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<ul id="toc-New_Testament_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textual_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Textual comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_accounts_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_accounts_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other accounts and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_accounts_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other accounts and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_accounts_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mara_Bar-Serapion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mara_Bar-Serapion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mara Bar-Serapion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mara_Bar-Serapion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Josephus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Josephus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tacitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tacitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tacitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tacitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>People present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method_and_manner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method_and_manner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Method and manner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method_and_manner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_of_Jesus_spoken_from_the_cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_of_Jesus_spoken_from_the_cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Words of Jesus spoken from the cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_of_Jesus_spoken_from_the_cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mark_/_Matthew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mark_/_Matthew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Mark / Matthew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mark_/_Matthew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Luke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>John</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reported_extraordinary_occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reported_extraordinary_occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Reported extraordinary occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reported_extraordinary_occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darkness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darkness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Darkness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darkness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_veil,_earthquake_and_resurrection_of_dead_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_veil,_earthquake_and_resurrection_of_dead_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Temple veil, earthquake and resurrection of dead saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_veil,_earthquake_and_resurrection_of_dead_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medical aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theological significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theological significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atonement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atonement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Atonement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atonement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Deicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Denial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Denial subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Docetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Docetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Docetism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Docetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nag Hammadi manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art,_symbolism_and_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art,_symbolism_and_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In art, symbolism and devotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art,_symbolism_and_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crucifixion of Jesus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="صلب يسوع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صلب يسوع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0san%C4%B1n_%C3%A7arm%C4%B1xa_%C3%A7%C9%99kilm%C9%99si" title="İsanın çarmıxa çəkilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsanın çarmıxa çəkilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3" title="যীশুর ক্রুশারোহণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যীশুর ক্রুশারোহণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Распяцце Ісуса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Распяцце Ісуса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81" title="Разпъване на Исус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разпъване на Исус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixi%C3%B3_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Crucifixió de Jesús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crucifixió de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Иисус Христоса пăталани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иисус Христоса пăталани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%99i%C5%BEov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Krista" title="Ukřižování Ježíše Krista – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ukřižování Ježíše Krista" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_lidelse_og_d%C3%B8d" title="Jesu lidelse og død – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jesu lidelse og død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzigung_Jesu" title="Kreuzigung Jesu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreuzigung Jesu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesuse_ristil%C3%B6%C3%B6mine" title="Jeesuse ristilöömine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jeesuse ristilöömine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Σταύρωση του Ιησού Χριστού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταύρωση του Ιησού Χριστού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixi%C3%B3n_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Crucifixión de Jesús – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crucifixión de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucumo_de_Jesuo" title="Krucumo de Jesuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krucumo de Jesuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesusen_Gurutziltzaketa" title="Jesusen Gurutziltzaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jesusen Gurutziltzaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تصلیب عیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصلیب عیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crucifixion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusiging_fan_Jezus" title="Krusiging fan Jezus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krusiging fan Jezus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9asadh_%C3%8Dosa" title="Céasadh Íosa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céasadh Íosa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixi%C3%B3n_de_Xes%C3%BAs" title="Crucifixión de Xesús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crucifixión de Xesús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80%ED%98%95" title="예수의 십자가형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수의 십자가형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քրիստոսի խաչելություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոսի խաչելություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="यीशु को सूली पर चढ़ाया जाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यीशु को सूली पर चढ़ाया जाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusovo_razapinjanje" title="Isusovo razapinjanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isusovo razapinjanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyaliban_dan_kematian_Yesus" title="Penyaliban dan kematian Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyaliban dan kematian Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocifissione_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Crocifissione di Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crocifissione di Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="צליבת ישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צליבת ישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyaliban_lan_kematian_Yesus" title="Panyaliban lan kematian Yesus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panyaliban lan kematian Yesus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msalaba_wa_Yesu" title="Msalaba wa Yesu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msalaba wa Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixio_Iesu" title="Crucifixio Iesu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crucifixio Iesu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93zus_krust%C4%81_si%C5%A1ana" title="Jēzus krustā sišana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēzus krustā sišana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Христово распнување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Христово распнување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanomboana_an%27_i_Jesoa" title="Fanomboana an' i Jesoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanomboana an' i Jesoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="യേശുക്രിസ്തുവിന്റെ കുരിശുമരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യേശുക്രിസ്തുവിന്റെ കുരിശുമരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="იოსე ქირსეშ ჯვარცუნაფა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოსე ქირსეშ ჯვარცუნაფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyaliban_Yesus" title="Penyaliban Yesus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyaliban Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruisiging_van_Jezus" title="Kruisiging van Jezus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kruisiging van Jezus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3" title="यशूको क्रूसारोपण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यशूको क्रूसारोपण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E7%A3%94%E5%88%91" title="キリストの磔刑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリストの磔刑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsfestelsen_av_Jesus" title="Korsfestelsen av Jesus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korsfestelsen av Jesus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krossfestinga_av_Jesus" title="Krossfestinga av Jesus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krossfestinga av Jesus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="تصلیب مسیح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تصلیب مسیح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrzy%C5%BCowanie_Jezusa_Chrystusa" title="Ukrzyżowanie Jezusa Chrystusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ukrzyżowanie Jezusa Chrystusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Jesus" title="Crucificação de Jesus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crucificação de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83stignirea_lui_Isus_din_Nazaret" title="Răstignirea lui Isus din Nazaret – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Răstignirea lui Isus din Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Распятие Иисуса Христа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Распятие Иисуса Христа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="ජේසුස් වහන්සේ කුරුසියේ ඇණ ගැසීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේසුස් වහන්සේ කුරුසියේ ඇණ ගැසීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crucifixion of Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukri%C5%BEovanie_Je%C5%BEi%C5%A1a_Krista" title="Ukrižovanie Ježiša Krista – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ukrižovanie Ježiša Krista" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusovo_raspe%C4%87e" title="Isusovo raspeće – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Isusovo raspeće" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrt_Isusa" title="Smrt Isusa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smrt Isusa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesuksen_ristiinnaulitseminen" title="Jeesuksen ristiinnaulitseminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeesuksen ristiinnaulitseminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_lidande_och_d%C3%B6d" title="Jesu lidande och död – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jesu lidande och död" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Jesus's death as described in the gospels</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Crucifixion" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crucifixion (disambiguation)">Crucifixion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Death of Jesus" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jesus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Death of Jesus (disambiguation)">Death of Jesus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Crucifixion of Jesus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristo_crucificado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/240px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/360px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cristo_crucificado.jpg/480px-Cristo_crucificado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Crucified_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Christ Crucified (Velázquez)">Christ Crucified</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1632</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">AD 30/33</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">Execution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Condemnation before <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> (executioners)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ministry of the apostles</li><li>Earliest <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of Christians</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#dcf5dc;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#dcf5dc;">Death and Resurrection of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entombment of Christ"><img alt="Entombment of Christ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg/150px-Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg/225px-Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg/300px-Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></b></li> <li><b>Trials</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Herod's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">Mocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion and Death</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Biblical accounts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Overview_of_resurrection_appearances_in_the_Gospels_and_Paul" title="Overview of resurrection appearances in the Gospels and Paul">overview</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus_appearance" title="Road to Emmaus appearance">Road to Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Monday" title="Holy Monday">Holy Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Tuesday" title="Holy Tuesday">Holy Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Wednesday" title="Holy Wednesday">Spy Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Significance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Visions of Jesus</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_theory_of_Jesus%27_appearances" title="Vision theory of Jesus' appearances">Vision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Empty tomb theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_body_hypothesis" title="Stolen body hypothesis">Stolen body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swoon_hypothesis" title="Swoon hypothesis">Swoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_body_hypothesis" title="Lost body hypothesis">Lost body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_hypothesis" title="Substitution hypothesis">Twin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">Instrument of crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" title="Crucifixion darkness">Crucifixion darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Islamic view</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <small><small><b>Portals: </b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></small></small></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_of_Jesus" title="Template:Death of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Death of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Events</a> in the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><big><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></big><br /><small><small>according to the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a></small></small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life of Jesus"><img alt="Life of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/255px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/383px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/510px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Early life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Temple cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second coming prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete promised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Kiss of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">Mocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Herod's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Crown of Thorns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Appearances</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus_appearance" title="Road to Emmaus appearance">Road to Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">NT</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Road to Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">John's vision</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> Portals: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_Jesus" title="Template:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_Jesus" title="Template talk:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>crucifixion of Jesus</b> was the death of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> by being <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">nailed to a cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurred in 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Judaea</a>, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33. It is described in the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, referred to in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament epistles">New Testament epistles</a>, and later attested to by <a href="#Other_accounts_and_references">other ancient sources</a>. Scholars nearly universally accept the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">historicity</a> of Jesus's crucifixion,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is no consensus on the details.<sup id="cite_ref-CambridgeJesus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CambridgeJesus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ActJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the canonical gospels, Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrested</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">tried by the Sanhedrin</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">sentenced by Pontius Pilate</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">scourged</a>, and finally crucified by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostenberger104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wansbrough,_Henry_2004_page_185_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wansbrough,_Henry_2004_page_185-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of John portrays his death as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a>. </p><p>Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered vinegar mixed with <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> or gall (likely <a href="/wiki/Posca" title="Posca">posca</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-davis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to drink after saying "I am thirsty". At <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>, he was then hung between two convicted thieves and, according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, was crucified at the 3rd hour (9 a.m.), and died by the 9th hour of the day (at around 3:00 p.m.). During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "<a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews</a>" which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (John 19:20), was written in three languages (Hebrew, Latin, and Greek). They then divided his garments among themselves and cast lots for his seamless robe, according to the Gospel of John. The Gospel of John also states that, after Jesus's death, one soldier (named in extra-Biblical tradition as <a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a>) pierced his side with a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">spear</a> to be certain that he had died, then <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">blood and water</a> gushed from the wound. The Bible describes <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">seven statements</a> that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> events that occurred. </p><p>Collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a>, Jesus's suffering and <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redemptive</a> death by crucifixion are the central aspects of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> concerning the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation and atonement</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament_narratives">New Testament narratives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: New Testament narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> is the earliest surviving source (outside of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>) to document Jesus's crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have used Paul's chronology as evidence for the date of the crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic Gospel">synoptic</a> gospels, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_death" title="Jesus predicts his death">Jesus predicts his death</a> in three separate places.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Jesus's arrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">initial trial at the Sanhedrin</a> and final trial at <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a>, where Jesus is flogged, condemned to death, is led to the place of crucifixion initially <a href="/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">carrying his cross</a> before Roman soldiers induce <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> to carry it, and then Jesus is crucified, <a href="/wiki/Entombment_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Entombment of Christ">entombed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrected</a> from the dead. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.91">: p.91 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_(Inv.065)_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_%28Inv.065%29_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg/200px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_%28Inv.065%29_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_%28Inv.065%29_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg/300px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_%28Inv.065%29_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_%28Inv.065%29_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg/400px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Innalzamento_della_Croce_%28Inv.065%29_-_Sebastiano_Mazzoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="3832" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <i>Raising of the Cross</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Mazzoni" title="Sebastiano Mazzoni">Sebastiano Mazzoni</a>, 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Rezzonico" title="Ca' Rezzonico">Ca' Rezzonico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After arriving at <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>, Jesus was offered wine mixed with <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Citrullus_colocynthis" title="Citrullus colocynthis">gall</a> to drink. Both the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hanged between two convicts. According to some translations of the original Greek, the convicts may have been bandits or Jewish rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Gospel of Mark, he endured the torment of crucifixion from the third hour (between approximately 9 a.m. and noon),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, was in <a href="/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">three languages</a> (Hebrew, Latin, and Greek), and then divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. According to the Gospel of John, the Roman soldiers did not break Jesus's legs, as they did to the two crucified convicts (breaking the legs hastened the onset of death), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus's last words, <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">seven statements</a> altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-JInt_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JInt-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, various <a href="#Reported_extraordinary_occurrences">supernatural events</a> accompany the crucifixion, including <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness_and_eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion darkness and eclipse">darkness</a>, an earthquake, the tearing of the sanctuary's veil and the resurrection of saints (in the Gospel of Matthew).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Jesus's death, his body was removed from the <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> and buried in a <a href="/wiki/Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepulchre">rock-hewn tomb</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> assisting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg/200px-Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg/300px-Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg/400px-Bronzino-Christ-Nice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronzino" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a>'s depiction of the crucifixion with three nails, no ropes, and a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hypopodium</i></span> standing support, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1545</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">Synoptic gospels</a> also describe <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> bearing the cross,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a crowd of people mocking Jesus<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the other two crucified men,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> darkness from the 6th to the 9th hour,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">temple veil</a> being torn from top to bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Synoptic Gospels also mention several witnesses, including a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several women who watched from a distance,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of whom were present during <a href="/wiki/Entombment_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Entombment of Christ">the burial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gospel of Luke is the only gospel to omit the detail of the sour wine mix that was offered to Jesus on a reed,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while only Mark and John describe Joseph actually taking the body down off the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several details that are only mentioned in a single gospel account. For instance, only the Gospel of Matthew mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Mark is the only one to state the time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 a.m. – although it was probably as late as noon)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the centurion's report of Jesus's death.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus's words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus's side (as fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> prophecy), as well as that <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> assisted Joseph with burial.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> (1 Corinthians 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical gospels, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">appeared to his disciples</a> on different occasions before <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascending</a> to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The account given in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> says that Jesus remained with the apostles for 40 days, whereas the account in the Gospel of Luke makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most biblical scholars agree that the author of Luke <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">also wrote the Acts of the Apostles</a> as a follow-up volume to the Gospel of Luke account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the sun goes dark or is obscured for three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJMark_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJMark-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus calls out to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, then gives a shout and dies.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJMark_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJMark-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curtain of the Temple is torn in two.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJMark_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJMark-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew follows Mark, but mentions an earthquake and the resurrection of saints.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJMatthew_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJMatthew-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke also follows Mark, although he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJLuke_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJLuke-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-MisJ_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MisJ-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJJohnG_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJJohnG-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_comparison">Textual comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textual comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comparison below is based on the <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th style="width:24%">Matthew</th> <th style="width:24%">Mark</th> <th style="width:24%">Luke</th> <th style="width:24%">John </th></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background-color:OldLace;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Way of the Cross</a></i></td> <td>Matthew 27:32–33 <ul><li>Soldiers had <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> carry Jesus's cross.</li></ul> </td> <td>Mark 15:21–22 <ul><li>Soldiers had Simon of Cyrene carry Jesus's cross.</li></ul> </td> <td>Luke 23:26–32 <ul><li>Soldiers had Simon of Cyrene carry Jesus's cross.</li> <li>Jesus said to wailing women: "Don't weep for me, but for yourselves and your children."</li></ul> </td> <td>John 19:17 <ul><li>"They"<sup id="cite_ref-John's_crucifiers_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John's_crucifiers-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had Jesus carry the cross.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background-color:Ivory;"> <td><i>Crucifixion</i></td> <td>Matthew 27:34–36 <ul><li>Jesus tasted wine mixed with <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">gall</a>, refused to drink more.</li> <li>Soldiers crucified Jesus, cast lots for his clothes and kept watch.</li> <li>[No time indicated]</li></ul> </td> <td>Mark 15:23–25 <ul><li>Jesus refused to drink wine mixed with <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>.</li> <li>Soldiers crucified Jesus and cast lots for his clothes.</li> <li>This happened at nine in the morning on the day of Passover (14:12, 15:25).</li></ul> </td> <td>Luke 23:33–34 <ul><li>[No drink mentioned]</li> <li>Soldiers crucified Jesus and cast lots for his clothes.</li> <li>Jesus: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Father, forgive them, for they don't know what they're doing</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>[No time indicated]</li></ul> </td> <td>John 19:18, 23–24 <ul><li>[No drink mentioned]</li> <li>"They"<sup id="cite_ref-John's_crucifiers_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John's_crucifiers-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crucified Jesus and four soldiers each took a garment, casting lots over the undergarment (this fulfilled a prophecy).</li> <li>This happened after noon on the Day of Preparation before Passover (19:14, 31)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background-color:MintCream;"> <td><i>Mocking</i></td> <td>Matthew 27:37–44 <ul><li>Sign: "This is Jesus, the king of the Jews".</li> <li>Passersby, high priests, teachers of the law, elders and both rebels mocked Jesus.</li></ul> </td> <td>Mark 15:26–32 <ul><li>Sign: "The king of the Jews".</li> <li>Passersby, high priests, teachers of the law and both rebels mocked Jesus.</li></ul> </td> <td>Luke 23:35–43 <ul><li>Sign: "This is the king of the Jews".</li> <li>The people's rulers, soldiers (offered wine vinegar) and one criminal mocked Jesus.</li> <li>The other criminal defended him, and asked Jesus to remember him.</li> <li>Jesus: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise</a>."</li></ul> </td> <td>John 19:19–22, 25–27 <ul><li>Sign: "Jesus of Nazareth, the king of the Jews".</li> <li>High priests complained to Pilate: "Don't write "King of the Jews", but that this man claimed to be king of the Jews." Pilate: "<a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a>."</li> <li>[No mockery mentioned]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Jesus's mother Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> stood near the cross.</li> <li>Jesus told <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">That is your son</a>", and told the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">beloved disciple</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">That is your mother</a>."</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background-color:Azure;"> <td><i>Death</i></td> <td>Matthew 27:45–56 <ul><li>At noon, a three-hour-long darkness came across the land.</li> <li>About three, Jesus cried out loud: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Eli, Eli, lema sabachtani?</a>"</li> <li>Bystander offered Jesus wine vinegar, others said: "Now let's see if Elijah saves him."</li> <li>Jesus cried out again and died.</li> <li>Temple curtain ripped, earthquake.</li> <li>Tombs broke open, many dead came back to life and appeared to many people in Jerusalem.</li> <li>Centurion and soldiers terrified: "Surely he was the Son of God."</li> <li>Many women from Galilee looked on from a distance, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of James and Joseph</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marys_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marys-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mother of <a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a>'s sons.</li></ul> </td> <td>Mark 15:33–41 <ul><li>At noon, a three-hour-long darkness came across the land.</li> <li>At three, Jesus cried out loud: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Eloï, Eloï, lema sabachtani?</a>"</li> <li>Bystander offered Jesus wine vinegar and said: "Now let's see if Elijah comes to take him down."</li> <li>Jesus cried out loud and died.</li> <li>Temple curtain ripped.</li> <li>Centurion: "Surely this man was the Son of God."</li> <li>From a distance, the women from Galilee looked on, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of James and Joses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marys_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marys-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Luke 23:44–49 <ul><li>About noon, a three-hour-long darkness came across the land.</li> <li>Temple curtain ripped.</li> <li>Jesus called out loud: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Father, into your hands I commit my spirit</a>," and died.</li> <li>Centurion: "Surely this was a righteous man."</li> <li>Bystanders beat their chest and went away.</li> <li>Those who know him, including the Galilean women, stood at a distance.</li></ul> </td> <td>John 19:28–37 <ul><li>[No darkness mentioned, no time indicated]</li> <li>To fulfill Scripture, Jesus said: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">I am thirsty</a>."</li> <li>"They" let Jesus drink wine vinegar.</li> <li>Jesus said: "<a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">It is finished</a>," and died.</li> <li>[No mention of reaction from bystanders or effect on temple curtain]</li> <li>Soldiers broke the legs of the other two crucified men, but not Jesus's legs (this fulfilled a prophecy), but did pierce his side with a spear (this fulfilled another prophecy).</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_accounts_and_references">Other accounts and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other accounts and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_(f._80)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_%28f._80%29_Cropped.jpg/220px-The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_%28f._80%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_%28f._80%29_Cropped.jpg/330px-The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_%28f._80%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_%28f._80%29_Cropped.jpg/440px-The_Crucifixion_Christ_on_the_Cross_between_two_thieves_%28f._80%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Christ on the Cross between two thieves. Illumination from the <i>Vaux Passional</i>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG/220px-Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG/330px-Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG/440px-Buhl_StJeanBaptiste27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Crucifixion</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Buhl_Altarpiece" title="Buhl Altarpiece">Buhl Altarpiece</a>, a particularly large <a href="/wiki/Gothic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic painting">Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_on_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil on panel">oil on panel</a> painting from the 1490s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mara_Bar-Serapion">Mara Bar-Serapion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mara Bar-Serapion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be <a href="/wiki/Mara_Bar-Serapion_on_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mara Bar-Serapion on Jesus">Mara Bar-Serapion's letter</a> to his son, written some time after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Ute_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ute-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chilton455_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilton455-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cradle110_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cradle110-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be neither <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> nor Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Ute_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ute-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chilton455_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilton455-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VVoorst5355_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VVoorst5355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, and "the wise king" of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Ute_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ute-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cradle110_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cradle110-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "<a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">king of the Jews</a>" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the ambiguity in the reference.<sup id="cite_ref-VVoorst5355_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VVoorst5355-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans41_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans41-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephus">Josephus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Josephus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> (written about AD 93) Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> stated (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Ant 18.3</a>) that Jesus was crucified by Pilate, writing that:<sup id="cite_ref-Theissen81_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theissen81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, ... He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles ... And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross ...</p></blockquote> <p>Most modern scholars agree that while this Josephus passage (called the <i><a href="/wiki/Testimonium_Flavianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimonium Flavianum">Testimonium Flavianum</a></i>) includes some later <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolations</a>, it originally consisted of an authentic nucleus with a reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kostenberger104_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> states that there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to the crucifixion of Jesus in the <i>Testimonium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tacitus">Tacitus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tacitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the second century another reference to the crucifixion of Jesus was made by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, generally considered one of the greatest Roman historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Voorst39_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voorst39-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">The Annals</a></i> (c. AD 116), Tacitus <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">described the persecution</a> of Christians by Nero and stated (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Annals 15.44</a>) that Pilate ordered the execution of Jesus:<sup id="cite_ref-Theissen81_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theissen81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green1997_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1997-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus.</p></blockquote> <p>Scholars generally consider the <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus reference</a> to the execution of Jesus by Pilate to be genuine, and of historical value as an independent Roman source.<sup id="cite_ref-Voorst39_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voorst39-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MAPowell33_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell33-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CEvans42_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEvans42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that Tacitus provides a non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmud">Talmud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another possible reference to the crucifixion ("hanging", cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 23:39</a>; <a href="/wiki/Galatians_3:13" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 3:13">Galatians 3:13</a>) is found in the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the eve of the Passover <a href="/wiki/Yeshu" title="Yeshu">Yeshu</a> was hanged. For forty days before the execution took place, a herald went forth and cried, "He is going forth to be stoned because he has practised sorcery and enticed Israel to <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>. Anyone who can say anything in his favour, let him come forward and plead on his behalf." But since nothing was brought forward in his favour he was hanged on the eve of the Passover.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin 43a</a>, <i>Babylonian Talmud</i> (Soncino Edition)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although the question of the equivalence of the identities of Yeshu and Jesus has at times been debated, many historians agree that the above 2nd-century passage is likely to be about Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> stating that there can be no doubt that this narrative of the execution in the Talmud refers to Jesus of Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Van_Voorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Van Voorst">Robert Van Voorst</a> states that the Sanhedrin 43a reference to Jesus can be confirmed not only from the reference itself, but from the context that surrounds it.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanhedrin 43a relates that Yeshu had been condemned to death by <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">the royal government of Judaea</a> – this lineage was stripped of all legal authority upon <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>'s ascension to the throne in 37 BC, meaning the execution had to have taken place close to 40 years before Jesus was even born.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Jesus' death">Muslims maintain</a> that Jesus was not crucified and that those who thought they had killed him had mistakenly killed <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>, or someone else in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-Bra127_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bra127-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold this belief based on various interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D157">4:157–158</a>, which states: "they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them [or it appeared so unto them], ... Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself".<sup id="cite_ref-Bra127_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bra127-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some early Christian <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> sects, believing Jesus did not have a physical substance, denied that he was crucified.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> insisted that Jesus was truly born and was truly crucified and wrote that those who held that Jesus only seemed to suffer only seemed to be Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Deliciarum,_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG/220px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG/330px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG/440px-Hortus_Deliciarum%2C_Die_Kreuzigung_Jesu_Christi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3958" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth</i>, medieval illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a>, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div> <p>In scholarship on the historical Jesus, the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a> and his crucifixion are considered to be the two most certain historical facts about Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2008136_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2008136-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven201039_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven201039-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Methods" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Various criteria</a> are used to determine the historicity of the elements of the New Testamentical narratives, and help to establish the crucifixion of Jesus as a historical event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a> argues that Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criterion of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_attestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple attestation">multiple attestation</a> is the confirmation by more than one source,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including multiple non-Christian sources,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the criterion of coherence argues that it fits with other historical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although scholars agree on the historicity of the crucifixion, they differ on the reason and context for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001136_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001136-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, both <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Paula Fredriksen</a> support the historicity of the crucifixion, but contend that Jesus did not foretell his own crucifixion and that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_death" title="Jesus predicts his death">his prediction of the crucifixion</a> is a "church creation".<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest125_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest125-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> On the other hand, Michael Patrick Barber argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> predicted his violent death. <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tucker Ferda argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> did believe he might die.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> also views the crucifixion as a historical event, but provides his own explanation and background for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernest125_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernest125-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bart Ehrman states that Jesus portrayed himself as the header of the future Kingdom and that a number of criteria- the criterion of multiple attestation and criterion of dissimilarity - establishes the crucifixion of Jesus as an enemy of state. <sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, in 1968, an archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem uncovered the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century, which provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crucified man was identified as <a href="/wiki/Yehohanan_ben_Hagkol" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehohanan ben Hagkol">Yehohanan ben Hagkol</a> and probably died about AD 70, around the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish revolt</a> against Rome. The analyses at the <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadassah Medical School">Hadassah Medical School</a> estimated that he died in his late 20s.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> and displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></div> <p>There is no consensus regarding the exact date of the crucifixion of Jesus, although it is generally agreed by biblical scholars that it was on a <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Friday</a> on or near <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a> 14), during the governorship of Pontius Pilate (who ruled AD 26–36).<sup id="cite_ref-Lémonon_1981_29–32_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lémonon_1981_29–32-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various approaches have been used to estimate the year of the crucifixion, including the canonical Gospels, the chronology of the life of Paul, as well as different <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> models. Scholars have provided estimates in the range AD 30–33,<sup id="cite_ref-ChronosPaul_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kostenberger140_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett19_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Riesner" title="Rainer Riesner">Rainer Riesner</a> stating that "the fourteenth of Nisan (7 April) of the year 30 AD is, apparently in the opinion of the majority of contemporary scholars as well, far and away the most likely date of the crucifixion of Jesus."<sup id="cite_ref-Rainer_Riesner_1998_page_58_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainer_Riesner_1998_page_58-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another preferred date among scholars is Friday, 3 April, AD 33.<sup id="cite_ref-Maier,_P.L._1968_3–13_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maier,_P.L._1968_3–13-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consensus of scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kellum142_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellum142-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2012:40&version=nrsv">Matthew 12:40</a> before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#15:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 15:25</a> crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 <a href="/wiki/Ante_meridiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante meridiem">a.m.</a>) and Jesus's death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.).<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington442_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington442-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#19:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 19:14</a> Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour.<sup id="cite_ref-KEasley323_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEasley323-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of <a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman timekeeping</a> in John, since Roman timekeeping began at midnight and this would mean being before Pilate at the 6th hour was 6 a.m., yet others have rejected the arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-KEasley323_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEasley323-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RBrown959_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBrown959-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colin188_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colin188-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.<sup id="cite_ref-KEasley323_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KEasley323-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kellum538_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellum538-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Path">Path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christ_carrying_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ carrying the Cross">Christ carrying the Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400,_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400%2C_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg/220px-5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400%2C_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400%2C_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg/330px-5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400%2C_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400%2C_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg/440px-5_Andrea_di_Bartolo._Way_to_Calvary._c._1400%2C_Thissen-Bornhemisza_coll._Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrea_di_Bartolo" title="Andrea di Bartolo">Andrea di Bartolo</a>, <i>Way to Calvary</i>, c. 1400. The cluster of halos at the left are the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in front, with the <a href="/wiki/Three_Marys" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Marys">Three Marys</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> refer to a man called <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> whom the Roman soldiers order to carry the cross after Jesus initially carries it but then collapses,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Gospel of John just says that Jesus "bears" his own cross.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> has Jesus address these women as "daughters of Jerusalem", thus distinguishing them from the women whom the same gospel describes as "the women who had followed him from Galilee" and who were present at his crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the path that Jesus took is called <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for "Way of Grief" or "Way of Suffering") and is a street in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a>. It is marked by nine of the fourteen <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a>. It passes the <a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo (church)">Ecce Homo Church</a> and the last five stations are inside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. </p><p>There is no reference to a woman named <a href="/wiki/Saint_Veronica" title="Saint Veronica">Veronica</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Gospels, but sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum" title="Acta Sanctorum">Acta Sanctorum</a></i> describe her as a pious woman of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> who, moved with pity as <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> carried his cross to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>, gave him her veil that he might wipe his forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgotha_cross-section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/300px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/450px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/600px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> and the historical site</figcaption></figure> <p>The precise location of the crucifixion remains a matter of conjecture, but the biblical accounts indicate that it was outside the city walls of Jerusalem,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accessible to passers-by<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observable from some distance away.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> identified its location only as being north of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is consistent with the two most popularly suggested sites of modern times. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">calvaria</i></span>), which is used in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word <i>Gûlgaltâ</i> (transliterated into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Γολγοθᾶ</span></span> (Golgotha)), which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional site, inside what is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulcher</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a>, has been attested since the 4th century. A second site (commonly referred to as Gordon's Calvary<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), located further north of the Old City near a place popularly called the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden Tomb">Garden Tomb</a>, has been promoted since the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_present">People present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: People present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnolo_Gaddi,_crocifissione,_uffizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Agnolo_Gaddi%2C_crocifissione%2C_uffizi.jpg/240px-Agnolo_Gaddi%2C_crocifissione%2C_uffizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Agnolo_Gaddi%2C_crocifissione%2C_uffizi.jpg/360px-Agnolo_Gaddi%2C_crocifissione%2C_uffizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Agnolo_Gaddi%2C_crocifissione%2C_uffizi.jpg/480px-Agnolo_Gaddi%2C_crocifissione%2C_uffizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><i>Crucifixion</i> by <a href="/wiki/Agnolo_Gaddi" title="Agnolo Gaddi">Agnolo Gaddi</a>, between 1390 and 1396, depicting several <a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">women at the crucifixion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Gospels describe various <a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">women at the crucifixion</a>, some of whom are named. According to Mark, many women were present, among them <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Marys" title="The Three Marys">the Three Marys</a>". The Gospel of Matthew also mentions several women being present, among them Mary Magdalene, Mary, mother of James and the mother of Zebedee's children.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a group of women is mentioned in Luke, neither is named.<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of John speaks of women present, among them the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">mother of Jesus</a>, Mary Magdalene and Mary of Clopas.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: "the chief priests, with the scribes and elders",<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two crucified criminals, to Jesus's right and left,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the soldiers",<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus",<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passers-by,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "bystanders",<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle",<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "his acquaintances".<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two criminals are described as <i>λῃσταί</i> (variously translated as robbers, rebels or thieves) and further discussed in the Gospel of Luke as the <a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">penitent thief</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">impenitent thief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gospel of John mentions the soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">disciple whom Jesus loved</a>", who is with the women.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gospels also tell of the arrival, after the death of Jesus, of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> (in the four Gospels)<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (only in John).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method_and_manner">Method and manner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Method and manner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg/180px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg/270px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg/360px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="3506" /></a><figcaption>Crucifixion of Jesus on a two-beamed cross, from the <i>Sainte Bible</i> (1866)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg/200px-JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg/300px-JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg/400px-JUSTUS_LIPSIUS_1594_De_Cruce_p_10_Torture_stake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><i>Torture stake</i>, a simple wooden torture stake. Image by <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whereas most Christians believe the <a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbet</a> on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> terms used in the New Testament are <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Stauros" title="Stauros">stauros</a></i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σταυρός">σταυρός</a></span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">xylon</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BE%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ξύλον">ξύλον</a></span>). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross.<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crux#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:crux">crux</a></i> was also applied to objects other than a cross.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christian</a> writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, which was certainly earlier than 135,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have been of the 1st century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a>, which had the <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numeric</a> value of 300),<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the position assumed by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#17:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 17:11–12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history, larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitto_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitto-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-IreneE_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IreneE-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-IreneE_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IreneE-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nails are almost always depicted in art, although <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> sometimes just tied the victims to the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-IreneE_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IreneE-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition also carries to Christian <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblems</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> use three nails under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">IHS monogram</a> and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">cheir</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:χείρ">χείρ</a></span>) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through <a href="/wiki/Destot%27s_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Destot's space">Destot's space</a> (between the <a href="/wiki/Capitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitate">capitate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate bones</a>) without fracturing any bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball82_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball82-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore639_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore639-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue of debate has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Bartholin" title="Rasmus Bartholin">Rasmus Bartholin</a> considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitto_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitto-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, forensic pathologist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Zugibe" title="Frederick Zugibe">Frederick Zugibe</a> performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore639_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore639-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufbinden</i></span> form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), death comes rather quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_of_Jesus_spoken_from_the_cross">Words of Jesus spoken from the cross</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Words of Jesus spoken from the cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_(Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix)_-_James_Tissot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_%28Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_%28Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_%28Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_%28Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_%28Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_What_Our_Lord_Saw_from_the_Cross_%28Ce_que_voyait_Notre-Seigneur_sur_la_Croix%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion,_seen_from_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion, seen from the Cross">Crucifixion, seen from the Cross</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, c. 1890, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Gospels describe various <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a> that Jesus said while on the cross,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mark_/_Matthew"><span id="Mark_.2F_Matthew"></span>Mark / Matthew</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mark / Matthew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><i lang="arc-Latn">E′li, E′li, la′ma sa‧bach‧tha′ni?</i></span> <sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> for "My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?"). Aramaic linguist Steve Caruso said Jesus most likely spoke Galilean Aramaic,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would render the pronunciation of these words: <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><i lang="arc"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/">əlahí əlahí ləmáh šəvaqtáni</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The only words of Jesus on the cross mentioned in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_22" title="Psalm 22">Psalm 22</a>. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, some commentators consider it a literary and theological creation. <a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> noted the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the usual Hebrew, and that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as "theologically correct and reassuring", he considers this phrase "unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes it as bearing "all the appearances of a genuine cry".<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond Brown</a> likewise comments that he finds "no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote".<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luke">Luke</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Luke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are doing."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Some early manuscripts do not have this]</li> <li>"Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in Paradise."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Father, into your hands I commend my spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Gospel of Luke does not include the aforementioned exclamation of Jesus mentioned in the Matthew and Mark accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John">John</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: John"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Woman, here is your son."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"I am thirsty."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"It is finished."<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The words of Jesus on the cross, especially his <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">last words</a>, have been the subject of a wide range of Christian teachings and sermons, and a number of authors have written books specifically devoted to the last sayings of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reported_extraordinary_occurrences">Reported extraordinary occurrences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reported extraordinary occurrences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synoptics report various <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miraculous</a> events during the crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson2012_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2012-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark mentions a period of darkness in the daytime during Jesus's crucifixion, and the Temple veil being torn in two when Jesus dies.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJMark_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJMark-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke follows Mark;<sup id="cite_ref-ActJLuke_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJLuke-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does Matthew, additionally mentioning an earthquake and the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27:53" title="Matthew 27:53">resurrection of dead saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJMatthew_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJMatthew-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No mention of any of these appears in John.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_John_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_John-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Darkness">Darkness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Darkness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" title="Crucifixion darkness">Crucifixion darkness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg/220px-Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg/330px-Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg/440px-Christ_at_the_Cross_-_Cristo_en_la_Cruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Christ on the Cross</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Heinrich Bloch">Carl Heinrich Bloch</a>, showing the skies darkened</figcaption></figure> <p>In the synoptic narrative, while Jesus is hanging on the cross, the sky over <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a> (or the whole world) is "darkened for three hours," from the sixth to the ninth hour (noon to mid-afternoon). There is no reference to darkness in the Gospel of John account, in which the crucifixion does not take place until after noon.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event and mistook it for a solar eclipse, pointing out that an eclipse could not occur during the Passover, which takes place during the full moon when the moon is opposite the sun rather than in front of it. Christian traveler and historian <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a> and Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> refer to Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon</a>, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place".<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian <a href="/wiki/Thallus_(historian)" title="Thallus (historian)">Thallus</a>: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the Passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the Passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a> and Graeme Waddington of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-HumWadJASA_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HumWadJASA-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that such an eclipse was visible in Jerusalem on the date of April 3, AD 33, that its peak was at 5:15 pm Jerusalem time, but that it was visible after sundown (the beginning of the Sabbath and of Passover) for half an hour. Some of the oldest manuscripts of Luke say "the sun was eclipsed" (23:45) at the time of the crucifixion. The authors suggest that this may be due to a scribe changing the word "moon" to "sun" to explain the darkness, or else that the word "eclipsed" just meant darkened or hidden, as in a passage of the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a>. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> as "indefensible".<sup id="cite_ref-henige_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henige-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More objectively, astronomer Bradley Schaefer later found that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible at moonrise due to the brightness of the sky, and the umbra (the part that would be red) would not have been visible before it disappeared a few minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an edition of the BBC Radio 4 programmed In Our Time entitled Eclipses, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Close" title="Frank Close">Frank Close</a>, Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford, stated that certain historical sources say that on the night of the Crucifixion "the moon had risen blood red," which indicates a lunar eclipse. He went on to confirm that as Passover takes place on the full moon calculating back shows that a lunar eclipse did in fact take place on the night of Passover on Friday, 3 April 33 AD which would have been visible in the area of modern Israel, ancient Judaea, just after sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a> describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temple_veil,_earthquake_and_resurrection_of_dead_saints"><span id="Temple_veil.2C_earthquake_and_resurrection_of_dead_saints"></span>Temple veil, earthquake and resurrection of dead saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Temple veil, earthquake and resurrection of dead saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The synoptic gospels state that the <a href="/wiki/Veil#Biblical_references" title="Veil">veil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">the temple</a> was torn from top to bottom. </p><p>The Gospel of Matthew mentions an account of earthquakes, rocks splitting, and the opening of the graves of dead <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, and describes how these resurrected saints went into the holy city and appeared to many people.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Mark and Matthew accounts, the <a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">centurion in charge</a> comments on the events: "Truly this man was the Son of God!"<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Truly this was the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>!".<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of Luke quotes him as saying, "Certainly this man was innocent!"<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Third_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Third century">third century</a> wrote, describing the day of the crucifixion, "A most terrible darkness fell over all the world, the rocks were torn apart by an earthquake, and many places both in Judaea and the rest of the world were thrown down. In the third book of his Histories, <a href="/wiki/Thallus_(historian)" title="Thallus (historian)">Thallos</a> dismisses this darkness as a solar eclipse. ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Africanus_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africanus-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A widespread earthquake of magnitude at least 5.5 has been confirmed to have taken place in the region between AD 26 and 36. This earthquake was dated by counting <a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">varves</a> (annual layers of sediment) between the disruptions in a core of sediment from <a href="/wiki/En_Gedi" class="mw-redirect" title="En Gedi">En Gedi</a> caused by it and by an earlier known quake in 31 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors concluded that either this was the earthquake in Matthew and it occurred more or less as reported, or else Matthew "borrowed" this earthquake which actually occurred at another time or simply inserted an "allegorical fiction". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_aspects">Medical aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medical aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion#Cause_of_death" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion § Cause of death</a></div> <p>A number of theories to explain the circumstances of the death of Jesus on the cross have been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a> and Biblical scholars. In 2006, Matthew W. Maslen and Piers D. Mitchell reviewed over 40 publications on the subject with theories ranging from <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_rupture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac rupture">cardiac rupture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg/180px-Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg/270px-Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg/360px-Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6750" data-file-height="10360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronzino" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a>'s <i>Deposition of Christ</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1847, based on the reference in the Gospel of John (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:34&version=nrsv">John 19:34</a>) to blood and water coming out when Jesus's side was pierced with a spear, physician William Stroud proposed the ruptured heart theory of the cause of Christ's death which influenced a number of other people.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cardiovascular collapse theory is a prevalent modern explanation and suggests that Jesus died of profound shock. According to this theory, the scourging, the beatings, and the fixing to the cross left Jesus dehydrated, weak, and critically ill and this led to cardiovascular collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i>, physician William Edwards and his colleagues supported the combined cardiovascular collapse (via <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypovolemic">hypovolemic</a> shock) and exhaustion <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a> theories, assuming that the flow of water from the side of Jesus described in the <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_fluid" title="Pericardial fluid">pericardial fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>The Crucifixion of Jesus</i>, physician and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic pathologist">forensic pathologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Zugibe" title="Frederick Zugibe">Frederick Zugibe</a> studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner.<sup id="cite_ref-experiments_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiments-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.<sup id="cite_ref-experiments_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiments-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Barbet_(physician)" title="Pierre Barbet (physician)">Pierre Barbet</a>, a French physician, and the chief surgeon at Saint Joseph's Hospital in Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hypothesized that Jesus relaxed his muscles to obtain enough air to utter his last words, in the face of exhaustion asphyxia.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Barbet's theories, such as the location of nails, are disputed by Zugibe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic surgeon">Orthopedic surgeon</a> Keith Maxwell not only analyzed the medical aspects of the crucifixion, but also looked back at how Jesus could have carried the cross all the way along <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, historians F. P. Retief and L. Cilliers reviewed the history and pathology of crucifixion as performed by the Romans and suggested that the cause of death was often a combination of factors. They also state that Roman guards were prohibited from leaving the scene until death had occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-retief_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retief-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_significance">Theological significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Theological significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%2810%29.jpg/220px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%2810%29.jpg/330px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%2810%29.jpg/440px-Retable_de_l%27Agneau_mystique_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Adoration of the Mystic Lamb</i> (detail of the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>, c. 1432). Christ is represented as the sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christians believe that Jesus's death was instrumental in restoring humankind to <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">relationship with God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians believe that through Jesus's death and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God's presence, <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a> as well as the confidence of <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesusicon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jesusicon.jpg/110px-Jesusicon.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jesusicon.jpg/165px-Jesusicon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jesusicon.jpg/220px-Jesusicon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:gold;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ (Messiah)</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Active obedience</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communicatio_idiomatum" title="Communicatio idiomatum">Communicatio idiomatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ#Theological_significance" title="Session of Christ">Exaltation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-man_(Christianity)" title="God-man (Christianity)">God-man</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homoi%C5%8Dma" title="Homoiōma">Homoiōma</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Person_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Person of Christ">Person</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">Prosopon</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ#Christology" title="Imitation of Christ">Imitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ#Christology" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenosis#Christology" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Syncatabasis" title="Syncatabasis">Syncatabasis</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_Christ" title="Knowledge of Christ">Knowledge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Christ" title="Perfection of Christ">Perfection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom#In_Christology" title="Holy Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">Threefold office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">Redeemer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:gold;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Doctrines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Christological doctrines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychianism" title="Eutychianism">Eutychianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Chalcedonism" title="Neo-Chalcedonism">Neo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyoenergism" title="Dyoenergism">Dyoenergism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyothelitism" title="Dyothelitism">Dyothelitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acacians" title="Acacians">Homoiousianism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoian">Homoianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopaschism" title="Theopaschism">Theopaschism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>By denomination</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_calvinisticum" title="Extra calvinisticum">Extra calvinisticum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Lutheran Christology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christology" title="Template:Christology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christology" title="Template talk:Christology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The accounts of the crucifixion and subsequent resurrection of Jesus provide a rich background for <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> analysis, from the canonical Gospels to the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians believe Jesus's suffering was foretold in the Old Testament, such as in <a href="/wiki/Psalm_22" title="Psalm 22">Psalm 22</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_53" title="Isaiah 53">Isaiah 53</a> prophecy of the <a href="/wiki/Suffering_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering servant">suffering servant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Johannine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannine">Johannine</a> "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullmann_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullmann-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This builds on the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvific</a> theme of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> which begins in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#1:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 1:29</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hengel371_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hengel371-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central element in the Christology presented in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> is the affirmation of the belief that the death of Jesus by crucifixion happened "with the foreknowledge of God, according to a definite plan".<sup id="cite_ref-Matera67_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matera67-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, as in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 2:23</a>, the cross is not viewed as a scandal, for the crucifixion of Jesus "at the hands of the lawless" is viewed as the fulfillment of the plan of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Matera67_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matera67-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#6:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 6:12</a> may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> consequences, as in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#2:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 2:8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#2:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 2:8</a>) died "at the right time" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Romans#4:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Romans">Romans 4:25</a>) based on the plan of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the resurrection of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz132-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Paul highlighted the idea that Jesus on the cross defeated the spiritual forces of evil "<i>Kosmokrator</i>", literally 'the rulers of this world' (used in plural in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Ephesians#6:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Ephesians">Ephesians 6:12</a>), thus highlighting the idea of victory of light over darkness, or good over evil, through Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief in the redemptive nature of Jesus's death predates the Pauline letters, to the earliest days of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="First Christian church">Church of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>'s statement that "for our sake he was crucified" is a reflection of this core belief's formalization in the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris12_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris12-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate's Court">Pilate's Court</a> Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-CalvinC_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CalvinC-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> and Western Christianity. In Eastern Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> argued, the crucifixion of Jesus was "<a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-eternally</a>" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">the fall of Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SBulgakov_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBulgakov-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a> (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism in Christianity">baptismal water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atonement">Atonement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Atonement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg/200px-Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg/300px-Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg/400px-Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane_Penitent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption><i>Penitent</i> by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Frangipane" title="Niccolò Frangipane">Niccolò Frangipane</a>, 1574</figcaption></figure> <p>Jesus's death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological <a href="/wiki/Soteriology#Christianity" title="Soteriology">interpretations</a> as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death and resurrection as compared to Jesus's words.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> view, Jesus's death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself after his resurrection as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God.<sup id="cite_ref-Atonement_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atonement-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory of atonement</a> focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus's teaching, and sees Jesus's death as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Protestant">Liberal Protestants</a> typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory of atonement</a>. Both views are popular within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction</a> doctrine incorporated into the idea of <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atonement_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atonement-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Roman Catholic tradition this view of atonement is balanced by the duty of Roman Catholics to perform the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ">Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Miserentissimus_Redemptor" title="Miserentissimus Redemptor">Miserentissimus Redemptor</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> were defined as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> referred to these <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">acts of reparation</a> as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified."<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians, another common view is <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holds that Jesus was sent by God to defeat death and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Because of his <a href="/wiki/Perfection_of_Christ" title="Perfection of Christ">perfection</a>, voluntary death, and resurrection, Jesus defeated Satan and death, and arose victorious. Therefore, humanity was no longer bound in sin, but was free to rejoin God through the repentance of sin and faith in Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> teaches that the crucifixion of Jesus was part of the atonement and a "redeeming ransom" both for the effect of the fall of Adam upon all humankind and "for the personal sins of all who repent, from Adam to the end of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deicide">Deicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Deicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic Church denounces the idea of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a>, believing that all sinners are the authors and ministers of Jesus's crucifixion, and admonishes Christians that their own guilt is greater when they sin with knowledge of Jesus, than when others sin without it.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denial">Denial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Denial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Docetism">Docetism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Docetism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a> is the doctrine that the phenomenon of Jesus, his historical and bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance without any true reality.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Docetists denied that Jesus could have truly suffered and died, as his physical body was illusory, and instead saw the crucifixion as something that only appeared to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts">Nag Hammadi manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nag Hammadi manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/First_Apocalypse_of_James" title="First Apocalypse of James">First Revelation of James</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>, Jesus appeared to James after apparently being crucified and stated that another person had been inflicted in his place: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The master appeared to him. He stopped praying, embraced him, and kissed him, saying, “Rabbi, I’ve found you. I heard of the sufferings you endured, and I was greatly troubled. You know my compassion. Because of this I wished, as I reflected upon it, that I would never see these people again. They must be judged for what they have done, for what they have done is not right.” The master said, “James, do not be concerned for me or these people. I am the one who was within me. Never did I suffer at all, and I was not distressed. These people did not harm me. Rather, all this was inflicted upon a figure of the rulers, and it was fitting that this figure should be [destroyed] by them."<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_2">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views on Jesus' death">Islamic views on Jesus' death</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div> <p>Most Islamic traditions categorically deny that Jesus physically died, either on a cross or another manner. This denial is asserted in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but rather, it was made to appear to them so. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. (157) Rather, Allah raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise. (158)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_4:157%E2%80%93158" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 4:157–158">Quran 4:157–158</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|4|157|e=158|s=ns_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|4|157|e=158|s=ns-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Islamic traditions teach that Jesus <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">ascended to Heaven</a> without being put on the cross, but that God transformed another person to appear exactly like him and to be then crucified instead of him. An ancient antecedent of this view is attested in an account by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> of the doctrine of the 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a>, in which Irenaeus refutes what he believes to be a heresy denying the death.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism_2">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scriptures identified as Gnostic reject the atonement of Jesus's death by distinguishing the earthly body of Jesus and his divine and immaterial essence. According to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treatise_of_the_Great_Seth" title="Second Treatise of the Great Seth">Second Treatise of the Great Seth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a> (the Creator of the material universe) and his <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archons</a> tried to kill Jesus by crucifixion, but only killed <i>their own man</i> (that is the body). While Jesus ascended from his body, Yaldabaoth and his followers thought Jesus to be dead.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, Peter talks with the savior whom the "priests and people" believed to have killed.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, which was influenced by Gnostic ideas, adhered to the idea that not Jesus, but somebody else was crucified instead.<sup id="cite_ref-gil1992_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gil1992-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Jesus suffering on the cross is depicted as the state of <i>light particles</i> (spirit) within matter instead.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a>, the crucifixion was an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Lucifer#Gnosticism" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> to destroy Jesus, while the earthly Jesus was regarded as a prophet, Jesus himself was an immaterial being that can not be killed. Accordingly, Lucifer failed and Jesus's sufferings on the cross were only an illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christian sects in Japan</a>, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead his younger brother, Isukiri,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took his place on the cross, while Jesus fled across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, he became a rice farmer, married, and raised a family with three daughters near what is now <a href="/wiki/Shing%C5%8D,_Aomori#Local_attractions" title="Shingō, Aomori">Shingō</a>. While in Japan, it is asserted that he traveled, learned, and eventually died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. According to the customs of the time, Jesus's bones were collected, bundled, and buried in a mound.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a museum in Japan which claims to have evidence of these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, Jesus is thought of as a "figure of light" who could not be crucified. This interpretation could be either taken from the Quran or Gnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art,_symbolism_and_devotions"><span id="In_art.2C_symbolism_and_devotions"></span>In art, symbolism and devotions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In art, symbolism and devotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_arts" title="Crucifixion in the arts">Crucifixion in the arts</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez,_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg/200px-Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg/300px-Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg/400px-Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the countenance of Christ just dead, by José Luján Pérez, 1793, <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_Cathedral" title="Las Palmas Cathedral">Las Palmas Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the crucifixion of Jesus, the cross has become a key element of <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a>, and the crucifixion scene has been a key element of <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, giving rise to specific artistic themes such as <a href="/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">Christ Carrying the Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_Cross" title="Raising of the Cross">raising of the Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ" title="Lamentation of Christ">Lamentation of Christ</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism#Cross_and_crucifix" title="Christian symbolism">symbolism of the cross</a> which is today one of the most widely recognized Christian symbols was used from the earliest Christian times. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, who died in 165, describes it in a way that already implies its use as a symbol, although the <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> appeared later.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotions based on the process of crucifixion, and the sufferings of Jesus are followed by various Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a> follows a number of stages based on the stages involved in the crucifixion of Jesus, while the <a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Holy_Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary of the Holy Wounds">Rosary of the Holy Wounds</a> is used to meditate on the wounds of Jesus as part of the crucifixion. </p><p>Masters such as <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Dyck" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Dyck">van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurbar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurbarán">Zurbarán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vel%C3%A1zquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Velázquez">Velázquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> have all depicted the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paintings_of_crucifixion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paintings of crucifixion">crucifixion scene</a> in their works. The <i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion,_seen_from_the_Cross_(James_Tissot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion, seen from the Cross (James Tissot)">Crucifixion, seen from the Cross</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">Tissot</a> presented a novel approach at the end of the 19th century, in which the crucifixion scene was portrayed from the perspective of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross, mentioned in the Gospel of John,<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has in itself been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian art">Marian art</a>, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s Coat of Arms bearing a <a href="/wiki/Marian_Cross" title="Marian Cross">Marian Cross</a>. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross".<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well known works of Christian art by masters such as <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Mond_Crucifixion" title="Mond Crucifixion">Mond Crucifixion</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Entombment_of_Christ_(Caravaggio)" title="The Entombment of Christ (Caravaggio)">The Entombment of Christ</a></i>) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross,_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani,_Kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carrying the Cross fresco, Decani monastery, Kosovo, 14th century"><img alt="Carrying the Cross fresco, Decani monastery, Kosovo, 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross%2C_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani%2C_Kosovo.jpg/85px-14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross%2C_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani%2C_Kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross%2C_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani%2C_Kosovo.jpg/128px-14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross%2C_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani%2C_Kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross%2C_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani%2C_Kosovo.jpg/171px-14th-century_fresco_of_Jesus_Christ_bearing_the_cross%2C_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani%2C_Kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Carrying the Cross</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decani_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Decani monastery">Decani monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, 14th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MCB_icon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orthodox Crucifixion icon, Athens, Greece"><img alt="Orthodox Crucifixion icon, Athens, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MCB_icon3.jpg/93px-MCB_icon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MCB_icon3.jpg/140px-MCB_icon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MCB_icon3.jpg/187px-MCB_icon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Orthodox</a> Crucifixion <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion of Christ, Michelangelo, 1540"><img alt="Crucifixion of Christ, Michelangelo, 1540" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg/80px-Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg/119px-Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg/159px-Miguel_Angel_Crucifixion_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Crucifixion of Christ</i>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, 1540</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_kruisiging.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Print of Albrecht Dürer's Die Kreuzigung, printed at the end of the 16th century[262]"><img alt="Print of the Crucifixion, made at the end of the 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/De_kruisiging.jpg/88px-De_kruisiging.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/De_kruisiging.jpg/132px-De_kruisiging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/De_kruisiging.jpg/176px-De_kruisiging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Print of <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s <i>Die Kreuzigung</i>, printed at the end of the 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calvary by Paolo Veronese, 16th century"><img alt="Calvary by Paolo Veronese, 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg/100px-Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg/151px-Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg/201px-Paolo_Veronese_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Calvary</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>, 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_Kings_(f.38)_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From a 14th–15th century Welsh manuscript"><img alt="From a 14th–15th century Welsh manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/History_of_the_Kings_%28f.38%29_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg/97px-History_of_the_Kings_%28f.38%29_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/History_of_the_Kings_%28f.38%29_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg/146px-History_of_the_Kings_%28f.38%29_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/History_of_the_Kings_%28f.38%29_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg/194px-History_of_the_Kings_%28f.38%29_the_Crucifixion_of_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From a 14th–15th century <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> manuscript</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifix of Taguig Church, Philippines"><img alt="Crucifix of Taguig Church, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG/120px-ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG/180px-ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG/240px-ArchdiocesanShrineofSaint_Annejf0133_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifix of <a href="/wiki/Taguig_Church" title="Taguig Church">Taguig Church</a>, Philippines </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucified Jesus at the Ytterselö church [sv], Sweden, c. 1500"><img alt="Crucified Jesus at the Ytterselö church [sv], Sweden, c. 1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif/119px-Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif/179px-Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif/239px-Jesus_Tkors_Ytterselo01.gif 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucified Jesus at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttersel%C3%B6_church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterselö church (page does not exist)">Ytterselö church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttersel%C3%B6_kyrka" class="extiw" title="sv:Ytterselö kyrka">sv</a>]</span>, Sweden, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cristo de La Laguna, Flemish-Brabanzon origin, 1510–14. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain"><img alt="Cristo de La Laguna, Flemish-Brabanzon origin, 1510–14. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg/87px-Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg/131px-Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg/174px-Sant%C3%ADssimo_Cristo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="4223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cristo_de_La_Laguna" title="Cristo de La Laguna">Cristo de La Laguna</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a>-Brabanzon origin, 1510–14. <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna" title="San Cristóbal de La Laguna">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_(17th_c.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion, Markazini, 1647"><img alt="Crucifixion, Markazini, 1647" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_%2817th_c.%29.jpg/79px-Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_%2817th_c.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_%2817th_c.%29.jpg/119px-Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_%2817th_c.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_%2817th_c.%29.jpg/159px-Crucifixion_by_G.Margkazinis_%2817th_c.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="3556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Crucifixion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Markazinis" title="Georgios Markazinis">Markazini</a>, 1647</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_(1617).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Descent from the Cross, Rubens, 1616–17"><img alt="Descent from the Cross, Rubens, 1616–17" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_%281617%29.jpg/78px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_%281617%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_%281617%29.jpg/117px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_%281617%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_%281617%29.jpg/156px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Descent_from_the_cross_%281617%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="3526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Descent from the Cross</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, 1616–17</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_pala_baglioni,_deposizione.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Descent from the Cross, Raphael, 1507"><img alt="Descent from the Cross, Raphael, 1507" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/116px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/174px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/232px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Descent from the Cross</i>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1507</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">penitent thief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">impenitent thief</a>, crucified alongside Jesus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptions_in_antiquity_of_the_execution_cross" title="Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross">Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo" title="Sudarium of Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swoon_hypothesis" title="Swoon hypothesis">Swoon hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Depictions of Jesus">Depictions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_(monument)" title="Calvary (monument)">Calvary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">instrument of crucifixion</a> is generally taken to have been composed of an upright wooden beam to which was added a transverse wooden beam, thus forming a "<a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a>" or <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>-shaped structure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historicity: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn (2003</a>, p. 339) states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Non-Christian sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCrossan1995">Crossan (1995</a>, p. 145): "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd (2007</a>, p. 127) state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEddy,_Paul_Rhodes_and_Gregory_A._Boyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul Rhodes and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_A._Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory A. Boyd">Gregory A. Boyd</a> (2007). <i>The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</i>. Baker Academic. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031144"><bdi>978-0801031144</bdi></a>. <q>...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0801031144&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Paul+Rhodes+and+Gregory+A.+Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeJesus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeJesus_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_M._Tuckett" title="Christopher M. Tuckett">Christopher M. Tuckett</a> in <i>The Cambridge companion to Jesus</i> edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1">978-0-521-79678-1</a> pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ActJ_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkJesus_Seminar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe"><i>The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus</i></a>. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060629786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060629786"><bdi>978-0060629786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+Jesus%3A+the+search+for+the+authentic+deeds+of+Jesus&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0060629786&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Jesus+Seminar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsofjesuswhatd00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009211–214_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg (2009)</a>, p. 211–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostenberger104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger104_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger104_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas J. Köstenberger</a>, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> pp. 104–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans,_Craig_A._2001_page_316_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Craig A. (2001). <i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5">0-391-04118-5</a> p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wansbrough,_Henry_2004_page_185-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wansbrough,_Henry_2004_page_185_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wansbrough, Henry (2004). <i>Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9">0-567-04090-9</a> p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2015" class="citation web cs1">Davis, C. Truman (November 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cbn.com/medical-view-of-the-crucifixion-of-jesus-christ">"A Physician's View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Broadcasting_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The Christian Broadcasting Network">The Christian Broadcasting Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Physician%27s+View+of+the+Crucifixion+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=The+Christian+Broadcasting+Network&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=C.+Truman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Fmedical-view-of-the-crucifixion-of-jesus-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Byrskog, Samuel (2011). "The Historicity of Jesus: How do we now that Jesus existed?". <i>Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (Volume 3)</i>. Brill. p. 2190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163720" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163720"><bdi>978-9004163720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+How+do+we+now+that+Jesus+existed%3F&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus+%28Volume+3%29&rft.pages=2190&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004163720&rft.aulast=Byrskog&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSanders2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. D.; Sanders, E.P. (2008). "20. Jesus: From the Jewish Point of View". In Horbury, William; Davies, W.D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman period</i>. Cambridge Univiversity Press. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243773" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243773"><bdi>9780521243773</bdi></a>. <q>The approximate period of his death (c. CE 30, plus or minus one or two years) is confirmed by the requirements of the chronology of Paul.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.+Jesus%3A+From+the+Jewish+Point+of+View&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism.+Volume+3%3A+The+Early+Roman+period&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univiversity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521243773&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:46–27:60&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:46–27:60</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:43–15:45&version=nrsv">Mark 14:43–15:45</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:47–23:53&version=nrsv">Luke 22:47–23:53</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:3–19:42&version=nrsv">John 18:3–19:42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith</i> by Michael Keene (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-6775-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-6775-4">0-7487-6775-4</a> pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Mark A. <i>Introducing the New Testament</i>. Baker Academic, (2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7">978-0-8010-2868-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a> (2014). <i>Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth</i>. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812981480" title="Special:BookSources/0812981480">0812981480</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:25&version=nrsv">Mark 15:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:34–37&version=nrsv">Mark 15:34–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JInt-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JInt_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus,_Interrupted" title="Jesus, Interrupted">Jesus, Interrupted</a></i>. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-117393-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-117393-2">0-06-117393-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:51–53&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:51–53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:31–32&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:31–32</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:20–21&version=nrsv">Mark 15:20–21</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:26&version=nrsv">Luke 23:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:39–43&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:39–43</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:29–32&version=nrsv">Mark 15:29–32</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:35–37&version=nrsv">Luke 23:35–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:44&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:44</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:32&version=nrsv">Mark 15:32</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:39&version=nrsv">Luke 23:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:45&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:45</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:33&version=nrsv">Mark 15:33</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:44–45&version=nrsv">Luke 23:44–45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:51&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:51</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:38&version=nrsv">Mark 15:38</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:45&version=nrsv">Luke 23:45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:54&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:54</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:39&version=nrsv">Mark 15:39</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:47&version=nrsv">Luke 23:47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:55–56&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:55–56</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:40–41&version=nrsv">Mark 15:40–41</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:49&version=nrsv">Luke 23:49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:61&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:61</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:47&version=nrsv">Mark 15:47</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:54–55&version=nrsv">Luke 23:54–55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:34&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:34</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:47–49&version=nrsv">27:47–49</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:23&version=nrsv">Mark 15:23</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:35–36&version=nrsv">15:35–36</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:29–30&version=nrsv">John 19:29–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:45&version=nrsv">Mark 15:45</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:38&version=nrsv">John 19:38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:51&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:51</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:62–66&version=nrsv">27:62–66</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicconvert.com/blog/2017/04/14/how-long-was-jesus-on-the-cross/">"When Was Jesus Crucified? How Long on the Cross? Do the Gospels Contradict Each Other?"</a>. Defenders of the Catholic Faith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828112718/https://catholicconvert.com/blog/2017/04/14/how-long-was-jesus-on-the-cross/">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Was+Jesus+Crucified%3F+How+Long+on+the+Cross%3F+Do+the+Gospels+Contradict+Each+Other%3F&rft.pub=Defenders+of+the+Catholic+Faith&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicconvert.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F04%2F14%2Fhow-long-was-jesus-on-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:25&version=nrsv">Mark 15:25</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:44–45&version=nrsv">15:44–45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:27–32&version=nrsv">Luke 23:27–32</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:40–41&version=nrsv">23:40–41</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:48&version=nrsv">23:48</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:56&version=nrsv">23:56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:31–37&version=nrsv">John 19:31–37</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:39–40&version=nrsv">19:39–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:30–31&version=nrsv">John 19:30–31</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:1&version=nrsv">Mark 16:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:6&version=nrsv">Mark 16:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geza Vermes, <i>The Resurrection</i> (Penguin, 2008), p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. P. Sanders, <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i> (Penguin, 1993), p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Guthrie, New Testament Introduction (Intervarsity, 1990), pp. 125, 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJMark-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ActJMark_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ActJMark_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ActJMark_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ActJMark_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). <i>The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. "Mark", pp. 51–161. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060629786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060629786">978-0060629786</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJMatthew-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ActJMatthew_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ActJMatthew_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). <i>The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. "Matthew," pp. 129–270. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060629786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060629786">978-0060629786</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJLuke-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ActJLuke_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ActJLuke_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). <i>The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. "Luke", pp. 267–364. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060629786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060629786">978-0060629786</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MisJ-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MisJ_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a>: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</i>. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4">978-0-06-073817-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJJohnG-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ActJJohnG_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). <i>The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. "John", pp. 365–440. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060629786" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060629786">978-0060629786</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John's_crucifiers-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John's_crucifiers_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John's_crucifiers_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In verse 19:17 and 19:18, only a third person plural verb is used ("they"), it is not clear whether this refers to the high priests (οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς) to whom Pilate delivered Jesus in 19:15–16, or to the soldiers (οὖν στρατιῶται) who crucified Jesus according to 19:23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some manuscripts of Luke, these words are omitted. Annotation <i>Nieuwe Bijbelvertaling</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marys-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marys_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marys_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on other Biblical verses, it is often concluded that this Mary was <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Jesus's own mother</a>, and that James and Joses/Joseph were his brothers, see <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">brothers of Jesus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ute-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ute_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ute_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ute_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian</i> by Ute Possekel 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-0759-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-0759-2">90-429-0759-2</a> pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chilton455-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chilton455_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chilton455_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research</i> edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11142-5">90-04-11142-5</a> pp. 455–457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cradle110-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cradle110_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cradle110_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i> by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VVoorst5355-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst5355_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VVoorst5355_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence</i> by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans41-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans41_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2001" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2001). <i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04118-9"><bdi>978-0-391-04118-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Contemporaries%3A+Comparative+Studies&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04118-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theissen81-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theissen81_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theissen81_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theissen 1998, pp. 81–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, James (2003). <i>Jesus remembered</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2">0-8028-3931-2</a>. p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voorst39-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voorst39_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voorst39_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). <i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i>. Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a>. pp. 39–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Everett (2003). <i>Backgrounds of Early Christianity</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5">0-8028-2221-5</a>. p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green1997-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green1997_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1997" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&q=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168&pg=PR85"><i>The Gospel of Luke: new international commentary on the New Testament</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2315-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2315-7"><bdi>0-8028-2315-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154444/https://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&q=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+%28Eerdmans,+1997%29,+page+168&pg=PR85">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Luke%3A+new+international+commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8028-2315-7&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoYlW6IoOjMC%26q%3DJoel%2BB.%2BGreen%2C%2BThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BLuke%2C%2B%28Eerdmans%2C%2B1997%29%2C%2Bpage%2B168%26pg%3DPR85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAPowell33-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell33_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</i> by Mark Allan Powell, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8">0-664-25703-8</a>. p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEvans42-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEvans42_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies</i> by Craig A. Evans. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5">0-391-04118-5</a>. p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ancient Rome</i> by William E. Dunstan 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-6833-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-6833-4">0-7425-6833-4</a> p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus' characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the symbolic ritual as cannibalism by Christians. References: <i>Ancient Rome</i> by William E. Dunstan 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-6833-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-6833-4">0-7425-6833-4</a> p. 293 and <i>An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</i> by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00720-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00720-8">0-521-00720-8</a> p. 485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation</i> by Helen K. Bond 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-61620-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-61620-4">0-521-61620-4</a> p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007127_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd (2007)</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus in the Talmud</i> by Peter Schäfer (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-14318-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-14318-8">0-691-14318-8</a> pp. 141 and 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). <i>Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 177–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9"><bdi>0-8028-4368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pages=177-118&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-4368-9&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil_Student2000" class="citation web cs1">Gil Student (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/mt/talmud/jesusnarr.html">"The Jesus Narrative In The Talmud"</a>. Talmud: The Real Truth About the Talmud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130224616/http://www.angelfire.com/mt/talmud/jesusnarr.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Narrative+In+The+Talmud&rft.pub=Talmud%3A+The+Real+Truth+About+the+Talmud&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Gil+Student&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fmt%2Ftalmud%2Fjesusnarr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Patterson, "Origin of the Name Panthera", <i>JTS</i> 19 (1917–18), pp. 79–80, cited in Meier, p. 107 n. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bra127-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bra127_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bra127_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Braswell Jr., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRenjUoud3kC&pg=PA127">What You Need to Know about Islam and Muslims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123113213/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRenjUoud3kC&pg=PA127">Archived</a> November 23, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 127 (B & H Publishing Group, 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-1829-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-1829-3">978-0-8054-1829-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunderbergTuckettSyreeni2002" class="citation book cs1">Dunderberg, Ismo; Tuckett, Christopher Mark; Syreeni, Kari (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVNH95ckNUC"><i>Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity: essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen</i></a>. Brill. p. 488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12359-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12359-8"><bdi>90-04-12359-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154440/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVNH95ckNUC">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fair+play%3A+diversity+and+conflicts+in+early+Christianity%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Heikki+R%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12359-8&rft.aulast=Dunderberg&rft.aufirst=Ismo&rft.au=Tuckett%2C+Christopher+Mark&rft.au=Syreeni%2C+Kari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSVNH95ckNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine H.</a> (2006). <i>The Gnostic gospels</i>. Phoenix. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-2114-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-2114-1"><bdi>0-7538-2114-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+gospels&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7538-2114-1&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay2001" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, William (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Great_Themes_of_the_New_Testament/c3-cLwrwvQ8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Barclay+%22truly+crucified%22+%22tenets+of+Gnosticism%22&pg=PA41&printsec=frontcover"><i>Great Themes of the New Testament</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22385-4"><bdi>978-0-664-22385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Themes+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22385-4&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FGreat_Themes_of_the_New_Testament%2Fc3-cLwrwvQ8C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3DBarclay%2B%2522truly%2Bcrucified%2522%2B%2522tenets%2Bof%2BGnosticism%2522%26pg%3DPA41%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-roberts.html">"St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans (Roberts-Donaldson translation)"</a>. <i>www.earlychristianwritings.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323002406/http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-smyrnaeans-roberts.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=St.+Ignatius+of+Antioch+to+the+Smyrnaeans+%28Roberts-Donaldson+translation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fignatius-smyrnaeans-roberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn (2003)</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2008136-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2008136_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2008">Ehrman (2008)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–128_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier2006">Meier (2006)</a>, p. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven201039-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerhoeven201039_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerhoeven2010">Verhoeven (2010)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006132–136_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier2006">Meier (2006)</a>, p. 132–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2001136-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckett2001136_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett (2001)</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernest125-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ernest125_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ernest125_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nicholson" title="Ernest Nicholson">Nicholson, Ernest</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-UkAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007</i></a>. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-726305-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-726305-4"><bdi>0-19-726305-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123113214/https://books.google.com/books?id=E-UkAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Theological+and+Religious+Studies+in+Britain%2C+1902%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=125-126&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-726305-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-UkAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, Michael (2020). "Did Jesus Anticipate Suffering a Violent Death?: The Implications of Memory Research and Dale C. Allison's Methodology". <i>Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i> (18:3): 191-219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01803002">10.1163/17455197-01803002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Did+Jesus+Anticipate+Suffering+a+Violent+Death%3F%3A+The+Implications+of+Memory+Research+and+Dale+C.+Allison%E2%80%99s+Methodology&rft.issue=18%3A3&rft.pages=191-219&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01803002&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerda2024" class="citation book cs1">Ferda, Tucker (2024). <i>Jesus and His Promised Second Coming: Jewish Eschatology and Christian Origins</i>. Eerdmans. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802879905" title="Special:BookSources/9780802879905"><bdi>9780802879905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Promised+Second+Coming%3A+Jewish+Eschatology+and+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780802879905&rft.aulast=Ferda&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErhman1999" class="citation book cs1">Erhman, Bart (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzszmQEACAAJ"><i>Jesus:the apocalyptic prophet of the new millenium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195124743" title="Special:BookSources/9780195124743"><bdi>9780195124743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3Athe+apocalyptic+prophet+of+the+new+millenium&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195124743&rft.aulast=Erhman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzszmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Freedman (2000), <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4">978-0-8028-2400-4</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZukeran" class="citation web cs1">Zukeran, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/arch-nt.html">"Archaeology and the New Testament"</a>. Probe Ministries International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021512/http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/arch-nt.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Probe+Ministries+International&rft.aulast=Zukeran&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderu.com%2Forgs%2Fprobe%2Fdocs%2Farch-nt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutjesuschrist.org/crucifixion.htm">"Crucifixion"</a>. <i>AllAboutJesusChrist.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405051505/https://www.allaboutjesuschrist.org/crucifixion.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllAboutJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Crucifixion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjesuschrist.org%2Fcrucifixion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2020" class="citation news cs1">David, Ariel (October 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2020-10-12/ty-article/jerusalem-nails-jesus-christ-crucifixion-romans-caiaphas-tomb/0000017f-e579-da9b-a1ff-ed7f1cd90000">"Are These Nails From Jesus' Crucifixion? New Evidence Emerges, but Experts Are Unconvinced"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Are+These+Nails+From+Jesus%27+Crucifixion%3F+New+Evidence+Emerges%2C+but+Experts+Are+Unconvinced&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F2020-10-12%2Fty-article%2Fjerusalem-nails-jesus-christ-crucifixion-romans-caiaphas-tomb%2F0000017f-e579-da9b-a1ff-ed7f1cd90000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lémonon_1981_29–32-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lémonon_1981_29–32_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLémonon1981" class="citation book cs1">Lémonon, J.P. (1981). <i>Pilate et le gouvernement de la Judée: textes et monuments, Études bibliques</i>. Paris: Gabalda. pp. 29–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilate+et+le+gouvernement+de+la+Jud%C3%A9e%3A+textes+et+monuments%2C+%C3%89tudes+bibliques&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=Gabalda&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9monon&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronosPaul-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in <i>Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies</i> by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1">0-931464-50-1</a> pp. 113–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostenberger140-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas J. Köstenberger</a>, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett19-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times</i> by Paul Barnett 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8">0-8308-2699-8</a> pp. 19–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainer_Riesner_1998_page_58-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rainer_Riesner_1998_page_58_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Riesner, <i>Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology</i> (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maier,_P.L._1968_3–13-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maier,_P.L._1968_3–13_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier,_P.L.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". <i>Church History</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3163182">10.2307/3163182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163182">3163182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162410612">162410612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Sejanus%2C+Pilate%2C+and+the+Date+of+the+Crucifixion&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162410612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3163182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3163182&rft.au=Maier%2C+P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotheringham,_J.K.1934" class="citation journal cs1">Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (138): 146–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XXXV.138.146">10.1093/jts/os-XXXV.138.146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+evidence+of+astronomy+and+technical+chronology+for+the+date+of+the+crucifixion&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=138&rft.pages=146-162&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XXXV.138.146&rft.au=Fotheringham%2C+J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellum142-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellum142_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i> by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> pp. 142–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Volume 7 John McClintock, James Strong – 1894 "... he lay in the grave on the 15th (which was a 'high day' or double Sabbath, because the weekly Sabbath coincided ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.ie/search?tbm=bks&q=Blomberg+%22Wednesday+crucifixion%22&btnG=">"Blomberg "Wednesday crucifixion" – Google Search"</a>. <i>www.google.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406140311/http://www.google.ie/search?tbm=bks&q=Blomberg%20%22Wednesday%20crucifixion%22&btnG=">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.ie&rft.atitle=Blomberg+%22Wednesday+crucifixion%22+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26q%3DBlomberg%2B%2522Wednesday%2Bcrucifixion%2522%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington442-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrington442_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gospel of Mark, Volume 2</i> by John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5965-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5965-9">0-8146-5965-9</a> p. 442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KEasley323-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KEasley323_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KEasley323_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KEasley323_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxEasley2007" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Steven L.; Easley, Kendell H (2007). <i>Harmony of the Gospels</i>. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-9444-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-9444-8"><bdi>0-8054-9444-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+of+the+Gospels&rft.pages=323&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-8054-9444-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Easley%2C+Kendell+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBrown959-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBrown959_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Death of the Messiah, Volume 2</i> by Raymond E. 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(1992). <i>New Testament History</i>. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9"><bdi>0-310-31201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+History&rft.pages=173-174&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-310-31201-9&rft.aulast=Niswonger&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellum538-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellum538_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenbergerKellum2009" class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott (2009). <i>The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. p. 538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=538&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+L.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:32&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:21&version=nrsv">Mark 15:21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:26&version=nrsv">Luke 23:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:17&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:28–31&version=nrsv">Lk. 23:28–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:46">Luke 23:46</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:55&version=nrsv">23:55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok, <i>Who's who in Christianity</i>, (Routledge 1998), p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a></i>, Volume July 6 – December 1852, London, page 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Archaeological journal (UK), Volume 7, 1850 p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15362a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Veronica"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403180405/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15362a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+St.+Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15362a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alban Butler, 2000 <i>Lives of the Saints</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-256-5">0-86012-256-5</a> p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:20&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2013:12&version=nrsv">Heb. 13:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:39&version=nrsv">Mt. 27:39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:21–30&version=nrsv">Mk. 15:21,29–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:40&version=nrsv">Mk. 15:40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_onomasticon_02_trans.htm#G_THE_GOSPELS"><i>Onomasticon (Concerning the Place Names in Sacred Scripture)</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717203828/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_onomasticon_02_trans.htm#G_THE_GOSPELS">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onomasticon+%28Concerning+the+Place+Names+in+Sacred+Scripture%29&rft.au=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Feusebius_onomasticon_02_trans.htm%23G_THE_GOSPELS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:33&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:33</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:22&version=nrsv">Mark 15:22</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:33&version=nrsv">Luke 23:33</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:17&version=nrsv">John 19:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEucherius_of_Lyon" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eucherius_of_Lyon" title="Eucherius of Lyon">Eucherius of Lyon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613200112/http://homepages.luc.edu/~avande1/jerusalem/sources/eucherius.htm">"Letter to the Presbyter Faustus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.luc.edu/~avande1/jerusalem/sources/eucherius.htm">the original</a> on June 13, 2008. <q>The three more frequented exit gates are one on the west, another on the east, and a third on the north. As you enter the city from the northern side, the first of the holy places due to the condition of the directions of the streets is to the church which is called the Martyrium, which was by Constantine with great reverence not long ago built up. Next, to the west one visits the connecting places Golgotha and the Anastasis; indeed the Anastasis is in the place of the resurrection, and Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was. These are separated places outside of Mount Sion, where the failing rise of the place extended itself to the north.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Presbyter+Faustus&rft.au=Eucherius+of+Lyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.luc.edu%2F~avande1%2Fjerusalem%2Fsources%2Feucherius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/calvary-crucifixion-sites-identified/">"General Charles Gordon's Letters Discussing His Discovery of "Cavalry" in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>SMF Primary Source Documents</i>. Shapell Manuscript Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SMF+Primary+Source+Documents&rft.atitle=General+Charles+Gordon%27s+Letters+Discussing+His+Discovery+of+%22Cavalry%22+in+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shapell.org%2Fmanuscript%2Fcalvary-crucifixion-sites-identified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:40">Mark 15:40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:55">Matthew 27:55–56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Luke|23:49|ESV_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:49">Luke 23:49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+19:25">John 19:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:41">Matthew 27:41</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:31">Mark 15:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:35">Luke 23:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:27">Mark 15:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:38">Matthew 27:38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:36">Luke 23:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:54">Matthew 27:54</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:39">Mark 15:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:29">Mark 15:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:39">Matthew 27:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+15:35">Mark 15:35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:45">Matthew 27:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:35">Luke 23:35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:48">Luke 23:48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:39">Luke 23:39–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+19:23">John 19:23–24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+19:32">19:32–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+19:26">John 19:26–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+16:43">Mark 16:43–46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+27:57">Matthew 27:57–50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+23:50">Luke 23:50–53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:38&version=nrsv">John 19:38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+19:39">John 19:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_George_LiddellRobert_Scott" class="citation web cs1">Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2396298">"σταυρός"</a>. <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307141335/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82&rft.au=Henry+George+Liddell&rft.au=Robert+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252396298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton_T._LewisCharles_Short" class="citation web cs1">Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=crux&highlight=crux">"A Latin Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231205403/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=crux&highlight=crux">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.au=Charlton+T.+Lewis&rft.au=Charles+Short&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcrux%26highlight%3Dcrux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of the date of the work, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/barnabas.html">Information on Epistle of Barnabas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316205715/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/barnabas.html">Archived</a> March 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and Andrew C. Clark, "Apostleship: Evidence from the New Testament and Early Christian Literature," <i>Evangelical Review of Theology,</i> 1989, Vol. 13, p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a>, The Cross that Spoke (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-254843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-254843-6">978-0-06-254843-6</a>), p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas, 9:7–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should <i>make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer</i>, that unless, saith He, they shall set their hope on Him, war shall be waged against them for ever. Moses therefore pileth arms one upon another in the midst of the encounter, and standing on higher ground than any <i>he stretched out his hands</i>, and so Israel was again victorious" (Epistle of Barnabas, 12:2–3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.xl.html">"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406140314/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.xl.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+ANF01.+The+Apostolic+Fathers+with+Justin+Martyr+and+Irenaeus+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.viii.iv.xl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus Haereses</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103224.htm">II, xxiv, 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420085108/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103224.htm">Archived</a> April 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3785-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3785-9">0-8028-3785-9</a> p. 826</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitto-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitto_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitto_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Biblical Literature, Part 2</i> by John Kitto 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-5980-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-5980-9">0-7661-5980-9</a> p. 591</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IreneE-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IreneE_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IreneE_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IreneE_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Renaissance art: a topical dictionary</i> by Irene Earls 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24658-0">0-313-24658-0</a> p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The visual arts: a history</i> by Hugh Honour, John Fleming 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3928-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3928-2">0-8109-3928-2</a> p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball82-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball82_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Crucifixion and Death of a Man Called Jesus</i> by David A Ball 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-61507-128-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-61507-128-8">1-61507-128-8</a> pp. 82–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore639-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore639_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore639_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Chronological Life of Christ</i> by Mark E. Moore 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89900-955-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89900-955-7">0-89900-955-7</a> pp. 639–643</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Holman Concise Bible Dictionary</i> Holman, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-9548-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-9548-7">0-8054-9548-7</a> p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crucifixion and the Death Cry of Jesus Christ</i> by Geoffrey L Phelan MD, 2009 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> pp. 106–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas W. Walker, <i>Luke</i>, (Westminster John Knox Press, 2013) p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:46&version=nrsv">Mt. 27:46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:34&version=nrsv">Mk. 15:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruso2015" class="citation web cs1">Caruso, Steve (March 31, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramaicnt.org/what-is-galilean-aramaic/">"What is Galilean Aramaic? | The Aramaic New Testament"</a>. Aramaicnt.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122013147/http://aramaicnt.org/what-is-galilean-aramaic/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Galilean+Aramaic%3F+%26%23124%3B+The+Aramaic+New+Testament&rft.pub=Aramaicnt.org&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faramaicnt.org%2Fwhat-is-galilean-aramaic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruso2015" class="citation web cs1">Caruso, Steve (March 31, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/">"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104433/http://aramaicnt.org/2015/03/31/my-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+God%2C+my+God%2C+why+have+you+forsaken+me%3F&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faramaicnt.org%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fmy-god-my-god-why-have-you-forsaken-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geza Vermes, <i>The Passion</i> (Penguin, 2005) p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geza Vermes, <i>The Passion</i> (Penguin, 2005) p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geza Vermes, <i>The Passion</i> (Penguin, 2005) p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Brown, <i>The Death of the Messiah</i> Volume II (Doubleday, 1994) p. 1051</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:34&version=nrsv">Lk. 23:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:43&version=nrsv">Lk. 23:43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:46&version=nrsv">Lk. 23:46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Haralson Hayes, <i>Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook</i> (Westminster John Knox Press, 1987) pp. 104–105. The author suggests this possibly was designed to play down the suffering of Jesus and replace a cry of desperation with one of hope and confidence, in keeping with the message of the Gospel in which Jesus dies confident that he would be vindicated as God's righteous prophet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25–27&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:25–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:28&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:30&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Anderson-Berry, 1871 <i>The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross</i>, Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 <i>The seven sayings of Christ on the cross</i> Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Pink, 2005 <i>The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross</i> Baker Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-6573-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-6573-9">0-8010-6573-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Peter Long, 1966 <i>The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross</i> Baker Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ross Macduff, 1857 <i>The Words of Jesus</i> New York: Thomas Stanford Publishers, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Watson, 1847 <i>The seven sayings on the Cross</i> John Masters Publishers, London, p. 5. The difference between the accounts is cited by <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> as a reason to doubt their historicity. James G. D. Dunn, <i>Jesus Remembered</i>, (Eerdmans, 2003) pp. 779–781.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bF0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86">Scott's Monthly Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123113218/https://books.google.com/books?id=bF0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> November 23, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. J.J. Toon; 1868. The Miracles Coincident With The Crucifixion, by H.P.B. pp. 86–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2012-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson2012_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Watson. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVFHmW1ySWUC&pg=PA81">An Apology for the Bible: In a Series of Letters Addressed to Thomas Paine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123113213/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVFHmW1ySWUC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> November 23, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Cambridge University Press; 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60004-1">978-1-107-60004-1</a>. pp. 81–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_John-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_John_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" pp. 302–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Keith Broadhead <i>Prophet, Son, Messiah: Narrative Form and Function in Mark</i> (Continuum, 1994) p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrigen" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen162.html">"<i>Contra Celsum (Against Celsus)</i>, Book 2, XXXIII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109124702/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen162.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contra+Celsum+%28Against+Celsus%29%2C+Book+2%2C+XXXIII&rft.au=Origen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Forigen162.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1888" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Coxe (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136"><i>The ante-Nicene fathers</i></a>. Vol. 6. New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Co. p. 136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154456/https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ante-Nicene+fathers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Coxe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5gsAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian01.html">"<i>Apologeticum</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406140313/http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian01.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apologeticum&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Ftertullian01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HumWadJASA-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HumWadJASA_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1990QJRAS..31...53S&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf"><i>The Date of the Crucifixion </i></a> Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37 (March 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, <i>The Mystery of the Last Supper</i> Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henige-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-henige_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenige2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Henige" title="David Henige">Henige, David P.</a> (2005). <i>Historical evidence and argument</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21410-4"><bdi>978-0-299-21410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+evidence+and+argument&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-299-21410-4&rft.aulast=Henige&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaefer, B. E. (March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1990QJRAS..31...53S&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf">Lunar visibility and the crucifixion</a>. Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal, 31(1), 53–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaefer, B. E. (July 1991). Glare and celestial visibility. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 645–660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qmnj">"BBC Radio 4 – in Our Time, Eclipses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406140313/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qmnj">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+in+Our+Time%2C+Eclipses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm000qmnj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton L. Mack, <i>A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins</i> (Fortress Press, 1988) p. 296; George Bradford Caird, <i>The language and imagery of the Bible</i> (Westminster Press, 1980), p. 186; Joseph Fitzmyer, <i>The Gospel According to Luke, X–XXIV</i> (Doubleday, 1985) p. 1513; William David Davies, Dale Allison, <i>Matthew: Volume 3</i> (Continuum, 1997) p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Garland, <i>Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel</i> (Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 1999) p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Géza Vermes, <i>The Passion</i> (Penguin, 2005) pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:51–53&version=nrsv">Mt. 27:51–53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:39&version=nrsv">Mk. 15:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:54&version=nrsv">Mt. 27:54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:47&version=nrsv">Lk. 23:47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Revised Standard Version; New International Version renders "...this was a righteous man".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africanus-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Africanus_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>, <i>Chronography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/syncellus/#E1">chapter 391</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014004/http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/syncellus/#E1">Archived</a> April 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson_Williams,_Markus_Schwab_and_Achim_Brauer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jefferson Williams, Markus Schwab and Achim Brauer (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229810999">"An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Geology Review</i>. <b>54</b> (10): 1219–1228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IGRv...54.1219W">2012IGRv...54.1219W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00206814.2011.639996">10.1080/00206814.2011.639996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129604597">129604597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Geology+Review&rft.atitle=An+early+first-century+earthquake+in+the+Dead+Sea%27&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1219-1228&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129604597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00206814.2011.639996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012IGRv...54.1219W&rft.au=Jefferson+Williams%2C+Markus+Schwab+and+Achim+Brauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229810999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Medical theories on the cause of death in Crucifixion </i> J R Soc Med April 2006 vol. 99 no. 4 185–188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/99/4/185.short">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912162251/http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/99/4/185.short">Archived</a> September 12, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stroud, 1847, <i>Treatise on the Physical Death of Jesus Christ</i> London: Hamilton and Adams.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour2003" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, William (2003). <i>The Cross in Tradition, History and Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4527-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4527-1"><bdi>0-7661-4527-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+in+Tradition%2C+History+and+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7661-4527-1&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frugalsites.net/jesus/death.htm">The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131191153/http://www.frugalsites.net/jesus/death.htm">Archived</a> January 31, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. <i>Sci Law</i> 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. <i>Med News</i> 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. <i>Ariz Med</i> 1965; 22:183–187), and Barbet P (<i>A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon</i>, Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp. 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:34&version=nrsv">19:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, William D.; Gabel, Wesley J.; Hosmer, Floyd E; <i>On the Physical Death of Jesus</i>, JAMA March 21, 1986, Vol 255, No. 11, pp. 1455–1463 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/deathjesus.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126124914/http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/deathjesus.pdf">Archived</a> January 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Zugibe, 2005, <i>The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry</i> Evans Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59077-070-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59077-070-6">1-59077-070-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JW Hewitt, <i>The Use of Nails in the Crucifixion </i> Harvard Theological Review, 1932</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-experiments-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-experiments_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-experiments_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crucifixion-shroud.com/experimental_studies_in_crucifix.htm">"EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES in CRUCIFIXION"</a>. <i>www.crucifixion-shroud.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309183921/http://www.crucifixion-shroud.com/experimental_studies_in_crucifix.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crucifixion-shroud.com&rft.atitle=EXPERIMENTAL+STUDIES+in+CRUCIFIXION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crucifixion-shroud.com%2Fexperimental_studies_in_crucifix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> October 12, 1978, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbet, Pierre. <i>Doctor at Calvary</i>, New York: Image Books, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117095319/http://www.pmbcth.com/pmbc_037.htm">"Keith Maxwell MD on the Crucifixion of Christ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmbcth.com/pmbc_037.htm">the original</a> on January 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keith+Maxwell+MD+on+the+Crucifixion+of+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpmbcth.com%2Fpmbc_037.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608100234/http://www.southasianconnection.com/articles/184/1/Jesus-Suffering-and-Crucifixion">"Jesus' Suffering and Crucifixion from a Medical Point of View"</a>. Southasianconnection.com. April 7, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southasianconnection.com/articles/184/1/Jesus-Suffering-and-Crucifixion">the original</a> on June 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus%27+Suffering+and+Crucifixion+from+a+Medical+Point+of+View&rft.pub=Southasianconnection.com&rft.date=2007-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasianconnection.com%2Farticles%2F184%2F1%2FJesus-Suffering-and-Crucifixion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retief-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-retief_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetiefCilliers2003" class="citation journal cs1">Retief, FP; Cilliers, L. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/2462/1710">"The history and pathology of crucifixion"</a>. <i>South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde</i>. <b>93</b> (12): 938–841. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14750495">14750495</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414121754/http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/2462/1710">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal+%3D+Suid-Afrikaanse+Tydskrif+vir+Geneeskunde&rft.atitle=The+history+and+pathology+of+crucifixion.&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=938-841&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14750495&rft.aulast=Retief&rft.aufirst=FP&rft.au=Cilliers%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samj.org.za%2Findex.php%2Fsamj%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F2462%2F1710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJXcOVY2UgC"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Urbi et Orbi Communications. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884660-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884660-01-6"><bdi>978-1-884660-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Urbi+et+Orbi+Communications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-884660-01-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVJXcOVY2UgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Hans (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3rDtUQRdKAC"><i>True Faith in the True God: An Introduction to Luther's Life and Thought</i></a>. Augsburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0930-7"><bdi>978-1-4514-0930-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+Faith+in+the+True+God%3A+An+Introduction+to+Luther%27s+Life+and+Thought&rft.pub=Augsburg&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0930-7&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3rDtUQRdKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_XVI1987" class="citation book cs1">Benedict XVI, Pope (1987). <i>Principles of Catholic Theology: Building Stones for a Fundamental Theology</i>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 17–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Catholic+Theology%3A+Building+Stones+for+a+Fundamental+Theology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Benedict+XVI&rft.aufirst=Pope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1921" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, Jean (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU9Ygc_c5woC"><i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i></a>. Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Board+of+Publication+and+Sabbath-School+Work&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU9Ygc_c5woC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempis2005" class="citation book cs1">Kempis, Thomas a (September 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=13QRjJjhEqkC"><i>The Inner Life</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-65142-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-65142-1"><bdi>978-1-101-65142-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inner+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-101-65142-1&rft.aulast=Kempis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D13QRjJjhEqkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology</i> by Mark Allan Powell and David R. Bauer 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6">0-664-25752-6</a> p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "The Passion". <i>The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Passion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullmann-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cullmann_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Christology of the New Testamen</i>t by Oscar Cullmann 1959 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-24351-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-24351-7">0-664-24351-7</a> p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Johannine exegesis of God</i> by Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-018248-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-018248-3">3-11-018248-3</a> p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollard_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Johannine Christology</i> and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01868-4">0-521-01868-4</a> p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengel371-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hengel371_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Studies in Early Christology</i> by Martin Hengel 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04280-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04280-4">0-567-04280-4</a> p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matera67-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matera67_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matera67_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Testament christology</i> by Frank J. Matera 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25694-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25694-5">0-664-25694-5</a> p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns</i> by Marion L. Soards 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25221-4">0-664-25221-4</a> p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz132-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz132_223-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christology</i> by Hans Schwarz 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4463-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4463-4">0-8028-4463-4</a> pp. 132–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lightfromthecross.com/">"War Between Good and Evil – Light from the Cross"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028160340/https://lightfromthecross.com/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Between+Good+and+Evil+%E2%80%93+Light+from+the+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flightfromthecross.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i> by Larry W. Hurtado (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2">0-8028-3167-2</a> pp. 130–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris12-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris12_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian Theology</i> by J. Glyndwr Harris (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-22-0">1-902210-22-0</a> pp. 12–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalvinC-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CalvinC_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calvin's Christology</i> by Stephen Edmondson 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54154-9">0-521-54154-9</a> p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Oliphant_Old" title="Hughes Oliphant Old">Hughes Oliphant Old</a> 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4775-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4775-7">0-8028-4775-7</a> p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBulgakov-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBulgakov_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Lamb of God</i> by Sergei Bulgakov 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2779-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2779-9">0-8028-2779-9</a> p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi</i> by Karl Rahner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:14–15&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:14–15</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atonement-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atonement_232-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atonement_232-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kent, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02055a.htm">"Doctrine of the Atonement"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415083228/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02055a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+the+Atonement&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02055a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Wallace, R. D. Rusk <i>Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation</i>, (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4563-8980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4563-8980-2">978-1-4563-8980-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall,_Ann2003" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Ann (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i>. Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Visitor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X"><bdi>0-87973-910-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+Devotions+and+Practices&rft.place=Huntington%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87973-910-X&rft.au=Ball%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812031528/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html">"<i>Miserentissimus Redemptor</i>"</a>. Encyclical of Pope Pius XI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miserentissimus+Redemptor&rft.pub=Encyclical+of+Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_08051928_miserentissimus-redemptor_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502234831/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html">"Vatican archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fletters%2F2000%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor#Development_of_the_Christus_Victor_view_after_Aulén" title="Christus Victor">Development of the Christus Victor view after Aulén</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Alan_F.Robert_E._Webber1993" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Alan F.; Robert E. Webber (1993). <i>What Christians Believe: A Biblical and Historical Summary</i>. Zondervan. pp. 261–263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Christians+Believe%3A+A+Biblical+and+Historical+Summary&rft.pages=261-263&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alan+F.&rft.au=Robert+E.+Webber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jesus_Christ">"Atonement of Jesus Christ – The Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. <i>eom.byu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307052907/https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jesus_Christ">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eom.byu.edu&rft.atitle=Atonement+of+Jesus+Christ+%E2%80%93+The+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FAtonement_of_Jesus_Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p122a4p2.htm#598">"Catechism of the Catholic Church 598"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312122424/http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p122a4p2.htm#598">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+598&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp122a4p2.htm%23598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTornielli2020" class="citation web cs1">Tornielli, Andrea (June 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-06/nostrae-aetate-opening-the-path-to-interreligious-dialogue.html">"Vatican News: Nostra aetate: Opening the path to interreligious dialogue"</a>. <i>Vatican News</i>. Dicasterium pro Communicatione. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309030344/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-06/nostrae-aetate-opening-the-path-to-interreligious-dialogue.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+News%3A+Nostra+aetate%3A+Opening+the+path+to+interreligious+dialogue&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Tornielli&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2020-06%2Fnostrae-aetate-opening-the-path-to-interreligious-dialogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrox1984">Brox 1984</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneemelcherMaurer1994">Schneemelcher & Maurer 1994</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Marvin; Robinson, James (2009). "The First revelation of James". <i>The Nag Hammadi Scriptures: The Revised and Updated Translation of Sacred Gnostic Texts Complete in One Volume</i> (2009 ed.). HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061626005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061626005"><bdi>978-0061626005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+revelation+of+James&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Scriptures%3A+The+Revised+and+Updated+Translation+of+Sacred+Gnostic+Texts+Complete+in+One+Volume&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0061626005&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|4|157|e=158|s=ns-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|4|157|e=158|s=ns_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D157">4:157–158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his stead; so that this latter being transfigured by him, that he might be thought to be Jesus, was crucified, through ignorance and error, while Jesus himself received the form of Simon, and, standing by, laughed at them. For since he was an incorporeal power, and the Nous (mind) of the unborn father, he transfigured himself as he pleased, and thus ascended to him who had sent him, deriding them, inasmuch as he could not be laid hold of, and was invisible to all" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103124.htm">Irenaeus, <i>Against Heresies</i>, book I, ch. 24, 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419061155/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103124.htm">Archived</a> April 19, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerMcGuire1997" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John Douglas; McGuire, Anne Marie (1997). <i>The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration [in Philadelphia]</i>. Brill. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004108240" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004108240"><bdi>978-9004108240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Library+After+Fifty+Years%3A+Proceedings+of+the+1995+Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Commemoration+%5Bin+Philadelphia%5D&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9004108240&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+Douglas&rft.au=McGuire%2C+Anne+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuomas Rasimus<i>Paradise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence</i> Brill, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047426707" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047426707">978-9047426707</a> p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerMcGuire1997" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John Douglas; McGuire, Anne Marie (1997). <i>The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration [in Philadelphia]</i>. Brill. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004108240" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004108240"><bdi>978-9004108240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Library+After+Fifty+Years%3A+Proceedings+of+the+1995+Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Commemoration+%5Bin+Philadelphia%5D&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9004108240&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+Douglas&rft.au=McGuire%2C+Anne+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gil1992-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gil1992_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1992" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Moshe (1992). "The Creed of Abū 'Āmir". In Joel L. Kraemer (ed.). <i>Israel Oriental Studies</i>. Vol. 12. pp. 9–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Creed+of+Ab%C5%AB+%E2%80%98%C4%80mir&rft.btitle=Israel+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=9-58&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer <i>The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</i> Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0">978-0-834-82414-0</a> p. 596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer <i>The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</i> Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0">978-0-834-82414-0</a> p. 751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825022848/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyotravel/tokyojapantravel/3523/tokyojapantravelinc.htm">"Metropolis – Japan Travel: Jesus in Japan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyotravel/tokyojapantravel/3523/tokyojapantravelinc.htm">the original</a> on August 25, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolis+%E2%80%93+Japan+Travel%3A+Jesus+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetropolis.co.jp%2Ftokyotravel%2Ftokyojapantravel%2F3523%2Ftokyojapantravelinc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2006" class="citation news cs1">Bartlett, Duncan (September 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5326614.stm">"Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | The Japanese Jesus trail"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105031730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5326614.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Programmes+%26%23124%3B+From+Our+Own+Correspondent+%26%23124%3B+The+Japanese+Jesus+trail&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F5326614.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310200846/http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/110_japson.shtml">"Jesus In Japan – FT110"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/110_japson.shtml">the original</a> on March 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+In+Japan+%E2%80%93+FT110&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forteantimes.com%2Farticles%2F110_japson.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-little-known-legend-of-jesus-in-japan-165354242/">"The Little-Known Legend of Jesus in Japan | History | Smithsonian"</a>. Smithsonianmag.com. January 1, 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229010937/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-little-known-legend-of-jesus-in-japan-165354242/">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Little-Known+Legend+of+Jesus+in+Japan+%26%23124%3B+History+%26%23124%3B+Smithsonian&rft.pub=Smithsonianmag.com&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-little-known-legend-of-jesus-in-japan-165354242%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft</i>. Jahrgang 1997 diagonal-Verlag Ursula Spuler-Stegemann Der Engel Pfau zum Selbstvertändnis der Yezidi p. 14 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14373b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Symbolism"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006073037/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14373b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Symbolism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14373b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Veneration of Images"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419151209/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Veneration+of+Images&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07664a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>James Tissot: the Life of Christ</i> by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85894-496-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85894-496-1">1-85894-496-1</a> p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRookmaaker1970" class="citation book cs1">Rookmaaker, H. R. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernartdeathof00rook/page/73"><i>Modern Art and the Death of a Culture</i></a>. Crossway Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernartdeathof00rook/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107-799-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89107-799-5"><bdi>0-89107-799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Art+and+the+Death+of+a+Culture&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-89107-799-5&rft.aulast=Rookmaaker&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernartdeathof00rook%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:26–27&version=nrsv">Jn. 19:26–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705225740/http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm3.htm">"Mary was United to Jesus on the Cross"</a>. EWTN. November 1, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm3.htm">the original</a> on July 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+was+United+to+Jesus+on+the+Cross&rft.pub=EWTN&rft.date=1995-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fpapaldoc%2Fjp2bvm3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517005051/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19881123en.html">"Vatican website on 'Behold Your Mother!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19881123en.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+website+on+%27Behold+Your+Mother%21%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Faudiences%2Falpha%2Fdata%2Faud19881123en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:B4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2876,-181,8131,3613">"De Kruisiging"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017140700/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:B4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-2876,-181,8131,3613">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=De+Kruisiging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3AB4D16A3C-15CD-11E9-954B-23312282636C%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D%26xywh%3D-2876%2C-181%2C8131%2C3613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L. (2009). <i>Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</i>. B&H Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4482-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4482-7"><bdi>978-0-8054-4482-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Gospels%3A+An+Introduction+and+Survey&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4482-7&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1995" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). <i>Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography</i>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-061662-8"><bdi>0-06-061662-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-06-061662-8&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2003). <i>Jesus Remembered</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). <i>The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</i>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2008). <i>A Brief Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536934-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536934-2"><bdi>978-0-19-536934-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536934-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2006" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (2006). "How do we decide what comes from Jesus". In Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). <i>The Historical Jesus in Recent Research</i>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-100-7"><bdi>1-57506-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+do+we+decide+what+comes+from+Jesus&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57506-100-7&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2001" class="citation book cs1">Tuckett, Christopher M. (2001). Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Jesus</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4"><bdi>0-521-79678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-79678-4&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2010" class="citation book cs1">Verhoeven, Paul (2010). <i>Jesus of Nazareth</i>. Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-905-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-905-7"><bdi>978-1-58322-905-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-905-7&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrox1984" class="citation journal cs1">Brox, Norbert (1984). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Doketismus' – eine Problemanzeige". <i>Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte</i>. <b>95</b>. <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>: 301–314. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2925">0044-2925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kirchengeschichte&rft.atitle=%27Doketismus%27+%E2%80%93+eine+Problemanzeige&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=301-314&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0044-2925&rft.aulast=Brox&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousar1990" class="citation book cs1">Cousar, Charles B. (1990). <i>A Theology of the Cross: The Death of Jesus in the Pauline Letters</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1558-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1558-1"><bdi>0-8006-1558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theology+of+the+Cross%3A+The+Death+of+Jesus+in+the+Pauline+Letters&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8006-1558-1&rft.aulast=Cousar&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, John (2006). "Jesus' Death in John's Gospel: A Survey of Research from Bultmann to the Present with Special Reference to the Johannine Hyper-Texts". <i><a href="/wiki/Currents_in_Biblical_Research" title="Currents in Biblical Research">Currents in Biblical Research</a></i>. <b>4</b> (3): 331–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X06064628">10.1177/1476993X06064628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170326371">170326371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Jesus%27+Death+in+John%27s+Gospel%3A+A+Survey+of+Research+from+Bultmann+to+the+Present+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Johannine+Hyper-Texts&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-363&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X06064628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170326371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilasser1999" class="citation book cs1">Dilasser, Maurice (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolsofchurch00dila"><i>The Symbols of the Church</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2538-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2538-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-2538-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbols+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2538-5&rft.aulast=Dilasser&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolsofchurch00dila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1988" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B. (1988). <i>The Death of Jesus: Tradition and Interpretation in the Passion Narrative</i>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-145349-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-145349-2"><bdi>3-16-145349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Jesus%3A+Tradition+and+Interpretation+in+the+Passion+Narrative&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-16-145349-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysW._G._Waddington1983" class="citation journal cs1">Humphreys, Colin J.; W. G. Waddington (December 1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". <i>Nature</i>. <b>306</b> (5945): 743–746. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Natur.306..743H">1983Natur.306..743H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F306743a0">10.1038/306743a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4360560">4360560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dating+the+Crucifixion&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5945&rft.pages=743-746&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4360560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F306743a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Natur.306..743H&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Colin+J.&rft.au=W.+G.+Waddington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRay1991" class="citation book cs1">McRay, John (1991). <i>Archaeology and the New Testament</i>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-6267-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-6267-5"><bdi>0-8010-6267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8010-6267-5&rft.aulast=McRay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt1956" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenblatt, Samuel (December 1956). "The Crucifixion of Jesus from the Standpoint of Pharisaic Law". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>75</b> (4). The Society of Biblical Literature: 315–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3261265">10.2307/3261265</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3261265">3261265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Crucifixion+of+Jesus+from+the+Standpoint+of+Pharisaic+Law&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-321&rft.date=1956-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3261265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3261265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelsson2011" class="citation book cs1">Samuelsson, Gunnar. (2011). <i>Crucifixion in Antiquity</i>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150694-9"><bdi>978-3-16-150694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucifixion+in+Antiquity&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150694-9&rft.aulast=Samuelsson&rft.aufirst=Gunnar.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneemelcherMaurer1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schneemelcher" title="Wilhelm Schneemelcher">Schneemelcher, Wilhelm</a>; Maurer, Christian (1994) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&pg=PA220">"The Gospel of Peter"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schneemelcher" title="Wilhelm Schneemelcher">Schneemelcher, Wilhelm</a>; Wilson, McLachlan (eds.). <i>New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings</i>. Vol. 1. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 216–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22721-0"><bdi>978-0-664-22721-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Peter&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Apocrypha%3A+Gospels+and+related+writings&rft.pages=216-227&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22721-0&rft.aulast=Schneemelcher&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Maurer%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDW0PeFSvGEC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloyan1995" class="citation book cs1">Sloyan, Gerard S. (1995). <i>The Crucifixion of Jesus</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2886-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2886-1"><bdi>0-8006-2886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crucifixion+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8006-2886-1&rft.aulast=Sloyan&rft.aufirst=Gerard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucifixion+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucifixion_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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<li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Mark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template talk:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Mark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_2" title="Mark 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5" title="Mark 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7" title="Mark 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12" title="Mark 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14" title="Mark 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Parable of the Growing Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Cleansing a leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment/Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_(biblical_figure)" title="Rufus (biblical figure)">Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmanutha" title="Dalmanutha">Dalmanutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis" title="Three-source hypothesis">three-source hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertextual_production_of_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Intertextual production of the Gospel of Mark">Intertextual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)" title="St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)"><i>St Mark Passion</i> (attributed to Keiser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247" title="St Mark Passion, BWV 247"><i>St Mark Passion</i>, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)" title="La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)"><i>La Pasión según San Marcos</i> (Golijov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(N._Matthes)" title="St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)"><i>St Mark Passion </i>(N. Matthes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">Papyrus 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_88" title="Papyrus 88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_137" title="Papyrus 137">137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_2427" title="Minuscule 2427">Minuscule 2427 <i>(forgery)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5 <i>(disputed)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Μάρκον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Marcus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Marcus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Mark">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Mark">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Mark">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Luke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template talk:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Luke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Luke chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_4" title="Luke 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_5" title="Luke 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_6" title="Luke 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_7" title="Luke 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_10" title="Luke 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_12" title="Luke 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_14" title="Luke 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_18" title="Luke 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_19" title="Luke 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_20" title="Luke 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion,_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246"><i>St Luke Passion</i>, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)"><i>St Luke Passion</i></a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a></i> (1979 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witness:_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a></i> (2007, radio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_3" title="Papyrus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_7" title="Papyrus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_42" title="Papyrus 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_82" title="Papyrus 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_97" title="Papyrus 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_John" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_John" title="Template talk:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_John" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of John chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Signs" title="Book of Signs">Book of Signs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_4" title="John 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_5" title="John 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_8" title="John 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_9" title="John 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_12" title="John 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Glory">Book of Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_15" title="John 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_17" title="John 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_20" title="John 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">Epilogue: 21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">14:6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">18:38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_20" title="Category:John 20">20:1–31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />(chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">Healing a blind man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda" title="Healing the paralytic at Bethesda">Healing a paralytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing a sick son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration of Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">"Love one another"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">That they all may be one</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_truth_will_set_you_free" title="The truth will set you free">The truth will set you free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well" title="Jacob's Well">Jacob's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Ego_eimi" title="Ego eimi">I AM</a>" sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" title="I am (biblical term)">I am (biblical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">Gate for the Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">Resurrectio et Vita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_John" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of John">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_John_(Pillar_New_Testament_Commentary)" title="The Gospel According to John (Pillar New Testament Commentary)">Pillar New Testament Commentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> (J. S. Bach, 1724) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_structure" title="St John Passion structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_discography" title="St John Passion discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a></i> (Pärt, 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2003 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2014 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_55" title="Papyrus 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_59" title="Papyrus 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_60" title="Papyrus 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_63" title="Papyrus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_76" title="Papyrus 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_80" title="Papyrus 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_93" title="Papyrus 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_95" title="Papyrus 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_107" title="Papyrus 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_109" title="Papyrus 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_119" title="Papyrus 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_120" title="Papyrus 120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_122" title="Papyrus 122">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_128" title="Papyrus 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ιωάννην">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/John">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/John">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/John">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Easter_and_its_cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Easter" title="Template:Easter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Easter" title="Template talk:Easter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Easter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Easter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Easter_and_its_cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">its cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Monday" title="Shrove Monday">Shrove Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" title="Holy Face of Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastelavn" title="Fastelavn">Fastelavn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Lent proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Lent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Lent">First Sunday of Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Ember days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothering_Sunday" title="Mothering Sunday">Mothering Sunday</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenten_veil" title="Lenten veil">Lenten veil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenten_shrouds" title="Lenten shrouds">Lenten shrouds</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_of_Sorrows" title="Friday of Sorrows">Friday of Sorrows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passion (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Passion_hymns" title="List of Passion hymns">Passion hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Ferias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Monday" title="Holy Monday">Holy Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Tuesday" title="Holy Tuesday">Holy Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Wednesday" title="Holy Wednesday">Holy Wednesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_(instrument)" title="Crotalus (instrument)">Crotalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_in_Christian_art" title="Last Supper in Christian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripping_of_the_Altar" title="Stripping of the Altar">Stripping of the Altar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ" title="Lamentation of Christ">Lamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaphios_(liturgical)" title="Epitaphios (liturgical)">Epitaphios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaphios_Thrinos" title="Epitaphios Thrinos">Encomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sepulchre" title="Easter Sepulchre">Easter Sepulchre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_prayer" title="Good Friday prayer">Good Friday prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_prayer_for_the_Jews" title="Good Friday prayer for the Jews">for the Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorzkie_%C5%BCale" title="Gorzkie żale">Gorzkie żale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">Święconka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_candle" title="Paschal candle">Paschal candle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Christi" title="Lumen Christi">Lumen Christi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsultet" title="Exsultet">Exsultet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Christian_Initiation_of_Adults" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults">Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">Burning of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">Processions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Colombia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Popay%C3%A1n" title="Holy Week in Popayán">Popayán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_processions_in_Guatemala" title="Holy Week processions in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Barcellona_Pozzo_di_Gotto" title="Holy Week in Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto">Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Ruvo_di_Puglia" title="Holy Week in Ruvo di Puglia">Ruvo di Puglia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Week in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico" title="Holy Week in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Taxco" title="Holy Week in Taxco">Taxco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines" title="Holy Week in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Braga" title="Holy Week in Braga">Braga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Spain" title="Holy Week in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Cuenca" title="Holy Week in Cuenca">Cuenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_M%C3%A1laga" title="Holy Week in Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Salamanca" title="Holy Week in Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna" title="Holy Week in San Cristóbal de La Laguna">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Santa_Cruz_de_La_Palma" title="Holy Week in Santa Cruz de La Palma">Santa Cruz de La Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Seville" title="Holy Week in Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Valladolid" title="Holy Week in Valladolid">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Viveiro" title="Holy Week in Viveiro">Viveiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Zamora" title="Holy Week in Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Day" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art">Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Road to Emmaus">Road to Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_service" title="Sunrise service">Sunrise service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">Date</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_for_Easter" title="List of dates for Easter">List of dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">Calculation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Liturgical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostarion" title="Pentecostarion">Pentecostarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_trikirion" title="Paschal trikirion">Trikirion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bright_Week" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Week" title="Bright Week">Bright Week</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Śmigus-dyngus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_whip" title="Easter whip">Easter whip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Tuesday" title="Easter Tuesday">Easter Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Wednesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Wednesday">Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Thursday">Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Friday" title="Easter Friday">Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Saturday" title="Easter Saturday">Saturday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">Second Sunday of Easter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radonitsa" title="Radonitsa">Radonitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">Third Sunday of Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">Fourth Sunday of Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Pentecost" title="Mid-Pentecost">Mid-Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">Fifth Sunday of Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Ascensiontide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascensiontide">Ascensiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Ascension of Jesus in Christian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Feast of the Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">Novena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias the Apostle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter_traditions" title="Easter traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_basket" title="Easter basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">Bunny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Bilby" title="Easter Bilby">Bilby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_seals_(philately)" title="Easter seals (philately)">Easter seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_food" title="Easter food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_Egg_play" title="Pace Egg play">Pace Egg play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_postcard" title="Easter postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li>Saitopolemos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoppio_del_carro" title="Scoppio del carro">Scoppio del carro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Easter eggs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_dance" title="Egg dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Decorating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">in Slavic culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_rolling" title="Egg rolling">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_hunt" title="Egg hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterbrunnen" title="Osterbrunnen">Osterbrunnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tapping" title="Egg tapping">Tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_tree" title="Easter egg tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tossing" title="Egg tossing">Tossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pisanica_(Croatian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanica (Croatian)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisanka_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanka (Polish)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasika" title="Fasika">Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_in_Italy" title="Easter in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_in_Latvia" title="Easter in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_in_Poland" title="Easter in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Pre-Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Easter_Oratorio" title="Easter Oratorio">Easter Oratorio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Will_Mention_the_Loving-kindnesses" title="I Will Mention the Loving-kindnesses">I Will Mention the Loving-kindnesses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Easter_Festival_Overture" title="Russian Easter Festival Overture">Russian Easter Festival Overture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Easter_Festival" title="Salzburg Easter Festival">Salzburg Easter Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Liturgical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimae_paschali_laudes" title="Victimae paschali laudes">Victimae paschali laudes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Cantatas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleib_bei_uns,_denn_es_will_Abend_werden,_BWV_6" title="Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6"><i>Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden</i>, BWV 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_lag_in_Todes_Banden,_BWV_4" title="Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4"><i>Christ lag in Todes Banden</i>, BWV 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Friede_sei_mit_dir,_BWV_158" title="Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158"><i>Der Friede sei mit dir</i>, BWV 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Himmel_lacht!_Die_Erde_jubilieret,_BWV_31" title="Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret, BWV 31"><i>Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret</i>, BWV 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Herz,_das_seinen_Jesum_lebend_wei%C3%9F,_BWV_134" title="Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß, BWV 134"><i>Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß</i>, BWV 134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfreut_euch,_ihr_Herzen,_BWV_66" title="Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66"><i>Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen</i>, BWV 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ich_lebe,_mein_Herze,_zu_deinem_Erg%C3%B6tzen,_BWV_145" title="Ich lebe, mein Herze, zu deinem Ergötzen, BWV 145"><i>Ich lebe, mein Herze, zu deinem Ergötzen</i>, BWV 145</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_hymns" title="List of Easter hymns">Hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Lord_Is_Risen_Today" title="Christ the Lord Is Risen Today">Christ the Lord Is Risen Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Is_Risen_Today" title="Jesus Christ Is Risen Today">Jesus Christ Is Risen Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_filii_et_filiae" title="O filii et filiae">O filii et filiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strife_is_O%27er,_the_Battle_Done" title="The Strife is O'er, the Battle Done">The Strife is O'er, the Battle Done</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Choral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrexit_a_mortuis" title="Surrexit a mortuis">Surrexit a mortuis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Film and TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_films" title="List of Easter films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_television_episodes" title="List of Easter television episodes">Television episodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Season" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Octave" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Pentecost" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave of Pentecost">Octave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Tuesday" title="Whit Tuesday">Whit Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Ember days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_Priest" title="Feast of Christ the Priest">Feast of Christ the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Feast of Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Feast of the Sacred Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.68% 134.921 35 Template:Cite_web"," 5.64% 133.851 24 Template:Navbox"," 5.31% 126.147 1 Template:Death_of_Jesus"," 5.14% 122.138 10 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.307","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28220731,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBall,_Ann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarclay2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedict_XVI1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrox1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrskog2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvin1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaruso2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCharlton_T._LewisCharles_Short\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxEasley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesSanders2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilasser1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunderbergTuckettSyreeni2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddy,_Paul_Rhodes_and_Gregory_A._Boyd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddyBoyd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErhman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEucherius_of_Lyon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerda2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFotheringham,_J.K.1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkJesus_Seminar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil_Student2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenige2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_George_LiddellRobert_Scott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreysW._G._Waddington1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson_Williams,_Markus_Schwab_and_Achim_Brauer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_Alan_F.Robert_E._Webber1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKempis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenbergerKellum2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLémonon1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier,_P.L.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRay1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerRobinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiswonger1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrigen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagels2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetiefCilliers2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRookmaaker1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblatt1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuelsson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneemelcherMaurer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloyan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTertullian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTornielli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerMcGuire1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Voorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhoeven2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZukeran\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 49,\n [\"Bibleref2-nb\"] = 8,\n 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[\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","19.0"],["?","180","11.4"],["type","140","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","7.6"],["recursiveClone 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