/120px-Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG/160px-Mantlach_-_Velburg_NM_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Request for prayer for the souls in purgatory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained-glass window in Puerto Rico Cathedral"><img alt="Stained-glass window in Puerto Rico Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG/90px-Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG/135px-Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG/180px-Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_de_Puerto_Rico_-_DSC06866.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Stained-glass window in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Purgatory by Venezuelan painter Cristóbal Rojas (1890)"><img alt="Purgatory by Venezuelan painter Cristóbal Rojas (1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG/92px-Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG/138px-Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG/183px-Cristobal_Rojas_46a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Purgatory by Venezuelan painter <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Rojas_(artist)" title="Cristóbal Rojas (artist)">Cristóbal Rojas</a> (1890)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling of St Ulrich Church in Pillersee, Tyrol, Austria"><img alt="Ceiling of St Ulrich Church in Pillersee, Tyrol, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg/80px-St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg/120px-St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg/160px-St.Ulrich_am_Pillersee_-_Deckenfresko_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ceiling of St Ulrich Church in <a href="/wiki/Pillersee" title="Pillersee">Pillersee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephan_Lochner_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniature by Stefan Lochner showing souls in purgatory"><img alt="Miniature by Stefan Lochner showing souls in purgatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stephan_Lochner_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg/120px-Stephan_Lochner_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stephan_Lochner_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg/250px-Stephan_Lochner_Souls_in_Purgatory.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Miniature by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lochner" title="Stefan Lochner">Stefan Lochner</a> showing souls in purgatory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azulejo of souls in purgatory, Seville, Spain. Top: Trinity, with Mary. Middle: angels pulling purged souls upward. Bottom right: soul being purged by fire, depicted placid and untortured."><img alt="Azulejo of souls in purgatory, Seville, Spain. Top: Trinity, with Mary. Middle: angels pulling purged souls upward. Bottom right: soul being purged by fire, depicted placid and untortured." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg/120px-%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg/180px-%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg/240px-%C3%81nimas_Benditas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a> of souls in purgatory, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Top: Trinity, with Mary. Middle: angels pulling purged souls upward. Bottom right: soul being purged by fire, depicted placid and untortured.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Christian views on Hades</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead#Eastern_Christianity" title="Prayer for the dead">Prayer for the dead in Eastern Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_(Orthodox)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial service (Orthodox)">Orthodox memorial service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/170px-Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/255px-Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/340px-Koimesis_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1459" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (a thirteenth-century icon)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Eastern Orthodox Church rejects the term <i>Purgatory</i>, it acknowledges an intermediate state after death and before final judgment, and offers prayer for the dead. According to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The moral progress of the soul, either for better or for worse, ends at the very moment of the separation of the body and soul; at that very moment the definite destiny of the soul in the everlasting life is decided. ...There is no way of repentance, no way of escape, no reincarnation and no help from the outside world. Its place is decided forever by its Creator and judge. The Orthodox Church does not believe in Purgatory (a place of purging), that is the inter-mediate state after death in which the souls of the saved (those who have not received temporal punishment for their sins) are purified of all taint preparatory to entering into Heaven, where every soul is perfect and fit to see God. Also, the Orthodox Church does not believe in indulgences as remissions from purgatorial punishment. Both purgatory and indulgences are inter-corelated theories, unwitnessed in the Bible or in the Ancient Church, and when they were enforced and applied they brought about evil practices at the expense of the prevailing Truths of the Church. If Almighty God in His merciful loving-kindness changes the dreadful situation of the sinner, it is unknown to the Church of Christ. The Church lived for fifteen hundred years without such a theory.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eastern Orthodox teaching is that, while all undergo an <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment" title="Particular judgment">individual judgment</a> immediately after death, neither the just nor the wicked attain the final state of bliss or punishment before the Last Day,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some exceptions for righteous souls like the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>), "who was borne by the angels directly to heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that it is necessary to believe in this intermediate after-death state in which souls are perfected and brought to full <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">divinization</a>, a process of growth rather than of punishment, which some Orthodox have called purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Orthodox theology does not generally describe the situation of the dead as involving suffering or fire, although it nevertheless describes it as a "direful condition".<sup id="cite_ref-Confession_of_Dositheus_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confession_of_Dositheus-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The souls of the righteous dead are in light and rest, with a foretaste of eternal happiness; but the souls of the wicked are in a state the reverse of this. Among the latter, such souls as have departed with faith but "without having had time to bring forth fruits worthy of repentance ... may be aided towards the attainment of a blessed resurrection [at the end of time] by prayers offered in their behalf, especially those offered in union with the oblation of the bloodless sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ, and by works of mercy done in faith for their memory."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state in which souls undergo this experience is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Orthodox Confession</i> of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mogila" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Mogila">Peter Mogila</a> (1596–1646), adopted, in a Greek translation by Meletius Syrigos, by the 1642 Council of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Jassy</a> in Romania, professes that "many are freed from the prison of hell ... through the good works of the living and the Church's prayers for them, most of all through the unbloody sacrifice, which is offered on certain days for all the living and the dead" (question 64); and (under the heading "How must one consider the purgatorial fire?") "the Church rightly performs for them the unbloody sacrifice and prayers, but they do not cleanse themselves by suffering something. The Church never maintained that which pertains to the fanciful stories of some concerning the souls of their dead who have not done penance and are punished, as it were, in streams, springs and swamps." (question 66).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem (1672)</a> declared: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The souls of those that have fallen asleep are either at rest or in torment, according to what each hath wrought" (an enjoyment or condemnation that will be complete only after the resurrection of the dead); but the souls of some "depart into <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a>, and there endure the punishment due to the sins they have committed. But they are aware of their future release from there, and are delivered by the Supreme Goodness, through the prayers of the Priests and the good works which the relatives of each do for their Departed, especially the unbloody Sacrifice benefiting the most, which each offers particularly for his relatives that have fallen asleep and which the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Catholic and Apostolic Church</a> offers daily for all alike. Of course, it is understood that we do not know the time of their release. We know and believe that there is deliverance for such from their direful condition, and that before the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">common resurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">judgment</a>, but when we know not."<sup id="cite_ref-Confession_of_Dositheus_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confession_of_Dositheus-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some Orthodox believe in a teaching of "<a href="/wiki/Aerial_toll-house" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial toll-house">aerial toll-houses</a>" for the souls of the dead. According to this theory, which is rejected by other Orthodox but appears in the hymnology of the church,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "following a person's death the soul leaves the body and is escorted to God by angels. During this journey the soul passes through an aerial realm which is ruled by demons. The soul encounters these demons at various points referred to as 'toll-houses' where the demons then attempt to accuse it of sin and, if possible, drag the soul into hell."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early patristic theologians of the Eastern Church taught and believed in "<a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">apocatastasis</a>", the belief that all creation would be restored to its original perfect condition after a remedial purgatorial reformation. <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> was one of the early church theologians who taught this view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Christian views on Hades</a></div> <p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches reject the Catholic doctrine of purgatory although some teach the existence of an intermediate state, which is termed <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithson1859_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithson1859-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heatwole2022_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heatwole2022-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baltzly_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Protestant churches that affirm the existence of an intermediate state (Hades) reject the Roman Catholic view that it is a place of purgation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltzly_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affirming the existence of an intermediate state, adherents of certain Protestant denominations, such as those of the Lutheran Churches, say <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayers for the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Futrell2014_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futrell2014-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reformed Protestants, consistent with the views of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, hold that a person enters into the fullness of one's bliss or torment only after the resurrection of the body, and that the soul in that interim state is conscious and aware of the fate in store for it.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, have held that souls in the intermediate state between death and resurrection are without consciousness, a state known as <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">soul sleep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general Protestant view is that the biblical canon, from which Protestants exclude deuterocanonical books such as <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, contains no overt, explicit discussion of purgatory as taught in the Roman Catholic sense: commonly they believe that "unbiblical" beliefs should be rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reality of purgatorial purification is envisaged in Thomas Talbott's <i>The Inescapable Love of God.</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different views are expressed by different theologians in two different editions of <i>Four Views of Hell</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Churches</a> teach the existence of an intermediate state after the departure of the soul from the body, until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltzly_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This intermediate state, known as Hades, is divided into two chambers: (1) Paradise for the righteous (2) Gehenna for the wicked.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltzly_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, the Lutheran doctrine of Hades is not a place of purgation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltzly_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beside, the divine narrative informs us, that there is an impassable gulf, dividing Hades into two apartments. And so great is this chasm as to render it impossible to pass from one apartment to the other. And, therefore, as this rich man and Lazarus are not on the same side of the gulf, they are not in the same place. They are both in Hades, but not the same apartment of it. The apartment to which the rich man went, the Scriptures call Γέεννα hell; and that to which Lazarus went, they call PARADISE, Abraham's bosom, Paradise, heaven. And, therefore, inasmuch as all spirits, upon hearing their sentence, must pass away into one of these apartments, it is conclusive, that the good will go to where Lazarus and the dying thief are, with Jesus in ουρανός, heaven, which is in Hades; and the bad will go where the rich man is in Γέεννα, hell, also in Hades. So that the spirit, after its departure from the body, after hearing its doom, and upon the execution of the sentence, enters immediately into Hades, either to a state and place of <i>suffering</i> or of <i>enjoyment</i>. And here, in Hades, the righteous enjoy bliss, such as 'eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, not the heart of man conceived.' But the wicked experience miseries such as are represented by the gnawings of "the worm that never dies," and burnings of "the fire that is never quenched." But once more: the state of spirits in Hades, between death and judgment, is not one of probation, nor yet or purgation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltzly_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> was once recorded as saying:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for purgatory, no place in Scripture makes mention thereof, neither must we any way allow it; for it darkens and undervalues the grace, benefits, and merits of our blessed, sweet Saviour Christ Jesus. The bounds of purgatory extend not beyond this world; for here in this life the upright, good, and godly Christians are well and soundly scoured and purged.</p></blockquote><p> In his 1537 <i><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></i>, Luther stated:<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Therefore purgatory, and every solemnity, rite, and commerce connected with it, is to be regarded as nothing but a specter of the devil. For it conflicts with the chief article [which teaches] that only Christ, and not the works of men, are to help [set free] souls. Not to mention the fact that nothing has been [divinely] commanded or enjoined upon us concerning the dead.</p></blockquote> <p>With respect to the related practice of praying for the dead, Luther stated:<sup id="cite_ref-Raynor_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raynor-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for the dead, since Scripture gives us no information on the subject, I regard it as no sin to pray with free devotion in this or some similar fashion: “Dear God, if this soul is in a condition accessible to mercy, be thou gracious to it.” And when this has been done once or twice, let it suffice. (Confession Concerning Christ’s Supper, Vol. XXXVII, 369)<sup id="cite_ref-Raynor_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raynor-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A core statement of Lutheran doctrine, from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>, states: "We know that the ancients speak of prayer for the dead, which we do not prohibit; but we disapprove of the application <i>ex opere operato</i> of the Lord's Supper on behalf of the dead. ... Epiphanius [<a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">of Salamis</a>] testifies that Aerius [<a href="/wiki/Aerius_of_Sebaste" title="Aerius of Sebaste">of Sebaste</a>] held that prayers for the dead are useless. With this he finds fault. Neither do we favor Aerius, but we do argue with you because you defend a heresy that clearly conflicts with the prophets, apostles, and Holy Fathers, namely, that the Mass justifies <i>ex opere operato</i>, that it merits the remission of guilt and punishment even for the unjust, to whom it is applied, if they do not present an obstacle." (<a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>, is more likely to accept some form of purgatory.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lutheran Reformer <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> still believed in the basic beliefs of purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purgatory as such is not mentioned at all in the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, which claims that "our churches dissent in no article of the faith from the Church Catholic, but only omit some abuses which are new."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purgatory was addressed by both of the "foundation features" of Anglicanism in the 16th century: the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> of Religion and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article XXII of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that "The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory . . . is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a>, but rather repugnant to the Word of God."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayers for the departed were deleted from the 1552 Book of Common Prayer because they suggested a doctrine of purgatory. </p><p>Anglicans, as with other Reformed Churches, historically teach that the saved undergo the process of <a href="/wiki/Glorification#Reformed_Churches" title="Glorification">glorification</a> after death.<sup id="cite_ref-Knutsen2010_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knutsen2010-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process has been compared by Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould with the process of purification in the core doctrine of purgatory (see <a href="#Reformed">Reformed, below</a>). </p><p>Anglican Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hobart" title="John Henry Hobart">John Henry Hobart</a> (1775–1830) wrote that "<a href="/wiki/Hades_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades in Christianity">Hades</a>, or the place of the dead, is represented as a spacious <i>receptacle</i> with gates, through which the dead enter."<sup id="cite_ref-Hobart1825_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobart1825-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Anglican Catechist</i> of 1855 elaborated on Hades, stating that it "is an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This intermediate state includes both <a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Paradise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>, "but with an impassable gulf between the two".<sup id="cite_ref-Cook1883_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook1883-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">Souls</a> remain in Hades until the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgment">Final Judgment</a> and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the <a href="/wiki/Final_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final judgment">final judgment</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Shields2009_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields2009-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic revival</a> led to restoring prayers for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tract_XC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tract XC">Tract XC</a></i> of 1841 § 6, discussed Article XXII. He highlighted the fact that it is the "Romish" doctrine of purgatory coupled with indulgences that Article XXII condemns as "repugnant to the Word of God." The article did not condemn every doctrine of purgatory and it did not condemn prayers for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before becoming a Roman Catholic,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> argued that the <i>essence</i> of the doctrine is locatable in ancient tradition, and that the core consistency of such beliefs is evidence that Christianity was "originally given to us from heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglican theologian <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> (1898–1963), reflecting on the history of the doctrine of purgatory in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, said there were good reasons for "casting doubt on the 'Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory' as that Romish doctrine had then become" not merely a "commercial scandal" but also the picture in which the souls are tormented by devils, whose presence is "more horrible and grievous to us than is the pain itself," and where the spirit who suffers the tortures cannot, for pain, "remember God as he ought to do." Lewis believed instead in purgatory as presented in John Henry Newman's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius_(poem)" title="The Dream of Gerontius (poem)">The Dream of Gerontius</a></i>. By this poem, Lewis wrote, "Religion has reclaimed Purgatory," a process of purification that will normally involve suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis's allegory <i>The Great Divorce</i> (1945) considered a version of purgatory in the related idea of a "refrigidarium", the opportunity for souls to visit a lower region of heaven and choose to be saved, or not. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Mitchell" title="Leonel Mitchell">Leonel L. Mitchell</a> (1930–2012) offers this rationale for prayers for the dead:</p><blockquote><p>No one is ready at the time of death to enter into life in the nearer presence of God without substantial growth precisely in love, knowledge, and service; and the prayer also recognizes that God will provide what is necessary for us to enter that state. This growth will presumably be between death and resurrection."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> As of the year 2000, the state of the doctrine of purgatory in Anglicanism was summarized as follows:</p><blockquote><p>Purgatory is seldom mentioned in Anglican descriptions or speculations concerning life after death, although many Anglicans believe in a continuing process of growth and development after death.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist churches</a>, in keeping with Article XIV – Of Purgatory in the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, hold that "the Romish doctrine concerning purgatory ... is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a>, but repugnant to the Word of God."<sup id="cite_ref-CRI-Article_14—Of_Purgatory_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRI-Article_14—Of_Purgatory-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in traditional Methodism, there is a belief in Hades, "the intermediate state of souls between death and the <a href="/wiki/General_resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="General resurrection">general resurrection</a>," which is divided into Paradise (for the righteous) and Gehenna (for the wicked).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithson1859_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithson1859-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/General_judgment" title="General judgment">general judgment</a>, Hades will be abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithson1859_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithson1859-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of Methodism, "made a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on hell">hell</a> (the receptacle of the damned) and Hades (the receptacle of all separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heaven</a> itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Jr.Warrick2005_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jr.Warrick2005-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University2001_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University2001-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead will remain in Hades "until the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a> when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#25:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 25</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformed">Reformed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reformed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glorification#Reformed_Churches" title="Glorification">Glorification § Reformed Churches</a></div> <p>After death, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a> theology teaches that through <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">glorification</a>, God "not only delivers His people from all their suffering and from death, but delivers them too from all their sins."<sup id="cite_ref-PRCA2019_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRCA2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In glorification, Reformed Christians believe that the departed are "raised and made like the glorious body of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-PRCA2019_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRCA2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologian <a href="/wiki/John_F._MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. MacArthur">John F. MacArthur</a> has written that "nothing in Scripture even hints at the notion of purgatory, and nothing indicates that our glorification will in any way be painful."<sup id="cite_ref-Walls2002_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walls2002-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walls'_argument"><span id="Walls.27_argument"></span>Walls' argument</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Walls' argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould have likened the glorification process to the core or sanctification view of purgatory<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Grace is much more than forgiveness, it is also transformation and sanctification, and finally, glorification. We need more than forgiveness and justification to purge our sinful dispositions and make us fully ready for heaven. Purgatory is nothing more than the continuation of the sanctifying grace we need, for as long as necessary to complete the job".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an argument for the existence of purgatory, Protestant religious philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry L. Walls">Jerry L. Walls</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote <i>Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation</i> (2012). He lists some "biblical hints of purgatory" (Mal 3:2; 2 Mac 12:41–43; Mat 12:32; 1 Cor 3:12-15) that helped give rise to the doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finds its beginnings in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> writers whom he calls "Fathers and Mothers of Purgatory".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing Le Goff, he sees the 12th century as that of the "birth of purgatory", arising as "a natural development of certain currents of thought that had been flowing for centuries",<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 13th century at that of its rationalization, "purging it of its offensive popular trappings", leading to its definition by a council as the church's doctrine in 1274.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walls does not base his belief in purgatory primarily on scripture, the Mothers and Fathers of the Church, or the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> (doctrinal authority) of the Catholic Church. Rather his basic argument is that, in a phrase he often uses, it "makes sense."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Walls, purgatory has a <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, as in the title of his book. He documents the "contrast between the satisfaction and sanctification models" of purgatory. In the satisfaction model, "the punishment of purgatory" is to satisfy God's justice. In the sanctification model, Wall writes: "Purgatory might be pictured ... as a regimen to regain one’s spiritual health and get back into moral shape."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catholic theology Walls claims that the doctrine of purgatory has "swung" between the "poles of satisfaction and sanctification" sometimes "combining both elements somewhere in the middle". He believes the sanctification model "can be affirmed by Protestants without in any way contradicting their theology" and that they may find that it "makes better sense of how the remains of sin are purged" than an instantaneous cleansing at the moment of death.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter-day_Saint_Movement">Latter-day Saint Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latter-day Saint Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Mormon cosmology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, teaches of an intermediate place for spirits between their death and their bodily resurrection. This place, called "the spirit world," includes "paradise" for the righteous and "prison" for those who do not know God. Spirits in paradise serve as missionaries to the spirits in prison, who can still accept salvation. In this sense, spirit prison can be conceptualized as a type of Purgatory. In addition to hearing the message from the missionary spirits, the spirits in prison can also accept posthumous baptism and other posthumous ordinances performed by living church members in temples on Earth. This is frequently referred to as "baptism for the dead" and "temple work."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the church believe that during the three days following Christ's crucifixion, he organized spirits in paradise and commissioned them to preach to the spirits in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogous_concepts_in_other_religions">Analogous concepts in other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Analogous concepts in other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png/220px-Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png/330px-Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png/440px-Comparison_of_Other_Worlds.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Other-wordly places in Christianity and Islam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gēʾ-Hīnnōm</a> is a place of purification where, according to some traditions, most sinners spend up to a year before release. </p><p>The view of Purgatory can be found in the teaching of the Shammaites: "In the last judgment day there shall be three classes of souls: the righteous shall at once be written down for the life everlasting; the wicked, for Gehenna; but those whose virtues and sins counterbalance one another shall go down to Gehenna and float up and down until they rise purified; for of them it is said: 'I will bring the third part into the fire and refine them as silver is refined, and try them as gold is tried' [Zech. xiii. 9.]; also, 'He [the Lord] bringeth down to Sheol and bringeth up again'" (I Sam. ii. 6). The Hillelites seem to have had no purgatory; for they said: "He who is 'plenteous in mercy' [Ex. xxxiv. 6.] inclines the balance toward mercy, and consequently the intermediates do not descend into Gehenna" (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 3; R. H. 16b; Bacher, "Ag. Tan." i. 18). Still they also speak of an intermediate state. </p><p>Regarding the time which Purgatory lasts, the accepted opinion of R. Akiba is twelve months; according to R. Johanan b. Nuri, it is only forty-nine days. Both opinions are based upon Isa. lxvi. 23–24: "From one new moon to another and from one Sabbath to another shall all flesh come to worship before Me, and they shall go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men that have transgressed against Me; for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched"; the former interpreting the words "from one new moon to another" to signify all the months of a year; the latter interpreting the words "from one Sabbath to another," in accordance with Lev. xxiii. 15–16, to signify seven weeks. During the twelve months, declares the baraita (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 4–5; R. H. 16b), the souls of the wicked are judged, and after these twelve months are over they are consumed and transformed into ashes under the feet of the righteous (according to Mal. iii. 21 [A. V. iv. 3]), whereas the great seducers and blasphemers are to undergo eternal tortures in Gehenna without cessation (according to Isa. lxvi. 24). </p><p>The righteous, however, and, according to some, also the sinners among the people of Israel for whom Abraham intercedes because they bear the Abrahamic sign of the covenant are not harmed by the fire of Gehenna even when they are required to pass through the intermediate state of purgatory ('Er. 19b; Ḥag. 27a).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> declares, in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith#Maimonides'_13_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">his 13 principles of faith</a>, that the descriptions of Gehenna, as a place of punishment in rabbinic literature, were pedagocically motivated inventions to encourage respect of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> commandments by mankind, which had been regarded as immature.<sup id="cite_ref-perek-helek-d_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perek-helek-d-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being sent to Gehenna, the souls of the wicked would actually get annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-perek-helek-c_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perek-helek-c-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaean cosmology</a>, the soul must go through multiple <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%ADarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Maṭarta">maṭarta</a></i> (i.e., purgatories, watch-stations, or toll-stations) after death before finally reaching the World of Light ("heaven").<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeans</a> believe in purification of souls inside of <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-johannesbuch-a_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johannesbuch-a-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom they also call <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jonas-gnostic_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonas-gnostic-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam#Timeline" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> refers to both the entirety of hell, as well as to its upper most layer;<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></i> is the "intermediate" place the dead go before reckoning. <i><a href="/wiki/Araf_(Islam)" title="Araf (Islam)">al-A'raf</a></i> also has similarities to purgatory or <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>. <i>Jahannam</i> has been conceptualized as a temporary place for Muslim sinners. Unlike the rest of hell, when the last Muslim sinner repented, <i>Jahannam</i> would cease to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars asserted by referring to God's mercy (<i>r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi</i>) that hell will eventually end. This doctrine is referred to as <i>fana' al-nar</i> ('annihilation of fire'). However, this doctrine is not universally accepted in Islam and rejected by the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (March 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Hell in Hinduism is not typically considered to be a central feature of the religion, it does exist. Hell for <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> involves the realm of <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">naraka</a>. Naraka is not a permanent place for the soul after death, but a <a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">realm</a> related to "punishment for moral impure deeds." It functions more like a prison than the Hell of, for instance, traditional Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a few different views of naraka in Hinduism. One of these, discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata"><i>Mahābhārata</i></a>, holds that one goes from naraka's punishment straight to heaven (<i><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">svarga</a></i>) in their next life, though this celestial realm is distinct from the ultimate form of salvation in Hinduism: spiritual liberation from the cycle of rebirth known as <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha"><i>mokṣa</i></a>. Another view is that after naraka, one would then proceed to be reborn as an animal and just continue the cycle of rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian eschatology</a>, the wicked will get purified in molten metal.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_toll_house" title="Aerial toll house">Aerial toll house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Sola" title="Anima Sola">Anima Sola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araf_(Islam)" title="Araf (Islam)">Araf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Dante's <i>Purgatorio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_probation" title="Future probation">Future probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Christian views on Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_purgatory" title="History of purgatory">History of purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_review" title="Life review">Life review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_prison" title="Spirits in prison">Spirits in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_Mass#Suffrage_Mass" title="Votive Mass">Suffrage Mass</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Purgatory", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPearl2013" class="citation web cs1">Pearl, The Hidden (18 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehiddenpearl.org/2013/02/18/the-fire-of-purgation-in-gregory-of-nyssas-de-anima-et-resurrectione/">"The Fire of Purgation in Gregory of Nyssa's De anima et resurrectione"</a>. <i>ܡܰܪܓܳܢܺܝܬܳܐ ܓܢܺܝܙܬܳܐ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%DC%A1%DC%B0%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%B3%DC%A2%DC%BA%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%B3%DC%90+%DC%93%DC%A2%DC%BA%DC%9D%DC%99%DC%AC%DC%B3%DC%90&rft.atitle=The+Fire+of+Purgation+in+Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+De+anima+et+resurrectione&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=The+Hidden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehiddenpearl.org%2F2013%2F02%2F18%2Fthe-fire-of-purgation-in-gregory-of-nyssas-de-anima-et-resurrectione%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222071948/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church #1030−1031</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm">the original</a> on 22 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%231030%E2%88%921031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp123a12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061946/purgatory">Purgatory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610072120/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061946/purgatory">Archived</a> 2007-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definitions/purgatory">"purgatory definition – English definition dictionary – Reverso"</a>. dictionary.reverso.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912083441/http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definitions/purgatory">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=purgatory+definition+%E2%80%93+English+definition+dictionary+%E2%80%93+Reverso&rft.pub=dictionary.reverso.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reverso.net%2Fenglish-definitions%2Fpurgatory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span> - "a place or condition of suffering or torment, esp. one that is temporary"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leGoff-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leGoff_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leGoff_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leGoff_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leGoff_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leGoff_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Goff1986" class="citation book cs1">Le Goff, Jacques (1986). <i>The birth of purgatory</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47083-2"><bdi>978-0-226-47083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+purgatory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47083-2&rft.aulast=Le+Goff&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnEQQaTQy4wC&dq=le+goff+purgatoire&pg=PA18">Megan McLaughlin, Consorting with Saints: Prayer for the Dead in Early Medieval France (Cornell University Press 1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505101534/https://books.google.com/books?id=DnEQQaTQy4wC&pg=PA18&dq=le+goff+purgatoire&cd=4#v=onepage&q=le%20goff%20purgatoire&f=false">Archived</a> 2016-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2648-3">978-0-8014-2648-3</a>), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:42–45&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 12:42–45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterworth" class="citation web cs1">Waterworth, J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html">"The Council of Trent, Decree concerning the Canonical Scriptures"</a>. <i>Hanover Historical Texts Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531072226/https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hanover+Historical+Texts+Project&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Trent%2C+Decree+concerning+the+Canonical+Scriptures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hanover.edu%2Ftexts%2Ftrent%2Ftrentall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Trent" class="citation web cs1">Council of Trent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.HTM">"Decree concerning the Canonical Scriptures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323195835/http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decree+concerning+the+Canonical+Scriptures&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.au=Council+of+Trent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FTRENT4.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">"1032"</a>. <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214044852/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1032&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2N.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2maccabees/12">"2 Maccabees, chapter 12"</a>. <i>United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</i>. www.usccb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809235017/https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2maccabees/12">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.atitle=2+Maccabees%2C+chapter+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible%2F2maccabees%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9873864/Purgatory_A_Study_of_the_Historical_Development_and_Its_Compatibility_with_the_Biblical_Teaching_on_the_Afterlife">Robert Osei-Bonsu, "Purgatory: A Study of the Historical Development and Its Compatibility with the Biblical Teaching on the Afterlife"</a> in <i>Philosophy Study</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2159-5313">2159-5313</a> April 2012, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnqI8uSeekwC&dq=%22third+place+or+as+containing+fire%22&pg=PA208">Karen Hartnup<i>, 'On the Beliefs of the Greeks': Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy</i> (Brill 2004), p. 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church #1030−1031</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222071948/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%231030%E2%88%921031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp123a12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audience_of_4_August_1999-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Audience_of_4_August_1999_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audience_of_4_August_1999_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audience_of_4_August_1999_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_04081999_en.html">"4 August 1999 – John Paul II"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531082150/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_04081999_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=4+August+1999+%E2%80%93+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Faudiences%2F1999%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_04081999_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benedictxvi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benedictxvi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benedictxvi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2011/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20110112.html">Saint Catherine of Genoa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309191119/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2011/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20110112.html">Archived</a> 2021-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Benedict XVI General Audience, January 12, 2011, accessed May 15, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion">"<i>Articles of Religion</i>, article XXII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227100234/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Religion%2C+article+XXII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fbook-common-prayer%2Farticles-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-988-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-988-7"><bdi>978-1-62032-988-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Roman Catholic and English Methodist churches both pray for the dead. Their consensus statement confirms that "over the centuries in the Catholic tradition praying for the dead has developed into a variety of practices, especially through the Mass. ... The Methodist church ... has prayers for the dead ... Methodists who pray for the dead thereby commend them to the continuing mercy of God."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Foundation+in+History+and+Logic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-988-7&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJerry_L._Walls2012" class="citation book cs1">Jerry L. Walls (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&pg=PA61"><i>Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973229-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973229-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421113522/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purgatory%3A+The+Logic+of+Total+Transformation&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973229-6&rft.au=Jerry+L.+Walls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFqzG3UPz3EC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook1883-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook1883_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook1883_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook1883" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Joseph (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPAGAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Anglican+orthodoxy+without%22"><i>Advanced thought in Europe, Asia, Australia, &c</i></a>. London: Richard D. Dickinson. p. 41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Anglican orthodoxy, without protest, has allowed high authorities to teach that there is an intermediate state, Hades, including both Gehenna and Paradise, but with an impassable gulf between the two.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+thought+in+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+Australia%2C+%26c&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Richard+D.+Dickinson&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPAGAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522Anglican%2Borthodoxy%2Bwithout%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WipfStock2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WipfStock2016_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0601-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0601-4"><bdi>978-1-5326-0601-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Foundation+in+History+and+Logic&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-0601-4&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier Clément, L'Église orthodoxe. Presses Universitaires de France, 2006, Section 3, IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRCA2019-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRCA2019_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRCA2019_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRCA2019_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prca.org/current/Doctrine/Volume%205/news-e21.htm">"Glorification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Churches_in_America" title="Protestant Reformed Churches in America">Protestant Reformed Churches in America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601235928/http://www.prca.org/current/Doctrine/Volume%205/news-e21.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glorification&rft.pub=Protestant+Reformed+Churches+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prca.org%2Fcurrent%2FDoctrine%2FVolume%25205%2Fnews-e21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/10797/jewish/Gehinnom.htm">"Browse by Subject"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113000106/http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/10797/jewish/Gehinnom.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Browse+by+Subject&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fsearch%2Fkeyword_cdo%2Fkid%2F10797%2Fjewish%2FGehinnom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican.va-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vatican.va_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030–1031"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083621/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1030%E2%80%931031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2N.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/video/is-purgatory-a-physical-place">"Is purgatory a physical place?"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Is+purgatory+a+physical+place%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fvideo%2Fis-purgatory-a-physical-place&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. 1030-32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083621/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft.pages=1030-32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2N.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw0.htm">[Denzinger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411220700/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw0.htm">Archived</a> 2019-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 856; original text in Latin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxx#bqn">"Quod si vere paenitentes ..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224111826/http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxx#bqn">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw2.htm">Denzinger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108175510/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw2.htm">Archived</a> 2019-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1304]; original text in Latin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bx0#b1o">"Item, si vere paenitentes ..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018055446/http://catho.org/9.php?d=bx0#b1o">Archived</a> 2007-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patrologiaorient15pariuoft/page/40">"First speech by Mark, Archbishop of Ephesus, on the purifying fire" in <i>Patrologia Orientalis</i>, vol. 15, pp. 40–41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dxd.htm">Denzinger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203155452/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dxd.htm">Archived</a> 2018-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1820; original text in Latin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bx5#chf">"Cum catholica Ecclesia, Spiritu Sancto edocta, ..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081325/http://www.catho.org/9.php?d=bx5#chf">Archived</a> 2016-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#I%20Believe%20in%20the%20Holy%20Spirit">210–211</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304060600/http://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#I%20Believe%20in%20the%20Holy%20Spirit">Archived</a> 2020-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030–1032"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083621/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1030%E2%80%931032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2N.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2R.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Churchm 1054"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083641/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2R.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Churchm+1054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2R.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1472−1473"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306113329/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1472%E2%88%921473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P4G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a9p5.htm#958">Catechism of the Catholic Church 958</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a12.htm#1032">Catechism of the Catholic Church 1032</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2R.HTM">"CCC 1054"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083641/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2R.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCC+1054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2R.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6C.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1855−1861"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301084835/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6C.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1855%E2%88%921861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P6C.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC1472-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC1472_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC1472_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC1472_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1472"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306113329/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P4G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC_1863-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_1863_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_1863_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6C.HTM">"CCC 1863"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301084835/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6C.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCC+1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P6C.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Ratzinger2007" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Ratzinger (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfomsX5KtYkC&q=supra-worldly+concentration&pg=PA230"><i>Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life</i></a>. CUA Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1516-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1516-7"><bdi>978-0-8132-1516-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eschatology%3A+Death+and+Eternal+Life&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1516-7&rft.au=Joseph+Ratzinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAfomsX5KtYkC%26q%3Dsupra-worldly%2Bconcentration%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5bOBVYHxXrEC&dq=Mulder+unhealthy+attachment&pg=PA182">Jack Mulder, <i>Kierkegaard and the Catholic Tradition: Conflict and Dialogue</i> (Indiana University Press 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514165837/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bOBVYHxXrEC&pg=PA182&dq=Mulder+unhealthy+attachment&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LM6KVLbWBsS17ga1n4DwAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mulder%20unhealthy%20attachment&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25335536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25335536-2">978-0-25335536-2</a>), pp. 182–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1475"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306113329/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P4G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1478"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306113329/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P4G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPuESCWr9RcC&dq=Groeschel+purgatory&pg=PT36">Benedict J. Groeschel, <i>A Still, Small Voice</i> (Ignatius Press 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514165213/https://books.google.com/books?id=oPuESCWr9RcC&pg=PT36&dq=Groeschel+purgatory&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ptOKVJSQFMar7AabgoHQAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Groeschel%20purgatory&f=false">Archived</a> 2015-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870436-5">978-0-89870436-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2011/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20110112.html">"Pope Benedict XVI, General Audience of 12 January 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309191119/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2011/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20110112.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Benedict+XVI%2C+General+Audience+of+12+January+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F2011%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20110112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESs-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESs_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESs_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESs_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESs_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESs_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_en.html">Encyclical <i>Spe salvi</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129201409/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_en.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 46–47].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patrologiaorient15pariuoft/page/40">"First Speech by Mark, Archbishop of Ephesus, on Purifying Fire" in <i>Patrologia Orientalis</i>, vol. 15, pp. 40–41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1595brest.html">"Treaty of Brest, Article 5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830222705/http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/MOD/1595brest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Brest%2C+Article+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1595brest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though a place in which "space and time were different in Purgatory than space and time here below-governed by different rules" and "marvelous".<sup id="cite_ref-leGoff_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leGoff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catech. Rom., chap. vi. § 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchouppe1920" class="citation book cs1">Schouppe, F.X. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Purgatory: illustrated by the lives and legends of the saints/Part 1#5"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Purgatory:_illustrated_by_the_lives_and_legends_of_the_saints/Part_1#5">"Chapter IV." </a></span>. <i>Purgatory: illustrated by the lives and legends of the saints</i>. London: Benziger Brothers. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV.&rft.btitle=Purgatory%3A+illustrated+by+the+lives+and+legends+of+the+saints&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Schouppe&rft.aufirst=F.X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918160723/http://creatureandcreator.ca/?p=2677">"Station Island"</a>. <i>Creature and Creator</i>. 26 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creatureandcreator.ca/?p=2677">the original</a> on 2020-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creature+and+Creator&rft.atitle=Station+Island&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreatureandcreator.ca%2F%3Fp%3D2677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacTréinfhir, N. (1986). The Todi Fresco and St. Patrick's Purgatory, Lough Derg. Clogher Record, 12, 141-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/09/27/invenzione-del-purgatorio.html">"Fabio Gambaro, "L'invenzione del purgatorio" in <i>La Repubblica</i>, 27 September 2005"</a>. 27 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119214643/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/09/27/invenzione-del-purgatorio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fabio+Gambaro%2C+%22L%27invenzione+del+purgatorio%22+in+La+Repubblica%2C+27+September+2005&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F2005%2F09%2F27%2Finvenzione-del-purgatorio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_on_Purgatory_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12575a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050904040952/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12575a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Purgatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12575a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM#$1BW">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1031"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301083621/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM#$1BW">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P2N.HTM%23%241BW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+3:15">1 Corinthians 3:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Peter+1:7">1 Peter 1:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Zechariah+13:9">Zechariah 13:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSperber1999" class="citation book cs1">Sperber, Daniel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjHdj_3oYkQC&q=%22Zechariah+13%3A9%22+%22shammai%22&pg=PA149"><i>Daniel Sperber, </i>Why Jews Do what They Do: The History of Jewish Customs Throughout the Cycle of the Jewish Year<i> (KTAV 1999), p. 149</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-604-8"><bdi>978-0-88125-604-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095635/https://books.google.com/books?id=PjHdj_3oYkQC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=%22Zechariah+13%3A9%22+%22shammai%22&source=bl&ots=PWPceefoHN&sig=PyERoB-CSmPjcCDsMiCDxb9e3aE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC4c6wgsrfAhVzTBUIHYuuCYcQ6AEwDHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Zechariah%2013%3A9%22%20%22shammai%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Sperber%2C+Why+Jews+Do+what+They+Do%3A+The+History+of+Jewish+Customs+Throughout+the+Cycle+of+the+Jewish+Year+%28KTAV+1999%29%2C+p.+149&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-604-8&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjHdj_3oYkQC%26q%3D%2522Zechariah%2B13%253A9%2522%2B%2522shammai%2522%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicstraightanswers.com/do-we-know-what-happens-in-purgatory-is-there-really-a-fire/">"Edward P. Saunders, "Do we know what happens in Purgatory? Is there really a fire?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 21 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110139/http://catholicstraightanswers.com/do-we-know-what-happens-in-purgatory-is-there-really-a-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+P.+Saunders%2C+%22Do+we+know+what+happens+in+Purgatory%3F+Is+there+really+a+fire%3F%22&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicstraightanswers.com%2Fdo-we-know-what-happens-in-purgatory-is-there-really-a-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_L._Smith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Scott L. Smith, Jr.">Smith, Scott</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2018/07/where-is-purgatory-in-bible-complete.html">"Where is Purgatory in the Bible?"</a>. <i>All Roads Lead to Rome</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126124352/https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2018/07/where-is-purgatory-in-bible-complete.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Roads+Lead+to+Rome&rft.atitle=Where+is+Purgatory+in+the+Bible%3F&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thescottsmithblog.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fwhere-is-purgatory-in-bible-complete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2g1z_oltV8C&q=wood+hay">Origen, Homily 16, in <i>Homilies on Jeremiah and 1 Kings 28</i> (CUA Press 1998), pp. 173−174</a>; original text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnDYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA315"><i>Patrologia graeca</i>, vol. 13, col. 415 C−D</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origen-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-origen_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMigne1862" class="citation book cs1">Migne, Jacques-Paul (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLpDsFbzv2wC&pg=PA330"><i>Homily VI on Exodus section 4 (</i>Patrologia graeca<i>, vol. 12, col. 334–335</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503095139/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLpDsFbzv2wC&pg=PA330">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homily+VI+on+Exodus+section+4+%28Patrologia+graeca%2C+vol.+12%2C+col.+334%E2%80%93335&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Migne&rft.aufirst=Jacques-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLpDsFbzv2wC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/augustine_enchiridion_02_trans.htm#C18">"St. Augustine, Enchiridion: On Faith, Hope, and Love (1955). English translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Augustine%2C+Enchiridion%3A+On+Faith%2C+Hope%2C+and+Love+%281955%29.+English+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Faugustine_enchiridion_02_trans.htm%23C18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01p/0590-0604,_SS_Gregorius_I_Magnus,_Dialogorum_Libri_IV-De_Vita_et_Miraculis_...,_LT.pdf">"Gregory the Great, <i>Dialogues</i>, book IV, chapter 39"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524145302/http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01p/0590-0604,_SS_Gregorius_I_Magnus,_Dialogorum_Libri_IV-De_Vita_et_Miraculis_...,_LT.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gregory+the+Great%2C+Dialogues%2C+book+IV%2C+chapter+39&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F01p%2F0590-0604%2C_SS_Gregorius_I_Magnus%2C_Dialogorum_Libri_IV-De_Vita_et_Miraculis_...%2C_LT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_04_dialogues_book4.htm#C39">"Gregory the Great, Dialogues (1911) Book 4. Pp. 177-258"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gregory+the+Great%2C+Dialogues+%281911%29+Book+4.+Pp.+177-258.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fgregory_04_dialogues_book4.htm%23C39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When he has quitted his body and the difference between virtue and vice is known he cannot approach God till the <i>purging fire</i> shall have cleansed the stains with which his soul was infested. That same fire in others will cancel the corruption of matter, and the propensity to evil" (Gregory of Nyssa, Sermon on the Dead, pp. 13:445, 448)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2013" class="citation book cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria (9 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfGZAAAAQBAJ&q=Ramelli+Nyssa+%22throughout+his+production%22&pg=PA374"><i>Ilaria Ramelli, </i>The Christian Doctrine of <i>Apokatastasis</i>: A Critical Assessment from the New Testament to Eriugena<i> (Brill 2013), p. 374</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004245709" title="Special:BookSources/9789004245709"><bdi>9789004245709</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010001/https://books.google.ie/books?id=YfGZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA374&lpg=PA374&dq=Ramelli+Nyssa+%22throughout+his+production%22&source=bl&ots=9LDuWX_THF&sig=U8kGYdiMMoq5TNkJH5iR2NBZNUU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifn5CU5M7fAhXzuXEKHS4ABO4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Ramelli%20Nyssa%20%22throughout%20his%20production%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilaria+Ramelli%2C+The+Christian+Doctrine+of+Apokatastasis%3A+A+Critical+Assessment+from+the+New+Testament+to+Eriugena+%28Brill+2013%29%2C+p.+374&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.isbn=9789004245709&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfGZAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DRamelli%2BNyssa%2B%2522throughout%2Bhis%2Bproduction%2522%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.AP2_Q1_A2.html">"<i>Summa Theologica</i>, appendix 2, article 2: "Whether it is the same place where souls are cleansed, and the damned punished?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005107/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.AP2_Q1_A2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica%2C+appendix+2%2C+article+2%3A+%22Whether+it+is+the+same+place+where+souls+are+cleansed%2C+and+the+damned+punished%3F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Faquinas%2Fsumma.AP2_Q1_A2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07207a.htm#VI">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Hell"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123082053/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07207a.htm#VI">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Hell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07207a.htm%23VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12575a.htm#VI">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026045432/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12575a.htm#VI">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Purgatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12575a.htm%23VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7076">"Death, the Threshold to Eternal Life – Liturgy & Worship – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <i>www.goarch.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612232046/http://goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7076">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goarch.org&rft.atitle=Death%2C+the+Threshold+to+Eternal+Life+%E2%80%93+Liturgy+%26+Worship+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith7076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">John Meyendorff</a>, <i>Byzantine Theology</i> (London: Mowbrays, 1974) pp. 220–221. "At death man's body goes to the earth from which it was taken, and the soul, being immortal, goes to God, who gave it. The souls of men, being conscious and exercising all their faculties immediately after death, are judged by God. This judgment following man's death we call the <a href="/wiki/Particular_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Judgment">Particular Judgment</a>. The final reward of men, however, we believe will take place at the time of the <a href="/wiki/General_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="General Judgment">General Judgment</a>. During the time between the Particular and the General Judgment, which is called the Intermediate State, the souls of men have foretaste of their blessing or punishment" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8029.asp">The Orthodox Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218141048/http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8029.asp">Archived</a> 2007-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Azkoul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html"><i>What Are the Differences Between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603064944/http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html">Archived</a> 2004-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted A. Campbell, <i>Christian Confessions: a Historical Introduction</i> (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25650-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25650-3">0-664-25650-3</a>), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confession_of_Dositheus-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Confession_of_Dositheus_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Confession_of_Dositheus_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Bratcher" class="citation web cs1">Dennis Bratcher (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221201226/http://www.cresourcei.org/creeddositheus.html">"The Confession of Dositheus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cresourcei.org/creeddositheus.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Confession+of+Dositheus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cresourcei.org%2Fcreeddositheus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span> Decree 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm#gen0">Catechism of St. Philaret of Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703171158/http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm#gen0">Archived</a> 2007-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</i> 372 and 376; Constas H. Demetry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/catechis.html"><i>Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615201423/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/catechis.html">Archived</a> 2006-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 37; John Meyendorff, <i>Byzantine Theology</i> (London: Mowbrays, 1974) p. 96; cf. "The Orthodox party ... remarked that the words quoted from the book of Maccabees, and our Saviour's words, can only prove that some sins will be forgiven after death" (OrthodoxInfo.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/stmark_purg.aspx"><i>The Orthodox Response to the Latin Doctrine of Purgatory</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109092727/http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/stmark_purg.aspx">Archived</a> 2005-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html"><i>What Are the Differences Between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603064944/http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html">Archived</a> 2004-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Constas H. Demetry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/catechis.html"><i>Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615201423/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/catechis.html">Archived</a> 2006-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990421091223/http://esoptron.umd.edu/ugc/ocf1c.html">Orthodox Confession of Faith</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></i>, questions 64–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In both the Greek and Slavonic Euchologion, in the canon for the departure of the soul by St. Andrew, we find in Ode 7: "All holy angels of the Almighty God, have mercy upon me and save me from all the evil toll-houses" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.prodigy.net/frjohnwhiteford/tollhouses.htm">Evidence for the Tradition of the Toll Houses found in the Universally Received Tradition of the Church).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126173525/http://pages.prodigy.net/frjohnwhiteford/tollhouses.htm">Archived</a> 2010-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "When my soul is about to be forcibly parted from my body's limbs, then stand by my side and scatter the counsels of my bodiless foes and smash the teeth of those who implacably seek to swallow me down, so that I may pass unhindered through the rulers of darkness who wait in the air, O Bride of God" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anastasis.org.uk/weekday_vespers1.htm">Octoechos, Tone Two, Friday Vespers).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024734/http://www.anastasis.org.uk/weekday_vespers1.htm">Archived</a> 2014-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Pilot my wretched soul, pure Virgin, and have compassion on it, as it slides under a multitude of offences into the deep of destruction; and at the fearful hour of death snatch me from the accusing demons and from every punishment" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anastasis.org.uk/weekday_vespers1.htm">Ode 6, Tone 1 Midnight Office for Sunday).</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlukeorthodox.com/html/evangelist/2000/deathtoll.htm">"Saint Luke the Evangelist Orthodox Church is a Chicago Parish of the Orthodox Church in America located in Palos Hills, Illinois"</a>. <i>www.stlukeorthodox.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106080904/http://www.stlukeorthodox.com/html/evangelist/2000/deathtoll.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stlukeorthodox.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Luke+the+Evangelist+Orthodox+Church+is+a+Chicago+Parish+of+the+Orthodox+Church+in+America+located+in+Palos+Hills%2C+Illinois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlukeorthodox.com%2Fhtml%2Fevangelist%2F2000%2Fdeathtoll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithson1859-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithson1859_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithson1859_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithson1859_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithson1859" class="citation book cs1">Smithson, William T. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodistpulpit00unkngoog"><i>The Methodist Pulpit</i></a>. H. Polkinhornprinter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/methodistpulpit00unkngoog/page/n459">363</a>. <q>Besides, continues our critical authority, we have another clear proof from the New Testament, that <i>hades</i> denotes the intermediate state of souls between death and the general resurrection. In Revelations (xx, 14) we read that <i>death</i> and <i>hades</i>-by our translators rendered <i>hell</i>, as usual-shall, immediately after the general judgment, "be cast into the lake of fire: this is the second death." In other words, the death which consists in the separation of soul and body, and the receptacle of disembodied spirits shall be no more. <i>Hades</i> shall be emptied, death abolished.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+Pulpit&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=H.+Polkinhornprinter&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Smithson&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmethodistpulpit00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heatwole2022-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heatwole2022_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeatwole2022" class="citation book cs1">Heatwole, Lewis James (15 September 2022). <i>Mennonite Handbook of Information</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mennonite+Handbook+of+Information&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Heatwole&rft.aufirst=Lewis+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltzly-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baltzly_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltzly_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltzly_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltzly_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltzly_89-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltzly_89-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaltzly1871" class="citation book cs1">Baltzly, J. B. (1871). <i>The Quarterly Review of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Volume 1</i>. J.E. Wible. p. 268-280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=268-280&rft.pub=J.E.+Wible&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Baltzly&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/defense_23_mass.php#para94">"Defense of the Augsburg Confession – Book of Concord"</a>. <i>bookofconcord.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026044923/http://bookofconcord.org/defense_23_mass.php#para94">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-22</span></span>. <q>we know that the ancients speak of prayer for the dead, which we do not prohibit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bookofconcord.org&rft.atitle=Defense+of+the+Augsburg+Confession+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fdefense_23_mass.php%23para94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futrell2014-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futrell2014_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFutrell2014" class="citation web cs1">Futrell, Richard (6 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kimberlinglutheran.com/2014/09/06/prayers-for-the-dead-a-scriptural-and-lutheran-worldview/">"Prayers for the Dead: A Scriptural and Lutheran Worldview"</a>. Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran Church (<a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Missouri Synod</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>The historic practice within the Lutheran Church had prayers for the dead in their Prayer of the Church. For example, if we were to look at a typical Lutheran service during Luther's lifetime, we would find in the Prayer of the Church not only intercessions, special prayers, and the Lord's Prayer, which are still typical today in Lutheran worship, but also prayers for the dead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayers+for+the+Dead%3A+A+Scriptural+and+Lutheran+Worldview&rft.pub=Shepherd+of+the+Hills+Lutheran+Church+%28Missouri+Synod%29&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft.aulast=Futrell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkimberlinglutheran.com%2F2014%2F09%2F06%2Fprayers-for-the-dead-a-scriptural-and-lutheran-worldview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> wrote: "As long as (our spirit) is in the body it exerts its own powers; but when it quits this prison-house it returns to God, whose presence it meanwhile enjoys, while it rests in the hope of a blessed Resurrection. This rest is its paradise. On the other hand, the spirit of the reprobate, while it waits for the dreadful judgment, is tortured by that anticipation" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ude.net/bible/psychopannychia__by_john_calvin.htm">Psychopannychia by John Calvin)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025005116/http://ude.net/bible/psychopannychia__by_john_calvin.htm">Archived</a> 2008-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHank_Hanegraaff2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a> (2013). "Is Soul Sleep Biblical?". <i>Christian Research Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+Soul+Sleep+Biblical%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Hank+Hanegraaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, contending against the doctrine of purgatory, spoke of the souls of the dead as quite asleep, but this notion of unconscious soul sleep is not included in the Lutheran Confessions and Lutheran theologians generally reject it. (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=78&cuItem_itemID=5245">Soul Sleep – Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628092912/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=78&cuItem_itemID=5245">Archived</a> 2009-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert L. Millet, <i>By what Authority?: The Vital Question of Religious Authority in Christianity</i> (Mercer University, 2010), 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbott2014" class="citation book cs1">Talbott, Thomas (17 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ0TBgAAQBAJ&q=Talbott+inescapable+love"><i>Thomas Talbott, </i>The Inescapable Love of God<i> (Wipf and Stock 2014), pp. 97−98</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-674-6"><bdi>978-1-63087-674-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095653/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ0TBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Talbott+inescapable+love&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg5sfZqKriAhVmRxUIHRgpALEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Talbott%20inescapable%20love&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Talbott%2C+The+Inescapable+Love+of+God+%28Wipf+and+Stock+2014%29%2C+pp.+97%E2%88%9298&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-63087-674-6&rft.aulast=Talbott&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQ0TBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DTalbott%2Binescapable%2Blove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxtERDaD4R0C&q=Four+Views+of+Hell">John F. Walvoord, Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett, <i>Four Views of Hell</i> (Zondervan 2010)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095704/https://books.google.com/books?id=YxtERDaD4R0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Four+Views+of+Hell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSy4jarKriAhWOThUIHZ1nB48Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=Four%20Views%20of%20Hell&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEoVCgAAQBAJ&q=Four+Views+of+Hell">Denny Burk, John G. Stackhouse, Jr., Robin Parry, Jerry Walls, Preston Sprinkle, Stanley N. Gundry, <i>Four Views of Hell</i> (Zondervan 2016)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095657/https://books.google.com/books?id=CEoVCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Four+Views+of+Hell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSy4jarKriAhWOThUIHZ1nB48Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Four%20Views%20of%20Hell&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZoHAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22As+for+purgatory%2C+no+place+in+Scripture+makes%22&pg=PA226">The Table Talk Or Familiar Discourse of Martin Luther</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095750/https://books.google.com/books?id=QZoHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA226&dq=%22As+for+purgatory%2C+no+place+in+Scripture+makes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii5Nmm7sjhAhVCiqwKHdp2BgAQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=%22As%20for%20purgatory%2C%20no%20place%20in%20Scripture%20makes%22&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1848, page 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smalcald Articles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.12">Part II, Article II: Of the Mass.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.12">Archived</a> 2008-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raynor-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raynor_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raynor_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynor2015" class="citation web cs1">Raynor, Shane (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ministrymatters.com/all/entry/6373/should-christians-pray-for-the-dead">"Should Christians pray for the dead?"</a>. Ministry Matters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327075906/https://www.ministrymatters.com/all/entry/6373/should-christians-pray-for-the-dead">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+Christians+pray+for+the+dead%3F&rft.pub=Ministry+Matters&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Raynor&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministrymatters.com%2Fall%2Fentry%2F6373%2Fshould-christians-pray-for-the-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026044923/http://bookofconcord.org/defense_23_mass.php">"Apology XXIV, 96"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/defense_23_mass.php">the original</a> on 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apology+XXIV%2C+96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fdefense_23_mass.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martti Parvio: Mikael Agricolan käsitys kiirastulesta ja votiivimessuista. –Pentti Laasonen (ed.) Investigatio memoriae patrum. Libellus in honorem Kauko Pirinen. SKHST 93. Rauma 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article21.10">"The Augsburg Confession"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602123724/https://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article21.10">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Augsburg+Confession&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofconcord.org%2Faugsburgconfession.php%23article21.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Buchanan, <i>Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</i> (Scarecrow, 2006), 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/articles-of-religion.aspx.">"Join us in Daily Prayer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Join+us+in+Daily+Prayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-worship%2Fworship%2Fbook-of-common-prayer%2Farticles-of-religion.aspx.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knutsen2010-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knutsen2010_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnutsen2010" class="citation book cs1">Knutsen, Karen Patrick (2010). <i>Reciprocal Haunting: Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy</i>. Waxmann Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8309-7295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8309-7295-2"><bdi>978-3-8309-7295-2</bdi></a>. <q>In the Ordo Salutis (Order of Salvation) of the Anglican faith, the soul must first be regenerated before it can be resurrected or glorified in Christ. ... The Order of Salvation involves a number of steps said to lead to man's salvation and glorification (or resurrection in Christ). ... In the Anglican Church, the Order of Salvation is officially Calvinistic, placing regeneration before faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reciprocal+Haunting%3A+Pat+Barker%27s+Regeneration+Trilogy&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8309-7295-2&rft.aulast=Knutsen&rft.aufirst=Karen+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobart1825-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobart1825_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHobart1825" class="citation book cs1">Hobart, John Henry (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartedan01hobagoog"><i>The State of the Departed</i></a>. New York: T. and J. Swords. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statedepartedan01hobagoog/page/n38">32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+Departed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=T.+and+J.+Swords&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Hobart&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatedepartedan01hobagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolden1855" class="citation book cs1">Holden, George (1855). <i>The Anglican Catechist: Manual of Instruction Preparatory to Confirmation</i>. London: Joseph Masters. p. 40. <q>We are further taught by it that there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Catechist%3A+Manual+of+Instruction+Preparatory+to+Confirmation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Joseph+Masters&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shields2009-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shields2009_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShields2009" class="citation book cs1">Shields, Charles Woodruff (2009-05-01) [1888]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Rwd-2IMb5YC&q=">"some+Anglican+divines"+inauthor:Shields&pg=PA184 <i>Philosophia Ultima</i></a>. Applewood Books. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1964-4"><bdi>978-1-4290-1964-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095747/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Rwd-2IMb5YC&q=%22some+Anglican+divines%22+inauthor%3AShields&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-12</span></span>. <q>Some Anglican divines, from like premises, have surmised that Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophia+Ultima&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Applewood+Books&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4290-1964-4&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Charles+Woodruff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Rwd-2IMb5YC%26q%3D%22some%2BAnglican%2Bdivines%22%2Binauthor%3AShields%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Buchanan, <i>Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</i> (Scarecrow, 2006), s.v. "Petitions for the Departed", 356–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/tracts/tract90/section6.html"><i>REMARKS ON CERTAIN PASSAGES IN THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010459/http://anglicanhistory.org/tracts/tract90/section6.html">Archived</a> 2015-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman was working on <i>An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine</i> since 1842 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Newman, John Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Newman,_John_Henry">"Newman, John Henry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 517–520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newman%2C+John+Henry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=517-520&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span>, and sent it to the printer in September 1845 (Ian Turnbull Kern, <i>Newman the Theologian</i> – University of Notre Dame Press 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268014698" title="Special:BookSources/9780268014698">9780268014698</a>, p. 149). He was received into the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> on 9 October of the same year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Henry Newman, <i>An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine</i>, chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. S. Lewis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm-00-h.html#tocchapter20">Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119023043/http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm-00-h.html#tocchapter20">Archived</a> 2018-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Mariner Books, 2002), 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonel L. Mitchell, <i>Praying Shapes Believing: A Theological Commentary on The Book of Common Prayer</i> (Church Publishing, 1991), 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don S. Armentrout and Robert Boak Slocum, eds, <i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church</i> (Church Publishing, 2000), 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRI-Article_14—Of_Purgatory-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRI-Article_14—Of_Purgatory_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crivoice.org/creed25.html">"The Twenty-Five Articles of Religion (Methodist)"</a>. CRI / Voice, Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218211716/http://www.crivoice.org/creed25.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Twenty-Five+Articles+of+Religion+%28Methodist%29&rft.pub=CRI+%2F+Voice%2C+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crivoice.org%2Fcreed25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWithington1878" class="citation book cs1">Withington, John Swann (1878). <i>The United Methodist Free Churches' Magazine</i>. London: Thomas Newton. p. 685. <q>The country is called Hades. That portion of it which is occupied by the good is called Paradise, and that province which is occupied by the wicked is called Gehenna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Methodist+Free+Churches%27+Magazine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Thomas+Newton&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Withington&rft.aufirst=John+Swann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.Warrick2005-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.Warrick2005_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenWarrick2005" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (16 March 2005). <i>Historical Dictionary of Methodism</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6546-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-6546-4</bdi></a>. <q>Considering the question of death and the intermediate state, John Wesley affirmed the immortality of the soul (as well as the future resurrection of the body), denied the reality of purgatory, and made a distinction between hell (the receptacle of the damned) and hades (the receptacle of all separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and heaven itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6546-4&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University2001-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University2001_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaren_B._Westerfield_Tucker2001" class="citation book cs1">Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (8 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1TDD5-CLlEC"><i>American Methodist Worship</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802926-7"><bdi>978-0-19-802926-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704174315/http://books.google.com/books?id=I1TDD5-CLlEC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Decisions made during life were therefore inseparably connected to what came after life. Upon death, according to Wesley, the souls of the deceased would enter an intermediate, penultimate state in which they would remain until reunited with the body at the resurrection of the dead. In that state variously identified as "the ante-chamber of heaven," "Abraham's bosom," and "paradise".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodist+Worship&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802926-7&rft.au=Karen+B.+Westerfield+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1TDD5-CLlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Swartz, Alan (20 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411115342/http://hermeneutic.org/2009/04/united-methodists-and-last-days.html"><i>United Methodists and the Last Days</i></a>. Hermeneutic. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. <q>Wesley believed that when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Methodists+and+the+Last+Days&rft.pub=Hermeneutic&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhermeneutic.org%2F2009%2F04%2Funited-methodists-and-last-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walls2002-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walls2002_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalls2002" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Jerry L. (2002). <i>Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988055-3"><bdi>978-0-19-988055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven%3A+The+Logic+of+Eternal+Joy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988055-3&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Jerry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould2016" class="citation book cs1">Gould, James B. (4 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEScDQAAQBAJ&q=gould+%22core+view%22+purgatory&pg=PA74"><i>James B. Gould, </i>Practicing Prayer for the Dead: Its Theological Meaning and Spiritual Value<i> (Wipf and Stock 2016), pp. 73−76</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8457-8"><bdi>978-1-4982-8457-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095750/https://books.google.com/books?id=vEScDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&dq=gould+%22core+view%22+purgatory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRk9fI_7HiAhViqHEKHcxzDb8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=gould%20%22core%20view%22%20purgatory&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+B.+Gould%2C+Practicing+Prayer+for+the+Dead%3A+Its+Theological+Meaning+and+Spiritual+Value+%28Wipf+and+Stock+2016%29%2C+pp.+73%E2%88%9276&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-8457-8&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEScDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgould%2B%2522core%2Bview%2522%2Bpurgatory%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&dq=%22finally+glorification%22+Walls&pg=PA174">Jerry L. Walls, <i>Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation</i> (Oxford University Press 2012), p. 174</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095750/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&pg=PA174&dq=%22finally+glorification%22+Walls&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR7sGFo7LiAhWxThUIHY8FDcYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22finally%20glorification%22%20Walls&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ndt5cmkhwC&dq=purgatory+%22situate+a+process+of+purification+within%22&pg=PA53">Jerry L. Walls, <i>Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy</i> (Oxford University Press 2002), pp. 53−62</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312095752/https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ndt5cmkhwC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=purgatory+%22situate+a+process+of+purification+within%22&source=bl&ots=UP_dJAOVSo&sig=ACfU3U2cxcFwbSNB1aVlgRR3GxMtEBNQVg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid-q_fr7LiAhXqTxUIHSdAD6gQ6AEwBHoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=purgatory%20%22situate%20a%20process%20of%20purification%20within%22&f=false">Archived</a> 2021-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2002/04/purgatory-for-everyone">Jerry L. Walls, "Purgatory for Everyone"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330143444/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2002/04/purgatory-for-everyone">Archived</a> 2019-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503012307/http://www.hbu.edu/Choosing-HBU/Academics/Colleges-Schools/School-of-Christian-Thought/Departments/Department-of-Philosophy/Faculty/Jeremy-Neill-(1).aspx">"Jerry Walls, PhD"</a>. HBU.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbu.edu/Choosing-HBU/Academics/Colleges-Schools/School-of-Christian-Thought/Departments/Department-of-Philosophy/Faculty/Jeremy-Neill-(1).aspx">the original</a> on 2015-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerry+Walls%2C+PhD&rft.pub=HBU.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbu.edu%2FChoosing-HBU%2FAcademics%2FColleges-Schools%2FSchool-of-Christian-Thought%2FDepartments%2FDepartment-of-Philosophy%2FFaculty%2FJeremy-Neill-%281%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&dq=Walls+%22biblical+hints%22+purgatory&pg=PA11">Jerry L. Walls, <i>Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation</i> (Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 11–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walls, 2012, pp. 14–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walls, 2012, pp. 17−22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walls, 2012, pp. 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Walls, 2012, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walls, 2012, pp. 76, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walls 2012, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiandataresources.com/mormonbeliefs2.htm">"What Do Mormons Believe (The God Makers)?"</a>. <i>www.christiandataresources.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625062533/http://www.christiandataresources.com/mormonbeliefs2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christiandataresources.com&rft.atitle=What+Do+Mormons+Believe+%28The+God+Makers%29%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiandataresources.com%2Fmormonbeliefs2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Spirit_Prison">"Spirit Prison – The Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. <i>eom.byu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402053310/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Spirit_Prison">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eom.byu.edu&rft.atitle=Spirit+Prison+%E2%80%93+The+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FSpirit_Prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There are three categories of men; the wholly pious and the arch-sinners are not purified, but only those between these two classes" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=115&letter=G">Jewish Encyclopedia: Gehenna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112193259/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=115&letter=G">Archived</a> 2007-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perek-helek-d-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perek-helek-d_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides’ Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Heritage_Center" title="Maimonides Heritage Center">Maimonides Heritage Center</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perek-helek-c-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perek-helek-c_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides’ Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Heritage_Center" title="Maimonides Heritage Center">Maimonides Heritage Center</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldihisi2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/"><i>The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba</i></a> (PhD). University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+story+of+creation+in+the+Mandaean+holy+book+in+the+Ginza+Rba&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aldihisi&rft.aufirst=Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1444088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johannesbuch-a-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johannesbuch-a_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Das Johannesbuch der Mandäer</a>, ed. and transl. by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a>, part 2, Gießen 1915, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jonas-gnostic-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jonas-gnostic_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>: The Gnostic Religion, 3. ed., Boston 2001, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günther, Sebastian, Todd Lawson, and Christian Mauder. "Roads to Paradise." Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam 1 (2017): 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamza, Feras. "Temporary Hellfire Punishment and the Making of Sunni Orthodoxy." Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam (2 vols.). Brill, 2017. 371-406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardet, L., “D̲j̲ahannam”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 18 January 2023 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1930 First published online: 2012 First print edition: ISBN 9789004161214, 1960–2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/afterlife">"Islamic Beliefs About the Afterlife"</a>. <i>ReligionFacts</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509161028/http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/afterlife">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ReligionFacts&rft.atitle=Islamic+Beliefs+About+the+Afterlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fislam%2Fafterlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793797">"Three Functions of Hell in the Hindu Traditions"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>56</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852709X405071">10.1163/156852709X405071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793797">27793797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Three+Functions+of+Hell+in+the+Hindu+Traditions&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27793797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852709X405071&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27793797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEileen_Gardiner2006" class="citation web cs1">Eileen Gardiner (10 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hell-on-line.org/AboutZOR.html#The%20Fate%20of%20the%20Soul">"About Zoroastrian Hell"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015035745/http://www.hell-on-line.org/AboutZOR.html#The%20Fate%20of%20the%20Soul">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Zoroastrian+Hell&rft.date=2006-02-10&rft.au=Eileen+Gardiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hell-on-line.org%2FAboutZOR.html%23The%2520Fate%2520of%2520the%2520Soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baxter" title="Roger Baxter">Baxter, Roger</a> (1823). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Meditations For Every Day In The Year/November to Advent#57"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_For_Every_Day_In_The_Year/November_to_Advent#57">"Purgatory" </a></span>. <i>Meditations For Every Day In The Year</i>. New York: Benziger Brothers. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purgatory&rft.btitle=Meditations+For+Every+Day+In+The+Year&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerington1830" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berington" title="Joseph Berington">Berington, Joseph</a> (1830). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Faith of Catholics/Section 2#354"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Faith_of_Catholics/Section_2#354">"Purgatory." </a></span>. <i>The Faith of Catholics: confirmed by Scripture, and attested by the Fathers of the five first centuries of the Church, Volume 1</i>. Jos. Booker. pp. <span class="nowrap">354–</span>374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purgatory.&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+Catholics%3A+confirmed+by+Scripture%2C+and+attested+by+the+Fathers+of+the+five+first+centuries+of+the+Church%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.pub=Jos.+Booker.&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Berington&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunolt1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hunolt" title="Franz Hunolt">Hunolt, Franz</a> (1897). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Hunolt Sermons/Volume 1/Sermon 17"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hunolt_Sermons/Volume_1/Sermon_17">"Sermon 17: On Purgatory After Death." </a></span>. <i>Sermons on the four last things: Death, Judgment, Hell and Heaven</i>. Benzinger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+17%3A+On+Purgatory+After+Death.&rft.btitle=Sermons+on+the+four+last+things%3A+Death%2C+Judgment%2C+Hell+and+Heaven&rft.pub=Benzinger+Brothers&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Hunolt&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchouppe1920" class="citation book cs1">Schouppe, F.X. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Purgatory: illustrated by the lives and legends of the saints/Part 1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Purgatory:_illustrated_by_the_lives_and_legends_of_the_saints/Part_1">"Part I: Chapters I – IV" </a></span>. <i>Purgatory: illustrated by the lives and legends of the saints</i>. London: Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Chapters+I+%E2%80%93+IV&rft.btitle=Purgatory%3A+illustrated+by+the+lives+and+legends+of+the+saints&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Schouppe&rft.aufirst=F.X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanna1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hanna, Edward Joseph (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Purgatory"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Purgatory">"Purgatory" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purgatory&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vanhoutte, Kristof K.P. and McCraw, Benjamin W. (eds.). <i>Purgatory. Philosophical Dimensions</i> (Palgrave MacMillan, 2017)</li> <li>Gould, James B. <i>Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic</i> (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2016).</li> <li>Le Goff, Jacques. <i>The Birth of Purgatory</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1986).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Walsh_Pasulka" title="Diana Walsh Pasulka">Pasulka, Diana Walsh</a>. <i>Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture</i> (Oxford UP, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1188636?journalCode=rrel20">online review</a></li> <li>Tingle, Elizabeth C. <i>Purgatory and Piety in Brittany 1480–1720</i> (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalls,_Jerry_L.2012" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Jerry L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&pg=PA61"><i>Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation</i></a>. Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973229-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purgatory%3A+The+Logic+of+Total+Transformation&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973229-6&rft.au=Walls%2C+Jerry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFqzG3UPz3EC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurgatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/purgatoryillustr00schouoft">Purgatory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> by F. X. Schouppe (1893) London: Burns & Oates.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgatory&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Purgatory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Purgatory">Purgatory</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Purgatory" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Purgatory">Purgatory</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104205818/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/theological-disputes/is-purgatory-in-the-bible.html">Is Purgatory in the Bible?</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716122636/http://www.churchfathers.org/category/salvation/purgatory/">Church Fathers on Purgatory</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483923/purgatory">Purgatory</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paintedchurch.org/chaldon.htm">English c. 1200 wall painting</a> with an image of a ladder, reminiscent of icons such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_(icon)" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent (icon)">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></i>, which has been interpreted as a "purgatorial ladder"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://submission.org/QI#7">Quran Inspector: Chapter 7: "The Purgatory (Al-A'araf)" ( سورة الأعراف )</a> at submission.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/135px-John_Martin_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/180px-John_Martin_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1267" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_darkness" title="Outer darkness">Outer darkness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purgatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijjin" title="Sijjin">Sijjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzoah_Rotachat" title="Tzoah Rotachat">Tzoah Rotachat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhist_hell.jpg/120px-Buddhist_hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhist_hell.jpg/250px-Buddhist_hell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yomi" title="Yomi">Yomi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Irkalla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td 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