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<span>Headings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Headings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Headings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Headings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_suffix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_suffix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Letter suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_suffix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renumbering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renumbering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Renumbering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renumbering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declared_distances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declared_distances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Declared distances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declared_distances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Markings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Markings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lighting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Technical specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_lighting_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_lighting_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Control of lighting system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_lighting_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Surface</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surface-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surface subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pavement_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pavement_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pavement surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pavement_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pavement_subsurface_drainage_and_underdrains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pavement_subsurface_drainage_and_underdrains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pavement subsurface drainage and underdrains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pavement_subsurface_drainage_and_underdrains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_type_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_type_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Surface type codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_type_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Runway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7" title="مدرج هبوط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدرج هبوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_d%27aterrizaxe" title="Pista d'aterrizaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pista d'aterrizaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="রানওয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রানওয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Узлётна-пасадачная паласа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узлётна-пасадачная паласа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_d%27aterratge" title="Pista d'aterratge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pista d'aterratge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzletov%C3%A1_a_p%C5%99ist%C3%A1vac%C3%AD_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Vzletová a přistávací dráha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzletová a přistávací dráha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landingsbane" title="Landingsbane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landingsbane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-_und_Landebahn" title="Start- und Landebahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Start- und Landebahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="धावनमार्ग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="धावनमार्ग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_(lennundus)" title="Rada (lennundus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rada (lennundus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διάδρομος αεροδρομίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάδρομος αεροδρομίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_de_aterrizaje" title="Pista de aterrizaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pista de aterrizaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviokurejo" title="Aviokurejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviokurejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurreratzeko_pista" title="Lurreratzeko pista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurreratzeko pista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="باند فرودگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باند فرودگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste_(a%C3%A9rodrome)" title="Piste (aérodrome) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piste (aérodrome)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%A1%9C" title="활주로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="활주로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="उड़ानपट्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उड़ानपट्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-voyo" title="Start-voyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Start-voyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landasan_pacu" title="Landasan pacu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Landasan pacu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugbraut" title="Flugbraut – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flugbraut" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_(aviazione)" title="Pista (aviazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pista (aviazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מסלול טיסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסלול טיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ასაფრენ-დასაჯდომი ზოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასაფრენ-დასაჯდომი ზოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%88%D1%83-%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұшу-қону жолағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұшу-қону жолағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABrodromus" title="Aërodromus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aërodromus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimo_ir_t%C5%ABpimo_takas" title="Kilimo ir tūpimo takas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilimo ir tūpimo takas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fut%C3%B3p%C3%A1lya_(rep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Futópálya (repülés) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Futópálya (repülés)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="धावपट्टी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धावपट्टी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ეიოფურინალ-დაფურინალი საროტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეიოფურინალ-დაფურინალი საროტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Нислэгийн зам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нислэгийн зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လေယာဉ်ပြေးလမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေယာဉ်ပြေးလမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startbaan" title="Startbaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Startbaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="धावनमार्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धावनमार्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E8%B5%B0%E8%B7%AF" title="滑走路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="滑走路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rullebane" title="Rullebane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rullebane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rullebane" title="Rullebane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rullebane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga_startowa" title="Droga startowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Droga startowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_de_pouso_e_decolagem" title="Pista de pouso e decolagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pista de pouso e decolagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Взлётно-посадочная полоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Взлётно-посадочная полоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista" title="Pista – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pista" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway" title="Runway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzletov%C3%A1_a_prist%C3%A1vacia_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Vzletová a pristávacia dráha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzletová a pristávacia dráha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzletno-pristajalna_steza" title="Vzletno-pristajalna steza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzletno-pristajalna steza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DA%AF%DB%95" title="فڕگە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Полетно-слетна стаза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полетно-слетна стаза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiitotie" title="Kiitotie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiitotie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landningsbana" title="Landningsbana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landningsbana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patakbuhan" title="Patakbuhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patakbuhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="ஓடுபாதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓடுபாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%A7%C4%B1p_men%C3%BC-t%C3%B6%C5%9F%C3%BC_yul%C4%B1" title="Oçıp menü-töşü yulı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Oçıp menü-töşü yulı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ทางวิ่งเครื่องบิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทางวิ่งเครื่องบิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Хати парвоз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хати парвоз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pist_(havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k)" title="Pist (havacılık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pist (havacılık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Злітно-посадкова смуга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Злітно-посадкова смуга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%92" title="رن وے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رن وے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_b%C4%83ng" title="Đường băng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường băng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%91%E9%81%93" title="跑道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="跑道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1" title="סטארטפאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטארטפאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4%E8%B7%91%E9%81%93" title="機場跑道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="機場跑道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of surface used by aircraft to takeoff from and land on</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the aircraft takeoff and landing area. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Runway_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Runway (disambiguation)">Runway (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Landing strip" and "RWY" redirect here. For the pubic hairstyle, see <a href="/wiki/Bikini_waxing" title="Bikini waxing">Bikini waxing</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RWY_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RWY (disambiguation)">RWY (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Palm_Springs_International_Airport_photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Runway 13R at <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs_International_Airport" title="Palm Springs International Airport">Palm Springs International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_34,_Nagoya_Airfield_(3937428018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Runway_34%2C_Nagoya_Airfield_%283937428018%29.jpg/220px-Runway_34%2C_Nagoya_Airfield_%283937428018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Runway_34%2C_Nagoya_Airfield_%283937428018%29.jpg/330px-Runway_34%2C_Nagoya_Airfield_%283937428018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Runway_34%2C_Nagoya_Airfield_%283937428018%29.jpg/440px-Runway_34%2C_Nagoya_Airfield_%283937428018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Runway 34 at <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Airfield" title="Nagoya Airfield">Nagoya Airfield</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines,_AMS_Amsterdam_(Schiphol),_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines%2C_AMS_Amsterdam_%28Schiphol%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg/170px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines%2C_AMS_Amsterdam_%28Schiphol%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines%2C_AMS_Amsterdam_%28Schiphol%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg/255px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines%2C_AMS_Amsterdam_%28Schiphol%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines%2C_AMS_Amsterdam_%28Schiphol%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg/340px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_KLM_-_Royal_Dutch_Airlines%2C_AMS_Amsterdam_%28Schiphol%29%2C_Netherlands_PP1151411211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/MD-11" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-11">MD-11</a> at one end of a runway</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO), a <b>runway</b> is a "defined rectangular area on a land <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">aerodrome</a> prepared for the <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runways may be a human-made surface (often <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (<a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">dirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Road_salt" title="Road salt">salt</a>). Runways, <a href="/wiki/Taxiway" title="Taxiway">taxiways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airport_apron" title="Airport apron">ramps</a>, are sometimes referred to as "tarmac", though very few runways are built using <a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">tarmac</a>. Takeoff and landing areas defined on the surface of water for <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a> are generally referred to as <b>waterways</b>. Runway lengths are now <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization#Use_of_the_International_System_of_Units" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">commonly given in meters worldwide</a>, except in North America where feet are commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916, in a World War I war effort context, the first concrete-paved runway was built in <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, allowing local company <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a> to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bréguet Aviation">Bréguet Aviation</a> military aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 1919, aviation pioneer <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a> underlined the need for "distinctly marked and carefully prepared landing places, [but] the preparing of the surface of reasonably flat ground [is] an expensive undertaking [and] there would also be a continuous expense for the upkeep."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Headings">Headings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Headings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, it is advantageous to perform takeoffs and landings into the wind to reduce takeoff or landing roll and reduce the <a href="/wiki/Ground_speed" title="Ground speed">ground speed</a> needed to attain <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">flying speed</a>. Larger airports usually have several runways in different directions, so that one can be selected that is most nearly aligned with the wind. Airports with one runway are often constructed to be aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing wind</a>. Compiling a <a href="/wiki/Wind_rose" title="Wind rose">wind rose</a> is one of the preliminary steps taken in constructing airport runways.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wind_direction" title="Wind direction">Wind direction</a> is given as the direction the wind is coming <i>from</i>: a plane taking off from runway 09 faces east, into an "east wind" blowing from 090°. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/China_lake.jpg/220px-China_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/China_lake.jpg/330px-China_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/China_lake.jpg/440px-China_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Triangular runway pattern at Armitage Field, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Originally in the 1920s and 1930s, airports and air bases (particularly in the United Kingdom) were built in a triangle-like pattern of three runways at 60° angles to each other. The reason was that aviation was only starting, and although it was known that wind affected the runway distance required, not much was known about wind behaviour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, three runways in a triangle-like pattern were built, and the runway with the heaviest traffic would eventually expand into the airport's main runway, while the other two runways would be either abandoned or converted into taxiways.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_22.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Runway_22.svg/170px-Runway_22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Runway_22.svg/255px-Runway_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Runway_22.svg/340px-Runway_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Runway 22</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg/170px-Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg/255px-Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg/340px-Runway_landing_designator_marking-Numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Font and size of numbers and letters</figcaption></figure> <p>Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the <a href="/wiki/Compass#How_a_magnetic_compass_works" title="Compass">magnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> of the runway's <a href="/wiki/Heading_(navigation)" title="Heading (navigation)">heading</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deca-" title="Deca-">deca</a><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>. This heading differs from <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a> by the local <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic declination</a>. A runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane is heading around 90° (east). A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately: e.g., "runway 15" in one direction is "runway 33" when used in the other. The two numbers differ by 18 (= 180°). For clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually: runway one-five, runway three-three, etc. (instead of "fifteen" or "thirty-three"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg/170px-ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg/255px-ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg/340px-ORD_Airport_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> airport diagram at <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a>. The two 14/32 runways go from upper left to lower right, the two 4/22 runways go from lower left to upper right, and the two 9/27 and three 10/28 runways are horizontal.</figcaption></figure> <p>A leading zero, for example in "runway zero-six" or "runway zero-one-left", is included for all ICAO and some <a href="/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States armed forces">U.S. military</a> airports (such as <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>). However, most U.S. <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aviation</a> airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also includes some military airfields such as <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Army_Airfield" title="Cairns Army Airfield">Cairns Army Airfield</a>. This American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a country such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04, and the pilot read back the clearance as runway 4. In <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">flight simulation programs</a> those of American origin might apply U.S. usage to airports around the world. For example, runway 05 at <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport" title="Halifax Stanfield International Airport">Halifax</a> will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. </p><p>Military airbases may include smaller paved runways known as "assault strips" for practice and training next to larger primary runways.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These strips eschew the standard numerical naming convention and instead employ the runway's full three digit heading; examples include <a href="/wiki/Dobbins_Air_Reserve_Base" title="Dobbins Air Reserve Base">Dobbins Air Reserve Base</a>'s Runway 110/290 and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Field" title="Duke Field">Duke Field</a>'s Runway 180/360.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Runways with non-hard surfaces, such as small turf airfields and waterways for <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a>, may use the standard numerical scheme or may use traditional <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass point</a> naming, examples include <a href="/wiki/Ketchikan_Harbor_Seaplane_Base" title="Ketchikan Harbor Seaplane Base">Ketchikan Harbor Seaplane Base</a>'s Waterway E/W.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ac15035_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac15035-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airports with unpredictable or chaotic water currents, such as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island_(California)" title="Santa Catalina Island (California)">Santa Catalina Island</a>'s Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base, may designate their landing area as Waterway ALL/WAY to denote the lack of designated landing direction.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ac15035_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac15035-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_suffix">Letter suffix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letter suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg/220px-15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg/330px-15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg/440px-15R-33L_-_Aeropuerto_de_Madrid-Barajas_-_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Runway sign at <a href="/wiki/Madrid-Barajas_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid-Barajas Airport">Madrid-Barajas Airport</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>If there is more than one runway pointing in the same direction (parallel runways), each runway is identified by appending left (L), center (C) and right (R) to the end of the runway number to identify its position (when facing its direction)—for example, runways one-five-left (15L), one-five-center (15C), and one-five-right (15R). Runway zero-three-left (03L) becomes runway two-one-right (21R) when used in the opposite direction (derived from adding 18 to the original number for the 180° difference when approaching from the opposite direction). In some countries, regulations mandate that where parallel runways are too close to each other, only one may be used at a time under certain conditions (usually adverse <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>). </p><p>At large airports with four or more parallel runways (for example, at <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">Chicago O'Hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport">Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas–Fort Worth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport" title="Orlando International Airport">Orlando</a>), some runway identifiers are shifted by 1 to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this system results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L, and 7R, even though all four runways are actually parallel at approximately 69°. At <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a>, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, and 18R, all oriented at a heading of 175.4°. Occasionally, an airport with only three parallel runways may use different runway identifiers, such as when a third parallel runway was opened at <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport</a> in 2000 to the south of existing 8R/26L—rather than confusingly becoming the "new" 8R/26L it was instead designated 7R/25L, with the former 8R/26L becoming 7L/25R and 8L/26R becoming 8/26. </p><p>Suffixes may also be used to denote special use runways. Airports that have seaplane waterways may choose to denote the waterway on charts with the suffix W; such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye_International_Airport" title="Daniel K. Inouye International Airport">Daniel K. Inouye International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hood_Seaplane_Base" title="Lake Hood Seaplane Base">Lake Hood Seaplane Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small airports that host various forms of air traffic may employ additional suffixes to denote special runway types based on the type of aircraft expected to use them, including <a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a> aircraft (S), <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a> (G), <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> (H), and <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aviation" title="Ultralight aviation">ultralights</a> (U).<sup id="cite_ref-ac15035_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac15035-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runways that are numbered relative to <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a> rather than magnetic north will use the suffix T; this is advantageous for certain airfields in the far north such as <a href="/wiki/Thule_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Thule Air Base">Thule Air Base</a> (08T/26T).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renumbering">Renumbering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renumbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Runway designations may change over time because Earth's magnetic lines slowly drift on the surface and the magnetic direction changes. Depending on the airport location and how much drift occurs, it may be necessary to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10°, this affects some runways sooner than others. For example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233°, it is designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changes downwards by 5 degrees to 228°, the runway remains Runway 23. If on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226° (Runway 23), and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224°, the runway becomes Runway 22. Because magnetic drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon, and not welcomed, as they require an accompanying change in <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">aeronautical charts</a> and descriptive documents. When a runway designation does change, especially at major airports, it is often done at night, because <a href="/wiki/Taxiway" title="Taxiway">taxiway</a> signs need to be changed and the numbers at each end of the runway need to be repainted to the new runway designators. In July 2009 for example, <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">London Stansted Airport</a> in the United Kingdom changed its runway designations from 05/23 to 04/22 during the night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declared_distances">Declared distances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Declared distances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Runway dimensions vary from as small as 245 m (804 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide in smaller <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airports, to 5,500 m (18,045 ft) long and 80 m (262 ft) wide at large <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a> built to accommodate the largest <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jets</a>, to the huge 11,917 m × 274 m (39,098 ft × 899 ft) lake bed runway 17/35 at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> in California – developed as a landing site for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Takeoff and landing distances available are given using one of the following terms: </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Takeoff_Run_Available"></span><span class="anchor" id="TORA"></span> <b>Takeoff Run Available (TORA)</b><sup id="cite_ref-Contractions_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contractions-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off.<sup id="cite_ref-FAR25.189(c)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAR25.189(c)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Clearway"></span><span class="anchor" id="Takeoff_Distance_Available"></span><span class="anchor" id="TODA"></span> <b>Takeoff <a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">Distance</a> Available (TODA)</b><sup id="cite_ref-Contractions_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contractions-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the <a href="/wiki/Clearway#Aviation" title="Clearway">clearway</a>, if clearway is provided.<sup id="cite_ref-FAR25.189(c)_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAR25.189(c)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The clearway length allowed must lie within the aerodrome or airport boundary. According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations" title="Federal Aviation Regulations">Federal Aviation Regulations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Requirements" title="Joint Aviation Requirements">Joint Aviation Requirements</a> (JAR) TODA is the lesser of TORA plus clearway or 1.5 times TORA).</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Stopway"></span><span class="anchor" id="Accelerate-Stop_Distance_Available"></span><span class="anchor" id="ASDA"></span> <b>Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)</b><sup id="cite_ref-Contractions_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contractions-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>– The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stopway, if stopway is provided.<sup id="cite_ref-FAR25.189(c)_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAR25.189(c)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Landing_Distance_Available"></span><span class="anchor" id="LDA"></span> <b>Landing Distance Available (LDA)</b><sup id="cite_ref-Contractions_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contractions-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The length of runway that is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane landing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Emergency_Distance_Available"></span><span class="anchor" id="EMDA"></span> <b>Emergency Distance Available (EMDA)</b><sup id="cite_ref-EMDA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMDA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – LDA (or TORA) plus a stopway.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sections">Sections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are standards for runway markings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Runway_diagram.svg/700px-Runway_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Runway_diagram.svg/1050px-Runway_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Runway_diagram.svg/1400px-Runway_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <b>runway thresholds</b> are markings across the runway that denote the beginning and end of the designated space for landing and takeoff under non-emergency conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Runway_safety_area" title="Runway safety area">runway safety area</a></b> is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircraft.</li> <li>The <b>runway</b> is the surface from threshold to threshold (including displaced thresholds), which typically features threshold markings, numbers, and centerlines, but excludes blast pads and stopways at both ends.<span class="anchor" id="blastpad"></span></li> <li><b>Blast pads</b> are often constructed just before the start of a runway where <a href="/wiki/Jet_blast" title="Jet blast">jet blast</a> produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway.</li> <li><b>Stopways</b>, also known as overrun areas, are also constructed at the end of runways as emergency space to stop planes that overrun the runway on landing or a <a href="/wiki/Rejected_takeoff" title="Rejected takeoff">rejected takeoff</a>. <ul><li>Blast pads and stopways look similar, and are both marked with yellow <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevrons</a>; stopways may optionally be surrounded by red runway lights. The differences are that stopways can support the full weight of an aircraft and are designated for use in an aborted takeoff, while blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of the runway and are not to be used for taxiing, landing, or aborted takeoffs.<sup id="cite_ref-AC_150/5300-13B_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC_150/5300-13B-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <b><a href="/wiki/Engineered_materials_arrestor_system" title="Engineered materials arrestor system">engineered materials arrestor system</a></b> (EMAS) may also be present, which may overlap with the end of the blast pad or stopway and is painted similarly (although an EMAS does not count as part of a stopway).<sup id="cite_ref-AC_150/5300-13B_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC_150/5300-13B-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_diagram,_Blast_pad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runway_diagram%2C_Blast_pad.png/700px-Runway_diagram%2C_Blast_pad.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Runway_diagram%2C_Blast_pad.png 1.5x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Displaced_threshold" title="Displaced threshold">Displaced thresholds</a></b> may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. A displaced threshold often exists because of obstacles just before the runway, runway strength, or noise restrictions making the beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway. As with blast pads, landings on displaced thresholds are not permitted aside from emergency use or exigent circumstance.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_diagram,_Displaced_threshold.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Runway_diagram%2C_Displaced_threshold.png/700px-Runway_diagram%2C_Displaced_threshold.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Runway_diagram%2C_Displaced_threshold.png 1.5x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Relocated thresholds</b> are similar to displaced thresholds. They are used to mark a portion of the runway temporarily closed due to construction or runway maintenance. This closed portion of the runway is not available for use by aircraft for takeoff or landing, but it is available for taxi. While methods for identifying the relocated threshold vary, a common way for the relocated threshold to be marked is a ten-foot-wide white bar across the width of the runway.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Clearway</b> is an area beyond the paved runway, aligned with the runway centerline and under the control of the airport authorities. This area is not less than 500 ft and there are no protruding obstacles except for threshold lights provided they are not higher than 26 inches. There is a limit on the upslope of the clearway of 1.25%. The length of the clearway may be included in the length of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Declared_distances">takeoff distance available</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pavement">paved</a> runway is 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) long and there are 400 metres (1,300 ft) of clearway beyond the end of the runway, the takeoff distance available is 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) long. When the runway is to be used for takeoff of a large airplane, the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Takeoff_Weight#Maximum_permissible_takeoff_weight_or_maximum_allowed_takeoff_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Takeoff Weight">maximum permissible takeoff weight</a> of the airplane can be based on the takeoff distance available, including clearway. Clearway allows large airplanes to take off at a heavier weight than would be allowed if only the length of the paved runway is taken into account.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markings">Markings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Runway" title="Special:EditPage/Runway">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are runway markings and signs on most large runways. Larger runways have a distance remaining sign (black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate the remaining distance of the runway in thousands of feet. For example, a 7 will indicate 7,000 ft (2,134 m) remaining. The runway threshold is marked by a line of green lights. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RunwayDiagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RunwayDiagram.png/650px-RunwayDiagram.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/RunwayDiagram.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_Number_Painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Runway Identifying numbers being painted at Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport [KBJC]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Runway_Number_Painting.jpg/220px-Runway_Number_Painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Runway_Number_Painting.jpg/330px-Runway_Number_Painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Runway_Number_Painting.jpg/440px-Runway_Number_Painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Runway Identifying numbers being painted at <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport">Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are three types of runways: </p> <ul><li>Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel, ice, asphalt, or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an instrument-based landing procedure; pilots must be able to see the runway to use it. Also, radio communication may not be available and pilots must be self-reliant.</li> <li>Non-precision instrument runways are often used at small- to medium-size airports. These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft (457 m)). While centerlines provide horizontal position guidance, aiming point markers provide vertical position guidance to planes on visual approach.</li> <li>Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway (optional, for airports handling jets), threshold, designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft (457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and 3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision runways provide both horizontal and vertical guidance for instrument approaches.</li></ul> <p>Waterways may be unmarked or marked with <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a> that follow maritime notation instead.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For runways and taxiways that are permanently closed, the lighting circuits are disconnected. The runway threshold, runway designation, and touchdown markings are obliterated and yellow "Xs" are placed at each end of the runway and at 1,000 ft (305 m) intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_variants">National variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as some other countries or territories (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>) all 3-stripe and 2-stripe touchdown zones for precision runways are replaced with one-stripe touchdown zones.</li> <li>In some South American countries like <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, one 3-stripe is added and a 2-stripe is replaced with the aiming point.</li> <li>Some European countries replace the aiming point with a 3-stripe touchdown zone.</li> <li>Runways in Norway have yellow markings instead of the usual white ones. This also occurs in some airports in Japan, Sweden, and Finland. The yellow markings are used to ensure better contrast against snow.</li> <li>Runways may have different types of equipment on each end. To reduce costs, many airports do not install precision guidance equipment on both ends. Runways with one precision end and any other type of end can install the full set of touchdown zones, even if some are past the midpoint. Runways with precision markings on both ends omit touchdown zones within 900 ft (274 m) of the midpoint, to avoid ambiguity over the end with which the zone is associated.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lighting">Lighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runway_Landing_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Runway_Landing_Light.jpg/170px-Runway_Landing_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Runway_Landing_Light.jpg/255px-Runway_Landing_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Runway_Landing_Light.jpg/340px-Runway_Landing_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A runway landing light from 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>A line of lights on an airfield or elsewhere to guide aircraft in taking off or coming in to land or an illuminated runway is sometimes also known as a <a href="/wiki/Approach_lighting_system" title="Approach lighting system">flare path</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A320-cockpit-night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A320-cockpit-night.jpg/220px-A320-cockpit-night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A320-cockpit-night.jpg/330px-A320-cockpit-night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A320-cockpit-night.jpg/440px-A320-cockpit-night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Night runway view from <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">A320</a> cockpit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG/220px-Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG/330px-Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG/440px-Bremen_Airport_Flugtag_2009_20090510_011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Ground light at <a href="/wiki/Bremen_Airport" title="Bremen Airport">Bremen Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Runway lighting is used at airports during periods of darkness and low visibility. Seen from the air, runway lights form an outline of the runway. A runway may have some or all of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-annex14e3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex14e3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Runway_end_identifier_lights" title="Runway end identifier lights">Runway end identifier lights</a></b> (REIL) – unidirectional (facing approach direction) or omnidirectional pair of synchronized flashing lights installed at the runway threshold, one on each side.</li> <li><b>Runway end lights</b> – a pair of four lights on each side of the runway on precision instrument runways, these lights extend along the full width of the runway. These lights show green when viewed by approaching aircraft and red when seen from the runway.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Runway_edge_lights" title="Runway edge lights">Runway edge lights</a></b> – white elevated lights that run the length of the runway on either side. On precision instrument runways, the edge-lighting becomes amber in the last 2,000 ft (610 m) of the runway, or last third of the runway, whichever is less. Taxiways are differentiated by being bordered by blue lights, or by having green center lights, depending on the width of the taxiway, and the complexity of the taxi pattern.</li> <li><b>Runway centerline lighting system</b> (RCLS) – lights embedded into the surface of the runway at 50 ft (15 m) intervals along the runway centerline on some precision instrument runways. White except the last 900 m (3,000 ft): alternate white and red for next 600 m (1,969 ft) and red for last 300 m (984 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-annex14e3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex14e3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Touchdown zone lights</b> (TDZL<sup id="cite_ref-Contractions_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contractions-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) – rows of white light bars (with three in each row) at 30 or 60 m (98 or 197 ft) intervals on either side of the centerline for 900 m (3,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-annex14e3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex14e3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Taxiway centerline lead-off lights</b> – installed along lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights embedded into the runway pavement. It starts with green light at about the runway centerline to the position of first centerline light beyond the Hold-Short markings on the taxiway.</li> <li><b>Taxiway centerline lead-on lights</b> – installed the same way as taxiway centerline lead-off Lights, but directing airplane traffic in the opposite direction.</li> <li><b>Land and hold short lights</b> – a row of white pulsating lights installed across the runway to indicate hold short position on some runways that are facilitating <a href="/wiki/Land_and_hold_short_operations" title="Land and hold short operations">land and hold short operations</a> (LAHSO).<sup id="cite_ref-annex14e3_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex14e3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Approach_lighting_system" title="Approach lighting system">Approach lighting system</a></b> (ALS) – a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consists of a series of lightbars, <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe lights</a>, or a combination of the two that extends outward from the runway end.</li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport Canada</a>'s regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the runway-edge lighting must be visible for at least 2 mi (3 km). Additionally, a new system of advisory lighting, <a href="/wiki/Runway_status_lights" title="Runway status lights">runway status lights</a>, is currently being tested in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The edge lights must be arranged such that: </p> <ul><li>the minimum distance between lines is 75 ft (23 m), and maximum is 200 ft (61 m)</li> <li>the maximum distance between lights within each line is 200 ft (61 m)</li> <li>the minimum length of parallel lines is 1,400 ft (427 m)</li> <li>the minimum number of lights in the line is 8.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_(9023668647).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_%289023668647%29.jpg/220px-APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_%289023668647%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_%289023668647%29.jpg/330px-APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_%289023668647%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_%289023668647%29.jpg/440px-APPROACH_LIGHTS_AT_BERLIN_TEGEL_AIRPORT_WITH_AN_AIR_UKRAINE_BOEING_737-400_TAKING_OFF_BERLIN_GERMANY_JUNE_2013_%289023668647%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Approach_lighting_system" title="Approach lighting system">Approach lighting system</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tegel_Airport" title="Berlin Tegel Airport">Berlin Tegel Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_lighting_system">Control of lighting system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Control of lighting system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically the lights are controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Control_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Control tower">control tower</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flight_service_station" title="Flight service station">flight service station</a> or another designated authority. Some airports/airfields (particularly <a href="/wiki/Non-towered_airport" title="Non-towered airport">uncontrolled ones</a>) are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Pilot-controlled_lighting" title="Pilot-controlled lighting">pilot-controlled lighting</a>, so that pilots can temporarily turn on the lights when the relevant authority is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This avoids the need for automatic systems or staff to turn the lights on at night or in other low visibility situations. This also avoids the cost of having the lighting system on for extended periods. Smaller airports may not have lighted runways or runway markings. Particularly at private airfields for light planes, there may be nothing more than a <a href="/wiki/Windsock" title="Windsock">windsock</a> beside a landing strip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Runway_safety" title="Runway safety">Runway safety</a></div> <p>Types of runway <a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">safety</a> incidents include: </p> <ul><li><b>Runway excursion</b> – an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways#Accidents_and_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Airways">Thai Airways Flight 679</a>). <ul><li><b>Runway overrun</b> (also known as an <b>overshoot</b>) – a type of excursion where the aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_358" title="Air France Flight 358">Air France Flight 358</a>, <a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines_Flight_3054" title="TAM Airlines Flight 3054">TAM Airlines Flight 3054</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Express_Flight_812" title="Air India Express Flight 812">Air India Express Flight 812</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Runway_incursion" title="Runway incursion">Runway incursion</a></b> – an incident involving incorrect presence of a vehicle, person or another aircraft on the runway (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_3352" title="Aeroflot Flight 3352">Aeroflot Flight 3352</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linate_Airport_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Linate Airport disaster">Scandinavian Airlines Flight 686</a>).</li> <li><b>Runway confusion</b> – an aircraft makes use of the wrong runway for landing or takeoff (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_Flight_006" title="Singapore Airlines Flight 006">Singapore Airlines Flight 006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Airlines_Flight_2605" title="Western Airlines Flight 2605">Western Airlines Flight 2605</a>).</li> <li><b>Runway undershoot</b> – an aircraft that lands short of the runway (e.g. <a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_38" title="British Airways Flight 38">British Airways Flight 38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_214" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 214">Asiana Airlines Flight 214</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface">Surface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Runway" title="Special:EditPage/Runway">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Runway" title="Talk:Runway">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Runway" title="Special:EditPage/Runway">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Runway" title="Talk:Runway">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pista_Congonhas03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pista_Congonhas03.jpg/220px-Pista_Congonhas03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pista_Congonhas03.jpg/330px-Pista_Congonhas03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pista_Congonhas03.jpg/440px-Pista_Congonhas03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>Runway surface at <a href="/wiki/Congonhas_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Congonhas Airport">Congonhas Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. The grooves increase friction and reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Hydroplaning_(tires)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroplaning (tires)">hydroplaning</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use and the local ground conditions. For a major airport, where the ground conditions permit, the most satisfactory type of pavement for long-term minimum maintenance is <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. Although certain airports have used reinforcement in concrete pavements, this is generally found to be unnecessary, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">expansion joints</a> across the runway where a <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowel</a> assembly, which permits relative movement of the concrete slabs, is placed in the concrete. Where it can be anticipated that major settlements of the runway will occur over the years because of unstable ground conditions, it is preferable to install <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a> surface, as it is easier to patch on a periodic basis. Fields with very low traffic of light planes may use a sod surface. Some runways make use of salt flats. </p><p>For pavement designs, borings are taken to determine the subgrade condition, and based on the relative <a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">bearing capacity</a> of the subgrade, the specifications are established. For heavy-duty commercial aircraft, the pavement thickness, no matter what the top surface, varies from 10 to 48 in (25 to 122 cm), including subgrade. </p><p>Airport pavements have been designed by two methods. The first, <i>Westergaard</i>, is based on the assumption that the pavement is an elastic plate supported on a heavy fluid base with a uniform reaction <a href="/wiki/Coefficient" title="Coefficient">coefficient</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Hooke%27s_law" title="Hooke's law">K value</a>. Experience has shown that the <i>K</i> values on which the formula was developed are not applicable for newer aircraft with very large footprint pressures. </p><p>The second method is called the <i><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></i> and was developed in the late 1940s. It is an extrapolation of the original test results, which are not applicable to modern aircraft pavements or to modern aircraft <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a>. Some designs were made by a mixture of these two design theories. A more recent method is an analytical system based on the introduction of vehicle response as an important design parameter. Essentially it takes into account all factors, including the traffic conditions, service life, materials used in the construction, and, especially important, the dynamic response of the vehicles using the landing area. </p><p>Because airport pavement construction is so expensive, manufacturers aim to minimize aircraft stresses on the pavement. Manufacturers of the larger planes design landing gear so that the weight of the plane is supported on larger and more numerous tires. Attention is also paid to the characteristics of the landing gear itself, so that adverse effects on the pavement are minimized. Sometimes it is possible to reinforce a pavement for higher loading by applying an overlay of asphaltic concrete or <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">portland cement</a> concrete that is bonded to the original slab. Post-tensioning concrete has been developed for the runway surface. This permits the use of thinner pavements and should result in longer concrete pavement life. Because of the susceptibility of thinner pavements to <a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">frost heave</a>, this process is generally applicable only where there is no appreciable <a href="/wiki/Weathering#Frost_weathering" title="Weathering">frost action</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pavement_surface">Pavement surface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pavement surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg/220px-Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg/330px-Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg/440px-Mahan_Air_A310_EP-MNO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Air" title="Mahan Air">Mahan Air</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310</a> using <a href="/wiki/Reverse_thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse thrust">reverse thrust</a> in rainy weather at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport" title="Düsseldorf Airport">Düsseldorf Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Runway pavement surface is prepared and maintained to maximize friction for wheel braking. To minimize <a href="/wiki/Hydroplaning_(tires)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroplaning (tires)">hydroplaning</a> following heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually grooved so that the surface water film flows into the grooves and the peaks between grooves will still be in contact with the aircraft tyres. To maintain the macrotexturing built into the runway by the grooves, maintenance crews engage in <a href="/wiki/Airfield_rubber_removal" title="Airfield rubber removal">airfield rubber removal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrocleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocleaning">hydrocleaning</a> in order to meet required <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>, or other aviation authority friction levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pavement_subsurface_drainage_and_underdrains">Pavement subsurface drainage and underdrains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pavement subsurface drainage and underdrains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsurface underdrains help provide extended life and excellent and reliable pavement performance. At the Hartsfield Atlanta, GA airport the underdrains usually consist of trenches 18 in (46 cm) wide and 48 in (120 cm) deep from the top of the pavement. A perforated plastic tube (5.9 in (15 cm) in diameter) is placed at the bottom of the ditch. The ditches are filled with gravel size crushed stone.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive moisture under a concrete pavement can cause pumping, cracking, and joint failure.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_type_codes"><span class="anchor" id="surface_types"></span> Surface type codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Surface type codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg/220px-Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg/330px-Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg/440px-Grass_airstrip_at_badminton_england_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>The grass airstrip on the Badminton estate, <a href="/wiki/Badminton,_Gloucestershire" title="Badminton, Gloucestershire">Badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. The strip is very simple: no lighting, no centerline, and no approach aids. The edge is marked by simple posts.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> charts, the surface type is usually abbreviated to a three-letter code. </p><p>The most common hard surface types are asphalt and concrete. The most common soft surface types are grass and gravel. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Abbreviation</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ASP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BIT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bituminous</a> asphalt or tarmac </td></tr> <tr> <td>BRI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Bricks</a> (no longer in use, covered with asphalt or concrete now) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CLA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>COM </td> <td>Composite </td></tr> <tr> <td>CON </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>COP </td> <td>Composite </td></tr> <tr> <td>COR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> (fine crushed coral reef structures) </td></tr> <tr> <td>GRE </td> <td>Graded or rolled earth, grass on graded earth </td></tr> <tr> <td>GRS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">Grass</a> or earth not graded or rolled </td></tr> <tr> <td>GVL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ICE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LAT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MAC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PEM </td> <td>Partially concrete, asphalt or bitumen-bound macadam </td></tr> <tr> <td>PER </td> <td>Permanent surface, details unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>PSP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marston_Matting" class="mw-redirect" title="Marston Matting">Marston Matting</a> (derived from pierced/perforated steel planking) </td></tr> <tr> <td>SAN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SMT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sommerfeld_Tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sommerfeld Tracking">Sommerfeld Tracking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SNO </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Unknown surface </td></tr> <tr> <td>WAT </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Length">Length</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_runways" title="List of longest runways">List of longest runways</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Runway" title="Special:EditPage/Runway">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A runway of at least 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in length is usually adequate for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> weights below approximately 100,000 kg (220,000 lb). Larger aircraft including <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">widebodies</a> will usually require at least 2,400 m (7,900 ft) at sea level. International widebody flights, which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore heavier, may also have landing requirements of 3,200 m (10,500 ft) or more and takeoff requirements of 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> is considered to have the longest takeoff distance of the more common aircraft types and has set the standard for runway lengths of larger international airports.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, 3,200 m (10,500 ft) can be considered an adequate length to land virtually any aircraft. For example, at <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a>, when landing simultaneously on 4L/22R and 10/28 or parallel 9R/27L, it is routine for arrivals from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, which would normally be vectored for 4L/22R (2,300 m (7,546 ft)) or 9R/27L (2,400 m (7,874 ft)) to request 28R (4,000 m (13,123 ft)). It is always accommodated, although occasionally with a delay. Another example is that the <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_Airport" title="Luleå Airport">Luleå Airport</a> in Sweden was extended to 3,500 m (11,483 ft) to allow any fully loaded freight aircraft to take off. These distances are also influenced by the runway <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grade (slope)</a> such that, for example, each 1 percent of runway down slope increases the landing distance by 10 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An aircraft taking off at a higher altitude must do so at reduced weight due to decreased <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of air at higher altitudes, which reduces engine power and wing lift. An aircraft must also take off at a reduced weight in hotter or more humid conditions (see <a href="/wiki/Density_altitude" title="Density altitude">density altitude</a>). Most commercial aircraft carry manufacturer's tables showing the adjustments required for a given temperature. </p><p>In India, recommendations of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) are now followed more often. For landing, only altitude correction is done for runway length whereas for take-off, all types of correction are taken into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_pedestrians_(geograph_5985118).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the 1980s, Leeds Bradford International Airport extended its runway to take wide-body aircraft by building an overpass over the A658 road."><img alt="In the 1980s, Leeds Bradford International Airport extended its runway to take wide-body aircraft by building an overpass over the A658 road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/No_pedestrians_%28geograph_5985118%29.jpg/288px-No_pedestrians_%28geograph_5985118%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/No_pedestrians_%28geograph_5985118%29.jpg/432px-No_pedestrians_%28geograph_5985118%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/No_pedestrians_%28geograph_5985118%29.jpg/575px-No_pedestrians_%28geograph_5985118%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Bradford_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds Bradford International Airport">Leeds Bradford International Airport</a> extended its runway to take <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a> by building an <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">overpass</a> over the A658 road.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/427px--Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="285" height="160" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Road crossing of (<a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>) A970 with <a href="/wiki/Sumburgh_Airport" title="Sumburgh Airport">Sumburgh Airport</a>'s runway. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gibraltar International Airport's runway 09/27, used to be crossed by the one road between Gibraltar and Spain."><img alt="Gibraltar International Airport's runway 09/27, used to be crossed by the one road between Gibraltar and Spain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg/360px-Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg/540px-Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg/720px-Gibraltar_runway_09_%26_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_International_Airport" title="Gibraltar International Airport">Gibraltar International Airport</a>'s runway 09/27, used to be crossed by the one road between Gibraltar and Spain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A parachute may be used to slow down craft, in this case the Space Shuttle Atlantis."><img alt="A parachute may be used to slow down craft, in this case the Space Shuttle Atlantis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg/301px-Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg/451px-Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg/601px-Atlantis_drag_chute_is_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A parachute may be used to slow down craft, in this case the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_materials_arrestor_system" title="Engineered materials arrestor system">Engineered materials arrestor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helipad" title="Helipad">Helipad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_strip" title="Highway strip">Highway strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization#Use_of_the_International_System_of_Units" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO recommendations on use of the International System of Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">Instrument landing system</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports">List of airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_classification_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement classification number">Pavement classification number</a> (PCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_approach_path_indicator" title="Precision approach path indicator">Precision approach path indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a>, sometimes referred as a runway<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_visual_range" title="Runway visual range">Runway visual range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_runway" title="Tabletop runway">Tabletop runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_approach_slope_indicator" title="Visual approach slope indicator">Visual approach slope indicator</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>International standards and recommended practices. Aerodromes. Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation</i>. ICAO. 1951. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+standards+and+recommended+practices.+Aerodromes.+Annex+14+to+the+Convention+on+International+Civil+Aviation&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=ICAO&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH2014" class="citation web cs1">H, Ken (5 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerosavvy.com/metric-imperial/">"Aviation's Crazy, Mixed Up Units of Measure"</a>. <i>AeroSavvy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123211839/https://aerosavvy.com/metric-imperial/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AeroSavvy&rft.atitle=Aviation%27s+Crazy%2C+Mixed+Up+Units+of+Measure&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft.aulast=H&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faerosavvy.com%2Fmetric-imperial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupa_Haria2018" class="citation news cs1">Rupa Haria (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110154504/https://aviationweek.com/blog/1919-orville-wright-future-civil-flying">"1919: Orville Wright On The Future Of Civil Flying"</a>. <i>Aviation Week Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/blog/1919-orville-wright-future-civil-flying">the original</a> on 10 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+Network&rft.atitle=1919%3A+Orville+Wright+On+The+Future+Of+Civil+Flying&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.au=Rupa+Haria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fblog%2F1919-orville-wright-future-civil-flying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enviroware.com/windrose-pro-for-airports-runway-design">"WindRose PRO for airports runway design"</a>. <i>Enviroware</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0632055693" title="Special:BookSources/0632055693"><bdi>0632055693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Performance+Theory+for+Pilots&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0632055693&rft.aulast=Swatton&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIstCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentid/1022266">FAA AC 150/5340-1L – Standards for Airport Markings</a> pages 13 and following</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207222155/http://128.173.204.63/courses/cee4674/cee4674_pub/markings_airports_rev.pdf">Archived</a> 7 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC_150/5300-13B-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AC_150/5300-13B_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AC_150/5300-13B_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1040834">"AC 150/5300-13B - Airport Design"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AC+150%2F5300-13B+-+Airport+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fadvisory_circulars%2Findex.cfm%2Fgo%2Fdocument.information%2FdocumentID%2F1040834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span> FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13B</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge FAA-H-8083-25A, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 14: Airport Operations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203429/https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak"><i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</i></a> (FAA-H-8083-25B ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 24 August 2016. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak">the original</a> on 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+Airport+Operations&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+of+Aeronautical+Knowledge&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=FAA-H-8083-25B&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fhandbooks_manuals%2Faviation%2Fphak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Federal Aviation Regulations, FAR Part 1, Definitions and abbreviations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/seaplane_handbook/media/faa-h-8083-23-2.pdf">FAA-H-8083-23, Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook (Chapters 1–3)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 14: Airport Operations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak"><i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</i></a> (FAA-H-8083-25C ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 17 July 2023. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+14%3A+Airport+Operations&rft.btitle=Pilot%27s+Handbook+of+Aeronautical+Knowledge&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=FAA-H-8083-25C&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fhandbooks_manuals%2Faviation%2Fphak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP637%20Visual%20Aids%20Handbook.pdf">CAP637, Visual aids handbook, chapter 2, page 3, Issue 2, May 2007, Civil Aviation Authority</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-annex14e3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annex14e3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annex14e3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annex14e3_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-annex14e3_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723004923/http://legacy.icao.int/fsix/_Library/Manual%20Aerodrome%20Stds.pdf">"Aerodrome Design and Operations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (3 ed.). July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.icao.int/fsix/_Library%5CManual%20Aerodrome%20Stds.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aerodrome+Design+and+Operations&rft.edition=3&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.icao.int%2Ffsix%2F_Library%255CManual%2520Aerodrome%2520Stds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322045731/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14371-aga-7-0-3097.htm#aga-7-8">"§7.8 Runway Lighting"</a>. <i>TP 14371: Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14371-aga-7-0-3097.htm#aga-7-8">the original</a> on 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TP+14371%3A+Transport+Canada+Aeronautical+Information+Manual&rft.atitle=%C2%A77.8+Runway+Lighting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fcivilaviation%2Fpublications%2Ftp14371-aga-7-0-3097.htm%23aga-7-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185538/http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=10609"><i>FAA Installs Runway Safety Warning System at LAX</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=10609">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FAA+Installs+Runway+Safety+Warning+System+at+LAX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2Fnews_story.cfm%3FnewsId%3D10609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/publications/tp14371/AGA/7-1.htm#7-8">Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617185432/http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/publications/tp14371/AGA/7-1.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322045731/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14371-aga-7-0-3097.htm#aga-7-18">"§7.18 Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting"</a>. <i>TP 14371: Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14371-aga-7-0-3097.htm#aga-7-18">the original</a> on 22 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TP+14371%3A+Transport+Canada+Aeronautical+Information+Manual&rft.atitle=%C2%A77.18+Aircraft+Radio+Control+of+Aerodrome+Lighting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fcivilaviation%2Fpublications%2Ftp14371-aga-7-0-3097.htm%23aga-7-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/BCRRA/article/view/2723/2786">[1]</a> Design, Construction and Maintenance of Concrete Pavements at the | World's Busiest Airport | W. Charles Greer, Jr., P.E. | AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA | Subash Reddy Kuchikulla | Materials Managers and Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA | Kathryn Masters, P.E. | Hartsfield | Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, GA, USA | John Rone, P.E. | Hartsfield | Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, GA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dot.state.mn.us/materials/pvmtdesign/docs/2007manual/Chapter_5-4_5.pdf">[2]</a> Minnesota | Dept. of Transportation| Pavement Manual | 5-4.02 Subsurface Drainage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbaer2020" class="citation web cs1">baer, jeff (24 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airplanning.com/post/airport-runways">"Airport Runways - Requirements and Regulations"</a>. <i>Air Planning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Planning&rft.atitle=Airport+Runways+-+Requirements+and+Regulations&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.aulast=baer&rft.aufirst=jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airplanning.com%2Fpost%2Fairport-runways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flightsafety.org/files/alar_bn8-3-distances.pdf"><i>FSF ALAR Briefing Note 8.3 -- Landing Distances</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation" title="Flight Safety Foundation">Flight Safety Foundation</a>. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205706/https://flightsafety.org/files/alar_bn8-3-distances.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FSF+ALAR+Briefing+Note+8.3+--+Landing+Distances&rft.pub=Flight+Safety+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflightsafety.org%2Ffiles%2Falar_bn8-3-distances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Runway_Incursion_and_Airport_Design">"Runway Incursion and Airport Design - SKYbrary Aviation Safety"</a>. <i>www.skybrary.aero</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.skybrary.aero&rft.atitle=Runway+Incursion+and+Airport+Design+-+SKYbrary+Aviation+Safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skybrary.aero%2Findex.php%2FRunway_Incursion_and_Airport_Design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infovisual.info/en/transport/truck-bogie">Bogie</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Runway_lights" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Runway lights">Runway lights</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/runway" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/runway">runway</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Runways" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Runways">Runway</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://applications.icao.int/airport-map/">World 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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