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<span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violations_of_the_Concordat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violations_of_the_Concordat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Violations of the Concordat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violations_of_the_Concordat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defending_the_Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_the_Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Defending the Old Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_the_Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claimed_attacks_on_Hitler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claimed_attacks_on_Hitler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Claimed attacks on Hitler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claimed_attacks_on_Hitler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fidelity_to_the_Church_and_Bishop_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fidelity_to_the_Church_and_Bishop_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fidelity to the Church and Bishop of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fidelity_to_the_Church_and_Bishop_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soteriology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soteriology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Soteriology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soteriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Nazi philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_of_humility_and_heroism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_of_humility_and_heroism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Compatibility of humility and heroism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_of_humility_and_heroism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_grace_contrasted_with_natural_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_grace_contrasted_with_natural_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Christian grace contrasted with natural gifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_grace_contrasted_with_natural_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_natural_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_natural_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Defense of natural law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_natural_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_Catholic_schooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_Catholic_schooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Defense of Catholic schooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_Catholic_schooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_to_priests_and_religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_to_priests_and_religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Call to priests and religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_to_priests_and_religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_to_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_to_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Call to parents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_to_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderation_of_the_encyclical_but_with_warnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderation_of_the_encyclical_but_with_warnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Moderation of the encyclical but with warnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderation_of_the_encyclical_but_with_warnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nazi response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Catholic response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Mit brennender Sorge</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="منشور البابا، الكنيسة والرايخ الألماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منشور البابا، الكنيسة والرايخ الألماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%94" title="מיט ברננדר זורגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיט ברננדר זורגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BE%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2" title="ミット・ブレネンダー・ゾルゲ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミット・ブレネンダー・ゾルゲ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mit brennender Sorge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: gold;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mit brennender Sorge</i></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for 'With deep [lit. "burning"] anxiety'</small><br /><small> <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">Encyclical</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope <span class="nowrap">Pius XI</span></a></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pope Pius XI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg/113px-C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg/150px-C_o_a_Pio_XI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Signature date </span></th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1937<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1937-03-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">On the Church and the German Reich</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number</th><td class="infobox-data">28 of 31 of the pontificate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge.html">In English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px"><div style="float: left;">← <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigilanti_cura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vigilanti cura (page does not exist)">Vigilanti cura</a></i></div> <div style="float: right;"><i><a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a></i> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mit_brennender_Sorge_Speyer_JS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mit_brennender_Sorge_Speyer_JS.jpg/220px-Mit_brennender_Sorge_Speyer_JS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mit_brennender_Sorge_Speyer_JS.jpg/330px-Mit_brennender_Sorge_Speyer_JS.jpg 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Category:Catholic social teaching">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Holy See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_the_papacy" title="Social teachings of the papacy">Social teachings of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas_ordinis" title="Tranquillitas ordinis">Tranquillitas ordinis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divini_redemptoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Divini redemptoris">Divini redemptoris</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Social teachings of Pope Pius XII">Social teachings</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_et_magistra" title="Mater et magistra">Mater et magistra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudium et spes</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Octogesima_adveniens" title="Octogesima adveniens">Octogesima adveniens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelium_vitae" title="Evangelium vitae">Evangelium vitae</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caritas_in_veritate" title="Caritas in veritate">Caritas in veritate</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelii_gaudium" title="Evangelii gaudium">Evangelii gaudium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_tutti" title="Fratelli tutti">Fratelli tutti</a></i></li></ul> 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Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">Massacre in the Rue Haxo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iniquis_afflictisque" title="Iniquis afflictisque">Iniquis afflictisque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acerba_animi" title="Acerba animi">Acerba animi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_del_R%C3%ADo" title="José Sánchez del Río">José Sánchez del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pro" title="Miguel Pro">Miguel Pro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of 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China">Persecution of Christians in China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Sinarum_gentem" title="Ad Sinarum gentem">Ad Sinarum gentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupimus_Imprimis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupimus Imprimis">Cupimus Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolorum_principis" title="Ad Apostolorum principis">Ad Apostolorum principis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_Chang" title="Beda Chang">Beda Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Tang" title="Dominic Tang">Dominic Tang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese 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href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/GT_Mit_brennender_Sorge.ogg/GT_Mit_brennender_Sorge.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Mit_brennender_Sorge.ogg" title="File:GT Mit brennender Sorge.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[mɪt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʀɛnəndɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzɔʁɡə]</a></span>, in English "With deep [lit. 'burning'] anxiety") is an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, issued during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi era</a> on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of <a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a>, 14 March).<sup id="cite_ref-cs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, not the usual <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, it was smuggled into Germany for fear of censorship and was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the Church's busiest Sundays, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (21 March that year).<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_Gill_p.58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encyclical condemned breaches of the 1933 <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> agreement signed between the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It condemned "<a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a> confusion", "<a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">neopaganism</a>", "the so-called myth of race and blood", and the idolizing of the State. It contained a vigorous defense of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> with the belief that it prepares the way for the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_O_p.156-157_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_O_p.156-157-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical states that race is a fundamental value of the human community, which is necessary and honorable but condemns the exaltation of race, or the people, or the state, above their standard value to an idolatrous level.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical declares "that man as a person possesses rights he holds from God, and which any collectivity must protect against denial, suppression or neglect."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> are not named in the document. The term <i>Reichsregierung</i> is used to refer to the German government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effort to produce and distribute over 300,000 copies of the letter was entirely secret, allowing priests across Germany to read the letter without interference.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> raided the churches the next day to confiscate all the copies they could find, and the presses that had printed the letter were closed. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>, an intensification of the general anti-<a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">church struggle</a> began around April in response to the encyclical.<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scholder" title="Klaus Scholder">Klaus Scholder</a> wrote: "state officials and the Party reacted with anger and disapproval. Nevertheless the great reprisal that was feared did not come. The concordat remained in force and despite everything the intensification of the battle against the two churches which then began remained within ordinary limits."<sup id="cite_ref-Scholder,_p._154-155_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholder,_p._154-155-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime further constrained the actions of the Church and harassed monks with staged prosecutions for alleged immorality and phony abuse trials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Hitler is not named in the encyclical, the German text does refer to a "<i>Wahnprophet</i>", which some have interpreted as meaning "mad prophet" and as referring to Hitler himself.<sup id="cite_ref-McGonigle172_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGonigle172-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391,_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Reichskonkordat</i> was signed on 20 July 1933 in Rome. (From left to right: German prelate Ludwig Kaas, German Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Giuseppe Pizzardo, Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, Alfredo Ottaviani, and member of Reichsministerium des Inneren (Home Office) Rudolf Buttmann)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Nazi takeover, the Catholic Church hierarchy in Germany initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, but by 1937 had become highly disillusioned. A threatening, though initially mainly sporadic <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church">persecution of the Catholic Church</a> followed the Nazi takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler moved quickly to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a>. Two thousand functionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> were rounded up by police in late June 1933. They along with the national <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Centre Party">Catholic Centre Party</a>, ceased to exist in early July, as the Nazi Party became the only <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">legally permitted party</a> in the country. Vice Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> meanwhile negotiated the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> treaty with the Vatican, which prohibited clergy from participating in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach agreement with the new government, despite "continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">Reich Concordat</span>) was signed on 20 July 1933 between the Holy See and Germany. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Lapide" title="Pinchas Lapide">Pinchas Lapide</a>, the Nazis saw the treaty as giving them moral legitimacy and prestige, whilst the Catholic Church sought to protect itself from persecution through a signed agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a>, a common view within Church circles at the time was that <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> would not last long, and the favorable Concordat terms would outlive the current regime (the Concordat does remain in force today).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Church handbook published with the recommendation of the entire German Church episcopate described the Concordat as "proof that two powers, totalitarian in their character, can find an agreement, if their domains are separate and if overlaps in jurisdiction become parallel or in a friendly manner lead them to make common cause".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1964,_p._93_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1964,_p._93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewy wrote "The harmonious co-operation anticipated at the time did not quite materialize" but that the reasons for this "lay less in the lack of readiness of the Church than in the short sighted policies of the Hitler regime."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1964,_p._93_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1964,_p._93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i>, Pope Pius XI said that the Holy See had signed the Concordat "in spite of many serious misgivings" and in the hope it might "safeguard the liberty of the church in her mission of salvation in Germany". The treaty comprised 34 articles and a supplementary protocol. Article 1 guaranteed "freedom of profession and public practice of the Catholic religion" and acknowledged the right of the church to regulate its own affairs. Within three months of the signing of the document, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Cardinal Bertram</a>, head of the German Catholic Bishops Conference, was writing in a pastoral letter of "grievous and gnawing anxiety" with regard to the government's actions towards Catholic organisations, charitable institutions, youth groups, press, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a>, and the mistreatment of Catholics for their political beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul O'Shea, Hitler had a "blatant disregard" for the Concordat, and its signing was to him merely a first step in the "gradual suppression of the Catholic Church in Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Gill" title="Anton Gill">Anton Gill</a> wrote that "with his usual irresistible, bullying technique, Hitler then proceeded to take a mile where he had been given an inch" and closed all Catholic institutions whose functions weren't strictly religious: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It quickly became clear that [Hitler] intended to imprison the Catholics, as it were, in their own churches. They could celebrate mass and retain their rituals as much as they liked, but they could have nothing at all to do with German society otherwise. Catholic schools and newspapers were closed, and a propaganda campaign against the Catholics was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following the signing of the document, the formerly outspoken nature of opposition by German Catholic leaders towards the Nazi movement weakened considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But violations of the Concordat by the Nazis began almost immediately and were to continue such that Falconi described the Concordat with Germany as "a complete failure".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Concordat, wrote <a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">William Shirer</a>, "was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government". The Nazis had promulgated their <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">sterilization law</a>, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church, on 14 July. On 30 July, moves began to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Katholische_Junge_Gemeinde" title="Katholische Junge Gemeinde">Catholic Youth League</a>. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders were to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped-up charges of currency smuggling or "immorality".<sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian of the <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German Resistance</a> Peter Hoffmann wrote that, following the Nazi takeover: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Catholic Church] could not silently accept the general persecution, regimentation or oppression, nor in particular the sterilization law of summer 1933. Over the years until the outbreak of war Catholic resistance stiffened until finally its most eminent spokesman was the Pope himself with his encyclical <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> … of 14 March 1937, read from all German Catholic pulpits … In general terms, therefore, the churches were the only major organisations to offer comparatively early and open resistance: they remained so in later years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In August 1936 The German episcopate had asked Pius XI for an encyclical that would deal with the current situation of the Church in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1936 Hitler had a meeting with Cardinal Faulhaber during which he indicated that more pressure would be put on the Church unless it collaborated more zealously with the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._228_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._228-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 December 1936 the Pope invited, via Cardinal Pacelli, senior members of the German episcopate to Rome. On 16 January 1937 five German prelates and Cardinal Pacelli agreed unanimously that the time had now come for public action by the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._228_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._228-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Pius XI was gravely ill but he too was convinced of the need to publish an encyclical about the Church in Germany as soon as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._229_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._229-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_von_Faulhaber,_by_Wilhelm_Knarr,_circa_1936_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Michael_von_Faulhaber%2C_by_Wilhelm_Knarr%2C_circa_1936_%282%29.jpg/220px-Michael_von_Faulhaber%2C_by_Wilhelm_Knarr%2C_circa_1936_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Michael_von_Faulhaber%2C_by_Wilhelm_Knarr%2C_circa_1936_%282%29.jpg/330px-Michael_von_Faulhaber%2C_by_Wilhelm_Knarr%2C_circa_1936_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Michael_von_Faulhaber%2C_by_Wilhelm_Knarr%2C_circa_1936_%282%29.jpg/440px-Michael_von_Faulhaber%2C_by_Wilhelm_Knarr%2C_circa_1936_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="4317" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Michael Faulhaber (around 1936)</figcaption></figure> <p>A five-member commission drafted the encyclical. According to Paul O'Shea the carefully worded denunciation of aspects of Nazism was formulated between 16 and 21 January 1937, by Pius XI, Cardinal Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> (later Pope Pius XII) and German cardinals <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Bertram</a>, Faulhaber and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schulte" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Schulte">Schulte</a>, and Bishops <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Preysing" title="Konrad von Preysing">Preysing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">Galen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardinal Bertram of Breslau was the chairman of the German Conference of Bishops, and after the Nazi takeover he had favoured a non-confrontational approach toward the government and developed a protest system which "satisfied the demands of the other bishops without annoying the regime".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlin's Bishop <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Preysing" title="Konrad von Preysing">Konrad von Preysing</a> had been one of the most consistent and outspoken critics of the Nazi regime to emerge from the German Church hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Honourable_Defeat_pp.58-59_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honourable_Defeat_pp.58-59-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Konrad_Graf_von_Preysing_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konrad_Graf_von_Preysing-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Munich's Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a> had been a staunch defender of Catholic rights.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservative Bishop of Münster, <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">Count Galen</a>, would later distinguish himself by leading the Church's <a href="/wiki/Nazi_euthanasia_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Nazi euthanasia and the Catholic Church">protest against Nazi euthanasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardinal Faulhaber's draft of the encyclical, consisting of eleven large single sheets and written in his own hand, was presented to Vatican Secretary of State Pacelli on 21 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._229_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._229-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falconi said that the encyclical "was not so much an amplification of Faulhaber's draft as a faithful and even literal transcription of it" while "Cardinal Pacelli, at Pius XI's request, merely added a full historical introduction on the background of the Concordat with the Third Reich."<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._229_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._229-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John-Peter Pham, Pius XI credited the encyclical to Cardinal Pacelli.<sup id="cite_ref-Pham45_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pham45-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Frank J. Coppa, Cardinal Pacelli wrote a draft that the Pope thought was too weak and unfocused and therefore substituted a more critical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-coppa_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coppa-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pacelli described the encyclical as "a compromise" between the Holy See's sense that it could not be silent set against "its fears and worries".<sup id="cite_ref-coppa_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coppa-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dr. Robert A. Ventresca, professor at King's University College at the University of Western Ontario, <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Cardinal Faulhaber</a>, who wrote a first draft, was adamant that the encyclical should be careful in both its tone and substance and should avoid explicit reference to Nazism or the Nazi Party.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">William Shirer</a> wrote that the document accused the regime of sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church".<sup id="cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Historian <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scholder" title="Klaus Scholder">Klaus Scholder</a>, the leader of the German Bishops conference, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bertram" title="Adolf Bertram">Cardinal Bertram</a>, sought to blunt the impact of the encyclical by ordering that critical passages should not be read aloud. He took the view that "introductory thoughts about the failure of the Reich government to observe the treaty are meant more for the leaders, not for the great mass of believers."<sup id="cite_ref-Scholder_p._159_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholder_p._159-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The numbers conform to the numbers used by the Vatican in its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge.html">English translation of the text</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violations_of_the_Concordat">Violations of the Concordat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Violations of the Concordat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the introduction and sections 1–8 of the encyclical Pius XI wrote of his "deep anxiety and growing surprise" on observing the travails of the Catholic Church in Germany with the terms of Concordat being openly broken and the faithful being oppressed as had never been seen before.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1. It is with deep anxiety and growing surprise that We have long been following the painful trials of the Church and the increasing vexations which afflict those who have remained loyal in heart and action in the midst of a people that once received from St. Boniface the bright message and the Gospel of Christ and God's Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3. … Hence, despite many and grave misgivings, We then decided not to withhold Our consent [to the Concordat] for We wished to spare the Faithful of Germany, as far as it was humanly possible, the trials and difficulties they would have had to face, given the circumstances, had the negotiations fallen through<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>4. … The experiences of these last years have fixed responsibilities and laid bare intrigues, which from the outset only aimed at a war of extermination. In the furrows, where We tried to sow the seed of a sincere peace, other men – the "enemy" of Holy Scripture – oversowed the cockle of distrust, unrest, hatred, defamation, of a determined hostility overt or veiled, fed from many sources and wielding many tools, against Christ and His Church. They, and they alone with their accomplices, silent or vociferous, are today responsible, should the storm of religious war, instead of the rainbow of peace, blacken the German skies.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> 5. At the same time, anyone must acknowledge, not without surprise and reprobation, how the other contracting party emasculated the terms of the treaty, distorted their meaning, and eventually considered its more or less official violation as a normal policy<span class="nowrap"> </span>… Even now that a campaign against the confessional schools, which are guaranteed by the concordat, and the destruction of free election, where Catholics have a right to their children's Catholic education, afford evidence, in a matter so essential to the life of the Church, of the extreme gravity of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius then affirmed the articles of faith that Nazi ideology was attacking. He stated that true belief in God could not be reconciled with race, people or state raised beyond their standard value to idolatrous levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National religion or a national God was rejected as a grave error and that the Christian God could not be restricted "within the frontiers of a single people, within the pedigree of one single race." (sections 9–13).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Michael Phayer</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In <i>Divini Redemptoris</i>, he [Pius XI] condemned communism once again, while in <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> he criticized racism in carefully measured words. As Peter Godman has pointed out, this was a political decision that ignored the immorality of Nazi racism as it had been discerned by in-house committees at the Vatican. … the encyclical stepped lightly around the issue of racism so as to keep the Concordat intact.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Martin Rhonheimer writes that while <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> asserts "race" is a "fundamental value of the human community", "necessary and honorable", it condemns the "exaltation of race, or the people, or the state, or a particular form of state", "above their standard value" to "an idolatrous level".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rhonheimer, it was Pacelli who added to Faulhaber's milder draft the following passage (8):<sup id="cite_ref-First_things,_Rhonheimer_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_things,_Rhonheimer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>7. … Whoever identifies, by pantheistic confusion, God and the universe, by either lowering God to the dimensions of the world, or raising the world to the dimensions of God, is not a believer in God. Whoever follows that so-called pre-Christian Germanic conception of substituting a dark and impersonal destiny for the personal God, denies thereby the Wisdom and Providence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>8. Whoever exalts race, or the people, or the State, or a particular form of State, or the depositories of power, or any other fundamental value of the human community – however necessary and honorable be their function in worldly things – whoever raises these notions above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level, distorts and perverts an order of the world planned and created by God; he is far from the true faith in God and from the concept of life which that faith upholds.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Against this background to the encyclical, Faulhaber suggested in an internal Church memorandum that the bishops should inform the Nazi regime </p> <blockquote><p>…that the Church, through the application of its marriage laws, has made and continues to make, an important contribution to the state's policy of racial purity; and is thus performing a valuable service for the regime's population policy.<sup id="cite_ref-First_things,_Rhonheimer_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_things,_Rhonheimer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Vidmar wrote that the encyclical condemned particularly the purported <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> of the national socialist ideology, the myth of race and blood, and the fallacy of its conception of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. It warned Catholics that the growing Nazi ideology, which exalted one race over all others, was incompatible with Catholic Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar327_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar327-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>11. None but superficial minds could stumble into concepts of a national God, of a national religion; or attempt to lock within the frontiers of a single people, within the narrow limits of a single race, God, the Creator of the universe, King and Legislator of all nations before whose immensity they are "as a drop of a bucket"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a>, in the context of Jews having traditionally been described as deicides, says that the encyclical affirms <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Jesus received his human nature from a people who crucified him' – not some Jews, but the Jewish people" and that it was also Pius XI who had disbanded the Catholic organization "<a href="/wiki/Opus_sacerdotale_Amici_Israel" title="Opus sacerdotale Amici Israel">Friends of Israel</a>" that had campaigned to have the charge of deicide dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charge of deicide against all Jewish people was later dropped during the Second Vatican Council.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defending_the_Old_Testament">Defending the Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defending the Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Paul O'Shea says the encyclical contains a vigorous defense of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> out of belief that it prepared the way for the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_O_p.156-157_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_O_p.156-157-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>15. The sacred books of the Old Testament are exclusively the word of God, and constitute a substantial part of his revelation; they are penetrated by a subdued light, harmonizing with the slow development of revelation, the dawn of the bright day of the redemption. As should be expected in historical and didactic books, they reflect in many particulars the imperfection, the weakness and sinfulness of man … Nothing but ignorance and pride could blind one to the treasures hoarded in the Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>16. Whoever wishes to see banished from church and school the Biblical history and the wise doctrines of the Old Testament, blasphemes the name of God, blasphemes the Almighty's plan of salvation<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claimed_attacks_on_Hitler">Claimed attacks on Hitler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Claimed attacks on Hitler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no mention of Hitler by name in the encyclical but some works say that Hitler is described as a "mad prophet" in the text. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rhodes" title="Anthony Rhodes">Anthony Rhodes</a> was a novelist, travel writer, biographer and memoirist and convert to Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was encouraged by a Papal nuncio to write books on modern Church history and he was later awarded a Papal knighthood.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of his books (<i>The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators</i>) he wrote of the encyclical "Nor was the Führer himself spared, for his 'aspirations to divinity', 'placing himself on the same level as Christ'; 'a mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has subsequently been cited in works which repeat Rhodes saying that Hitler is described as a "mad prophet" in the encyclical.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Connelly_(historian)" title="John Connelly (historian)">John Connelly</a> writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Some accounts exaggerate the directness of the pope's criticism of Hitler. Contrary to what Anthony Rhodes in <i>The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators</i> writes, there were oblique references to Hitler. It was not the case that Pius failed to "spare the Führer," or called him a "mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance." The text limits its critique of arrogance to unnamed Nazi "reformers".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Michael Phayer</a> wrote that the encyclical does not condemn Hitler or National Socialism, "as some have erroneously asserted".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Michael Burleigh</a> sees the passage as pinpointing "the tendency of the Führer-cult to elevate a man into god." </p><p>The relevant passage in the English version of the encyclical is: </p> <blockquote><p>17. …<span class="nowrap"> </span>Should any man dare, in sacrilegious disregard of the essential differences between God and His creature, between the God-man and the children of man, to place a mortal, were he the greatest of all times, by the side of, or over, or against, Christ, he would deserve to be called prophet of nothingness, to whom the terrifying words of Scripture would be applicable: "He that dwelleth in heaven shall laugh at them" (Psalms ii. 3).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>(The German text uses the term "<span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i>ein Wahnprophet</i></span>", in which the component <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wahn" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wahn">Wahn</a></i> can mean "illusion" or "delusion", while the Italian text uses "<i>un profeta di chimere</i>" (a prophet of chimeras; that is, a prophet as the product of the imagination).) </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_Zuccotti" title="Susan Zuccotti">Susan Zuccotti</a> sees the above passage as an unmistakable jibe at Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fidelity_to_the_Church_and_Bishop_of_Rome">Fidelity to the Church and Bishop of Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fidelity to the Church and Bishop of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius then went on to assert that people were obliged to believe in Christ, divine revelation, and the primacy of the Bishop of Rome (Sections 14–24).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>18. Faith in Christ cannot maintain itself pure and unalloyed without the support of faith in the Church … Whoever tampers with that unity and that indivisibility wrenches from the Spouse of Christ one of the diadems with which God Himself crowned her; he subjects a divine structure, which stands on eternal foundations, to criticism and transformation by architects whom the Father of Heaven never authorized to interfere.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>21. In your country, Venerable Brethren, voices are swelling into a chorus urging people to leave the Church, and among the leaders there is more than one whose official position is intended to create the impression that this infidelity to Christ the King constitutes a signal and meritorious act of loyalty to the modern State. Secret and open measures of intimidation, the threat of economic and civic disabilities, bear on the loyalty of certain classes of Catholic functionaries, a pressure which violates every human right and dignity …<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> 22. Faith in the Church cannot stand pure and true without the support of faith in the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. The same moment when Peter, in the presence of all the Apostles and disciples, confesses his faith in Christ, Son of the Living God, the answer he received in reward for his faith and his confession was the word that built the Church, the only Church of Christ, on the rock of Peter (Matt. xvi. 18) … <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soteriology">Soteriology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Michael Burleigh views the following passage as a rejection of the Nazis' conception of collective racial immortality:<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>24. "Immortality" in a Christian sense means the survival of man after his terrestrial death, for the purpose of eternal reward or punishment. Whoever only means by the term, the collective survival here on earth of his people for an indefinite length of time, distorts one of the fundamental notions of the Christian Faith and tampers with the very foundations of the religious concept of the universe, which requires a moral order. [Whoever does not wish to be a Christian ought at least to renounce the desire to enrich the vocabulary of his unbelief with the heritage of Christian ideas.]</p></blockquote> <p>The bracketed text is in Burleigh's book but not on the Vatican's web site English version of the Encyclical as of December 2014; German version has it in section 29. (<i>Wenn er nicht Christ sein will, sollte er wenigstens darauf verzichten, den Wortschatz seines Unglaubens aus christlichem Begriffsgut zu bereichern.</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_philosophy">Nazi philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nazi philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nazi principle that "Right is what is advantageous to the people" was rejected on the basis that what was illicit morally could not be to the advantage of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human laws which opposed natural law were described as not "obligatory in conscience". The rights of parents in the education of their children are defended under natural law and the "notorious coercion" of Catholic children into interdenominational schools are described as "void of all legality" (sections 33–37).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius ends the encyclical with a call to priests and religious to serve truth, unmask and refute error, with the laity being urged to remain faithful to Christ and to defend the rights which the Concordat had guaranteed them and the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical dismisses "[Nazi] attempts to dress up their ghastly doctrines in the language of religious belief.":<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burleigh also mentions the encyclical's rejection of Nazi contempt for Christian emphasis on suffering and that, through the examples of martyrs, the Church needed no lessons on heroism from people who obsessed on greatness, strength and heroism.<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility_of_humility_and_heroism">Compatibility of humility and heroism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compatibility of humility and heroism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>27. Humility in the spirit of the Gospel and prayer for the assistance of grace are perfectly compatible with self-confidence and heroism. The Church of Christ, which throughout the ages and to the present day numbers more confessors and voluntary martyrs than any other moral collectivity, needs lessons from no one in heroism of feeling and action. The odious pride of reformers only covers itself with ridicule when it rails at Christian humility as though it were but a cowardly pose of self-degradation.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_grace_contrasted_with_natural_gifts">Christian grace contrasted with natural gifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian grace contrasted with natural gifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>28. "Grace," in a wide sense, may stand for any of the Creator's gifts to His creature; but in its Christian designation, it means all the supernatural tokens of God's love... To discard this gratuitous and free elevation in the name of a so-called German type amounts to repudiating openly a fundamental truth of Christianity. It would be an abuse of our religious vocabulary to place on the same level supernatural grace and natural gifts. Pastors and guardians of the people of God will do well to resist this plunder of sacred things and this confusion of ideas.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_of_natural_law">Defense of natural law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Defense of natural law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burleigh views the encyclical as confounding the Nazi philosophy that "Right is what is advantageous to the people" through its defense of Natural Law:<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>29. …<span class="nowrap"> </span>To hand over the moral law to man's subjective opinion, which changes with the times, instead of anchoring it in the holy will of the eternal God and His commandments, is to open wide every door to the forces of destruction. The resulting dereliction of the eternal principles of an objective morality, which educates conscience and ennobles every department and organization of life, is a sin against the destiny of a nation, a sin whose bitter fruit will poison future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his history of the German Resistance, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Gill" title="Anton Gill">Anton Gill</a> interprets the encyclical as having asserted the "inviolability of human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_Gill_p.58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Emma Fattorini wrote that the Pope's </p> <blockquote><p>indignation was obviously not addressed at improbable democratic-liberal human rights issues, nor was there a generic and abstract appeal to evangelical principles. It was rather the Church's competition with the totalitarian regression of the concept of Volk that in the Nazi state-worship totally absorbed the community-people relationship<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>30. …<span class="nowrap"> </span>Human laws in flagrant contradiction with the natural law are vitiated with a taint which no force, no power can mend. In the light of this principle one must judge the axiom, that "right is common utility," a proposition which may be given a correct significance, it means that what is morally indefensible, can never contribute to the good of the people. But ancient paganism acknowledged that the axiom, to be entirely true, must be reversed and be made to say: "Nothing can be useful, if it is not at the same time morally good" (Cicero, De Off. ii. 30). Emancipated from this oral rule, the principle would in international law carry a perpetual state of war between nations; for it ignores in national life, by confusion of right and utility, the basic fact that man as a person possesses rights he holds from God, and which any collectivity must protect against denial, suppression or neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thomas Banchoff considers this the first explicit mention of human rights by a Pope, something the Pope would affirm the following year in a little-noticed letter to the American Church. Banchoff writes: "the church's full embrace of the human rights agenda would have to wait until the 1960s".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_of_Catholic_schooling">Defense of Catholic schooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Defense of Catholic schooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The encyclical also defends Catholic schooling against Nazi attempts to monopolize education.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>31. The believer has an absolute right to profess his Faith and live according to its dictates. Laws which impede this profession and practice of Faith are against natural law. Parents who are earnest and conscious of their educative duties, have a primary right to the education of the children God has given them in the spirit of their Faith, and according to its prescriptions. Laws and measures which in school questions fail to respect this freedom of the parents go against natural law, and are immoral. </p><p>33. …<span class="nowrap"> </span>Many of you, clinging to your Faith and to your Church, as a result of your affiliation with religious associations guaranteed by the concordat, have often to face the tragic trial of seeing your loyalty to your country misunderstood, suspected, or even denied, and of being hurt in your professional and social life<span class="nowrap"> </span>… Today, as We see you threatened with new dangers and new molestations, We say to you: If any one should preach to you a Gospel other than the one you received on the knees of a pious mother, from the lips of a believing father, or through teaching faithful to God and His Church, "let him be anathema" (Gal. i. 9).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> 34. No one would think of preventing young Germans establishing a true ethnical community in a noble love of freedom and loyalty to their country. What We object to is the voluntary and systematic antagonism raised between national education and religious duty. That is why we tell the young: Sing your hymns to freedom, but do not forget the freedom of the children of God. Do not drag the nobility of that freedom in the mud of sin and sensuality …<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_to_priests_and_religious">Call to priests and religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Call to priests and religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>36. …The priest's first loving gift to his neighbors is to serve truth and refute error in any of its forms. Failure on this score would be not only a betrayal of God and your vocation, but also an offense against the real welfare of your people and country. To all those who have kept their promised fidelity to their Bishops on the day of their ordination; to all those who in the exercise of their priestly function are called upon to suffer persecution; to all those imprisoned in jail and concentration camps, the Father of the Christian world sends his words of gratitude and commendation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>37. Our paternal gratitude also goes out to Religious and nuns, as well as Our sympathy for so many who, as a result of administrative measures hostile to Religious Orders, have been wrenched from the work of their vocation. If some have fallen and shown themselves unworthy of their vocation, their fault, which the Church punishes, in no way detracts from the merit of the immense majority, who, in voluntary abnegation and poverty, have tried to serve their God and their country …<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_to_parents">Call to parents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Call to parents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>39. We address Our special greetings to the Catholic parents. Their rights and duties as educators, conferred on them by God, are at present the stake of a campaign pregnant with consequences. The Church cannot wait to deplore the devastation of its altars, the destruction of its temples, if an education, hostile to Christ, is to profane the temple of the child's soul consecrated by baptism, and extinguish the eternal light of the faith in Christ for the sake of counterfeit light alien to the Cross …<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderation_of_the_encyclical_but_with_warnings">Moderation of the encyclical but with warnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Moderation of the encyclical but with warnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>41. We have weighed every word of this letter in the balance of truth and love. We wished neither to be an accomplice to equivocation by an untimely silence, nor by excessive severity to harden the hearts of those who live under Our pastoral responsibility; …<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>42. …Then We are sure, the enemies of the Church, who think that their time has come, will see that their joy was premature, and that they may close the grave they had dug. The day will come when the Te Deum of liberation will succeed to the premature hymns of the enemies of Christ: Te Deum of triumph and joy and gratitude, as the German people return to religion, bend the knee before Christ, and arming themselves against the enemies of God, again resume the task God has laid upon them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> 43. He who searches the hearts and reins (Psalm vii. 10) is Our witness that We have no greater desire than to see in Germany the restoration of a true peace between Church and State. But if, without any fault of Ours, this peace is not to come, then the Church of God will defend her rights and her freedom in the name of the Almighty whose arm has not shortened …<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release">Release</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The encyclical was written in German and not the usual <a href="/wiki/Church_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Latin">Latin</a> of official Catholic Church documents. Because of government restrictions, the nuncio in Berlin, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo" title="Cesare Orsenigo">Cesare Orsenigo</a>, had the encyclical distributed by courier. There was no pre-announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-brendon511_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brendon511-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Printer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer (publisher)">Printers</a> close to the church offered their services and produced an estimated 300,000 copies, which was still insufficient. Additional copies were created by hand and using typewriters. After its clandestine distribution, the document was hidden by many congregations in their <a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">tabernacles</a> for protection. It was read from the pulpits of German Catholic parishes on Palm Sunday 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_response">Nazi response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nazi response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The release of <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> precipitated an intensification of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Kershaw_pp._381_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_pp._381-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler was infuriated.<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_Gill_p.58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve printing presses were seized, and hundreds of people sent either to prison or the concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_Gill_p.58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his diary, Goebbels wrote that there were heightened verbal attacks on the clergy from Hitler, and wrote that Hitler had approved the start of trumped up "immorality trials" against clergy and anti-Church propaganda campaign. Goebbels' orchestrated attack included a staged "morality trial" of 37 Franciscans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw381_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw381-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the "Church Question", wrote Goebbels, "after the war it has to be generally solved … There is, namely, an insoluble opposition between the Christian and a heroic-German world view".<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw381_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw381-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Herald">The Catholic Herald</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s German correspondent wrote almost four weeks after the issuing of the encyclical that: </p> <blockquote><p>Hitler has not yet decided what to do. Some of his counsellors try to persuade him to declare the Concordat as null and void. Others reply that that would do immense damage to Germany's prestige in the world, particularly to its relations with Austria and to its influence in Nationalist Spain. Moderation and prudence are advocated by them. There is, unfortunately, no hope that the German Reich will come back to a full respect of its Concordat obligations and that the Nazis will give up those of their doctrines which have been condemned by the Pope in the new Encyclical. But it is well possible that a definite denunciation of the Concordat and a rupture of diplomatic relations between Berlin and the Holy See will be avoided, at least for the time being.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.catholicherald.co.uk_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.catholicherald.co.uk-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>The Catholic Herald</i> reported on 23 April: </p> <blockquote><p>It is understood that the Vatican will reply to the note of complaint presented to it by the German Government in regard to the Encyclical <i>Mit Brennender Sorge</i>. The note was not a defence of Nazism, but a criticism of the Vatican's action at a time when negotiations on the relations between the Vatican and Germany were still in being. It would seem that the Vatican, desirous of finding a modus vivendi, however slight the chance of it may appear, wishes to clear up any possible misunderstanding. On 15 April Cardinal Pacelli received Herr von Bergen, the Reich Ambassador at the Holy See. This was the first diplomatic meeting since the publication of the Encyclical.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i> reported on 24 April 1937: </p> <blockquote><p>The case in the Berlin court against three priests and five Catholic laymen is, in public opinion, the Reich's answer to the Pope's Mit brennender Sorge encyclical, as the prisoners have been in concentration camps for over a year. Chaplain Rossaint, of Dusseldorf; is, however, known as a pacifist and an opponent of the National Socialist regime, and it is not denied that he was indiscreet; but he is, moreover, accused of having tried to form a Catholic-Communist front on the plea that he baptized a Jewish Communist. This the accused denies, and his defence has been supported by Communist witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The (censored) German newspapers made no mention of the encyclical. The Gestapo visited the offices of every German diocese the next day and seized all the copies they could find.<sup id="cite_ref-brendon511_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brendon511-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every publishing company that had printed it was closed and sealed, diocesan newspapers were proscribed, and limits imposed on the paper available for Church purposes. </p> <blockquote><p>The true extent of the Nazi fury at this encyclical was shown by the immediate measures taken in Germany to counter further propagation of the document. Not a word of it was printed in newspapers, and the following day the Secret Police visited the diocesan offices and confiscated every copy they could lay their hands on. All the presses which had printed it were closed and sealed. The bishops' diocesan magazines (<i>Amtsblatter</i>) were proscribed; and paper for church pamphlets or secretarial work was severely restricted. A host of other measures, such as diminishing the State grants to theology students and needy priests (agreed in the Concordat) were introduced. And then a number of futile, vindictive measures which did little to harm the Church …<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Carlo Falconi: "The pontifical letter still remains the first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism, and the Pope's courage astonished the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Falconi_p._230_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falconi_p._230-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Frank J. Coppa wrote that the encyclical was viewed by the Nazis as "a call to battle against the Reich" and that Hitler was furious and "vowed revenge against the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-coppa_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coppa-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scholder" title="Klaus Scholder">Klaus Scholder</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whereas the reading of the encyclical was widely felt in German Catholicism to be a liberation, state officials and the Party reacted with anger and disapproval. Nevertheless the great reprisal that was feared did not come. The concordat remained in force and despite everything the intensification of the battle against the two churches which then began remained within ordinary limits.</p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Vidmar" title="John Vidmar">John Vidmar</a>, Nazi reprisals against the Church in Germany followed thereafter, including "staged prosecutions of monks for homosexuality, with the maximum of publicity".<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar254_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar254-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred and seventy Franciscans were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a> and tried for "corrupting youth" in a secret trial, with numerous allegations of priestly debauchery appearing in the Nazi-controlled press, while a film produced for the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> showed men dressed as priests dancing in a brothel.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Catholic Herald</i> reported on 15 October 1937: </p> <blockquote><p>The failure of the Nazi "morality" trials campaign against the Church can be gauged from the fact that, up to the beginning of August, the Courts were only able to condemn 74 religious and secular priests on such charges. The total number of religious and secular priests in Germany, according to the Catholic paper Der Deutsche Weg, is 122,792. The justice of such condemnations as the Nazis were able to obtain is more than suspect.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A pastoral letter issued by the German bishops in 1938 says "Currency and morality trials are put up in such a way which shows that not justice but anti-Catholic propaganda is the main concern".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_response">Catholic response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Catholic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> wrote that during the Nazi period, the churches "engaged in a bitter war of attrition with the regime, receiving the demonstrative backing of millions of churchgoers. Applause for Church leaders whenever they appeared in public, swollen attendances at events such as <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi Day">Corpus Christi Day</a> processions, and packed church services were outward signs of the struggle of; … especially of the Catholic Church – against Nazi oppression". While the Church ultimately failed to protect its youth organisations and schools, it did have some successes in mobilizing public opinion to alter government policies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anton Gill wrote that, in 1937, amidst the harassment of the church and following the hundreds of arrests and closure of Catholic presses that followed the issuing of <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i>, at least 800,000 people attended a pilgrimage centred on Aachen – a massive demonstration by the standards of the day – and some 60,000 attended the 700th anniversary of the bishopric of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> – about equal to the city's entire population.<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_Gill_p.58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vatican's Secretary of State, Cardinal Pacelli (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>), wrote to Germany's <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Cardinal Faulhaber</a> on 2 April 1937 explaining that the encyclical was theologically and pastorally necessary "to preserve the True Faith in Germany." The encyclical also defended baptized Jews, still considered to be Jews by the Nazis because of racial theories that the Church could not and would not accept. Although the encyclical does not specifically mention the Jewish people,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it condemns the exaltation of one race or blood over another, i.e. racism.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported at the time that the encyclical <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> was somewhat overshadowed by the anti-communist encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a></i> which was issued on 19 March in order to avoid the charge by the Nazis that the Pope was indirectly favoring communism.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the issuing of the document, <i>The Catholic Herald</i> reported that it was a "great Encyclical in fact contains a summary of what most needs preserving as the basis for a Christian civilisation and a compendium of the most dangerous elements in Nazi doctrine and practice."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that: </p> <blockquote><p>Only a small portion of the Encyclical is against Germany's continuous violations of the Concordat; the larger part refers to false and dangerous doctrines which are officially spread in Germany and to which the Holy Father opposes the teaching of the Catholic Church. The word National Socialism does not appear at all in the document. The Pope has not tried to give a full analysis of the National Socialist doctrine. That would, indeed, have been impossible, as the Nazi movement is relatively young and it is doubtful whether certain ideas are "official" and essential parts of its doctrine or not. But one thing is beyond any doubt: If you take away from the National Socialist "faith" those false dogmas which have solemnly been condemned by the Holy Father in his Encyclical, the remainder will not deserve to be called National Socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.catholicherald.co.uk_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.catholicherald.co.uk-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Austrian Bishop Gfoellner of Linz had the encyclical read from the pulpits of his diocese. <i>The Catholic Herald</i> reported: </p> <blockquote><p>The Bishop of Linz (Mgr. Gfoellner) who has always taken a very strong anti-Nazi and anti-Socialist stand in the district of Austria where there has been most trouble with both views, said before the reading of 'the document: "The fate of the Church in Germany cannot be a matter of indifference to us; it touches us very nearly." After indicating the reasons the Bishop added that the dangers of German Catholics were also the dangers of Austrian Catholics: "What I wrote in my pastoral of January 21, 1933. It is impossible to be at once a good Catholic and a good National-Socialist,' is confirmed today." Mgr. Gfoellner asked all Catholic parents to keep their children away from any organisation which sympathised with the ideology condemned by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In April 1938 The Vatican newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> displayed for the first time "the historic headline" of "Religious Persecution in Germany" and reflected that what Pius XI had published in <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> was now being clearly witnessed: "Catholic schools are closed, people are coerced to leave the Church … religious instruction of the Youth is made impossible<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Catholic organisations are suppressed<span class="nowrap"> </span>… a press campaign is made against the Church, while its own newspapers and magazines are suppressed<span class="nowrap"> </span>…"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>In a triumphant security operation, the encyclical was smuggled into Germany, locally printed, and read from Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday 1937. <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> (<i>With Burning Anxiety</i>) denounced both specific government actions against the Church in breach of the concordat and Nazi racial theory more generally. There was a striking and deliberate emphasis on the permanent validity of the Jewish scriptures, and the Pope denounced the 'idolatrous cult' which replaced belief in the true God with a 'national religion' and the 'myth of race and blood'. He contrasted this perverted ideology with the teaching of the Church in which there was a home 'for all peoples and all nations'. The impact of the encyclical was immense, and it dispelled at once all suspicion of a Fascist Pope. While the world was still reacting, however, Pius issued five days later another encyclical, <i><a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a></i>, denouncing Communism, declaring its principles "intrinsically hostile to religion in any form whatever", detailing the attacks on the Church which had followed the establishment of Communist regimes in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and calling for the implementation of Catholic social teaching to offset both Communism and 'amoral liberalism'. The language of Divini Redemptoris was stronger than that of <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i>, its condemnation of Communism even more absolute than the attack on Nazism. The difference in tone undoubtedly reflected the Pope's own loathing of Communism as the "ultimate enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Falconi" title="Carlo Falconi">Carlo Falconi</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>So little anti-Nazi is it that it does not even attribute to the regime as such, but only to certain trends within it, the dogmatic and moral errors widespread in Germany. And while the errors indicated are carefully diagnosed and refuted, complete silence surrounds the much more serious and fundamental errors associated with Nazi political ideology, corresponding to the principles most subversive of natural law that are characteristic of absolute totalitarianisms. The encyclical is in fact concerned purely with the Catholic Church in Germany and its rights and privileges, on the basis of the concordatory contracts of 1933. Moreover the form given to it by Cardinal Faulhaber, even more a super-nationalist than the majority of his most ardent colleagues, was essentially dictated by tactics and aimed at avoiding a definite breach with the regime, even to the point of offering in conclusion a conciliatory olive branch to Hitler if he would restore the tranquil prosperity of the Catholic Church in Germany. But that was the very thing to deprive the document of its noble and exemplary intransigence. Nevertheless, even within these limitations, the pontifical letter still remains the first great public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism, and the Pope's courage astonished the world. It was, indeed, the encyclical’s fate to be credited with a greater significance and content than it possessed.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scholder" title="Klaus Scholder">Klaus Scholder</a> observed that Hitler's interest in church questions seemed to have died in early 1937, which he attributes to the issuing of the encyclical and that "Hitler must have regarded the encyclical <i>Mit brennender sorge</i> in April 1937 almost as a snub. In fact it will have seemed to him to be the final rejection of his world-view by Catholicism".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholder wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>However, whereas the encyclical Divini Redemptoris mentioned Communism in Russia, Mexico and Spain directly by name, at the suggestion of Faulhaber the formulation of the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was not polemical, but accused National Socialism above all indirectly, by a description of the foundations of the Catholic Church … As things were every hearer knew what was meant when it mentioned 'public persecution' of the faithful, 'a thousand forms of organized impediments to religion' and a 'lack of teaching which is loyal to the truth and of the normal possibilities of defence'. Even if National Socialism was not mentioned by name, it was condemned clearly and unequivocally as an ideology when the encyclical stated 'Anyone who makes Volk or state or form of state or state authorities or other basic values of the human shaping of society into the highest of all norms, even of religious values … perverts and falsifies the divinely created and divinely commanded order of things.'<sup id="cite_ref-Scholder,_p._154-155_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholder,_p._154-155-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Scholder adds that: </p> <blockquote><p>The time of open confrontation seemed to have arrived. However, it very soon emerged that the encyclical was open to different interpretations. It could be understood as a last and extreme way by which the church might maintain its rights and its truth within the framework of the concordat; but it could also be interpreted as the first step which could be and had to be followed by further steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholder_p._159_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholder_p._159-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rhonheimer" title="Martin Rhonheimer">Martin Rhonheimer</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The general condemnation of racism of course included the Nazis' anti-Semitic racial mania, and condemned it implicitly. The question, however, is not what the Church's theological position with regard to Nazi racism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> was in 1937, but whether Church statements were clear enough for everyone to realize that the Church included Jews in its pastoral concern, thus summoning Christian consciences to solidarity with them. In light of what we have seen, it seems clear that the answer to this question must be No. In 1937 the Church was concerned not with the Jews but with entirely different matters that the Church considered more important and more urgent. An explicit defense of the Jews might well have jeopardized success in these other areas.</p></blockquote> <p>He further writes </p> <blockquote><p>Such statements require us to reconsider the Church's public declarations about the Nazi concept of the state and racism in the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. Not only were Church declarations belated. They were also inadequate to counter the passivity and widespread indifference to the fate of Jews caused by this kind of Christian <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a> and anti-Semitism, especially when it was combined with newly awakened national pride. The encyclical, then, came far too late to be of any help to Jews. In reality, however, the Church's statements were never really designed to help the Jews. The "Catholic apologetic" described above is something developed after the fact and has no roots in the historical record. Indeed, given the dominant view of the Jews in the Nazi period, it would have been astonishing if the Church had mounted the barricades in their defense. As we shall see, the failure of Church statements about Nazism and racism ever to mention the Jews specifically (save in negative ways) corresponds to an inner logic that is historically understandable—but no less disturbing to us today.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Guenter Lewy</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Many writers, influenced in part by the violent reaction of the Nazi government to the papal pronouncement, have hailed the encyclical letter Mit brennender Sorge as a decisive repudiation of the National Socialist state and Weltanschauung. More judicious observers have noted the encyclical was moderate in its tone and merely intimated that the condemned neopagan doctrines were favored by the German authorities. It is indeed a document in which, as one Catholic writer has put it, "with considerable skill, the extravagances of German Nazi doctrine are picked out for condemnation in a way that would not involve the condemnation of political and social totalitarianism{ … While some of Pius' language is sweeping and can be given a wider construction, basically the Pope had condemned neopaganism and the denial of religious freedom – no less and no more<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Catholic holocaust scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Michael Phayer</a> concludes that the encyclical "condemned racism (but not Hitler or National Socialism, as some have erroneously asserted)".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Catholic scholars have regarded the encyclical as "not a heatedly combative document" as the German episcopate, still ignorant of the real dimension of the problem, still entertained hopes of a <a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi" title="Modus vivendi">Modus vivendi</a> with the Nazis. As a result, the encyclical was "not directly polemical" but "diplomatically moderate", in contrast to the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i> dealing with Italian fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/28px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/56px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis_unitas" title="Humani generis unitas">Humani generis unitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus" title="Summi Pontificatus">Summi Pontificatus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cs_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518–519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8196-0189-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8196-0189-6">0-8196-0189-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anton_Gill_p.58-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_Gill_p.58_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Before 1931 all such messages [encyclicals] were written in Latin. The encyclical <i>Non abbiamo bisogno</i> of June 29, 1931, which condemned certain theories and practices of Italian Fascism, particularly in the realm of education, and denounced certain treaty violations of Signor Mussolini's Government, was the first document of that kind that appeared in a language other than Latin." The Catholic Herald, "First Encyclical in German", PAGE 3, 9 April 1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/9th-april-1937/3/first-encyclical-in-german">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215918/http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/9th-april-1937/3/first-encyclical-in-german">Archived</a> 27 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Ventresca – p.iv of photos, <i>Soldier of Christ</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_O_p.156-157-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_O_p.156-157_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_O_p.156-157_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, p.156-157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Rhonheimer, The Holocaust: What Was Not Said, First Things 137 (November 2003): 18–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mit brennnder Sorge</i>, § 30 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge.html">English version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mit brennender Sorge Para 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Roman Catholic periodical <i>The Tablet</i> reported at the time "The Encyclical, which took the Nazi Government completely unawares, had been introduced into Germany by the diplomatic bag to the Nunciature, and Monsignor Orsenigo, Apostolic Nuncio in Berlin had arranged for its secret distribution all over the country so that it was read in every Catholic church of the Reich last Sunday, before the Government had time to confiscate and suppress it.", The Tablet, 3 April 1937, p.10 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/3rd-april-1937/10/27913/rome-letter">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426011950/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/3rd-april-1937/10/27913/rome-letter">Archived</a> 26 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Kershaw_p.381-382_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p. 381–382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholder,_p._154-155-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scholder,_p._154-155_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholder,_p._154-155_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholder, p. 154-155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Catholic periodical <i>The Tablet</i> reported shortly after the issuing of the encyclical "The case in the Berlin court against three priests and five Catholic laymen is, in public opinion, the Reich's answer to the Pope's <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> encyclical, as the prisoners have been in concentration camps for over a year. Chaplain Rossaint of Dusseldorf is, however, known as a pacifist and an opponent of the National Socialist regime, and it is not denied that he was indiscreet; but he is, moreover, accused of having tried to form a Catholic-Communist front on the plea that he baptized a Jewish Communist. This the accused denies, and his defence has been supported by Communist witnesses", The Tablet, p. 13, 24 April 1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/24th-april-1937/13/27979/the-church-abroad">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154146/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/24th-april-1937/13/27979/the-church-abroad">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGonigle172-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGonigle172_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGonigle, p. 172: "the encyclical <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> was read in Catholic Churches in Germany. In effect it taught that the racial ideas of the leader <i>(Führer)</i> and totalitarianism stood in opposition to the Catholic faith; Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392; Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Michael Phayer</a> wrote that the encyclical doesn't condemn Hitler or National Socialism, "as some have erroneously asserted" (Phayer, 2002), p. 2; "His encyclical <i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance.'"; Rhodes, pp. 204–205: "<i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> did not prevaricate … Nor was the Führer himself spared, for his 'aspirations to divinity', 'placing himself on the same level as Christ': 'a mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance' (widerliche Hochmut)."; "It was not the case that Pius failed to "spare the Führer," or called him a "mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance." The text limits its critique of arrogance to unnamed Nazi "reformers" (John Connelly, Harvard University Press, 2012, "From Enemy to Brother: The Revolution in Catholic Teaching on the Jews, 1933–1965", p. 315, fn 52)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; <i>Hitler a Biography</i>; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; <i>Hitler a Biography</i>; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; p.290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London; p.295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three Popes and the Jews, Pinchas Lapide, 1967, Hawthorn Press, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewy, 1964, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy,_1964,_p._93-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1964,_p._93_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1964,_p._93_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewy, 1964, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church</i>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">National Catholic Welfare Conference</a>; Washington D.C.; 1942</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; p. 234-5; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-71-4">978-1-877058-71-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Gill" title="Anton Gill">Anton Gill</a>; <i>An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler</i>; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a>; <i>Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945</i>; Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London; p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falconi, 1967, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_L._Shirer_p234-5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_L._Shirer_p234-5_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Shirer; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p234-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewy, 1967, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._228-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._228_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._228_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Falconi, 1967, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falconi,_1967,_p._229-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._229_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._229_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falconi,_1967,_p._229_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Falconi, 1967, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Fest; <i>Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945</i>; Weidenfeld & Nicolson; London; p.32"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honourable_Defeat_pp.58-59-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Honourable_Defeat_pp.58-59_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Gill" title="Anton Gill">Anton Gill</a>; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; pp.58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konrad_Graf_von_Preysing-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Konrad_Graf_von_Preysing_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/">Konrad Graf von Preysing</a>; German Resistance Memorial Centre, Index of Persons; retrieved at 4 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore S. Hamerow; On the Road to the Wolf's Lair – German Resistance to Hitler; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-63680-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-63680-5">0-674-63680-5</a>; p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pham45-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pham45_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pham, <i>Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession</i> (2005), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coppa-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coppa_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coppa_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coppa_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust</i>, Frank J. Coppa, pp. 162–163, CUA Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-1449-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-1449-1">0-8132-1449-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.118; "The word National Socialism does not appear at all in the document. The Pope has not tried to give a full analysis of the National Socialist doctrine. That would, indeed, have been impossible, as the Nazi movement is relatively young and it is doubtful whether certain ideas are "official" and essential parts of its doctrine or not.", The Catholic Herald, p. 3, 9 April 1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/9th-april-1937/3/first-encyclical-in-german">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholder_p._159-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scholder_p._159_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholder_p._159_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholder, Requiem for Hitler, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewy, 1967, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mit brennender Sorge Eng, Vatican Web Site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy,_1967,_p._157-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewy,_1967,_p._157_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewy, 1967, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phayer, Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War, 2008, p. 175-176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulhaber's original draft of this passage read: "Be vigilant that race, or the state, or other communal values, which can claim an honorable place in worldly things, be not magnified and idolized."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_things,_Rhonheimer-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_things,_Rhonheimer_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_things,_Rhonheimer_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">First things, Rhonheimer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar327-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar327_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, pp. 327–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wills, Papal Sin, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/anthony-rhodes-550343.html">"Anthony Rhodes - Cosmopolitan travel writer, biographer, novelist and memoirist"</a>. 25 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anthony+Rhodes+-+Cosmopolitan+travel+writer%2C+biographer%2C+novelist+and+memoirist&rft.date=2004-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fanthony-rhodes-550343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Anthony Rhodes: Cosmopolitan and well-connected man of letters who write a deeply researched three-volume history of the Vatican", Obituary, The Times, 8 September 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article479642.ece">[5]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, pp 204–205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g see Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Connelly, Harvard University Press, 2012, "From Enemy to Brother: The Revolution in Catholic Teaching on the Jews, 1933–1965", p. 315, fn 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyaer, 2002, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burleigh, p. 191-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under His Very Windows, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._191_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burleigh, 2006, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh,_2006,_p._192_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burleigh, 2006, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">""Mit brennender Sorge", the cry of Pius XI", Emma Fattorini, Reset Dialogues on Civilizations, 25 November 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000001138">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Religion and the Global Politics of Human Rights", Thomas Banchoff, Robert Wuthnow, Oxford University Press, pp. 291–292, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199841039" title="Special:BookSources/0199841039">0199841039</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burleigh, 2005, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brendon511-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brendon511_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brendon511_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Piers_Brendon" title="Piers Brendon">Piers Brendon</a>, <i>The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s</i>, p. 511 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40881-9">0-375-40881-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ian_Kershaw_pp._381-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Kershaw_pp._381_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; pp. 381–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw381-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw381_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw381_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw p.381-382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.catholicherald.co.uk-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.catholicherald.co.uk_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.catholicherald.co.uk_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/9th-april-1937/3/first-encyclical-in-german">"First Encyclical in German", Catholic Herald, 9 April 1937</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/23rd-april-1937/1/german-4-traitor-priests">"German 'Traitor' Priests", Catholic Herald, 23 April 1937</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154146/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/24th-april-1937/13/27979/the-church-abroad">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Church Abroad", 24 April 1937, The Tablet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/24th-april-1937/13/27979/the-church-abroad">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Church+Abroad%22%2C+24+April+1937%2C+The+Tablet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thetablet.co.uk%2Fissue%2F24th-april-1937%2F13%2F27979%2Fthe-church-abroad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falconi_p._230-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falconi_p._230_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falconi, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholder, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar254-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar254_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1973" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Anthony (1973). <i>Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–1945</i>. Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 202–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-02394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-02394-5"><bdi>0-340-02394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vatican+in+the+Age+of+the+Dictators%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=202-210&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-340-02394-5&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/15th-october-1937/10/national-socialist-culture-christian-names">"National Socialist Culture", Catholic Herald, 15 Oct 1937</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/9th-september-1938/9/justice-and-ci-iristianiti-identified-rome-comment">"Justice and Christianity Identified", Catholic Herald, Set 9 1938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000; pp 210–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/dam/files/research_sites/cjl/texts/cjrelations/resources/articles/rhonheimer.htm">Martin Rhonheimer, What was not Said</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318110036/http://www.bc.edu/dam/files/research_sites/cjl/texts/cjrelations/resources/articles/rhonheimer.htm">Archived</a> 18 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mit brennnder Sorge</i>, §§ 8, 10, 11, 17, 23 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge.html">English version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Church And Germany, The Catholic Herald, <i>"The Church And Germany"</i>, Page 8, 16 April 1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/16th-april-1937/8/the-church-and-germany">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/16th-april-1937/8/the-church-and-germany">"The Church And Germany", Catholic Herald, 16 April 1937</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Austrian Bishop's Plain Words: Can't Be Good Nazi and Good Catholic", Catholic Herald, 16 April 1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/16th-april-1937/3/austrian-bishops-plain-words-cant-be-good-nazi-and">[8]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"HISTORIC HEADLINE 'Religious Persecution in Germany'", Catholic Herald, 6 May 1938 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/6th-may-1938/9/historic-headline-religious-persecution-in-germany">[9]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1">0-300-07332-1</a>. (paperback edition) p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falconi, 1967, pp 229–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholder, p. 152, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Holocaust: What Was Not Said", First Things 137 (November 2003): 18–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewy, Catholic Church and Nazi Germany, 1964, p. 158-159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phayer 2000, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Church and state through the centuries", Sidney Z. Ehler & John B Morrall, pp. 518–519, org pub 1954, reissued 1988, Biblo & Tannen, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8196-0189-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8196-0189-6">0-8196-0189-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke"><i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00boke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Chadwick, Owen</a> (1995). <i>A History of Christianity</i>. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-7332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-7332-7"><bdi>0-7607-7332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7607-7332-7&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppa1999" class="citation book cs1">Coppa, Frank J. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/controversialcon0000fran"><i>Controversial Concordats</i></a></span>. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0920-3"><bdi>978-0-8132-0920-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversial+Concordats&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0920-3&rft.aulast=Coppa&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontroversialcon0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtoisKramer,_Mark1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Courtois, Stéphane</a>; Kramer, Mark (1999). <i>The Black Book of Communism</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2"><bdi>978-0-674-07608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Communism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07608-2&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff"><i>Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1"><bdi>0-300-07332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%2C+a+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-07332-1&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssinnershis00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconi1967" class="citation book cs1">Falconi, Carlo (1967). <i>The Popes in the Twentieth Century</i>. Feltrinelli Editore. 68-14744.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Feltrinelli+Editore&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Falconi&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigle1996" class="citation book cs1">McGonigle (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000mcgo"><i>A History of the Christian Tradition: From its Jewish roots to the Reformation</i></a></span>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3648-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-3648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Christian+Tradition%3A+From+its+Jewish+roots+to+the+Reformation&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3648-3&rft.au=McGonigle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchristi0000mcgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norman_(historian)" title="Edward Norman (historian)">Norman, Edward</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000norm"><i>The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25251-6"><bdi>978-0-520-25251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Catholic+Church%2C+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25251-6&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicchu0000norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7"><bdi>978-0-671-72868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-671-72868-7&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPham2006" class="citation book cs1">Pham, John Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham"><i>Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517834-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517834-3"><bdi>0-19-517834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirs+of+the+Fisherman%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+Papal+Death+and+Succession&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-517834-3&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheirsoffisherman00pham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhayer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Phayer" title="Michael Phayer">Phayer, Michael</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchho00phay"><i>The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21471-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21471-8"><bdi>0-253-21471-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1930%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-253-21471-8&rft.aulast=Phayer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicchurchho00phay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1973" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Anthony (1973). <i>The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945)</i>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-02394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-02394-5"><bdi>0-340-02394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vatican+in+the+Age+of+the+Dictators+%281922%E2%80%931945%29&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-340-02394-5&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7"><bdi>978-0-671-72868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-671-72868-7&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidmar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Vidmar" title="John Vidmar">Vidmar, John</a> (2005). <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1"><bdi>0-8091-4234-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8091-4234-1&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholder1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scholder" title="Klaus Scholder">Scholder, Klaus</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/requiemforhitler0000scho"><i>Requiem For Hitler</i></a></span>. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0334022959" title="Special:BookSources/0334022959"><bdi>0334022959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requiem+For+Hitler&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0334022959&rft.aulast=Scholder&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frequiemforhitler0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMit+brennender+Sorge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peter Rohrbacher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28309970/The_Race_Debate_in_the_Curia_in_the_Context_of_Mit_brennender_Sorge_in_Fabrice_Bouthillon_Marie_Levant_Hg._Un_pape_contre_le_nazisme_L_encyclique_Mit_brennender_Sorge_du_pape_Pie_XI._14_mars_1937_._Brest_Editions_Dialogues_2016_93_108">The Race Debate in the Curia in the Context of “Mit brennender Sorge”</a> In: Fabrice Bouthillon, Marie Levant (Hrsg.): Un pape contre le nazisme? L'encyclique "Mit brennender Sorge" du pape Pie XI. (14 mars 1937). Actes du colloque international de Brest, 4–6 juin 2015. Editions Dialogues, Brest 2016, S. 93–108.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mit_brennender_Sorge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge_en.html"><i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> on Vatican.va</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> (The section numbering differs from the German version.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge_ge.html"><i>Mit brennender Sorge</i> on Vatican.va</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/20th-june-1936/13/27096/germany">"'Morality Trials' In The Third Reich"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155624/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/20th-june-1936/13/27096/germany">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a></i> 20 June 1936</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/17th-july-1937/22/28263/germany">"An Open Letter to Dr. Goebbels"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154405/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/issue/17th-july-1937/22/28263/germany">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Tablet 17 July 1937</li></ul> <div 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a 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