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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paleontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Scientific writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_in_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Service in World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Research in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>World travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eugenics_and_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics_and_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eugenics and racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics_and_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations_by_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations_by_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evaluations by scientists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evaluations_by_scientists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evaluations by scientists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evaluations_by_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Julian_Huxley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julian_Huxley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Julian Huxley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julian_Huxley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosius_Dobzhansky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosius_Dobzhansky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Theodosius Dobzhansky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosius_Dobzhansky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniel_Dennett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniel_Dennett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Daniel Dennett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniel_Dennett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Sloan_Wilson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Sloan_Wilson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>David Sloan Wilson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Sloan_Wilson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Francoeur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Francoeur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Robert Francoeur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Francoeur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stephen_Jay_Gould" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_Jay_Gould"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Stephen Jay Gould</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_Jay_Gould-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_Medawar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_Medawar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Peter Medawar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_Medawar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Dawkins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Dawkins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Richard Dawkins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Dawkins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karl_Stern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Stern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Karl Stern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Stern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Gaylord_Simpson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Gaylord_Simpson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>George Gaylord Simpson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Gaylord_Simpson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_G._Pollard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_G._Pollard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>William G. Pollard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_G._Pollard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Barrow_and_Frank_Tipler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Barrow_and_Frank_Tipler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>John Barrow and Frank Tipler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Barrow_and_Frank_Tipler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolfgang_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolfgang_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Wolfgang Smith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolfgang_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matter_and_spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matter_and_spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13.2</span> <span>Matter and spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matter_and_spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13.3</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13.4</span> <span>New religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucien_Cuénot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucien_Cuénot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Lucien Cuénot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucien_Cuénot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Influence on arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_his_cousin_Marguerite_Teilard_Chambon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_his_cousin_Marguerite_Teilard_Chambon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Influence of his cousin Marguerite Teilard Chambon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_his_cousin_Marguerite_Teilard_Chambon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_New_Age_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_New_Age_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Influence on the New Age movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_New_Age_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Pro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Contra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بيير تيلار دي شاردان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيير تيلار دي شاردان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyyar_de_%C5%9Earden" title="Teyyar de Şarden – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teyyar de Şarden" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="পিয়ের তেইয়ার দ্য শারদাঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ের তেইয়ার দ্য শারদাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="П’ер Тэяр дэ Шардэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’ер Тэяр дэ Шардэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пиер Теяр дьо Шарден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиер Теяр дьо Шарден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Πιερ Τεγιάρ ντε Σαρντέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιερ Τεγιάρ ντε Σαρντέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پیر تیلار دو شاردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر تیلار دو شاردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%ED%85%8C%EC%95%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8C%95" title="피에르 테야르 드 샤르댕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피에르 테야르 드 샤르댕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BC_%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պիեռ Տեյար դը Շարդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիեռ Տեյար դը Շարդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="פייר טייאר דה שארדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייר טייאר דה שארדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тейяр де Шарден Пьер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тейяр де Шарден Пьер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тейяр Де Шарден Пьер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тейяр Де Шарден Пьер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Petrus Teilhard de Chardin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_Teij%C4%81rs_de_%C5%A0ard%C4%93ns" title="Pjērs Teijārs de Šardēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pjērs Teijārs de Šardēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BB" title="പിയേർ ടായർ ദ ഷർദൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിയേർ ടായർ ദ ഷർദൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بيير تيلار دى شاردان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيير تيلار دى شاردان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3" title="ピエール・テイヤール・ド・シャルダン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・テイヤール・ド・シャルダン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ire_Telhard_de_Chardin" title="Pèire Telhard de Chardin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèire Telhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پیر ټیلار دو شاردن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پیر ټیلار دو شاردن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Teilhard de Chardin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тейяр де Шарден, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тейяр де Шарден, Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පියරේ ටිල්හාඩ් ඩී චාර්ඩින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පියරේ ටිල්හාඩ් ඩී චාර්ඩින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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searchaux" style="display:none">French philosopher and Jesuit priest (1881–1955)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TeilhardP_1955a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TeilhardP_1955a.jpg/220px-TeilhardP_1955a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TeilhardP_1955a.jpg/330px-TeilhardP_1955a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TeilhardP_1955a.jpg/440px-TeilhardP_1955a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="2084" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-05-01</span>)</span>1 May 1881<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Orcines,_Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcines, Puy-de-Dôme">Orcines, Puy-de-Dôme</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 April 1955<span style="display:none">(1955-04-10)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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(";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan de la Cruz">San Juan de la Cruz</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="French idealism">French idealism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a></i> (1955)</li><li><i>The Divine Milieu</i> (1957)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noosphere</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Berry" title="Thomas Berry">Thomas Berry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Swimme" title="Brian Swimme">Brian Swimme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pjɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛjaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃaʁdɛ̃]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2b\/GT_Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin.ogg\/GT_Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"GT Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/GT_Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin.ogg/GT_Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin.ogg" title="File:GT Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 1 May 1881 – 10 April 1955) was a French <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, scientist, <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, philosopher, and teacher. He was <a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> in outlook and the author of several influential theological and philosophical books. His mainstream scientific achievements include his paleontological research in China, taking part in the discovery of the significant <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian_Peking_Man_Site" title="Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site">Zhoukoudian cave complex</a> near Beijing. His more speculative ideas, sometimes criticized as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a>, have included a <a href="/wiki/Vitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitalist">vitalist</a> conception of the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a>, they also contributed to the development of the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a>. </p><p>In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> condemned several of Teilhard's works based on their alleged ambiguities and doctrinal errors. Some eminent Catholic figures, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, have made positive comments on some of his ideas since. The response to his writings by scientists has been divided. Teilhard served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a stretcher-bearer. He received several citations, and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">Médaille militaire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Legion of Honor</a>, the highest French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">order of merit</a>, both military and civil. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was born in the Château of Sarcenat, <a href="/wiki/Orcines" title="Orcines">Orcines</a>, about 2.5 miles north-west of <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, on 1 May 1881, as the fourth of eleven children of librarian Emmanuel Teilhard de Chardin (1844–1932) and Berthe-Adèle, née de Dompierre d'Hornoys of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>. His mother was a great-grandniece of the famous philosopher <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. He inherited the double surname from his father, who was descended on the Teilhard side from an ancient family of magistrates from <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Murat,_Cantal" title="Murat, Cantal">Murat, Cantal</a>, ennobled under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a>, served as a regional librarian and was a keen <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> with a strong interest in natural science. He collected rocks, insects and plants and encouraged nature studies in the family. Pierre Teilhard's <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> was awakened by his mother. When he was twelve, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Mongr%C3%A9_High_School" title="Notre Dame de Mongré High School">Jesuit college of Mongré</a> in <a href="/wiki/Villefranche-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Villefranche-sur-Saône">Villefranche-sur-Saône</a>, where he completed the <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">Baccalauréat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. In 1899, he entered the Jesuit novitiate in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fides_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1900, he began his junior studies at the Collégiale Saint-Michel de Laval. On 25 March 1901, he made his first vows. In 1902, Teilhard completed a licentiate in literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">University of Caen</a>. </p><p>In 1901 and 1902, due to an anti-clerical movement in the French Republic, the government banned the Jesuits and other religious orders from France. This forced the Jesuits to go into exile on the island of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> in the United Kingdom. While there, his brother and sister in France died of illnesses and another sister was incapacitated by illness. The unexpected losses of his siblings at young ages caused Teilhard to plan to discontinue his Jesuit studies in science, and change to studying theology. He wrote that he changed his mind after his Jesuit novice master encouraged him to follow science as a legitimate way to God.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his strength in science subjects, he was despatched to teach physics and chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_la_Sainte_Famille" title="Collège de la Sainte Famille">Collège de la Sainte Famille</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> from 1905 until 1908. From there he wrote in a letter: "[I]t is the dazzling of the East foreseen and drunk greedily ... in its lights, its vegetation, its fauna and its deserts."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next four years he was a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Scholastic</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ore_Place" title="Ore Place">Ore Place</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastings, East Sussex">Hastings, East Sussex</a> where he acquired his theological formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fides_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he synthesized his scientific, philosophical and theological knowledge in the light of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. At that time he read <i><a href="/wiki/Creative_Evolution_(book)" title="Creative Evolution (book)">Creative Evolution</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, about which he wrote that "the only effect that brilliant book had upon me was to provide fuel at just the right moment, and very briefly, for a fire that was already consuming my heart and mind."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergson was a French philosopher who was influential in the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental philosophy</a>. His ideas were influential on Teilhard's views on matter, life, and energy. On 24 August 1911, aged 30, Teilhard was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic ordination">ordained</a> a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-Fides_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fides-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ensuing years, Bergson’s protege, the mathematician and philosopher <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Le_Roy" title="Édouard Le Roy">Édouard Le Roy</a>, was appointed successor to Bergson at the College de France. In 1921, Le Roy and Teilhard became friends and met weekly for long discussions. Teilhard wrote: "I loved him like a father, and owed him a very great debt . . . he gave me confidence, enlarged my mind, and served as a spokesman for my ideas, then taking shape, on “hominization” and the “noosphere.” Le Roy later wrote in one of his books: "I have so often and for so long talked over with Pierre Teilhard the views expressed here that neither of us can any longer pick out his own contribution.”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_and_scientific_career">Academic and scientific career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic and scientific career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father's strong interest in natural science and geology instilled the same in Teilhard from an early age, and would continue throughout his lifetime. As a child, Teilhard was intensely interested in the stones and rocks on his family's land and the neighboring regions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father helped him develop his skills of observation. At the University of Paris, he studied geology, botany and zoology. After the French government banned all religious orders from France and the Jesuits were exiled to the island of Jersey in the UK, Teilhard deepened his geology knowledge by studying the rocks and landscape of the island. </p><p>In 1920, he became a lecturer in geology at the Catholic University of Paris, and later a professor. He earned his doctorate in 1922. In 1923 he was hired to do geological research on expeditions in China by the renowned Jesuitical scientist and priest <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Licent" title="Émile Licent">Emile Licent</a>. In 1914, Licent with the sponsorship of the Jesuits founded one of the first museums in China and the first museum of natural science: the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Hoangho_Paiho" title="Musée Hoangho Paiho">Musée Hoangho Paiho</a>. In its first eight years, the museum was housed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chongde_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chongde Hall (page does not exist)">Chongde Hall</a> of the Jesuits. In 1922, with the support of the Catholic Church and the French Concession, Licent built a special building for the museum on the land adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Tsin_Ku_University" title="Tsin Ku University">Tsin Ku University</a>, which was founded by the Jesuits in China. </p><p>With help from Teilhard and others, Licent collected over 200,000 paleontology, animal, plant, ancient human, and rock specimens for the museum, which still make up more than half of its 380,000 specimens. Many of the publications and writings of the museum and its related institute were included in the world's database of <a href="/wiki/Zoological" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological">zoological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical">botanical</a>, and paleontological literature, which is still an important basis for examining the early scientific records of the various disciplines of biology in northern China. </p><p>Teilhard and Licent were the first to discover and examine the <a href="/wiki/Shuidonggou" title="Shuidonggou">Shuidonggou</a> (水洞沟) (<a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos</a> Upland, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>) archaeological site in northern China. Recent analysis of flaked stone artifacts from the most recent (1980) excavation at this site has identified an assemblage which constitutes the southernmost occurrence of an Initial Upper Paleolithic blade technology proposed to have originated in the Altai region of Southern Siberia. The lowest levels of the site are now dated from 40,000 to 25,000 years ago. </p><p>Teilhard spent the periods between 1926-1935 and 1939-1945 studying and researching the geology and paleontology of the region. Among other accomplishments, he improved understanding of China’s sedimentary deposits and established approximate ages for various layers. He also produced a geological map of China.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during the period 1926-1935 that he joined the excavation that discovered Peking Man. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1912 to 1914, Teilhard began his <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> education by working in the laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">French National Museum of Natural History</a>, studying the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of the middle <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> period. Later he studied elsewhere in Europe. This included spending 5 days over the course of a 3-month period in the middle of 1913 as a volunteer assistant helping to dig with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Smith_Woodward" title="Arthur Smith Woodward">Arthur Smith Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dawson" title="Charles Dawson">Charles Dawson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Piltdown" title="Piltdown">Piltdown</a> site. Teilhard’s brief time assisting with digging there occurred many months after the discovery of the first fragments of the fraudulent "<a href="/wiki/Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man">Piltdown Man</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> judged that <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> conspired with Dawson in the Piltdown forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Teilhard experts (including all three Teilhard biographers) and many scientists (including the scientists who uncovered the hoax and investigated it) have rejected the suggestion that he participated, and say that he did not.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Birx,_H._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Birx, H. James">H. James Birx</a> wrote that Teilhard „had questioned the validity of this fossil evidence from the very beginning, one positive result was that the young geologist and seminarian now became particularly interested in paleoanthropology as the science of fossil hominids.“<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Boule" title="Marcellin Boule">Marcellin Boule</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>, who as early as 1915 had recognized the non-<a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> origins of the Piltdown finds, gradually guided Teilhard towards human paleontology. Boule was the editor of the journal <i>L’Anthropologie</i> and the founder of two other scientific journals. He was also a professor at the Parisian <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</a> for 34 years, and for many years director of the museum's Institute of Human Paleontology. </p><p>It was there that Teilhard became a friend of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Breuil" title="Henri Breuil">Henri Breuil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>. In 1913, Teilhard and Breuil did excavations at the prehistoric painted <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_El_Castillo" title="Cave of El Castillo">Cave of El Castillo</a> in Spain. The cave contains the oldest known cave painting in the world. The site is divided into about 19 archeological layers in a sequence beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Aurignacian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Aurignacian">Proto-Aurignacian</a> and ending in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. </p><p>Later after his return to China in 1926, Teilhard was hired by the Cenozoic Laboratory at the Peking Union Medical College. Starting in 1928, he joined other geologists and paleontologists to excavate the sedimentary layers in the Western Hills near Zhoukoudian. At this site, the scientists discovered the so-called Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis), a fossil hominid dating back at least 350,000 years, which is part of the Homo erectus phase of human evolution. Teilhard became world-known as a result of his accessible explanations of the Sinanthropus discovery. He also himself made major contributions to the geology of this site. Teilhard's long stay in China gave him more time to think and write about evolution, as well as continue his scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> discoveries, Breuil joined Teilhard at the site in 1931 and confirmed the presence of stone tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_writings">Scientific writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scientific writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his career, Teilhard published many dozens of scientific papers in scholarly scientific journals. When they were published in collections as books, they took up 11 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Grim" title="John Allen Grim">John Allen Grim</a>, the co-founder and co-director of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Forum_on_Religion_and_Ecology" title="Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology">Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology</a>, said: "I think you have to distinguish between the hundreds of papers that Teilhard wrote in a purely scientific vein, about which there is no controversy. In fact, the papers made him one of the top two or three geologists of the Asian continent. So this man knew what science was. What he's doing in <i>The Phenomenon</i> and most of the popular essays that have made him controversial is working pretty much alone to try to synthesize what he's learned about through scientific discovery - more than with scientific method - what scientific discoveries tell us about the nature of ultimate reality.” Grim said those writing were controversial to some scientists because Teilhard combined theology and metaphysics with science, and controversial to some religious leaders for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_World_War_I">Service in World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Service in World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mobilized in December 1914, Teilhard served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a stretcher-bearer in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial forces">8th Moroccan Rifles</a>. For his valor, he received several citations, including the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">Médaille militaire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Legion of Honor</a>. </p><p>During the war, he developed his reflections in his diaries and in letters to his cousin, Marguerite Teillard-Chambon, who later published a collection of them. (See section below)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-letters1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote: "...the war was a meeting ... with the Absolute." In 1916, he wrote his first essay: <i>La Vie Cosmique</i> (<i>Cosmic life</i>), where his scientific and philosophical thought was revealed just as his mystical life. While on leave from the military he pronounced his solemn vows as a Jesuit in <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Foy-l%C3%A8s-Lyon" title="Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon">Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon</a> on 26 May 1918. In August 1919, in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, he wrote <i>Puissance spirituelle de la Matière</i> (<i>The Spiritual Power of Matter</i>). </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, Teilhard pursued three unit degrees of natural science: <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>. His thesis treated the mammals of the French lower <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>. After 1920, he lectured in geology at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Institute_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Institute of Paris">Catholic Institute of Paris</a> and after earning a science doctorate in 1922 became an assistant professor there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_in_China">Research in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1923 he traveled to China with Father <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Licent" title="Émile Licent">Émile Licent</a>, who was in charge of a significant laboratory collaboration between the National Museum of Natural History and <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Boule" title="Marcellin Boule">Marcellin Boule</a>'s laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. Licent carried out considerable basic work in connection with Catholic missionaries who accumulated observations of a scientific nature in their spare time. </p><p>Teilhard wrote several essays, including <i>La Messe sur le Monde</i> (the <i>Mass on the World</i>), in the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a>. In the following year, he continued lecturing at the Catholic Institute and participated in a cycle of conferences for the students of the Engineers' Schools. Two theological essays on <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> were sent to a theologian at his request on a purely personal basis: </p> <ul><li><i>Chute, Rédemption et Géocentrie</i> (<i>Fall, Redemption and Geocentry</i>) (July 1920)</li> <li><i>Notes sur quelques représentations historiques possibles du Péché originel</i> (<i>Note on Some Possible Historical Representations of Original Sin</i>) (Works, Tome X, Spring 1922)</li></ul> <p>The Church required him to give up his lecturing at the Catholic Institute in order to continue his geological research in China. Teilhard traveled again to China in April 1926. He would remain there for about twenty years, with many voyages throughout the world. He settled until 1932 in Tianjin with Émile Licent, then in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Teilhard made five geological research expeditions in China between 1926 and 1935. They enabled him to establish a general geological map of China. </p><p>In 1926–27, after a missed campaign in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, Teilhard traveled in the <a href="/wiki/Sanggan_River" title="Sanggan River">Sanggan River Valley</a> near Kalgan (<a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>) and made a tour in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. He wrote <i>Le Milieu Divin</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Divine_Milieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Divine Milieu (page does not exist)">The Divine Milieu</a></i>). Teilhard prepared the first pages of his main work <i>Le Phénomène Humain</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a></i>). The Holy See refused the Imprimatur for <i>Le Milieu Divin</i> in 1927. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Peking_Man_(Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis)_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Illustration_of_Peking_Man_%28Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis%29_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg/170px-Illustration_of_Peking_Man_%28Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis%29_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Illustration_of_Peking_Man_%28Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis%29_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg/255px-Illustration_of_Peking_Man_%28Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis%29_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Illustration_of_Peking_Man_%28Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis%29_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg/340px-Illustration_of_Peking_Man_%28Sinanthropus_Pekinen_Sis%29_Wellcome_M0001113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of "The Lately Discovered Peking Man" published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sphere_(newspaper)" title="The Sphere (newspaper)">The Sphere</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>He joined the ongoing excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> Site at <a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a> as an advisor in 1926 and continued in the role for the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic_Research_Laboratory" title="Cenozoic Research Laboratory">Cenozoic Research Laboratory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China_Geological_Survey" title="China Geological Survey">China Geological Survey</a> following its founding in 1928. Teilhard resided in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> with Émile Licent, staying in western <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> with the Chinese paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhongjian" title="Yang Zhongjian">Yang Zhongjian</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Black" title="Davidson Black">Davidson Black</a>, Chairman of the China Geological Survey. </p><p>After a tour in Manchuria in the area of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a> with Chinese geologists, Teilhard joined the team of American Expedition Center-Asia in the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>, organized in June and July by the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> with <a href="/wiki/Roy_Chapman_Andrews" title="Roy Chapman Andrews">Roy Chapman Andrews</a>. Henri Breuil and Teilhard discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>, the nearest relative of <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropopithecus" title="Anthropopithecus">Anthropopithecus</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, was a <i>faber</i> (worker of stones and controller of fire). Teilhard wrote <i>L'Esprit de la Terre</i> (<i>The Spirit of the Earth</i>). </p><p>Teilhard took part as a scientist in the <a href="/wiki/Croisi%C3%A8re_Jaune" class="mw-redirect" title="Croisière Jaune">Croisière Jaune</a> (Yellow Cruise) financed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn" title="André Citroën">André Citroën</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Northwest of Beijing in Kalgan, he joined the Chinese group who joined the second part of the team, the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> group, in <a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu City</a>. He remained with his colleagues for several months in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. In 1933, Rome ordered him to give up his post in Paris. Teilhard subsequently undertook several explorations in the south of China. He traveled in the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> in 1934, then, the following year, in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. </p><p>During all these years, Teilhard contributed considerably to the constitution of an international network of research in human paleontology related to the whole of eastern and southeastern Asia. He would be particularly associated in this task with two friends, <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Black" title="Davidson Black">Davidson Black</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scot</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_Barbour" title="George Brown Barbour">George Brown Barbour</a>. Often he would visit France or the United States, only to leave these countries for further expeditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_travels">World travels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeilhardP_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TeilhardP_1947.jpg/220px-TeilhardP_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TeilhardP_1947.jpg/330px-TeilhardP_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TeilhardP_1947.jpg/440px-TeilhardP_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1947)</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1927 to 1928, Teilhard was based in Paris. He journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, Belgium, and to <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a>, France. Between several articles in reviews, he met new people such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_de_Solages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno de Solages (page does not exist)">Bruno de Solages</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_de_Solages" class="extiw" title="fr:Bruno de Solages">fr</a>]</span>, who were to help him in issues with the Catholic Church. </p><p>Answering an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Monfreid" title="Henry de Monfreid">Henry de Monfreid</a>, Teilhard undertook a journey of two months in <a href="/wiki/Obock" title="Obock">Obock</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> with his colleague Pierre Lamarre, a geologist,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before embarking in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> to return to Tianjin. While in China, Teilhard developed a deep and personal friendship with <a href="/wiki/Lucile_Swan" title="Lucile Swan">Lucile Swan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aczel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aczel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1930–1931, Teilhard stayed in France and in the United States. During a conference in Paris, Teilhard stated: "For the observers of the Future, the greatest event will be the sudden appearance of a collective humane <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a> and a human work to make." From 1932 to 1933, he began to meet people to clarify issues with the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith regarding <i>Le Milieu divin</i> and <i>L'Esprit de la Terre</i>. He met <a href="/wiki/Helmut_de_Terra" title="Helmut de Terra">Helmut de Terra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> geologist in the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Geology Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </p><p>Teilhard participated in the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>–<a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> expedition in northern and central India with the geologist <a href="/wiki/Helmut_de_Terra" title="Helmut de Terra">Helmut de Terra</a> and Patterson, who verified their assumptions on Indian <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> civilisations in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a> Valley. He then made a short stay in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, on the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinrich_Ralph_von_Koenigswald" title="Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald">Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald</a> to the site of <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>. A second <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">cranium</a>, more complete, was discovered. Professor von Koenigswald had also found a tooth in a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> shop in 1934 that he believed belonged to a three-meter-tall <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a>,</i> which lived between one hundred thousand and around a million years ago. Fossilized teeth and bone (<i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon bones">dragon bones</a></i>) are often ground into powder and used in some branches of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Teilhard wrote <i>Le Phénomène spirituel</i> (<i>The Phenomenon of the Spirit</i>) on board the boat Empress of Japan, where he met <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Brett" title="Sylvia Brett">Sylvia Brett</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sarawakian_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sarawakian consorts">Ranee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship took him to the United States. He received the <a href="/wiki/Mendel_Medal_(Villanova_University)" title="Mendel Medal (Villanova University)">Mendel Medal</a> granted by <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a> during the Congress of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, in recognition of his works on human paleontology. He made a speech about <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, the origins and the destiny of man. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> dated 19 March 1937 presented Teilhard as the Jesuit who held that <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">man</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/Monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeys">monkeys</a>. Some days later, he was to be granted the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Honoris Causa">Doctor Honoris Causa</a></i> distinction from <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>. </p><p>Rome banned his work <i>L'Énergie Humaine</i> in 1939. By this point Teilhard was based again in France, where he was immobilized by <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. During his return voyage to Beijing he wrote <i>L'Energie spirituelle de la Souffrance</i> (<i>Spiritual Energy of Suffering</i>) (Complete Works, tome VII). </p><p>In 1941, Teilhard submitted to Rome his most important work, <i>Le Phénomène Humain</i>. By 1947, Rome forbade him to write or teach on philosophical subjects. The next year, Teilhard was called to Rome by the Superior General of the Jesuits who hoped to acquire permission from the Holy See for the publication of <i>Le Phénomène Humain</i>. However, the prohibition to publish it that was previously issued in 1944 was again renewed. Teilhard was also forbidden to take a teaching post in the Collège de France. Another setback came in 1949, when permission to publish <i>Le Groupe Zoologique</i> was refused. </p><p>Teilhard was nominated to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> in 1950. He was forbidden by his superiors to attend the International Congress of Paleontology in 1955. The Supreme Authority of the Holy Office, in a decree dated 15 November 1957, forbade the works of de Chardin to be retained in libraries, including those of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>. His books were not to be sold in Catholic bookshops and were not to be translated into other languages. </p><p>Further resistance to Teilhard's work arose elsewhere. In April 1958, all Jesuit publications in Spain ("Razón y Fe", "Sal Terrae","Estudios de Deusto", etc.) carried a notice from the Spanish Provincial of the Jesuits that Teilhard's works had been published in Spanish without previous ecclesiastical examination and in defiance of the decrees of the Holy See. A decree of the Holy Office dated 30 June 1962, under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>, warned: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]t is obvious that in philosophical and theological matters, the said works [Teilhard's] are replete with ambiguities or rather with serious errors which offend Catholic doctrine. That is why... the Rev. Fathers of the Holy Office urge all Ordinaries, Superiors, and Rectors... to effectively protect, especially the minds of the young, against the dangers of the works of Fr. Teilhard de Chardin and his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> on 30 September 1963 required Catholic booksellers in Rome to withdraw his works as well as those that supported his views.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg/220px-CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg/330px-CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg/440px-CIA_Jesuit_cemetery_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Grave at the cemetery of the former Jesuit novitiate in Hyde Park, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>Teilhard died in New York City, where he was in residence at the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Ignatius_Loyola_(New_York_City)" title="Church of St. Ignatius Loyola (New York City)">Church of St. Ignatius Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Avenue (Manhattan)">Park Avenue</a>. On 15 March 1955, at the house of his diplomat cousin Jean de Lagarde, Teilhard told friends he hoped he would die on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-design_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of Easter Sunday, 10 April 1955, during an animated discussion at the apartment of Rhoda de Terra, his personal assistant since 1949, Teilhard suffered a heart attack and died.<sup id="cite_ref-design_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the cemetery for the New York Province of the Jesuits at the Jesuit novitiate, <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew-on-Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew-on-Hudson">St. Andrew-on-Hudson</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_New_York" title="Hyde Park, New York">Hyde Park, New York</a>. With the moving of the novitiate, the property was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_campus_of_the_Culinary_Institute_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America">Culinary Institute of America</a> in 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:165%;"><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transhumanism_h%2B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Transhumanism_h%2B.svg/80px-Transhumanism_h%2B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Transhumanism_h%2B.svg/120px-Transhumanism_h%2B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Transhumanism_h%2B.svg/160px-Transhumanism_h%2B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Eradication of suffering</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neuro-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliorism" title="Meliorism">Meliorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity" title="Post-scarcity">Post-scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_transhumanists" title="List of transhumanists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Goertzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">de Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Social_and_scientific_views" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Harbisson" title="Neil Harbisson">Harbisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(bioethicist)" title="John Harris (bioethicist)">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Garis" title="Hugo de Garis">de Garis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Istvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola#Writings" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Sorgner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teilhard de Chardin</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanist_books" title="Category:Transhumanist books">Influential Works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward </a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(~1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Manifesto of Futurism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaman" title="Metaman">Metaman</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regeln_f%C3%BCr_den_Menschenpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Regeln für den Menschenpark">Regeln für den Menschenpark</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines" title="The Age of Spiritual Machines">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Cyborg" title="Citizen Cyborg">Citizen Cyborg</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near">The Singularity Is Near</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Enhancement" title="Human Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fanged_Noumena" title="Fanged Noumena">Fanged Noumena</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Transhumanist_Wager" title="The Transhumanist Wager">The Transhumanist Wager</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapiens:_A_Brief_History_of_Humankind" title="Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind">Sapiens</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Deus:_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow" title="Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow">Homo Deus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Bill_of_Rights" title="Transhumanist Bill of Rights">The Transhumanist Bill of Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Em" title="The Age of Em">The Age of Em</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_We_Owe_the_Future" title="What We Owe the Future">What We Owe the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Techno-Optimist_Manifesto" title="Techno-Optimist Manifesto">Techno-Optimist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" title="Category:Transhumanism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataism" title="Dataism">Dataism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalism">Immortalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cosmism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Cosmism">Russian Cosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li>Technologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical technologies">Hypothetical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transhumanism" title="Template:Transhumanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transhumanism" title="Template talk:Transhumanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Teilhard de Chardin wrote two comprehensive works, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a></i> and <i>The Divine Milieu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His posthumously published book, <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>, set forth a sweeping account of the unfolding of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> and the evolution of matter to humanity, to ultimately a reunion with Christ. In the book, Teilhard abandoned literal interpretations of creation in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">allegorical and theological interpretations</a>. The unfolding of the material <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> is described from <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> particles to the development of life, human beings and the <a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a>, and finally to his vision of the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a> in the future, which is "pulling" all creation towards it. He was a leading proponent of <a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">orthogenesis</a>, the idea that <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> occurs in a directional, goal-driven way. Teilhard argued in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinian</a> terms with respect to biology, and supported the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">synthetic model of evolution</a>, but argued in <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckian terms</a> for the development of culture, primarily through the vehicle of education.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teilhard made a total commitment to the evolutionary process in the 1920s as the core of his spirituality, at a time when other religious thinkers felt evolutionary thinking challenged the structure of conventional Christian faith. He committed himself to what he thought the evidence showed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teilhard made sense of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> by assuming it had a <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalist</a> evolutionary process.<sup id="cite_ref-NormandinWolfe2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NormandinWolfe2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He interpreted complexity as the axis of evolution of matter into a geosphere, a biosphere, into consciousness (in man), and then to supreme consciousness (the Omega Point). Jean Houston's story of meeting Teilhard illustrates this point.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teilhard's unique relationship to both <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> allowed him to develop a highly progressive, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">cosmic theology</a> which took into account his evolutionary studies. Teilhard recognized the importance of bringing the Church into the modern world, and approached <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as a way of providing ontological meaning for Christianity, particularly creation theology. For Teilhard, evolution was "the natural landscape where the history of salvation is situated."<sup id="cite_ref-Galleni_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galleni-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teilhard's cosmic theology is largely predicated on his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Pauline scripture</a>, particularly Colossians 1:15-17 (especially verse 1:17b) and 1 Corinthians 15:28. He drew on the Christocentrism of these two Pauline passages to construct a cosmic theology which recognizes the absolute primacy of Christ. He understood creation to be "a <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleological</a> process towards union with the Godhead, effected through the incarnation and redemption of Christ, 'in whom all things hold together' (Colossians 1:17)."<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further posited that creation would not be complete until each "participated being is totally united with God through Christ in the <a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a>, when God will be 'all in all' (1 Corinthians 15:28)."<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teilhard's life work was predicated on his conviction that human spiritual development is moved by the same universal laws as material development. He wrote, "...everything is the sum of the past" and "...nothing is comprehensible except through its history. 'Nature' is the equivalent of 'becoming', self-creation: this is the view to which experience irresistibly leads us. ... There is nothing, not even the human soul, the highest spiritual manifestation we know of, that does not come within this universal law."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Phenomenon of Man</i> represents Teilhard's attempt at reconciling his religious <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">faith</a> with his academic interests as a <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particularly poignant observation in Teilhard's book entails the notion that <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> is becoming an increasingly optional <a href="/wiki/Process_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Process (science)">process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teilhard points to the societal problems of <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">isolation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> as huge <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inhibit" class="extiw" title="wikt:inhibit">inhibitors</a> of evolution, especially since evolution requires a unification of <a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">consciousness</a>. He states that "no evolutionary future awaits anyone except in association with everyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teilhard argued that the human condition necessarily leads to the psychic unity of humankind, though he stressed that this unity can only be voluntary; this voluntary psychic unity he termed "unanimization". Teilhard also states that "evolution is an ascent toward consciousness", giving <a href="/wiki/Encephalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Encephalization">encephalization</a> as an example of early stages, and therefore, signifies a continuous upsurge toward the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a><sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, for all intents and purposes, is <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. </p><p>Teilhard also used his perceived correlation between spiritual and material to describe Christ, arguing that Christ not only has a <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> dimension but also takes on a physical dimension as he becomes the organizing principle of the universe—that is, the one who "holds together" the universe. For Teilhard, Christ formed not only the <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> end toward which his mystical/ecclesial body is oriented, but he also "operates physically in order to regulate all things"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming "the one from whom all creation receives its stability."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, as the one who holds all things together, "Christ exercises a supremacy over the universe which is physical, not simply juridical. He is the unifying center of the universe and its goal. The function of holding all things together indicates that Christ is not only man and God; he also possesses a third aspect—indeed, a third nature—which is cosmic."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this way, the Pauline description of the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a> was not simply a mystical or <a href="/wiki/Ecclesial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesial">ecclesial</a> concept for Teilhard; it is <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">cosmic</a>. This cosmic Body of Christ "extend[s] throughout the universe and compris[es] all things that attain their fulfillment in Christ [so that] ... the Body of Christ is the one single thing that is being made in creation."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teilhard describes this cosmic amassing of Christ as "Christogenesis". According to Teilhard, the universe is engaged in Christogenesis as it evolves toward its full realization at <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega</a>, a point which coincides with the fully realized Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is at this point that God will be "all in all" (1 Corinthians 15:28c). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our century is probably more religious than any other. How could it fail to be, with such problems to be solved? The only trouble is that it has not yet found a God it can adore.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eugenics_and_racism">Eugenics and racism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eugenics and racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teilhard has been criticized for incorporating elements of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> into his optimistic thinking about unlimited human progress.<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued in 1929 that <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a> was rooted in biological difference: "Do the yellows—[the Chinese]—have the same human value as the whites? [Fr.] Licent and many missionaries say that their present inferiority is due to their long history of Paganism. I'm afraid that this is only a 'declaration of pastors.' Instead, the cause seems to be the natural racial foundation…"<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter from 1936 explaining his Omega Point conception, he rejected both the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> quest for <a href="/wiki/Political_particularism" title="Political particularism">particularistic</a> hegemony and the Christian/<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> insistence on <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>: "As not all ethnic groups have the same value, they must be dominated, which does not mean they must be despised—quite the reverse … In other words, <i>at one and the same time</i> there should be official recognition of: (1) the primacy/priority of the earth over nations; (2) the inequality of peoples and races. Now the <i>second</i> point is currently reviled by Communism … and the Church, and the <i>first</i> point is similarly reviled by the Fascist systems (and, of course, by less gifted peoples!)".<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay 'Human Energy' (1937), he asked, "What fundamental attitude … should the advancing wing of humanity take to fixed or definitely unprogressive ethnical groups? The earth is a closed and limited surface. To what extent should it tolerate, racially or nationally, areas of lesser activity? More generally still, how should we judge the efforts we lavish in all kinds of hospitals on saving what is so often no more than one of life's rejects? … To what extent should not the development of the strong … take precedence over the preservation of the weak?"<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theologian John P. Slattery interprets this last remark to suggest "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> practices for the sake of eugenics".<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Teilhard continued to argue for racial and individual eugenics in the name of human progress, and denounced the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_statements_on_race" title="UNESCO statements on race">United Nations declaration of the Equality of Races</a> (1950) as "scientifically useless" and "practically dangerous" in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">agency</a>'s director <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Torres_Bodet" title="Jaime Torres Bodet">Jaime Torres Bodet</a>. In 1953, he expressed his frustration at the Church's failure to embrace the scientific possibilities for optimising <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>, including by the separation of sexuality from reproduction (a notion later developed e.g. by the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> in her 1970 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a></i>), and postulated "the absolute right … to try everything right to the end—even in the matter of <a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">human biology</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-JPS_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theologian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Haught" title="John F. Haught">John F. Haught</a> has defended Teilhard from Slattery's charge of "persistent attraction to racism, fascism, and genocidal ideas" by pointing out that Teilhard's philosophy was not based on racial exclusion but rather on union through differentiation, and that Teilhard took seriously the human responsibility for continuing to remake the world. With regard to union through differentiation, he underlined the importance of understanding properly a quotation used by Slattery in which Teilhard writes, "I hate <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and its apparent <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">regressions to the past</a>. But I am very interested in the primacy it returns to the collective. Could a passion for 'the race' represent a first draft of the Spirit of the Earth?"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing from China in October 1936, shortly after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, Teilhard expressed his stance towards the new political movement in Europe, "I am alarmed at the attraction that various kinds of Fascism exert on intelligent (?) people who can see in them nothing but the hope of returning to the Neolithic". He felt that the choice between what he called "the American, the Italian, or the Russian type" of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> (i.e. liberal capitalism, Fascist <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> Communism) had only "technical" relevance to his search for overarching unity and a philosophy of action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuénot1965216_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuénot1965216-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_Catholic_Church">Relationship with the Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925, Teilhard was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski" title="Wlodimir Ledóchowski">Włodzimierz Ledóchowski</a>, to leave his teaching position in France and to sign a statement withdrawing his controversial statements regarding the doctrine of original sin. Rather than quit the Society of Jesus, Teilhard obeyed and departed for China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This was the first of a series of condemnations by a range of ecclesiastical officials that would continue until after Teilhard's death. In August 1939, he was told by his Jesuit superior in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, "Father, as an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">evolutionist</a> and a Communist, you are undesirable here, and will have to return to France as soon as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuénot1965239_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuénot1965239-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climax of these condemnations was a 1962 <i><a href="/wiki/Monitum" title="Monitum">monitum</a></i> (warning) of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith cautioning on Teilhard's works. It said:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Several works of Fr. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, some of which were posthumously published, are being edited and are gaining a good deal of success. Prescinding from a judgement about those points that concern the positive sciences, it is sufficiently clear that the above-mentioned works abound in such ambiguities and indeed even serious errors, as to offend Catholic doctrine. For this reason, the most eminent and most revered Fathers of the Holy Office exhort all Ordinaries as well as the superiors of Religious institutes, rectors of seminaries and presidents of universities, effectively to protect the minds, particularly of the youth, against the dangers presented by the works of Fr. Teilhard de Chardin and of his followers.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a> did not, however, place any of Teilhard's writings on the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i> (Index of Forbidden Books), which still existed during Teilhard's lifetime and at the time of the 1962 decree. </p><p>Shortly thereafter, prominent clerics mounted a strong theological defense of Teilhard's works. <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a> (later a Cardinal) wrote three comprehensive books on the theology of Teilhard de Chardin in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While de Lubac mentioned that Teilhard was less than precise in some of his concepts, he affirmed the orthodoxy of Teilhard de Chardin and responded to Teilhard's critics: "We need not concern ourselves with a number of detractors of Teilhard, in whom emotion has blunted intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that decade Joseph Ratzinger, a German theologian who became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, spoke glowingly of Teilhard's Christology in Ratzinger's <i>Introduction to Christianity</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It must be regarded as an important service of Teilhard de Chardin's that he rethought these ideas from the angle of the modern view of the world and, in spite of a not entirely unobjectionable tendency toward the biological approach, nevertheless on the whole grasped them correctly and in any case made them accessible once again.</p></blockquote> <p>On 20 July 1981, the Holy See stated that, after consultation of cardinals Casaroli and <a href="/wiki/Franjo_%C5%A0eper" title="Franjo Šeper">Šeper</a>, the letter did not change the position of the warning issued by the Holy Office on 30 June 1962, which pointed out that Teilhard's work contained ambiguities and grave doctrinal errors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Cardinal Ratzinger in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Liturgy" title="The Spirit of the Liturgy">The Spirit of the Liturgy</a></i> incorporates Teilhard's vision as a touchstone of the Catholic Mass:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And so we can now say that the goal of worship and the goal of creation as a whole are one and the same—divinization, a world of freedom and love. But this means that the historical makes its appearance in the cosmic. The cosmos is not a kind of closed building, a stationary container in which history may by chance take place. It is itself movement, from its one beginning to its one end. In a sense, creation is history. Against the background of the modern evolutionary world view, Teilhard de Chardin depicted the cosmos as a process of ascent, a series of unions. From very simple beginnings the path leads to ever greater and more complex unities, in which multiplicity is not abolished but merged into a growing synthesis, leading to the "Noosphere" in which spirit and its understanding embrace the whole and are blended into a kind of living organism. Invoking the epistles to the Ephesians and Colossians, Teilhard looks on Christ as the energy that strives toward the Noosphere and finally incorporates everything in its "fullness". From here Teilhard went on to give a new meaning to Christian worship: the transubstantiated Host is the anticipation of the transformation and divinization of matter in the christological "fullness". In his view, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> provides the movement of the cosmos with its direction; it anticipates its goal and at the same time urges it on.</p></blockquote> <p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a> said in 2004:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In his own poetic style, the French Jesuit Teilhard de Chardin liked to meditate on the Eucharist as the first fruits of the new creation. In an essay called The Monstrance he describes how, kneeling in prayer, he had a sensation that the Host was beginning to grow until at last, through its mysterious expansion, "the whole world had become incandescent, had itself become like a single giant Host". Although it would probably be incorrect to imagine that the universe will eventually be transubstantiated, Teilhard correctly identified the connection between the Eucharist and the final glorification of the cosmos.</p></blockquote> <p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn" title="Christoph Schönborn">Christoph Schönborn</a> wrote in 2007:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hardly anyone else has tried to bring together the knowledge of Christ and the idea of evolution as the scientist (paleontologist) and theologian Fr. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, S.J., has done. ... His fascinating vision ... has represented a great hope, the hope that faith in Christ and a scientific approach to the world can be brought together. ... These brief references to Teilhard cannot do justice to his efforts. The fascination which Teilhard de Chardin exercised for an entire generation stemmed from his radical manner of looking at science and Christian faith together.</p></blockquote> <p>In July 2009, Vatican spokesman <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a> said, "By now, no one would dream of saying that [Teilhard] is a heterodox author who shouldn't be studied."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> refers to Teilhard's eschatological contribution in his encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laudato_si_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laudato_si-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a> criticized severely the work of Teilhard. According to Hildebrand, in a conversation after a lecture by Teilhard: "He (Teilhard) ignored completely the decisive difference between nature and supernature. After a lively discussion in which I ventured a criticism of his ideas, I had an opportunity to speak to Teilhard privately. When our talk touched on <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, he exclaimed violently: 'Don't mention that unfortunate man; he spoiled everything by introducing the supernatural.'"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Hildebrand writes that Teilhardism is incompatible with Christianity, substitutes efficiency for sanctity, dehumanizes man, and describes love as merely cosmic energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluations_by_scientists">Evaluations by scientists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evaluations by scientists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julian_Huxley">Julian Huxley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Julian Huxley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>, the evolutionary biologist, in the preface to the 1955 edition of <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>, praised the thought of Teilhard de Chardin for looking at the way in which human development needs to be examined within a larger integrated universal sense of evolution, though admitting he could not follow Teilhard all the way.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the publication Encounter, Huxley wrote: "The force and purity of Teilhard's thought and expression ... has given the world a picture not only of rare clarity but pregnant with compelling conclusions."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodosius_Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theodosius Dobzhansky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a>, writing in 1973, drew upon Teilhard's insistence that evolutionary theory provides the core of how man understands his relationship to nature, calling him "one of the great thinkers of our age".<sup id="cite_ref-Dobz_Nothing_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobz_Nothing-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dobzhansky was renowned as the president of four prestigious scientific associations: the <a href="/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America" title="Genetics Society of America">Genetics Society of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Naturalists" title="American Society of Naturalists">American Society of Naturalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Evolution" title="Society for the Study of Evolution">Society for the Study of Evolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Zoologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Zoologists">American Society of Zoologists</a>. He also called Teilhard "one of the greatest intellects of our time."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniel_Dennett">Daniel Dennett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Daniel Dennett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> claimed "it has become clear to the point of unanimity among scientists that Teilhard offered nothing serious in the way of an alternative to orthodoxy; the ideas that were peculiarly his were confused, and the rest was just bombastic redescription of orthodoxy."<sup id="cite_ref-Dennett1995_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennett1995-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Sloan_Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: David Sloan Wilson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a> praised Teilhard's book <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i> as "scientifically prophetic in many ways", and considers his own work as an updated version of it, commenting that<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[m]odern evolutionary theory shows that what Teilhard meant by the Omega Point is achievable in the foreseeable future." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Francoeur">Robert Francoeur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Robert Francoeur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Francoeur" title="Robert T. Francoeur">Robert Francoeur</a> (1931-2012), the American biologist, said the Phenomenon of Man "will be one of the few books that will be remembered after the dust of the century has settled on many of its companions." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stephen_Jay_Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stephen Jay Gould"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an essay published in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(magazine)" title="Natural History (magazine)">Natural History</a></i> (and later compiled as the 16th essay in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Hen%27s_Teeth_and_Horse%27s_Toes" title="Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes">Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes</a></i>), American biologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> made a case for Teilhard's guilt in the <a href="/wiki/Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man">Piltdown Hoax</a>, arguing that Teilhard has made several compromising slips of the tongue in his correspondence with paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Oakley" title="Kenneth Oakley">Kenneth Oakley</a>, in addition to what Gould termed to be his "suspicious silence" about Piltdown despite having been, at that moment in time, an important milestone in his career.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould1980_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould1980-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later book, Gould claims that <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rose" title="Steven Rose">Steven Rose</a> wrote that "Teilhard is revered as a mystic of genius by some, but among most biologists is seen as little more than a <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">charlatan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Gould2006_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous scientists and Teilhard experts have refuted Gould’s theories about Teilhard’s guilt in the hoax, saying they are based on inaccuracies. In an article in New Scientist in September, 1981, Peter Costello said claims that Teilhard had been silent were factually wrong: “Much else of what is said about Teilhard is also wrong. …. After the exposure of the hoax, he did not refuse to make a statement; he gave a statement to the press on 26 November, 1953, which was published in New York and London the next day. .... If questions needed to be asked about Teilhard's role in the Piltdown affair, they could have been asked when he was in London during the summer of 1953. They were not asked. But enough is now known to prove Teilhard innocent of all involvement in the hoax.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teilhard also wrote multiple letters about the hoax at the request of and in reply to Oakley, one of the 3 scientists who uncovered it, in an effort to help them get to the bottom of what occurred 40 years earlier. </p><p>Another of the three scientists, S.J. Weiner said he spoke to Teilhard extensively about Piltdown and "He (Teilhard) discussed all the points that I put to him perfectly frankly and openly."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weiner spent years investigating who was responsible for the hoax and concluded that Charles Dawson was the sole culprit.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said: "Gould would have you accept that Oakley was the same mind (as himself); but it is not so. When Gould's article came out Oakley dissociated himself from it. ...I have seen Oakley recently and he has no reservations... about his belief that Teilhard had nothing to do with the planting of this material and manufacture of the fraud." </p><p>In November, 1981, Oakley himself published a letter in <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> saying: "There is no proved factual evidence known to me that supports the premise that Father Teilhard de Chardin gave Charles Dawson a piece of fossil elephant molar tooth as a souvenir of his time spent in North Africa. This faulty thread runs throughout the reconstruction ... After spending a year thinking about this accusation, I have at last become convinced that it is erroneous."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oakley also pointed out that after Teilhard got his degree in paleontology and gained experience in the field, he published scientific articles that show he found the scientific claims of the two Piltdown leaders to be incongruous, and that Teilhard did not agree they had discovered an ape-man that was a missing link between apes and humans. </p><p>In a comprehensive rebuttal of Gould in America magazine, Mary Lukas said his claims about Teilhard were "patently ridiculous” and “wilder flights of fancy” that were easily disprovable and weak. For example, she notes Teilhard was only briefly and minimally involved in the Piltdown project for four reasons: 1) He was only a student in his early days of studying paleontology. 2) His college was in France and he was at the Piltdown site in Britain for a total of just 5 days over a short period of three months out of the 7-year project. 3) He was simply a volunteer assistant, helping with basic digging. 4) This limited involvement ended prior to the most important claimed discovery, due to his being conscripted to serve in the French army.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She added: "Further, according to his letters, both published and unpublished, to friends, Teilhard's relationship to Dawson was anything but close." </p><p>Lukas said Gould made the claims for selfish reasons: “The charge gained Mr. Gould two weeks of useful publicity and prepared reviewers to give a friendly reception to the collection of essays” that he was about to publish. She said Teilhard was “beyond doubt the most famous of” all the people who were involved in the excavations” and “the one who could gather headlines most easily…. The shock value of the suggestion that the philosopher-hero was also a criminal was stunning.” Two years later, Lukas published a more detailed article in the British scholarly journal <a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a> in which she further refuted Gould, including an extensive timeline of events.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winifred McCulloch wrote a very detailed rebuttal of Gould, calling his claim “highly subjective,” “very idiosyncratic,” filled with clear “weaknesses” and “shown to be impossible.” She said Weiner had criticized Gould's accusations in a talk at Georgetown University in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also noted that Oakley wrote in a letter to Lukas in 1981 that her article in America constituted "a total refutation of Gould's interpretation of Teilhard's letters to me in 1953-1954. . . . You have . . . unearthed evidence that will seriously undermine Gould's confidence in having any evidence against Teilhard in regard to what he (Teilhard) said in his letters to me."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote: "Gould's method of presenting his main argument might be called <i>inferred intent</i> - projecting onto Teilhard ways of thinking and acting that have no evidential base and are completely foreign to all we know of Teilhard. With Gould it seems that the guilty verdict came first, then he created a persona to fit the crime.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peter_Medawar">Peter Medawar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Peter Medawar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, British immunologist and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> wrote a scornful review of <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i> for the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>: "the greater part of it [...] is nonsense, tricked out with a variety of metaphysical conceits, and its author can be excused of dishonesty only on the grounds that before deceiving others he has taken great pains to deceive himself. [...] Teilhard practiced an intellectually unexacting kind of science [...]. He has no grasp of what makes a logical argument or what makes for proof. He does not even preserve the common decencies of scientific writing, though his book is professedly a scientific treatise. [...] Teilhard habitually and systematically cheats with words [...], uses in metaphor words like energy, tension, force, impetus, and dimension as if they retained the weight and thrust of their special scientific usages. [...] It is the style that creates the illusion of content."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Donald Wayne Viney evaluated Medawar's review and concluded that the case made against Teilhard was "remarkably thin, marred by misrepresentations and elementary philosophical blunders."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defects, Viney noted, were uncharacteristic of Medawar's other work. </p><p>In another response, <a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Grim" title="John Allen Grim">John Allen Grim</a> said when Teilhard "wrote The Phenomenon of Man … he was using science there in a very broad sense. What he was really looking for was to be actually more radically empirical than conventional science is. Conventional science leaves out so much that's really there, especially our own subjectivity and some of the other things that are qualitative and value laden that are going on in the world. That science … has abstracted from values, meaning, subjectivity, purpose, God, and talked only about physical causation. Teilhard knew this, because when he wrote his [science journal] papers, he didn't bring God, value and so forth into it. But when he wrote The Phenomenon, he was doing something different. But it's not against the spirit of science. It was to actually expand the empirical orientation of science to take into account things that science unfortunately leaves out, like consciousness, for example, which today, in a materialist worldview, doesn't even exist, and yet it's the most palpable experience that any of us has. So if you try to construct a worldview that leaves out something so vital and important as mind to subjectivity, then that's unempirical, that's irrelevant. What we need is a radically empirical approach to the world that includes within what he calls hyperphysics, the experience of consciousness and also the experiences of faith, religions.”<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Richard Dawkins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolutionary biologist and a <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> called Medawar's review "devastating" and <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i> "the quintessence of bad poetic science".<sup id="cite_ref-Dawkins2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawkins2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karl_Stern">Karl Stern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Karl Stern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Stern" title="Karl Stern">Karl Stern</a>, the neurobiologist of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute">Montreal Neurological Institute</a>, wrote: "It happens so rarely that science and wisdom are blended as they were in the person of Teilhard de Chardin." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Gaylord_Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: George Gaylord Simpson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> felt that if Teilhard were right, the lifework "of Huxley, Dobzhansky, and hundreds of others was not only wrong, but meaningless", and was mystified by their public support for him.<sup id="cite_ref-BrowningAlioto1973_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrowningAlioto1973-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered Teilhard a friend and his work in paleontology extensive and important, but expressed strongly adverse views of his contributions as scientific theorist and philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_G._Pollard">William G. Pollard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: William G. Pollard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_G._Pollard" title="William G. Pollard">William G. Pollard</a>, the physicist and founder of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Institute_of_Nuclear_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies">Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies</a> (and its director until 1974), praised Teilhard’s work as "A fascinating and powerful presentation of the amazing fact of the emergence of man in the unfolding drama of the cosmos."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Barrow_and_Frank_Tipler">John Barrow and Frank Tipler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: John Barrow and Frank Tipler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Barrow and Frank Tipler, both physicists and cosmologists, base much of their work on Teilhard and use some of his key terms such as the Omega point. However, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Alfonseca" title="Manuel Alfonseca">Manuel Alfonseca</a>, author of 50 books and 200 technical articles, said in an article in the quarterly <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a>: "Barrow and Tipler have not understood Teilhard (apparently they have just read '<i>The Phenomenon of Man'</i>, at least this is the only work by Teilhard they mention). In fact, they have got everything backwards." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolfgang_Smith">Wolfgang Smith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wolfgang Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Smith" title="Wolfgang Smith">Wolfgang Smith</a>, an American scientist versed in Catholic theology, devotes an entire book to the critique of Teilhard's doctrine, which he considers neither scientific (assertions without proofs), nor Catholic (personal innovations), nor metaphysical (the "Absolute Being" is not yet absolute),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of which the following elements can be noted (all the words in quotation marks are Teilhard's, quoted by Smith): </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolution">Evolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith claims that for Teilhard, evolution is not only a scientific theory but an irrefutable truth "immune from any subsequent contradiction by experience";<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it constitutes the foundation of his doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matter becomes spirit and humanity moves towards a super-humanity thanks to complexification (physico-chemical, then biological, then human), socialization, scientific research and technological and cerebral development;<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the explosion of the first atomic bomb is one of its milestones,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while waiting for "the vitalization of matter by the creation of super-molecules, the remodeling of the human organism by means of hormones, control of heredity and sex by manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a> [...]".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matter_and_spirit">Matter and spirit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Matter and spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teilhard maintains that the human spirit (which he identifies with the <i>anima</i> and not with the <i>spiritus</i>) originates in a matter which becomes more and more complex until it produces life, then consciousness, then the consciousness of being conscious, holding that the immaterial can emerge from the material.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, he supports the idea of the presence of embryos of consciousness from the very genesis of the universe: "We are logically forced to assume the existence [...] of some sort of psyche" infinitely diffuse in the smallest particle.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theology">Theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith believes that since Teilhard affirms that "God creates evolutively", he denies the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not only because it attests that God created man, but that he created him in his own image, thus perfect and complete, then that man fell, that is to say the opposite of an ascending evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That which is metaphysically and theologically "above" - symbolically speaking - becomes for Teilhard "ahead", yet to come;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even God, who is neither perfect nor timeless, evolves in symbiosis with the World,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Teilhard, a resolute <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> venerates as the equal of the Divine.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for Christ, not only is he there to activate the wheels of progress and complete the evolutionary ascent, but he himself evolves.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_religion">New religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: New religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As he wrote to a cousin: "What dominates my interests increasingly is the effort to establish in me and define around me a new religion (call it a better Christianity, if you will)...",<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elsewhere: "a Christianity re-incarnated for a second time in the spiritual energies of Matter".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more Teilhard refines his theories, the more he emancipates himself from established Christian doctrine:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "religion of the earth" must replace a "religion of heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By their common faith in Man, he writes, Christians, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinists</a>, materialists of all kinds will ultimately join around the same summit: the Christic <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lucien_Cuénot"><span id="Lucien_Cu.C3.A9not"></span>Lucien Cuénot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Lucien Cuénot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cu%C3%A9not" title="Lucien Cuénot">Lucien Cuénot</a>, the biologist who proved that <a href="/wiki/Mendelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelism">Mendelism</a> applied to animals as well as plants through his experiments with mice, wrote: "Teilhard's greatness lay in this, that in a world ravaged by neurosis he provided an answer to out modern anguish and reconciled man with the cosmos and with himself by offering him an "ideal of humanity that, through a higher and consciously willed synthesis, would restore the instinctive equilibrium enjoyed in ages of primitive simplicity."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendelism is a group of biological inheritance principles developed by the Catholic friar-scientist <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>. Though for many years Mendelism was rejected by most biologists and other scientists, its principles - combined with the <a href="/wiki/Boveri%E2%80%93Sutton_chromosome_theory" title="Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory">Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory</a> of inheritance - eventually became the core of <a href="/wiki/Classical_genetics" title="Classical genetics">classical genetics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brian_Swimme" title="Brian Swimme">Brian Swimme</a> wrote "Teilhard was one of the first scientists to realize that the human and the universe are inseparable. The only universe we know about is a universe that brought forth the human."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> named the most primitive and ancient genus of true <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></i>. </p><p>On June 25, 1947 Teilhard was honored by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for "Outstanding services to the intellectual and scientific influence of France" and was promoted to the rank of Officer in the <i>Legion of Honor</i>. In 1950, Teilhard was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_arts_and_culture">Influence on arts and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Influence on arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teilhard and his work continue to influence the arts and culture. </p> <ul><li>Characters based on Teilhard appear in several novels, including Jean Telemond in <a href="/wiki/Morris_West" title="Morris West">Morris West</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shoes_of_the_Fisherman_(novel)" title="The Shoes of the Fisherman (novel)">The Shoes of the Fisherman</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mentioned by name and quoted by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Werner" title="Oskar Werner">Oskar Werner</a> playing Fr. Telemond in <a href="/wiki/The_Shoes_of_the_Fisherman_(movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shoes of the Fisherman (movie)">the movie version</a> of the novel).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a>' 1989–97 <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Cantos" title="Hyperion Cantos">Hyperion Cantos</a></i>, Teilhard de Chardin has been canonized a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the far future.</li> <li>His work inspires the <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> priest character, Paul Duré. When Duré becomes <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, he takes <i>Teilhard I</i> as his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Teilhard appears as a minor character in the play <i>Fake</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Simonson" title="Eric Simonson">Eric Simonson</a>, staged by Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company" title="Steppenwolf Theatre Company">Steppenwolf Theatre Company</a> in 2009, involving a fictional solution to the infamous Piltdown Man hoax.</li></ul> <p>There is a broad range of references to Teilhard ranging from quotations, as when an auto mechanic cites Teilhard in <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Scanner_Darkly" title="A Scanner Darkly">A Scanner Darkly</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to philosophical underpinning of an entire plot, as Teilhard's work does in <a href="/wiki/Julian_May" title="Julian May">Julian May</a>'s 1987–94 <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Milieu_Series" title="Galactic Milieu Series">Galactic Milieu Series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Teilhard also plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Annie_Dillard" title="Annie Dillard">Annie Dillard</a>'s 1999 <i>For the Time Being</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Teilhard is mentioned by name and the Omega Point briefly explained in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Stephen Baxter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Other_Days" title="The Light of Other Days">The Light of Other Days</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title of the short-story collection <i><a href="/wiki/Everything_That_Rises_Must_Converge" title="Everything That Rises Must Converge">Everything That Rises Must Converge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> is a reference to Teilhard's work.</li> <li>The American novelist <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>'s 2010 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Point_Omega" title="Point Omega">Point Omega</a></i> borrows its title and some of its ideas from Teilhard de Chardin.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Robert Wright</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny" title="Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny">Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny</a></i>, compares his own naturalistic thesis that biological and cultural evolution are directional and, possibly, purposeful, with Teilhard's ideas.</li> <li>Teilhard's work also inspired philosophical ruminations by Italian laureate architect <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Soleri" title="Paolo Soleri">Paolo Soleri</a> and Mexican writer Margarita Casasús Altamirano</li></ul> <p>In artworks: </p> <ul><li>s French painter <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Manessier" title="Alfred Manessier">Alfred Manessier</a>'s <i>L'Offrande de la terre ou Hommage à Teilhard de Chardin</i></li> <li>and American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hart_(sculptor)" title="Frederick Hart (sculptor)">Frederick Hart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">acrylic</a> sculpture <i>The Divine Milieu: Homage to Teilhard de Chardin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A sculpture of the Omega Point by Henry Setter, with a quote from Teilhard de Chardin, can be found at the entrance to the Roesch Library at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Spanish painter <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> was fascinated by Teilhard de Chardin and the Omega Point theory. His 1959 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecumenical_Council_(painting)" title="The Ecumenical Council (painting)">The Ecumenical Council</a></i> is said to represent the "interconnectedness" of the Omega Point.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Rubbra" title="Edmund Rubbra">Edmund Rubbra</a>'s 1968 Symphony No. 8 is titled <i>Hommage à Teilhard de Chardin</i>.</li></ul> <p><i>The Embracing Universe</i>, an oratorio for choir and 7 instruments, composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Grounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justin Grounds (page does not exist)">Justin Grounds</a> to a libretto by Fred LaHaye saw its first performance in 2019. It is based on the life and thought of Teilhard de Chardin.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>College campuses: </p> <ul><li>A building at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>,</li> <li>residence dormitories at <a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_University" title="Gonzaga University">Gonzaga University</a>,</li> <li>residence dormitories at <a href="/wiki/Seattle_University" title="Seattle University">Seattle University</a>.</li></ul> <p><i>The De Chardin Project</i>, a play celebrating Teilhard's life, ran from 20 November to 14 December 2014 in Toronto, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Play_and_film_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Play_and_film-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Evolution of Teilhard de Chardin</i>, a documentary film on Teilhard's life, was scheduled for release in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Play_and_film_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Play_and_film-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1978, George Addair based much of Omega Vector on Teilhard's work. </p><p>The American physicist <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Tipler" title="Frank J. Tipler">Frank J. Tipler</a> has further developed Teilhard's <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a> concept in two controversial books, <a href="/wiki/The_Physics_of_Immortality_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Physics of Immortality (book)"><i>The Physics of Immortality</i></a> and the more theologically based Physics of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While keeping the central premise of Teilhard's Omega Point (i.e. a universe evolving towards a maximum state of complexity and consciousness) Tipler has supplanted some of the more mystical/ theological elements of the OPT with his own scientific and mathematical observations (as well as some elements borrowed from Freeman <a href="/wiki/Dyson%27s_eternal_intelligence" title="Dyson's eternal intelligence">Dyson's eternal intelligence</a> theory).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, the Uruguayan priest <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Segundo" title="Juan Luis Segundo">Juan Luis Segundo</a>, in his five-volume series <i>A Theology for Artisans of a New Humanity,</i> wrote that Teilhard "noticed the profound analogies existing between the conceptual elements used by the natural sciences—all of them being based on the hypothesis of a general evolution of the universe."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_his_cousin_Marguerite_Teilard_Chambon">Influence of his cousin Marguerite Teilard Chambon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Influence of his cousin Marguerite Teilard Chambon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Teillard-Chambon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite Teillard-Chambon (page does not exist)">Marguerite Teillard-Chambon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Teillard-Chambon" class="extiw" title="fr:Marguerite Teillard-Chambon">fr</a>]</span>, (alias Claude Aragonnès) was a French writer who edited and had published three volumes of correspondence with her cousin, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, "La genèse d'une pensée" ("The Making of a Mind") being the last, after her own death in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-letters1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She furnished each with an introduction. Marguerite, a year older than Teilhard, was considered among those who knew and understood him best. They had shared a childhood in <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a>; she it was who encouraged him to undertake a doctorate in science at the Sorbonne; she eased his entry into the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Catholique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Catholique de Paris">Catholic Institute</a>, through her connection to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Margerie" title="Emmanuel de Margerie">Emmanuel de Margerie</a> and she introduced him to the intellectual life of Paris. Throughout the First World War, she corresponded with him, acting as a "midwife" to his thinking, helping his thought to emerge and honing it. In September 1959 she participated in a gathering organised at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Babel" title="Saint-Babel">Saint-Babel</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Issoire" title="Issoire">Issoire</a>, devoted to Teilhard's philosophical contribution. On the way home to <a href="/wiki/Chambon-sur-Lac" title="Chambon-sur-Lac">Chambon-sur-Lac</a>, she was fatally injured in a <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Road traffic accident">road traffic accident</a>. Her sister, Alice, completed the final preparations for the publication of the final volume of her cousin Teilhard's wartime letters.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_New_Age_movement">Influence on the New Age movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Influence on the New Age movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teilhard has had a profound influence on the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movements and has been described as "perhaps the man most responsible for the spiritualization of evolution in a global and cosmic context".<sup id="cite_ref-AnkerbergWeldon1996_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnkerbergWeldon1996-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a> book <a href="/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(book)" title="The Turning Point (book)"><i>The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture</i></a> positively contrasts Teilhard to Darwinian evolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dates in parentheses are the dates of first publication in French and English. Most of these works were written years earlier, but Teilhard's ecclesiastical order forbade him to publish them because of their controversial nature. The essay collections are organized by subject rather than date, thus each one typically spans many years. </p> <ul><li><i>Le Phénomène Humain</i> (1955), written 1938–40, scientific exposition of Teilhard's theory of evolution. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a></i> (1959), Harper Perennial 1976: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090495-1">978-0-06-090495-1</a>. Reprint 2008: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-163265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-163265-5">978-0-06-163265-5</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Human_Phenomenon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Human Phenomenon (page does not exist)">The Human Phenomenon</a></i> (1999), Brighton: Sussex Academic, 2003: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-30-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-30-8">978-1-902210-30-8</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Letters From a Traveler</i> (1956; English translation 1962), written 1923–55.</li> <li><i>Le Groupe Zoologique Humain</i> (1956), written 1949, more detailed presentation of Teilhard's theories. <ul><li><i>Man's Place in Nature</i> (English translation 1966).</li></ul></li> <li><i>Le Milieu Divin</i> (1957), spiritual book written 1926–27, in which the author seeks to offer a way for everyday life, i.e. the secular, to be divinized. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Divine_Milieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Divine Milieu (page does not exist)">The Divine Milieu</a></i> (1960) Harper Perennial 2001: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093725-6">978-0-06-093725-6</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>L'Avenir de l'Homme</i> (1959) essays written 1920–52, on the evolution of consciousness (noosphere). <ul><li><i>The Future of Man</i> (1964) Image 2004: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51072-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51072-1">978-0-385-51072-1</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Hymn of the Universe</i> (1961; English translation 1965) Harper and Row: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131910-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131910-5">978-0-06-131910-5</a>, mystical/spiritual essays and thoughts written 1916–55.</li> <li><i>L'Energie Humaine</i> (1962), essays written 1931–39, on morality and love. <ul><li><i>Human Energy</i> (1969) Harcort Brace Jovanovich <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-642300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-642300-7">978-0-15-642300-7</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>L'Activation de l'Energie</i> (1963), sequel to <i>Human Energy</i>, essays written 1939–55 but not planned for publication, about the universality and irreversibility of human action. <ul><li><i>Activation of Energy</i> (1970), Harvest/HBJ 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602817-2">978-0-15-602817-2</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Je M'Explique</i> (1966) Jean-Pierre Demoulin, editor <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-685-36593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-685-36593-9">978-0-685-36593-9</a>, "The Essential Teilhard" — selected passages from his works. <ul><li><i>Let Me Explain</i> (1970) Harper and Row <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061800-1">978-0-06-061800-1</a>, Collins/Fontana 1973: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-623379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-623379-4">978-0-00-623379-4</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Christianity and Evolution</i>, Harvest/HBJ 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602818-9">978-0-15-602818-9</a>.</li> <li><i>The Heart of the Matter</i>, Harvest/HBJ 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602758-8">978-0-15-602758-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Toward the Future</i>, Harvest/HBJ 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602819-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602819-6">978-0-15-602819-6</a>.</li> <li><i>The Making of a Mind: Letters from a Soldier-Priest 1914–1919</i>, Collins (1965), Letters written during wartime.</li> <li><i>Writings in Time of War</i>, Collins (1968) composed of spiritual essays written during wartime. One of the few books of Teilhard to receive an imprimatur.</li> <li><i>Vision of the Past</i>, Collins (1966) composed of mostly scientific essays published in the French science journal <i>Etudes</i>.</li> <li><i>The Appearance of Man</i>, Collins (1965) composed of mostly scientific writings published in the French science journal <i>Etudes</i>.</li> <li><i>Letters to Two Friends 1926–1952</i>, Fontana (1968). Composed of personal letters on varied subjects including his understanding of death. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Letters to Two Friends 1926–1952</i>. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Weaver" title="Helen Weaver">Helen Weaver</a> (translation). New American Library. 1968. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85391-143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85391-143-2"><bdi>978-0-85391-143-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30268456">30268456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+Two+Friends+1926%E2%80%931952&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30268456&rft.isbn=978-0-85391-143-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><i>Letters to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ontine_Zanta" title="Léontine Zanta">Léontine Zanta</a></i>, Collins (1969).</li> <li><i>Correspondence / Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Maurice Blondel</i>, Herder and Herder (1967) This correspondence also has both the <i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">imprimatur</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">nihil obstat</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chardin1952" class="citation journal cs1">de Chardin, P T (1952). "On the zoological position and the evolutionary significance of Australopithecines". <i>Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>14</b> (5) (published March 1952): 208–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2164-0947.1952.tb01101.x">10.1111/j.2164-0947.1952.tb01101.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14931535">14931535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+the+zoological+position+and+the+evolutionary+significance+of+Australopithecines&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=208-10&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2164-0947.1952.tb01101.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14931535&rft.aulast=de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=P+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Terrade_ChardinPaterson1936" class="citation journal cs1">de Terra, H; de Chardin, PT; Paterson, TT (1936). "Joint geological and prehistoric studies of the Late Cenozoic in India". <i>Science</i>. <b>83</b> (2149) (published 6 March 1936): 233–236. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936Sci....83..233D">1936Sci....83..233D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.83.2149.233-a">10.1126/science.83.2149.233-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17809311">17809311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Joint+geological+and+prehistoric+studies+of+the+Late+Cenozoic+in+India&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2149&rft.pages=233-236&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17809311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.83.2149.233-a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936Sci....83..233D&rft.aulast=de+Terra&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=de+Chardin%2C+PT&rft.au=Paterson%2C+TT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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Complexity/Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Le_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Le Roy">Edouard Le Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jesuit scientists">List of Jesuit scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_scientist-clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics">List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_and_religion_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science and religion scholars">List of science and religion scholars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I see in the World a mysterious product of completion and fulfillment for the absolute Being himself." <i>The Heart of Matter</i>, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1979, p. 54 - quoted in Wolfgang Smith, <i>Teilhardism and the New Religion</i>, Tan Books & Pub, Gastonia/NC, USA, 1988, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is Christ, in all truth, who saves, but should we not immediately add that at the same time it is Christ who is saved by evolution?" <i>The Heart of Matter</i>, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1979, p. 92 - quoted in Wolfgang Smith, <i>Teilhardism and the New Religion</i>, Tan Books & Pub, Gastonia/NC, USA, 1988, p. 117.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_M._King2005" class="citation web cs1">Thomas M. King (28 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2005/03/28/life-pierre-teilhard-de-chardin-sj-smiling-scientist">"The life of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, S.J., the smiling scientist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=The+life+of+Pierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin%2C+S.J.%2C+the+smiling+scientist&rft.date=2005-03-28&rft.au=Thomas+M.+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fpolitics-society%2F2005%2F03%2F28%2Flife-pierre-teilhard-de-chardin-sj-smiling-scientist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Marichal, "Emmanuel Teilhard de Chardin (1844-1932)", <i>Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes</i> 93 (1932), 416f. Emmanuel Teilhard de Chardin was the son of Pierre-Cirice Teilhard and of Victoire Teilhard née Barron de Chardin. The grandfather of Pierre-Cirice, Pierre Teilhard, was granted a letter of confirmation of nobility by Louis XVIII in 1816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAczel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Aczel" title="Amir Aczel">Aczel, Amir</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4h3VQO20_Q0C&pg=PT58"><i>The Jesuit and the Skull</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-3735-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-3735-3"><bdi>978-1-4406-3735-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+and+the+Skull&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-3735-3&rft.aulast=Aczel&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4h3VQO20_Q0C%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fides-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fides_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fides_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fides_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeilhard_de_Chardin2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrLD9tj8WUEC"><i>L'expérience de Dieu avec Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</i></a> (in French). Les Editions Fides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7621-2348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7621-2348-7"><bdi>978-2-7621-2348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27exp%C3%A9rience+de+Dieu+avec+Pierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.pub=Les+Editions+Fides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7621-2348-7&rft.aulast=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrLD9tj8WUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcreek1.jimdofree.com/2-the-formative-years/">"The Formative Years 1899 - 1914"</a>. <i>Teilhard de Chardin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.atitle=The+Formative+Years+1899+-+1914&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftcreek1.jimdofree.com%2F2-the-formative-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Letters from Egypt</i> (1905–1908) — Éditions Aubier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeilhard_de_Chardin1979" class="citation book cs1">Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1979). Hague, René (ed.). <i>The Heart of Matter</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Matter&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoye" class="citation book cs1">Joye, Shelli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Exploring-Noosphere-Teilhard-Shelli-Joye-ebook/dp/B08RJ7GVB5/"><i>Exploring the Noosphere: Teilhard de Chardin</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Noosphere%3A+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.aulast=Joye&rft.aufirst=Shelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FExploring-Noosphere-Teilhard-Shelli-Joye-ebook%2Fdp%2FB08RJ7GVB5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcreek1.jimdofree.com/1-the-early-years/">"The Early Years 1881 - 1899"</a>. <i>Teilhard de Chardin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clarku.edu&rft.atitle=Teilhard+and+the+Pildown+%22Hoax%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarku.edu%2F~piltdown%2Fmap_prim_suspects%2Fteilhard_de_chardin%2FChardin_defend%2Fteilhardandpilthoax%28lukas%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayman" class="citation news cs1">Wayman, Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-to-solve-human-evolutions-greatest-hoax-167921335/">"How to Solve Human Evolution's Greatest Hoax"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=How+to+Solve+Human+Evolution%27s+Greatest+Hoax&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fhow-to-solve-human-evolutions-greatest-hoax-167921335%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello1981" class="citation web cs1">Costello, Peter (September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.clarku.edu/~piltdown/map_prim_suspects/Teilhard_de_Chardin/Chardin_defend/piltpuzzle.html">"The Piltdown Puzzle, article in New Scientist"</a>. <i>www2.clarku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.clarku.edu&rft.atitle=The+Piltdown+Puzzle%2C+article+in+New+Scientist&rft.date=1981-09&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.clarku.edu%2F~piltdown%2Fmap_prim_suspects%2FTeilhard_de_Chardin%2FChardin_defend%2Fpiltpuzzle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation web cs1">King, Thomas M. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.clarku.edu/~piltdown/map_prim_suspects/Teilhard_de_Chardin/Chardin_defend/teilhardandpilt.html">"Teilhard and Piltdown"</a>. <i>www2.clarku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.clarku.edu&rft.atitle=Teilhard+and+Piltdown&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.clarku.edu%2F~piltdown%2Fmap_prim_suspects%2FTeilhard_de_Chardin%2FChardin_defend%2Fteilhardandpilt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirx1999" class="citation web cs1">Birx, H. James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huumanists.org/publications/journal/phenomenon-pierre-teilhard-de-chardin">"The Phenomenon of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin"</a>. <i>UU Humanist Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UU+Humanist+Association&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenon+of+Pierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Birx&rft.aufirst=H.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuumanists.org%2Fpublications%2Fjournal%2Fphenomenon-pierre-teilhard-de-chardin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch1981" class="citation web cs1">McCulloch, Winifred (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.clarku.edu/faculty/djoyce/piltdown/map_prim_suspects/teilhard_de_chardin/Chardin_defend/remarksTeilhard.html">"Some Remarks on Teilhard and the Piltdown Hoax"</a>. <i>www2.clarku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.clarku.edu&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+Teilhard+and+the+Piltdown+Hoax&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Winifred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.clarku.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdjoyce%2Fpiltdown%2Fmap_prim_suspects%2Fteilhard_de_chardin%2FChardin_defend%2FremarksTeilhard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnCQHIeucNw"><i>Teilhard de Chardin: His Importance in the 21st Century</i></a>, 23 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+His+Importance+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUnCQHIeucNw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Genèse d'une pensée</i> (English: "The Making of a Mind")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letters1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chardin1965" class="citation book cs1">de Chardin, Teilhard (1965). <i>The Making of a Mind: Letters from a Soldier-Priest 1914–1919</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Mind%3A+Letters+from+a+Soldier-Priest+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=Teilhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudant2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gaudant, Jean (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annales.org/archives/cofrhigeo/gaudant-SGF.html">"Brève histoire de la Société géologique de France vue à travers ses présidents successifs"</a>. <i>Travaux du Comité français d'histoire de la géologie (COFRHIGEO)</i>: 81–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Travaux+du+Comit%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27histoire+de+la+g%C3%A9ologie+%28COFRHIGEO%29&rft.atitle=Br%C3%A8ve+histoire+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+g%C3%A9ologique+de+France+vue+%C3%A0+travers+ses+pr%C3%A9sidents+successifs&rft.pages=81-104&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gaudant&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annales.org%2Farchives%2Fcofrhigeo%2Fgaudant-SGF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aczel-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aczel_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAczel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Aczel" title="Amir Aczel">Aczel, Amir</a> (4 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitskull00acze/page/320"><i>The Jesuit and the Skull: Teilhard de Chardin, Evolution, and the Search for Peking Man</i></a>. Riverhead Trade. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitskull00acze/page/320">320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-594489-56-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-594489-56-3"><bdi>978-1-594489-56-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+and+the+Skull%3A+Teilhard+de+Chardin%2C+Evolution%2C+and+the+Search+for+Peking+Man&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Riverhead+Trade&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.isbn=978-1-594489-56-3&rft.aulast=Aczel&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesuitskull00acze%2Fpage%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808033329/http://www.uiowa.edu/~nathist/Site/giganto.html">"How Gigantopithecus was discovered"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> Museum of Natural History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uiowa.edu/~nathist/Site/giganto.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Gigantopithecus+was+discovered&rft.pub=The+University+of+Iowa+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uiowa.edu%2F~nathist%2FSite%2Fgiganto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/LettersFromATraveller">"Letters from a Traveller"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letters+from+a+Traveller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLettersFromATraveller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS, 6 August 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of this decree was published in daily <i>L’Aurore</i> of Paris, dated 2 October 1963, and was reproduced in <i>Nouvelles De Chrétienté</i>, 10 October 1963, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-design-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-design_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmulders1967" class="citation book cs1">Smulders, Pieter Frans (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/designofteilhard0000smul"><i>The design of Teilhard de Chardin: an essay in theological reflection</i></a></span>. Newman Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+design+of+Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+an+essay+in+theological+reflection&rft.pub=Newman+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Smulders&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesignofteilhard0000smul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Divine-Milieu">"The Divine Milieu: Work by Teilhard de Chardin"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Divine+Milieu%3A+Work+by+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Divine-Milieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoI4Bamf-9s"><span class="plainlinks">"Teilhard de Chardin, Orthogenesis, and the Mechanism of Evolutionary Change"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasfglick.com/">Thomas F Glick</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berry, Thomas (1982) "Teilhard de Chardin in the Age of Ecology" (Studies of Teilhard de Chardin)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NormandinWolfe2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NormandinWolfe2013_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormandinCharles_T._Wolfe2013" class="citation book cs1">Normandin, Sebastian; Charles T. Wolfe (15 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQVAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-Enlightenment Life Science, 1800-2010</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2445-7"><bdi>978-94-007-2445-7</bdi></a>. <q>vitalism finds occasional expression in the neo-Thomist philosophies associated with Catholicism. Indeed, Catholic philosophy was heavily influenced by bergson in the early twentieth century, and there is a direct link between Bergson's neo-vitalism and the nascent neo-Thomism of thinkers like Jacques Maritain, which led to various idealist interpretations of biology which labeled themselves 'vitalistic', such as those of Edouard Le Roy (influenced by Teilhard de Chardin).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitalism+and+the+Scientific+Image+in+Post-Enlightenment+Life+Science%2C+1800-2010&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2445-7&rft.aulast=Normandin&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Charles+T.+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQVAAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304184057/http://teilharddechardin.org/mm_uploads/Fall2011.pdf">"(Review of) Howard, Damian.Being Human in Islam: The Impact of the Evolutionary Worldview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Teilhard Perspective</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teilharddechardin.org/mm_uploads/Fall2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>the strong influence of Henri Bergson, via the writings of Muhammed Iqbal, who is seen to represent a Romantic, Naturphilosophie school of "vitalist cosmic progressivism," in contrast to Western mechanical materialism. And Teilhard, much akin to the French Bergson, along with Karl Rahner, are rightly noted as latter exemplars of this life-affirmative option.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teilhard+Perspective&rft.atitle=%28Review+of%29+Howard%2C+Damian.Being+Human+in+Islam%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Evolutionary+Worldview&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteilharddechardin.org%2Fmm_uploads%2FFall2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10222875425787589">"Facebook"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto%3Ffbid%3D10222875425787589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galleni-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galleni_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalleniScalfari2005" class="citation journal cs1">Galleni, Ludovico; Scalfari, Francesco (2005). "Teilhard de Chardin's Engagement with the Relationship between Science and Theology in Light of Discussions about Environmental Ethics". <i>Ecotheology</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fecot.2005.10.2.196">10.1558/ecot.2005.10.2.196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecotheology&rft.atitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin%27s+Engagement+with+the+Relationship+between+Science+and+Theology+in+Light+of+Discussions+about+Environmental+Ethics&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fecot.2005.10.2.196&rft.aulast=Galleni&rft.aufirst=Ludovico&rft.au=Scalfari%2C+Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, J. A. (1982). <i>The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin: A Comparative Study</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Christ+in+Origen+and+Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teilhard de Chardin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120154909/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=2287&C=2162">"A Note on Progress"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phenomenon1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon1_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i> (New York: Harper and Row, 1959), 250–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons (1982). <i>The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin</i>. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Christ+in+Origen+and+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lyons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons (1982). <i>The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin: A Comparative Study</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Christ+in+Origen+and+Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lyons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons (1982). <i>The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin</i>. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Christ+in+Origen+and+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.pages=153&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lyons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1982" class="citation book cs1">Lyons (1982). <i>The Cosmic Christ in Origen and Teilhard de Chardin</i>. pp. 154–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Christ+in+Origen+and+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.pages=154-155&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lyons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPS-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPS_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlattery2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_P._Slattery_(theologian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John P. Slattery (theologian) (page does not exist)">Slattery, John P.</a> (21 May 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondispatches.org/pierre-teilhard-de-chardins-legacy-of-eugenics-and-racism-cant-be-ignored"><i>Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's Legacy of Eugenics and Racism Can't Be Ignored</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_Dispatches" title="Religion Dispatches">Religion Dispatches</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin%27s+Legacy+of+Eugenics+and+Racism+Can%27t+Be+Ignored&rft.pub=Religion+Dispatches&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.aulast=Slattery&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligiondispatches.org%2Fpierre-teilhard-de-chardins-legacy-of-eugenics-and-racism-cant-be-ignored&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaught2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Haught" title="John F. Haught">Haught, John F.</a> (12 February 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/trashing-teilhard"><i>Trashing Teilhard</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trashing+Teilhard&rft.pub=Commonweal&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Haught&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Ftrashing-teilhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuénot1965216-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuénot1965216_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCuénot1965">Cuénot 1965</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuénot1965239-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuénot1965239_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCuénot1965">Cuénot 1965</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2017" class="citation news cs1">O'Connell, Gerard (21 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122030118/https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/11/21/will-pope-francis-remove-vaticans-warning-teilhard-de-chardins-writings">"Will Pope Francis remove the Vatican's 'warning' from Teilhard de Chardin's writings?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/11/21/will-pope-francis-remove-vaticans-warning-teilhard-de-chardins-writings">the original</a> on 22 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=Will+Pope+Francis+remove+the+Vatican%27s+%27warning%27+from+Teilhard+de+Chardin%27s+writings%3F&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2017%2F11%2F21%2Fwill-pope-francis-remove-vaticans-warning-teilhard-de-chardins-writings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wojciech Sadłoń, Teologia Teilharda de Chardin. Studium nad komentarzami Henri de Lubaca, Warszawa, UKSW 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardinal Henri Cardinal de Lubac – <i>The Religion of Teilhard de Chardin</i>, Image Books (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal; Pope Benedict XVI; Benedict; J. R. Foster; Michael J. Miller (4 June 2010). <i>Introduction To Christianity</i>, 2nd Edition (Kindle Locations 2840-2865). Ignatius Press. 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Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Eucharistic Church: The Vision of John Paul II – McGinley Lecture, University, 10 November 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardinal Christoph Schoenborn, Creation, Evolution, and a Rational Faith, Ignatian Press (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation news cs1">Allen, John (28 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncronline.org/news/pope-cites-teilhardian-vision-cosmos-living-host">"Pope cites Teilhardian vision of the cosmos as a 'living host'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Pope+cites+Teilhardian+vision+of+the+cosmos+as+a+%27living+host%27&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fpope-cites-teilhardian-vision-cosmos-living-host&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laudato_si-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laudato_si_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Francis2015" class="citation cs2">Pope Francis (24 May 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf"><i>ENCYCLICAL LETTER LAUDATO SI' OF THE HOLY FATHER FRANCIS ON CARE FOR OUR COMMON HOME</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 61<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ENCYCLICAL+LETTER+LAUDATO+SI%27+OF+THE+HOLY+FATHER+FRANCIS+ON+CARE+FOR+OUR+COMMON+HOME&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft.au=Pope+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Ffrancesco%2Fpdf%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Hildebrand1993" class="citation book cs1">Von Hildebrand, Dietrich (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trojanhorseincit00vonh"><i>Trojan Horse in the City of God</i></a>. Sophia Inst Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918477-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918477-18-7"><bdi>978-0-918477-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trojan+Horse+in+the+City+of+God&rft.pub=Sophia+Inst+Pr&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-918477-18-7&rft.aulast=Von+Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrojanhorseincit00vonh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huxley, Julian "Preface" to Teilhard de Chardin, Teilhard (1955) "The Phenomenon of Man" (Fontana)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcreek1.jimdofree.com/acclaim-for-teilhard/">"Acclaim for Teilhard and his Works"</a>. <i>Teilhard de Chardin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.atitle=Acclaim+for+Teilhard+and+his+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftcreek1.jimdofree.com%2Facclaim-for-teilhard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobz_Nothing-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobz_Nothing_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobzhansky1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Dobzhansky, Theodosius</a> (March 1973). "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Biology_Teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="American Biology Teacher">American Biology Teacher</a></i>. <b>35</b> (3): 125–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4444260">10.2307/4444260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4444260">4444260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207358177">207358177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Biology+Teacher&rft.atitle=Nothing+in+Biology+Makes+Sense+Except+in+the+Light+of+Evolution&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-129&rft.date=1973-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207358177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4444260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4444260&rft.aulast=Dobzhansky&rft.aufirst=Theodosius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in J. Peter Zetterberg (ed.), <i>Evolution versus Creationism</i> (1983), ORYX Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennett1995-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dennett1995_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennett1995" class="citation book cs1">Dennett, Daniel C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y77BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA320"><i>Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meaning of Life</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. 320–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2629-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-2629-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+Dangerous+Idea%3A+Evolution+and+the+Meaning+of+Life&rft.pages=320-&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2629-5&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY77BAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, David Sloan (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qZbDwAAQBAJ"><i>This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87021-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87021-1"><bdi>978-1-101-87021-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+View+of+Life%3A+Completing+the+Darwinian+Revolution&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-101-87021-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qZbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould1980-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould1980_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25397178M/Hen's_Teeth_and_Horse's_Toes_-_Further_Reflections_in_Natural_History"><i>Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History</i></a>. 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W.W. Norton. pp. 69–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06498-8"><bdi>978-0-393-06498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Richness+of+Life%3A+The+Essential+Stephen+Jay+Gould&rft.pages=69-&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06498-8&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfXJhKmp1wUC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukas1983" class="citation web cs1">Lukas, Mary (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.clarku.edu/~piltdown/map_prim_suspects/teilhard_de_chardin/Chardin_defend/haunting.html">"The Haunting, article in the journal Antiquity"</a>. <i>www2.clarku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.clarku.edu&rft.atitle=The+Haunting%2C+article+in+the+journal+Antiquity&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lukas&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.clarku.edu%2F~piltdown%2Fmap_prim_suspects%2Fteilhard_de_chardin%2FChardin_defend%2Fhaunting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1981" class="citation web cs1">Oakley, Kenneth (November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.clarku.edu/~piltdown/map_prim_suspects/Teilhard_de_Chardin/Chardin_defend/piltdownman.html">"Piltdown Man, Letter to New Scientist"</a>. <i>www2.clarku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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J. Gould's Piltdown Argument"</a>. <i>www2.clarku.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.clarku.edu&rft.atitle=A+Readers+Guide+to+S.+J.+Gould%27s+Piltdown+Argument&rft.date=1983-12&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Winifred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.clarku.edu%2F~piltdown%2Fmap_prim_suspects%2FTeilhard_de_Chardin%2FChardin_defend%2Freadersguide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedawar1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar, P. B.</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bactra.org/Medawar/phenomenon-of-man.html">"Critical Notice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>. <b>70</b> (277). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 99–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXX.277.99">10.1093/mind/LXX.277.99</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Critical+Notice&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=277&rft.pages=99-106&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXX.277.99&rft.aulast=Medawar&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbactra.org%2FMedawar%2Fphenomenon-of-man.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viney, Donald Wayne, "Teilhard, Medawar, and the New Atheism," in Ilia Delio ed., <i>From Teilhard To Omega: Co-creating an Unfinished Universe</i>. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2014, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnCQHIeucNw"><i>Teilhard de Chardin: His Importance in the 21st Century</i></a>, 23 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+His+Importance+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUnCQHIeucNw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawkins2000-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins2000_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (5 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA320"><i>Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 320ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34735-6"><bdi>978-0-547-34735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unweaving+the+Rainbow%3A+Science%2C+Delusion+and+the+Appetite+for+Wonder&rft.pages=320ff&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-547-34735-6&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZudTchiioUoC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrowningAlioto1973-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrowningAlioto1973_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningJoseph_L._AliotoSeymour_M._FarberUniversity_of_California,_San_Francisco_Medical_Center1973" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Geraldine O.; Joseph L. Alioto; Seymour M. Farber; University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (January 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHCqN_lM5bYC&pg=PA91"><i>Teilhard de Chardin: in Quest of the Perfection of Man: An International Symposium</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 91ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1258-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1258-3"><bdi>978-0-8386-1258-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+in+Quest+of+the+Perfection+of+Man%3A+An+International+Symposium&rft.pages=91ff&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1973-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-1258-3&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+O.&rft.au=Joseph+L.+Alioto&rft.au=Seymour+M.+Farber&rft.au=University+of+California%2C+San+Francisco+Medical+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHCqN_lM5bYC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaporte2013" class="citation book cs1">Laporte, Léo F. 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Columbia University Press. pp. 191ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50545-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Gaylord+Simpson%3A+Paleontologist+and+Evolutionist&rft.pages=191ff&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50545-1&rft.aulast=Laporte&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9o+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJd0yGJ3nF9EC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Smith, <i>Teilhardism and the New Religion: A Thorough Analysis of the Teachings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</i>, Tan Books & Pub, Gastonia/NC, USA, 1988 (republished as <i>Theistic Evolution</i>, Angelico Press, New York, 2012, 270 pages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>, Harper & Row, New York, 1965, p. 140 – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., pp. 177, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>, <i>Op. cit</i>, p. 149 – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 243-244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>The Future of Mankind</i>, Harper & Row, New York, 1964, p. 149 – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., pp. 42-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>, <i>Op. cit</i>, pp. 301-302 – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., pp. 49-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., pp. 13, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., pp. 117, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>Letters to Léontine Zanta</i>, Harper & Row, New York, 1965, p. 114 (letter of 26 January 1936) – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>The Heart of Matter</i>, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1979, p. 96 – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Teilhard de Chardin, <i>Science and Christ</i>, Collins, London, 1968, p. 120 – quoted in W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Smith, <i>Op. cit</i>., pp. 22, 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Introduction" by Brian Swimme, in <i>The Human Phenomenon</i> by Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Sarah Appleton-Webber, Sussex Academic Press, Brighton and Portland, Oregon, 1999 p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcreek1.jimdofree.com/6-back-to-france/">"Back to France, 1946 - 1951"</a>. <i>Teilhard de Chardin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.atitle=Back+to+France%2C+1946+-+1951&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftcreek1.jimdofree.com%2F6-back-to-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss1978" class="citation journal cs1">Moss, R.F. (Spring 1978). "Suffering, sinful Catholics". <i>The Antioch Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2). 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Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofhyperion00simm_0/page/464">464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26747-2"><bdi>978-0-385-26747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Hyperion&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1990-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26747-2&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofhyperion00simm_0%2Fpage%2F464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick1991" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Philip K. 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Paris: Bernard Grasset.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelles+lettres+de+voyage+1939-1955%2C+de+Pierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bernard+Grasset&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeillard-Chambon1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teillard-Chambon, Marguerite, ed. (1961). <i>Genèse d'une pensée, Lettres 1914-1919, de Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</i> (in French). Paris: Bernard Grasset.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gen%C3%A8se+d%27une+pens%C3%A9e%2C+Lettres+1914-1919%2C+de+Pierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bernard+Grasset&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnkerbergWeldon1996-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AnkerbergWeldon1996_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkerbergJohn_Weldon1996" class="citation book cs1">Ankerberg, John; John Weldon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SghdYBbMds0C&pg=PA661"><i>Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs</i></a>. Harvest House Publishers. pp. 661–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56507-160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56507-160-5"><bdi>978-1-56507-160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Age+Beliefs&rft.pages=661-&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56507-160-5&rft.aulast=Ankerberg&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=John+Weldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSghdYBbMds0C%26pg%3DPA661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Aczel" title="Amir Aczel">Amir Aczel</a>, <i>The Jesuit and the Skull: Teilhard de Chardin, Evolution and the Search for Peking Man</i> (Riverhead Hardcover, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, <i>The Spirit of the Liturgy</i> (Ignatian Press 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, <i>Introduction to Christianity</i> (Ignatius Press, Revised edition, 2004)</li> <li>Paul Churchland, "Man and Cosmos"</li> <li>John Cowburn, <i>Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a Selective Summary of His Life</i> (Mosaic Press 2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuénot1965" class="citation cs2">Cuénot, Claude (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teilharddechardi0000clau_r2h7"><i>Teilhard de Chardin: A Biographical Study</i></a>, translated by Vincent Colimore, Baltimore: Helicon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin%3A+A+Biographical+Study&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Helicon&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Cu%C3%A9not&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteilharddechardi0000clau_r2h7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span> (UK edition: London: <a href="/wiki/Burns_%26_Oates" title="Burns & Oates">Burns & Oates</a>, 1965; original French: <i>Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: les grandes étapes de son évolution</i>, Paris: <a href="/wiki/Plon_(publisher)" title="Plon (publisher)">Plon</a>, 1958)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuénot1967" class="citation cs2">Cuénot, Claude (1967), <i>Science and Faith in Teilhard de Chardin</i>, London: Garstone Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Faith+in+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Garstone+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Cu%C3%A9not&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Dupleix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre Dupleix (page does not exist)">Andre Dupleix</a>, <i>15 Days of Prayer with Teilhard de Chardin</i> (New City Press, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laceweb.org.au/rhp.htm">Enablers, T.C., 2015. 'Hominising – Realising Human Potential'</a></li> <li>Robert Faricy, <i>Teilhard de Chardin's Theology of Christian in the World</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheed_and_Ward" title="Sheed and Ward">Sheed and Ward</a> 1968)</li> <li>Robert Faricy, <i>The Spirituality of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Collins 1981, Harper & Row 1981)</li> <li>Robert Faricy and Lucy Rooney, <i>Praying with Teilhard de Chardin</i>(Queenship 1996)</li> <li>David Grumett, <i>Teilhard de Chardin: Theology, Humanity and Cosmos</i> (Peeters 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a>, <i>Teilhard de Chardin: A False Prophet</i> (Franciscan Herald Press 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a>, <i>Trojan Horse in the City of God</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a>, <i>Devastated Vineyard</i></li> <li>Thomas M. King, <i>Teilhard's Mass; Approaches to "The Mass on the World"</i> (Paulist Press, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_King_(academic)" title="Ursula King (academic)">Ursula King</a>, <i>Spirit of Fire: The Life and Vision of Teilhard de Chardin</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328113748/http://www.maryknollsocietymall.org/description.cfm?ISBN=978-1-57075-177-6">maryknollsocietymall.org</a> (Orbis Books, 1996)</li> <li>Richard W. Kropf, <i>Teilhard, Scripture and Revelation: A Study of Teilhard de Chardin's Reinterpretation of Pauline Themes</i> (Associated University Press, 1980)</li> <li>David H. Lane, <i>The Phenomenon of Teilhard: Prophet for a New Age</i> (Mercer University Press)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">de Lubac, Henri</a>, <i>The Religion of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Image Books, 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">de Lubac, Henri</a>, <i>The Faith of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Burnes and Oates, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">de Lubac, Henri</a>, <i>The Eternal Feminine: A Study of the Text of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Collins, 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">de Lubac, Henri</a>, <i>Teilhard Explained</i> (Paulist Press, 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_de_Terra" title="Helmut de Terra">Helmut de Terra</a>, <i>Memories of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Harper and Row and Wm Collins Sons & Co., 1964)</li> <li>Mary and Ellen Lukas, <i>Teilhard</i> (Doubleday, 1977)</li> <li>Jean Maalouf <i>Teilhard de Chardin, Reconciliation in Christ</i> (New City Press, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_A._Maloney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George A. Maloney (page does not exist)">George A. Maloney</a>, <i>The Cosmic Christ: From Paul to Teilhard</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheed_and_Ward" title="Sheed and Ward">Sheed and Ward</a>, 1968)</li> <li>Mooney, Christopher, <i>Teilhard de Chardin and the Mystery of Christ</i> (Image Books, 1968)</li> <li>Murray, Michael H. <i>The Thought of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Seabury Press, N.Y., 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._O%27Connell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. O'Connell (page does not exist)">Robert J. O'Connell</a>, <i>Teilhard's Vision of the Past: The Making of a Method</i>, (Fordham University Press, 1982)</li> <li>Noel Keith Roberts, <i>From Piltdown Man to Point Omega: the evolutionary theory of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (New York, Peter Lang, 2000)</li> <li>James F. Salmon, 'Pierre Teilhard de Chardin' in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Science_and_Christianity" title="The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity">The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity</a></i> (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012)</li> <li>Louis M. Savory, <i>Teilhard de Chardin – The Divine Milieu Explained: A Spirituality for the 21st Century</i> (Paulist Press, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Speaight" title="Robert Speaight">Robert Speaight</a>, <i>The Life of Teilhard de Chardin</i> (Harper and Row, 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a>, <i>Teilhard de Chardin and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>: a focus on fundamentals</i>, Bharatiya Vidya Prakasan, Varanasi (1973)</li> <li>K. D. Sethna, <i>The Spirituality of the Future: A search apropos of R. C. Zaehner's study in Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard De Chardin</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson University 1981.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowersDyson1967" class="citation cs2">Towers, Bernard; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Dyson_(priest)" title="Anthony Dyson (priest)">Dyson, Anthony</a>, eds. (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionmarxism0000unse"><i>Evolution, Marxism and Christianity: Studies in the Teilhardian Synthesis</i></a>, London: Garnstone Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900391064" title="Special:BookSources/9780900391064"><bdi>9780900391064</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%2C+Marxism+and+Christianity%3A+Studies+in+the+Teilhardian+Synthesis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Garnstone+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780900391064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionmarxism0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro">Pro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Chardin%2C%20Pierre%20Teilhard%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Pierre%20Teilhard%20de%20Chardin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chardin%2C%20Pierre%20Teilhard%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pierre%20Teilhard%20de%20Chardin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Chardin%2C%20P%2E%20T%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Pierre%20Teilhard%20de%20Chardin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pierre%20Teilhard%20de%20Chardin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1955%22%20AND%20Chardin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teilhard.com/">Teilhard de Chardin</a>—A site devoted to the ideas of Teilhard de Chardin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226090309/http://www.mnhn.fr/teilhard/indexE.html">The Teilhard de Chardin Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teilharddechardin.org/">The American Teilhard Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcreek1.jimdo.com">Teilhard de Chardin</a>—A personal website</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contra">Contra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Contra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/monitum-on-the-writings-of-fr-teilhard-de-chardin-sj-2144">Warning Regarding the Writings of Father Teilhard de Chardin</a> The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, 1962</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedawar1961" class="citation journal cs1">Medawar, Peter (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bactra.org/Medawar/phenomenon-of-man.html">"A review of <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>"</a>. <i>Mind</i>. <b>70</b>: 99–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXX.277.99">10.1093/mind/LXX.277.99</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=A+review+of+The+Phenomenon+of+Man&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=99-106&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FLXX.277.99&rft.aulast=Medawar&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbactra.org%2FMedawar%2Fphenomenon-of-man.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Teilhard+de+Chardin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCarthy, John F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtforum.org/lt/lt25.html#II">"A review of <i>Teilhardism and the New Religion</i> by Wolfgang Smith"</a>, 1989</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/archives/piltdownMan/home.html">Web pages and timeline about the Piltdown forgery hosted by the British Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnCQHIeucNw">"Teilhard de Chardin: His Importance in the 21st Century" - Georgetown University - June 23, 2015</a></li></ul> <div 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Loyola</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis Ecclesiae</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Exposcit_debitum" title="Exposcit debitum">Exposcit debitum</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">List of Jesuits</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IHS"><img alt="IHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/50px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/75px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/100px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Modeste Andlauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Arrowsmith" title="Edmund Arrowsmith">Edmund Arrowsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu" title="Jacques Berthieu">Jacques Berthieu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bobola" title="Andrew Bobola">Andrew Bobola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_de_Britto" title="John de Britto">John de Britto</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castillo_(Jesuit)" title="Juan de Castillo (Jesuit)">Juan del Castillo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Chabanel" title="Noël Chabanel">Noël Chabanel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_La_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Claude La Colombière">Claude de la Colombière</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Daniel" title="Antoine Daniel">Antoine Daniel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Paul Denn</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Evans_and_John_Lloyd" title="Philip Evans and John Lloyd">Philip Evans</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnet" title="Thomas Garnet">Thomas Garnet</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(missionary)" title="Charles Garnier (missionary)">Charles Garnier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Roque González y de Santa Cruz">Roque González de Santa Cruz</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/26_Martyrs_of_Japan" title="26 Martyrs of Japan">John Soan de Goto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goupil" title="René Goupil">René Goupil</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Grodziecki" title="Melchior Grodziecki">Melchior Grodziecki</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Isor%C3%A9" title="Rémy Isoré">Rémy Isoré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Geronimo" title="Francis de Geronimo">Francis de Geronimo</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jogues" title="Isaac Jogues">Isaac Jogues</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Kisai" title="James Kisai">James Kisai</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Stanislaus Kostka">Stanislaus Kostka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lalande" title="Jean de Lalande">Jean de Lalande</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lalemant" title="Gabriel Lalemant">Gabriel Lalemant</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Jesuit_priest)" title="David Lewis (Jesuit priest)">David Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Lèon-Ignance Mangin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Miki" title="Paul Miki">Paul Miki</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morse" title="Henry Morse">Henry Morse</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)" title="Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)">Nicholas Owen</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pignatelli" title="Joseph Pignatelli">Joseph Pignatelli</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pongracz" title="Stephen Pongracz">Stephen Pongracz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Realino" title="Bernardino Realino">Bernardino Realino</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">John Francis Regis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Rodriguez" title="Alphonsus Rodriguez">Alphonsus Rodriguez</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rubio" title="José María Rubio">José María Rubio</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southwell_(priest)" title="Robert Southwell (priest)">Robert Southwell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Soveral" title="André de Soveral">André de Soveral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walpole" title="Henry Walpole">Henry Walpole</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Olmedo" title="Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo">Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laynez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Rodriguez" title="Alonso Rodriguez">Alonso Rodriguez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">List of Jesuit theologians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions in North America</a></span></li> <li><span 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189564#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189564#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012101870X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64012320">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32950/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv7drgMMpRRvYqGkVgrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118621165">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79032934">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926160v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926160v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458440">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV044316">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36017388">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008444&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1158946">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/100218">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068453604">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90078819">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027651&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000017028&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035786">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=92538">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64059">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199627235">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn245m6823bx5xd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810671374805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/84631">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268831405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000152044">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519847306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14146301">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00834042?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/15898106-7f3b-41f2-914b-8cf1ac490cb8">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1187539">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118621165.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118621165">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027156702">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gm8fzb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&oldid=1258100343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin&oldid=1258100343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Category:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_births" title="Category:1881 births">1881 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1955_deaths" title="Category:1955 deaths">1955 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_Catholic_theologians" title="Category:20th-century French Catholic theologians">20th-century French Catholic theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_geologists" title="Category:20th-century French geologists">20th-century French geologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_Jesuits" title="Category:20th-century French Jesuits">20th-century French Jesuits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_St._Andrew-on-Hudson_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at St. Andrew-on-Hudson Cemetery">Burials at St. Andrew-on-Hudson Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_writers_about_eschatology" title="Category:Christian writers about 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