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<span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Apostolic authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_contrast_with_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_contrast_with_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theology and contrast with Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology_and_contrast_with_Gnosticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology and contrast with Gnosticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_contrast_with_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unity_of_salvation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_of_salvation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Unity of salvation history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_of_salvation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christ's_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ's_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Christ's life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ's_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Paul's_Epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Paul's_Epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Use of Paul's Epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Paul's_Epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christ_as_the_New_Adam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ_as_the_New_Adam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Christ as the New Adam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ_as_the_New_Adam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentinian_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentinian_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Valentinian Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentinian_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quartodeciman_Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quartodeciman_Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Quartodeciman Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quartodeciman_Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irenaeus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus_van_Lyon" title="Irenaeus van Lyon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irenaeus van Lyon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إيرينيئوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرينيئوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Երանոս Լիոնացի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երանոս Լիոնացի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Iren%C3%A9u" title="San Irenéu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="San Irenéu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionlu_%C4%B0riney" title="Lionlu İriney – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lionlu İriney" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ириней Лионски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ириней Лионски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneu_de_Li%C3%B3" title="Ireneu de Lió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ireneu de Lió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenej_z_Lyonu" title="Irenej z Lyonu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irenej z Lyonu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iren%C3%A6us" title="Irenæus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irenæus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_von_Lyon" title="Irenäus von Lyon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irenäus von Lyon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ειρηναίος Λουγδούνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειρηναίος Λουγδούνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo_de_Lyon" title="Ireneo de Lyon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ireneo de Lyon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo_de_Liono" title="Ireneo de Liono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ireneo de Liono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo_Lyongoa" title="Ireneo Lyongoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ireneo Lyongoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایرنئوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایرنئوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_de_Lyon" title="Irénée de Lyon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irénée de Lyon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irenaeus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneu_de_Li%C3%B3n" title="Ireneu de Lión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ireneu de Lión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A4" title="이레네오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이레네오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Հիրենեոս Լիոնացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիրենեոս Լիոնացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenej_Lionski" title="Irenej Lionski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irenej Lionski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneus" title="Ireneus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ireneus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo_di_Lione" title="Ireneo di Lione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ireneo di Lione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אירנאיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירנאיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ირინეოს ლიონელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირინეოს ლიონელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtakatifu_Ireneo" title="Mtakatifu Ireneo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtakatifu Ireneo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus_(episcopus_Lugdunensis)" title="Irenaeus (episcopus Lugdunensis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irenaeus (episcopus Lugdunensis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionas_Irenejs" title="Lionas Irenejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lionas Irenejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iren%C4%97jus" title="Irenėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irenėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Ir%C3%A9neusz" title="Szent Iréneusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Iréneusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Иринеј Лионски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иринеј Лионски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo_avy_any_Logdonoma" title="Ireneo avy any Logdonoma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ireneo avy any Logdonoma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇരണേവൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരണേവൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ايريناوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايريناوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%C3%BCs_van_Lyon" title="Ireneüs van Lyon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ireneüs van Lyon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="エイレナイオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エイレナイオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneus_av_Lyon" title="Ireneus av Lyon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ireneus av Lyon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A8ye" title="Saint Irénèye – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saint Irénèye" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A8e" title="Saint Irénèe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Saint Irénèe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneusz_z_Lyonu" title="Ireneusz z Lyonu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ireneusz z Lyonu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneu_de_Lyon" title="Ireneu de Lyon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ireneu de Lyon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irineu_de_Lyon" title="Irineu de Lyon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irineu de Lyon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ириней Лионский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ириней Лионский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo" title="Ireneo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ireneo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneu_i_Lionit" title="Ireneu i Lionit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ireneu i Lionit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irenaeus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenej_z_Lyonu" title="Irenej z Lyonu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irenej z Lyonu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenej_Lyonski" title="Irenej Lyonski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irenej Lyonski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Иринеј Лионски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иринеј Лионски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenej_Lionski" title="Irenej Lionski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irenej Lionski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irenaeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irenaeus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneo" title="Ireneo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ireneo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81" title="இரனேயு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரனேயு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rinaios" title="İrinaios – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrinaios" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Іреней Ліонський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іреней Ліонський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%AAn%C3%AA" title="Irênê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Irênê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irenaeus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%BB%BB%E7%BA%BD" title="爱任纽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱任纽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BE%9D%E5%8B%92%E5%85%A7" title="聖依勒內 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖依勒內" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%BB%BB%E7%BA%BD" title="爱任纽 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2nd-century Greek bishop and Doctor of the Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Irenaeus (disambiguation)">Irenaeus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Irenaeus of Lyon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role">Doctor of the Church</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireneaus3p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ireneaus3p.jpg/220px-Ireneaus3p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ireneaus3p.jpg/330px-Ireneaus3p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ireneaus3p.jpg/440px-Ireneaus3p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">20th-century Greek icon depicting Saint Irenaeus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data label">Lyon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon">Lyon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pothinus_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothinus of Lyon">Pothinus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Lyon" title="Zechariah of Lyon">Zechariah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">by <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130 AD</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 202 AD</span> (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">June 28 (Latin Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Lutheranism, Anglicanism); August 23 (Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches);<br />Monday after fourth Sunday of the <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a> (Armenian Apostolic Church)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Latin Catholic Church and Eastern Catholicism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title as Saint</th><td class="infobox-data">Bishop, Martyr, Bishop of Lyons, Doctor of the Church.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Theology career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Theological work</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patristic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic Age">Patristic Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tradition or movement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation theory of atonement</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Hierapolis" title="Agapius of Hierapolis">Agapius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Theodicy" title="Category:Theodicy"><i>a series</i></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Key concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absence_of_good" title="Absence of good">Absence of good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Divine retribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurean_paradox" title="Epicurean paradox">Epicurean paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_evil" title="Moral evil">Moral evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">Hick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Wiesel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theodicy" title="Template:Theodicy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Theodicy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Theodicy (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theodicy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theodicy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irenaeus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Εἰρηναῖος</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Eirēnaîos</i></i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 202 AD</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurgens197084_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurgens197084-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> communities in the southern regions of present-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and, more widely, for the development of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> by combating heterodox or <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> interpretations of Scripture as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and defining <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-orthodoxy">proto-orthodoxy</a>. Originating from <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, he had seen and heard the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_5]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_5]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in turn was said to have heard <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus was the last-known living connection with the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>. </p><p>Chosen as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lugdunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lugdunum">bishop of Lugdunum</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, his best-known work is <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i>, often cited as <i>Adversus Haereses</i>, a refutation of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a>, in particular that of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counter the doctrines of the gnostic sects claiming <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(gnosticism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia (gnosticism)">secret wisdom</a>, he offered three pillars of <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scriptures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Tradition" title="Apostolic Tradition">tradition</a> handed down from the <a href="/wiki/Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles">apostles</a>, and the teaching of the apostles' <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1972_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1972-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the earliest surviving witness to regard all four of the now-<a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> as essential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199714_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199714-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg/220px-Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="519" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg/330px-Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg/440px-Saint_irenee_saint_irenee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>Irenaeus, in Church of St Irenaeus, Lyon.</figcaption></figure><p>Irenaeus was a Greek from <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>'s hometown of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, now <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, Turkey, born during the first half of the 2nd century. The exact date is thought to be between the years 120 and 140.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AH.III3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH.III3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many of his contemporaries, he was brought up in a Christian family rather than converting as an adult. </p><p>During the persecution of Christians by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 161 to 180, Irenaeus was a priest of the Church of Lyon. The clergy of that city, many of whom were suffering imprisonment for the faith, sent him in 177 to Rome with a letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Pope Eleutherius</a> concerning the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that occasion bore emphatic testimony to his merits. While Irenaeus was in Rome, a persecution took place in Lyon. Returning to Gaul, Irenaeus succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pothinus" title="Saint Pothinus">Saint Pothinus</a> and became the second <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">bishop of Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_4,_Section_1]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_4,_Section_1]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the religious peace which followed the persecution by Marcus Aurelius, the new bishop divided his activities between the duties of a pastor and of a missionary (as to which we have but brief data, late and not very certain). Almost all his writings were directed against Gnosticism. The most famous of these writings is <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus haereses</a></i> (<i>Against Heresies</i>). Irenaeus alludes to coming across Gnostic writings, and holding conversations with Gnostics, and this may have taken place in Asia Minor or in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103102htm_Book_I,_Chapter_2]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103102htm_Book_I,_Chapter_2]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103402htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_2]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103402htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_2]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also appears that Gnosticism was present near Lyon: he writes that there were followers of '<a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus the Magician</a>' living and teaching in the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone valley">Rhone valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103113htm_Book_I,_Chapter_13,_Section_7]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103113htm_Book_I,_Chapter_13,_Section_7]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known about the career of Irenaeus after he became bishop. The last action reported of him (by Eusebius, 150 years later) is that in 190 or 191, he exerted influence on <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a> not to excommunicate the Christian communities of Asia Minor which persevered in the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodeciman</a> celebration of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_24,_Section_1ff]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_24,_Section_1ff]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nothing is known of the date of his death, which must have occurred at the end of the second or the beginning of the third century. He is regarded as a martyr by the Catholic Church and by some within the Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried under the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Irenaeus_Church,_Lyon" title="Saint Irenaeus Church, Lyon">Church of Saint John</a> in Lyon, which was later renamed St Irenaeus in his honour. The church was devastated in 1562 by the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>. Several relics supposedly of Irenaeus are held in various churches in Lyon. Two crania from different churches were dated by <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a> to the Middle Ages, but a piece of <a href="/wiki/Heelbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Heelbone">heelbone</a> kept in the <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Cathedral" title="Lyon Cathedral">Lyon Cathedral</a> is from the right time period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> celebrates Irenaeus' memorial on 28 June.<sup id="cite_ref-CalRom_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CalRom-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> declared Irenaeus the 37th <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> on 21 January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Church celebrates Irenaeus, the feast being on 23 August. </p><p>Lutheran Churches honor Irenaeus in their <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">calendar of saints</a> on 28 June.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus is honored in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on <a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">28 June</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CofE_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CofE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irenaeus wrote a number of books, but the most important that survives is the <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i> (or, in its <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> title, <i>Adversus haereses</i>). In Book I, Irenaeus talks about the Valentinian Gnostics and their predecessors, who he says go as far back as the magician <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a>. In Book II he attempts to provide proof that <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a> contains no merit in terms of its doctrines. In Book III, Irenaeus attempts to show that these doctrines are false, by providing counter-evidence gleaned from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>. Book IV consists of Jesus's sayings, and here Irenaeus also stresses the unity of the Old Testament and the Gospel. In the final volume, Book V, Irenaeus focuses on more sayings of Jesus plus the letters of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant20066_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant20066-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus wrote: "One should not seek among others the truth that can be easily gotten from the Church. For in her, as in a rich treasury, the apostles have placed all that pertains to truth, so that everyone can drink this beverage of life. She is the door of life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxchurchquotes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxchurchquotes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he also said, "Christ came not only for those who believed from the time of Tiberius Caesar, nor did the Father provide only for those who are now, but for absolutely all men from the beginning, who, according to their ability, feared and loved God and lived justly. . . and desired to see Christ and to hear His voice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199176_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199176-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POxy405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/POxy405.jpg/220px-POxy405.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/POxy405.jpg/330px-POxy405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/POxy405.jpg/440px-POxy405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Cambridge University library manuscript 4113 / Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 405. Irenaeus. Ca. 200 AD.</figcaption></figure><p>The purpose of "Against Heresies" was to refute the teachings of various Gnostic groups; apparently, several Greek merchants had begun an oratorial campaign in Irenaeus's bishopric, teaching that the material world was the accidental creation of an evil god, from which we are to escape by the pursuit of <i>gnosis</i>. Irenaeus argued that the true gnosis is in fact knowledge of Christ, which redeems rather than escapes from bodily existence.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Library of Nag Hammadi</a> in 1945, <i>Against Heresies</i> was the best-surviving description of Gnosticism. Some religious scholars have argued the findings at Nag Hammadi have shown Irenaeus's description of Gnosticism to be inaccurate and polemic in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200554_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200554-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the general consensus among modern scholars is that Irenaeus was fairly accurate in his transmission of gnostic beliefs, and that the Nag Hammadi texts have raised no substantial challenges to the overall accuracy of Irenaeus's information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartog2015199,_200_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartog2015199,_200-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious historian <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a> criticizes Irenaeus for describing Gnostic groups as sexual libertines, for example, when some of their own writings advocated chastity more strongly than did orthodox texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels197990_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels197990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Nag Hammadi texts do not present a single, coherent picture of any unified gnostic system of belief, but rather divergent beliefs of multiple Gnostic sects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005122_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005122-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these sects were indeed libertine because they considered bodily existence meaningless; others praised chastity, and strongly prohibited any sexual activity, even within marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2007Ch._6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2007Ch._6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus also wrote <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/irenaeus/demonstr.preaching_the_demonstration_of_the_apostolic_preaching.html">The Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching</a></i> (also known as <i>Proof of the Apostolic Preaching</i>), an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> copy of which was discovered in 1904. This work seems to have been an instruction for recent Christian converts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harnack_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnack-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eusebius attests to other works by Irenaeus, today lost, including <i>On the Ogdoad,</i> an untitled letter to Blastus regarding schism, <i>On the Subject of Knowledge</i>, <i>On the Monarchy</i> or <i>How God is not the Cause of Evil</i>, <i>On Easter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETixeront1920Section_IV_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETixeront1920Section_IV-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_20,_Section_1]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_20,_Section_1]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus exercised wide influence on the generation which followed. Both <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> freely drew on his writings. However, none of his works aside from <i>Against Heresies</i> and <i>The Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching</i> survive today, perhaps because his literal hope of an earthly <a href="/wiki/Chiliasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliasm">millennium</a> may have made him uncongenial reading in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek East">Greek East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick199383_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199383-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though no complete version of <i>Against Heresies</i> in its original Greek exists, we possess the full ancient Latin version, probably of the third century, as well as thirty-three fragments of a Syrian version and a complete Armenian version of books 4 and 5.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris200447_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200447-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill" title="Evelyn Underhill">Evelyn Underhill</a> in her book Mysticism credited Irenaeus as being one of those to whom we owe "the preservation of that mighty system of scaffolding which enabled the Catholic mystics to build up the towers and bulwarks of the City of God."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus's works were first translated into English by <a href="/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a> and published in 1872 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Fathers" title="Library of the Fathers">Library of the Fathers</a> series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripture">Scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>Irenaeus pointed to the public <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of faith">rule of faith</a>, authoritatively articulated by the preaching of bishops and inculcated in Church practice, especially worship, as an authentic apostolic tradition by which to read Scripture truly against heresies. He classified as Scripture not only the Old Testament but most of the books now known as the New Testament,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while excluding many works, a large number by Gnostics, that flourished in the 2nd century and claimed scriptural authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oftentimes, Irenaeus, as a student of Polycarp, who was a direct disciple of the Apostle John, believed that he was interpreting scriptures in the same hermeneutic as the Apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmer1997_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer1997-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This connection to Jesus was important to Irenaeus because both he and the Gnostics based their arguments on Scripture. Irenaeus argued that since he could trace his authority to Jesus and the Gnostics could not, his interpretation of Scripture was correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen196848–49_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen196848–49-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also used "the Rule of Faith",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4,_Section_2]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4,_Section_2]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_7]_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_7]-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "proto-creed" with similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, as a hermeneutical key to argue that his interpretation of Scripture was correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvis201220_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvis201220-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Irenaeus, Christians differed as to which gospel they preferred. The Christians of Asia Minor preferred the Gospel of John. The Gospel of Matthew was the most popular overall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus asserted that all four of the Gospels, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> (which is the order presented in his four pillar narrative in <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus haereses</a></i> (<i>Against Heresies</i>) III 11,8), were canonical scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-AH.III11_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH.III11-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Irenaeus provides the earliest witness to the assertion of the four canonical Gospels, possibly in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>'s edited version of the Gospel of Luke, which Marcion asserted was the one and only true gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199714_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199714-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2010_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels, some interpreters deduce that the <i>fourfold Gospel</i> must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001277_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001277-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Against Heresies</i> 3.11.7 acknowledges that many heterodox Christians use only one gospel while 3.11.9 acknowledges that some use more than four.<sup id="cite_ref-M&S_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&S-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a> in about the same time period is "... a powerful indication that the fourfold Gospel contemporaneously sponsored by Irenaeus was not broadly, let alone universally, recognized."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001280_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001280-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The apologist and ascetic Tatian had previously harmonized the four gospels into a single narrative, the <i>Diatesseron</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span>–160) </p><p>Irenaeus is also the earliest attestation that the Gospel of John was written by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Gospel of Luke was written by <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke, the companion of Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001267_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001267-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars contend that Irenaeus quotes from 21 of the 27 New Testament books, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3:16" title="Matthew 3:16">Matthew 3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">Mark 3</a>:10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">Luke 3</a>:14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">John 3</a>:11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> 3:14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_3" title="Romans 3">Romans 3</a>:16</li> <li>1 Corinthians 1:3</li> <li>2 Corinthians 3:7</li> <li>Galatians 3:22</li> <li>Ephesians 5:2</li> <li>Philippians 4:18</li> <li>Colossians 1:3</li> <li>1 Thessalonians 5:6</li> <li>2 Thessalonians 5:25</li> <li>1 Timothy (<i>Preface</i>)</li> <li>2 Timothy 3:14</li> <li>Titus 3:3</li> <li>1 Peter 4:9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_John_3:16" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John 3:16">1 John 3:16</a></li> <li>2 John 1:16</li> <li>Revelation 4:20</li></ul> <p>He may refer to Hebrews 2:30 and James 4:16 and maybe even 2 Peter 5:28, but does not cite Philemon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus cited the New Testament approximately 1,000 times. About one third of his citations are made to Paul's letters. Irenaeus considered all 13 letters belonging to the Pauline corpus to have been written by Paul himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell201136_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell201136-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apostolic_authority">Apostolic authority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apostolic authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_116r_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_116r_1.png/150px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_116r_1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_116r_1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Irenaeus in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In his writing against the Gnostics, who claimed to possess a secret oral tradition from Jesus himself, Irenaeus maintained that the bishops in different cities are known as far back as the Apostles and that the oral tradition he lists from the Apostles is a safe guide to the interpretation of Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-AH.IV26_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH.IV26-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a passage that became a <a href="/wiki/Locus_classicus" title="Locus classicus">locus classicus</a> of Catholic-Protestant polemics, he cited the Roman church as an example of the unbroken chain of authority, which text Catholic polemics would use to assert the primacy of Rome over Eastern churches by virtue of its <i>preeminent authority</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AH.III3a_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH.III3a-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The succession of bishops and presbyters was important to establish a chain of custody for orthodoxy. </p><p>Irenaeus's point when refuting the Gnostics was that all of the Apostolic churches had preserved the same traditions and teachings in many independent streams. It was the unanimous agreement between these many independent streams of transmission that proved the orthodox faith, current in those churches, to be true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_8]_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_8]-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology_and_contrast_with_Gnosticism">Theology and contrast with Gnosticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theology and contrast with Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central point of Irenaeus's <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> is the unity and the goodness of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, in opposition to the Gnostics' theory of God; a number of divine emanations <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">(Aeons)</a> along with a distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>. Irenaeus uses the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> theology he inherited from <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>. Irenaeus was a student of <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, who was said to have been tutored by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (John had used Logos terminology in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> and the letter of <a href="/wiki/1_John" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John">1 John</a>). Irenaeus often spoke of the Son and the Spirit as the "hands of God," though he also spoke of the Son as the "Logos."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unity_of_salvation_history">Unity of salvation history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unity of salvation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irenaeus's emphasis on the unity of God is reflected in his corresponding emphasis on the unity of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> history. Irenaeus repeatedly insists that God began the world and has been overseeing it ever since this creative act; everything that has happened is part of his plan for humanity. The essence of this plan is a process of maturation: Irenaeus believes that humanity was created immature, and God intended his creatures to take a long time to grow into or assume the divine likeness. </p><p>Everything that has happened since has therefore been planned by God to help humanity overcome this initial mishap and achieve spiritual maturity. The world has been intentionally designed by God as a difficult place, where human beings are forced to make moral decisions, as only in this way can they mature as moral agents. Irenaeus likens death to the big fish that swallowed <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>: it was only in the depths of the whale's belly that Jonah could turn to God and act according to the divine will. Similarly, death and suffering appear as <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evils</a>, but without them we could never come to know God. </p><p>According to Irenaeus, the high point in salvation history is the advent of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. For Irenaeus, the Incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> was intended by God before he determined that humanity would be created. Irenaeus develops this idea based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+5%3A14&version=NRSVCE">Rom. 5:14</a>, saying "Forinasmuch as He had a pre-existence as a saving Being, it was necessary that what might be saved should also be called into existence, in order that the Being who saves should not exist in vain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theologians maintain that Irenaeus believed that Incarnation would have occurred even if humanity had never sinned; but the fact that they did <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> determined his role as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/savior" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:savior">savior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarol1986172–174_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarol1986172–174-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus sees Christ as the new Adam, who systematically <i>undoes</i> what Adam did: thus, where Adam was disobedient concerning God's edict concerning the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_of_Good_and_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil">Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil</a>, Christ was obedient even to death on the wood of a tree. Irenaeus is the first to draw comparisons between <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, contrasting the faithlessness of the former with the faithfulness of the latter. In addition to reversing the wrongs done by Adam, Irenaeus thinks of Christ as "recapitulating" or "summing up" human life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103321htm_Book_III,_Chapter_21,_Section_9–10]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103321htm_Book_III,_Chapter_21,_Section_9–10]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_V,_Chapter_21,_Section_1]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_V,_Chapter_21,_Section_1]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlager2007462note_158_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlager2007462note_158-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus conceives of our salvation as essentially coming about through the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> of God as a man. He characterizes the penalty for sin as death and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_(philosophical_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption (philosophical concept)">corruption</a>. God, however, is <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a> and incorruptible, and simply by becoming united to human nature in Christ he conveys those qualities to us: they spread, as it were, like a benign infection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014324–325_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014324–325-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus emphasizes that salvation occurs through Christ's Incarnation, which bestows incorruptibility on humanity, rather than emphasizing His Redemptive death in the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, although the latter event is an integral part of the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197047,_57_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197047,_57-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christ's_life"><span id="Christ.27s_life"></span>Christ's life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christ's life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of the process of recapitulation is for Christ to go through every stage of human life, from infancy to old age, and simply by living it, sanctify it with his divinity. Although it is sometimes claimed that Irenaeus believed Christ did not die until he was older than is conventionally portrayed, the bishop of Lyon simply pointed out that because Jesus turned the permissible age for becoming a rabbi (30 years old and above), he recapitulated and sanctified the period between 30 and 50 years old,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as per the Jewish custom of periodization on life, and so touches the beginning of old age when one becomes 50 years old. (see <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis#Main_arguments" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus Haereses, book II, chapter 22</a>). </p><p>In the passage of <i>Adversus Haereses</i> under consideration, Irenaeus is clear that after receiving baptism at the age of thirty, citing Luke 3:23, Gnostics then falsely assert that "He [Jesus] preached only one year reckoning from His baptism," and also, "On completing His thirtieth year He [Jesus] suffered, being in fact still a young man, and who had by no means attained to advanced age." Irenaeus argues against the Gnostics by using scripture to add several years after his baptism by referencing 3 distinctly separate visits to Jerusalem. The first is when Jesus makes wine out of water, he goes up to the Paschal feast-day, after which he withdraws and is found in Samaria. The second is when Jesus goes up to Jerusalem for Passover and cures the paralytic, after which he withdraws over the sea of Tiberias. The third mention is when he travels to Jerusalem, eats the Passover, and suffers on the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus quotes scripture (John 8:57), to suggest that Jesus ministers while in his 40s. In this passage, Jesus's opponents want to argue that Jesus has not seen Abraham, because Jesus is too young. Jesus's opponents argue that Jesus was not yet 50 years old. Irenaeus argues that if Jesus were in his thirties, his opponents would have argued that he was not yet 40 years old, since that would make him even younger. Irenaeus's argument is that they would not weaken their own argument by adding years to Jesus's age. Irenaeus also writes: "The Elders witness to this, who in Asia conferred with John the Lord's disciple, to the effect that John had delivered these things unto them: for he abode with them until the times of Trajan. And some of them saw not only John, but others also of the Apostles, and had this same account from them, and witness to the aforesaid relation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Demonstration (74) Irenaeus notes "For <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> was governor of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judæa</a>, and he had at that time resentful enmity against <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod the king of the Jews</a>. But then, when Christ was brought to him bound, Pilate sent Him to Herod, giving command to enquire of him, that he might know of a certainty what he should desire concerning Him; making Christ a convenient occasion of reconciliation with the king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1920[httpswwwccelorgccelirenaeusdemonstrPage_77html_§77]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1920[httpswwwccelorgccelirenaeusdemonstrPage_77html_§77]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilate was the <a href="/wiki/Praefectus#Prefects_as_provincial_governors" title="Praefectus">prefect</a> of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaea</a> from AD 26–36.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_PP_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_PP-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lendering_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lendering-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a>. Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, a client state of the Roman Empire. He ruled from 4 BC to 39 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1965_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1965-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In refuting Gnostic claims that Jesus preached for only one year after his baptism, Irenaeus used the "recapitulation" approach to demonstrate that by living beyond the age of thirty Christ sanctified even old age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_Paul's_Epistles"><span id="Use_of_Paul.27s_Epistles"></span>Use of Paul's Epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use of Paul's Epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many aspects of Irenaeus's presentation of salvation history depend on Paul's Epistles. </p><p>Irenaeus's conception of salvation relies heavily on the understanding found in Paul's letters. Irenaeus first brings up the theme of victory over sin and evil that is afforded by Jesus's death. God's intervention has saved humanity from the Fall of Adam and the wickedness of Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197048_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197048-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human nature has become joined with God's in the person of Jesus, thus allowing human nature to have victory over sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul writes on the same theme, that Christ has come so that a new order is formed, and being under the Law, is being under the sin of Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reconciliation is also a theme of Paul's that Irenaeus stresses in his teachings on Salvation. Irenaeus believes Jesus coming in flesh and blood sanctified humanity so that it might again reflect the perfection associated with the likeness of the Divine. This perfection leads to a new life, in the lineage of God, which is forever striving for eternal life and unity with the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103319htm_Book_III,_Chapter_19,_Section_1]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103319htm_Book_III,_Chapter_19,_Section_1]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a carryover from Paul, who attributes this reconciliation to the actions of Christ: "For since death came through a human being, the resurrection of the dead has also come through a human being; for as all die in Adam, so all will be made alive in Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third theme in both Paul's and Irenaeus's conceptions of salvation is the sacrifice of Christ being necessary for the new life given to humanity in the triumph over evil. It is in this obedient sacrifice that Jesus is victor and reconciler, thus erasing the marks that Adam left on human nature. To argue against the Gnostics on this point, Irenaeus uses Colossians<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in showing that the debt which came by a tree has been paid for us in another tree. Furthermore, the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Ephesians_1" title="Ephesians 1">Ephesians</a> is picked up in Irenaeus's discussion of the topic when he asserts, "By His own blood He redeemed us, as also His apostle declares, 'In whom we have redemption through His blood, even the remission of sins.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103502htm_Book_V,_Chapter_2,_Section_2]_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103502htm_Book_V,_Chapter_2,_Section_2]-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The frequencies of quotations and allusions to the Pauline Epistles in <i>Against Heresies</i> are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Epistle</th> <th>frequency </th></tr> <tr> <td>Romans</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Corinthians</td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Corinthians</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Galatians</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ephesians</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippians</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colossians</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Thessalonians</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Thessalonians</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Timothy</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Timothy</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titus</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philemon</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christ_as_the_New_Adam">Christ as the New Adam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christ as the New Adam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To counter his Gnostic opponents, Irenaeus significantly develops Paul's presentation of Christ as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Adam" title="Last Adam">Last Adam</a>. </p><p>Irenaeus's presentation of Christ as the New Adam is based on Paul's Christ-Adam parallel in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+5:12–21&version=rsvce">Romans 5:12–21</a>, but also derives significantly from the Johannine presentation of the Adam-Christ typology. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakowiecki,_"Irenaeus_and_the_Adam-Christ_Typology_in_the_Gospel_of_John,_Themelios2024[httpswwwthegospelcoalitionorgthemeliosarticleirenaeus-and-the-adam-christ-typology-in-the-gospel-of-john_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakowiecki,_"Irenaeus_and_the_Adam-Christ_Typology_in_the_Gospel_of_John,_Themelios2024[httpswwwthegospelcoalitionorgthemeliosarticleirenaeus-and-the-adam-christ-typology-in-the-gospel-of-john-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus uses this parallel to demonstrate that Christ truly took human flesh. Irenaeus considered it important to emphasize this point because he understands the failure to recognize Christ's full humanity the bond linking the various strains of Gnosticism together, as seen in his statement that "according to the opinion of no one of the heretics was the Word of God made flesh."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103311htm_Book_III,_Chapter_11,_Section_3]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103311htm_Book_III,_Chapter_11,_Section_3]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus believes that unless the Word became flesh, humans were not fully redeemed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014312–313_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014312–313-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explains that by becoming man, Christ restored humanity to being in the image and likeness of God, which they had lost in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_2]_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_2]-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as Adam was the original head of humanity through whom all sinned, Christ is the new head of humanity who fulfills Adam's role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Salvation" title="Economy of Salvation">Economy of Salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen196811_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen196811-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus calls this process of restoring humanity recapitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_2]_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_2]-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Irenaeus, Paul's presentation of the Old Law (the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a>) in this passage indicates that the Old Law revealed humanity's sinfulness but could not save them. He explains that "For as the law was spiritual, it merely made sin to stand out in relief, but did not destroy it. For sin had no dominion over the spirit, but over man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since humans have a physical nature, they cannot be saved by a spiritual law. Instead, they need a human Savior. This is why it was necessary for Christ to take human flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus summarizes how Christ's taking human flesh saves humanity with a statement that closely resembles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+5:19&version=rsvce">Romans 5:19</a>, "For as by the disobedience of the one man who was originally moulded from virgin soil, the many were made sinners, and forfeited life; so was it necessary that, by the obedience of one man, who was originally born from a virgin, many should be justified and receive salvation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical creation of Adam and Christ is emphasized by Irenaeus to demonstrate how the Incarnation saves humanity's physical nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus2012176–177endnote_48_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus2012176–177endnote_48-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus emphasizes the importance of Christ's reversal of Adam's action. Through His obedience, Christ undoes Adam's disobedience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197050_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197050-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus presents the Passion as the climax of Christ's obedience, emphasizing how this obedience on the tree of the Cross<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undoes the disobedience that occurred through a tree.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_3]_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_3]-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irenaeus's interpretation of Paul's discussion of Christ as the New Adam is significant because it helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">recapitulation theory of atonement</a>. Irenaeus emphasizes that it is through Christ's reversal of Adam's action that humanity is saved, rather than considering the Redemption to occur in a cultic or juridical way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197061_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197061-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atonement_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atonement-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biblical passage, "Death has been swallowed up in victory",<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implied for Irenaeus that the Lord will surely resurrect the first human, i.e. Adam, as one of the saved. According to Irenaeus, those who deny Adam's salvation are “shutting themselves out from life for ever” and the first one who did so was <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103323htm_Book_III,_Chapter_23,_Section_7-8]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103323htm_Book_III,_Chapter_23,_Section_7-8]-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion that the <a href="/wiki/Last_Adam" title="Last Adam">Second Adam</a> saved the first Adam was advocated not only by Irenaeus, but also by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory_Thaumaturgus1886_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_Thaumaturgus1886-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggests that it was popular in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">the Early Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valentinian_Gnosticism">Valentinian Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Valentinian Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valentinian Gnosticism was one of the major forms of Gnosticism that Irenaeus opposed. </p><p>According to the Gnostic view of Salvation, creation was perfect to begin with; it did not need time to grow and mature. For the Valentinians, the material world is the result of the loss of perfection which resulted from <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)#Valentinus" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia's</a> desire to understand the Forefather. Therefore, one is ultimately redeemed, through secret knowledge, to enter the <a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">pleroma</a> of which the Achamoth originally fell. </p><p>According to the Valentinian Gnostics, there are three classes of human beings. They are the material, who cannot attain salvation; the psychic, who are strengthened by works and faith (they are part of the church); and the spiritual, who cannot decay or be harmed by material actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200623_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200623-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, ordinary humans—those who have faith but do not possess the special knowledge—will not attain salvation. Spirituals, on the other hand—those who obtain this great gift—are the only class that will eventually attain salvation. </p><p>In his article entitled "The Demiurge", <a href="/wiki/John_Arendzen" title="John Arendzen">J.P. Arendzen</a> sums up the Valentinian view of the salvation of man. He writes, "The first, or carnal men, will return to the grossness of matter and finally be consumed by fire; the second, or psychic men, together with the Demiurge as their master, will enter a middle state, neither heaven (pleroma) nor hell (whyle); the purely spiritual men will be completely freed from the influence of the Demiurge and together with the Saviour and Achamoth, his spouse, will enter the pleroma divested of body (húle) and soul (psuché)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendzen1908_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendzen1908-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this understanding of salvation, the purpose of the Incarnation was to redeem the Spirituals from their material bodies. By taking a material body, the Son becomes the Savior and facilitates this entrance into the pleroma by making it possible for the Spirituals to receive his spiritual body. However, in becoming a body and soul, the Son Himself becomes one of those needing redemption. Therefore, the Word descends onto the Savior at His Baptism in the Jordan, which liberates the Son from his corruptible body and soul. His redemption from the body and soul is then applied to the Spirituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014316–317_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014316–317-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this Gnostic view of Christ, Irenaeus emphasized that the Word became flesh and developed a soteriology that emphasized the significance of Christ's material Body in saving humanity, as discussed in the sections above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014313–316_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014313–316-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his criticism of Gnosticism, Irenaeus made reference to a Gnostic gospel which portrayed <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a> in a positive light, as having acted in accordance with Jesus's instructions. The recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a> dates close to the period when Irenaeus lived (late 2nd century), and scholars typically regard this work as one of many Gnostic texts, showing one of many varieties of Gnostic beliefs of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quartodeciman_Controversy">Quartodeciman Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quartodeciman Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irenaeus took part in the <a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodeciman Controversy</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I of Rome</a> tried to force a universal practice of fasting until Easter to supersede the Jewish practice and prevent Christians from partaking of the Passover, <a href="/wiki/Polycrates_of_Ephesus" title="Polycrates of Ephesus">Polycrates</a> who led the Churches of Asia Minor continued to hold old traditions of the paschal feast. For this reason Victor I wanted to excommunicate Polycrates and his supporters, but this was a step too far for Irenaeus and other bishops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descriptions_in_antiquity_of_the_execution_cross" title="Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross">Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POxy_405" class="mw-redirect" title="POxy 405">POxy 405</a> – 3rd century papyrus portion of <i>Against Heresies</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AH.III3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH.III3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Since, however, it would be very tedious, in such a volume as this, to reckon up the successions of all the Churches, we do put to confusion all those who, in whatever manner, whether by an evil self-pleasing, by vainglory, or by blindness and perverse opinion, assemble in unauthorized meetings; [we do this, I say,] by indicating that tradition derived from the apostles, of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. For it is a matter of necessity that every Church should agree with this Church, on account of its pre- eminent authority, that is, the faithful everywhere, inasmuch as the apostolical tradition has been preserved continuously by those [faithful men] who exist everywhere."(<a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm">Book III, Chapter 3</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> is the first to mention a tradition which held Irenaeus to be a martyr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harnack-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harnack_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This work was first published in 1907 in Armenian, along with a German translation by Adolf von Harnack. It is Harnack who divided the text into one hundred numbered sections.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH.III11-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH.III11_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But it is not possible that the Gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are. For since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds, while the church has been scattered throughout the world, and since the 'pillar and ground' of the Church is the Gospel and the spirit of life, it is fitting that she should have four pillars, breathing incorruption on every side, and vivifying human afresh. From this fact, it is evident that the Logos, the fashioner <i><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiourgos</a></i> of all, he that sits on the cherubim and holds all things together, when he was manifested to humanity, gave us the gospel under four forms but bound together by one spirit."(<a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103311.htm">Book III, Chapter 11, Section 8</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M&S-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M&S_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2001">McDonald & Sanders 2001</a>, pp. 280, 310 summarizing <a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103311.htm">Book III, Chapter 11, Section 7</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a> use Matthew's Gospel, Marcion mutilates Luke's, the <a href="/wiki/Docetist" class="mw-redirect" title="Docetist">Docetists</a> use Mark's, the <a href="/wiki/Valentinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinians">Valentinians</a> use John's</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, in 'Against Heresies', quotes 626 times from all 4 Gospels; from Acts 54 times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoh1919189–197_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoh1919189–197-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH.IV26-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH.IV26_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wherefore we must obey the priests of the Church who have succession from the Apostles, as we have shown, who, together with succession in the episcopate, have received the certain mark of truth according to the will of the Father; all others, however, are to be suspected, who separated themselves from the principal succession.(<a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103426.htm">Book IV, Chapter 26</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH.III3a-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH.III3a_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus himself tells us (<a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm">Book III, Chapter 3, Section 4</a>) cf <a href="#CITEREFEusebius1890">Eusebius 1890</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">Book V Chapter 20, Section 5ff</a> that in his 'youth' he saw <a href="/wiki/Polycarp_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycarp of Smyrna">Polycarp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Smyrna">Bishop of Smyrna</a> who was martyred c156. This is the evidence used to assume that Irenaeus was born in Smyrna during the 130s–140s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atonement-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atonement_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For other theories of atonement see <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement in Christianity</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church</i> Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, p. 513-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Against Heresies 5.28.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altaner, Bertold (1949), “Augustinus und Irenäus”. Theologische Quartalschrift, 129: 162–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurgens197084-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurgens197084_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJurgens1970">Jurgens 1970</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_5]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_5]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEusebius1890">Eusebius 1890</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">Book V Chapter 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoncelet1910_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoncelet1910">Poncelet 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005852_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1972-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1972_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1972">Durant 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d.-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWingrenn.d._9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWingrenn.d.">Wingren n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199714-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199714_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199714_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_4,_Section_1]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_4,_Section_1]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEusebius1890">Eusebius 1890</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">Book V Chapter 4, Section 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103102htm_Book_I,_Chapter_2]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103102htm_Book_I,_Chapter_2]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103102.htm">Book I, Chapter 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103402htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_2]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103402htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_2]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103402.htm">Book IV, Chapter 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103113htm_Book_I,_Chapter_13,_Section_7]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103113htm_Book_I,_Chapter_13,_Section_7]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103113.htm">Book I, Chapter 13, Section 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_24,_Section_1ff]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_24,_Section_1ff]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEusebius1890">Eusebius 1890</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">Book V Chapter 24, Section 1ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Concordia Publishing House. 2006. pp. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-1217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-1217-5"><bdi>978-0-7586-1217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Service+Book&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7586-1217-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CofE-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CofE_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant20066-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant20066_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2006">Grant 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103304.htm">Book III, Chapter 4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orthodoxchurchquotes-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orthodoxchurchquotes_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxchurchquotes.com/category/sayings-from-saints-elders-and-fathers/st-irenaeus-of-lyon/">"St. Irenaeus of Lyon"</a>. <i>Orthodox Church Quotes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Church+Quotes&rft.atitle=St.+Irenaeus+of+Lyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxchurchquotes.com%2Fcategory%2Fsayings-from-saints-elders-and-fathers%2Fst-irenaeus-of-lyon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMost199176-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMost199176_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMost1991">Most 1991</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (1999). <i>The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform</i>. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. p. 75 et seq. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1505-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1505-8"><bdi>0-8308-1505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christian+Theology%3A+Twenty+Centuries+of+Tradition+and+Reform&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=75+et+seq&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8308-1505-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200554-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200554_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagels2005">Pagels 2005</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartog2015199,_200-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartog2015199,_200_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartog2015">Hartog 2015</a>, pp. 199, 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels197990-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels197990_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagels1979">Pagels 1979</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005122-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005122_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2007Ch._6-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2007Ch._6_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStark2007">Stark 2007</a>, Ch. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2010_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2010_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2010">Davis 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETixeront1920Section_IV-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETixeront1920Section_IV_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTixeront1920">Tixeront 1920</a>, Section IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_20,_Section_1]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEusebius1890[httpswwwnewadventorgfathers250105htm_Book_V_Chapter_20,_Section_1]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEusebius1890">Eusebius 1890</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">Book V Chapter 20, Section 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885a-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885a_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885a">Irenaeus 1885a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick199383-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick199383_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1993">Chadwick 1993</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200447-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris200447_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2004">Norris 2004</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mysticism. Pub by E.P.Dutton and Co.Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticism00evel/page/104/mode/1up">https://archive.org/details/mysticism00evel/page/104/mode/1up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer1997-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmer1997_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarmer1997">Farmer 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen196848–49-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen196848–49_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsen1968">Nielsen 1968</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4,_Section_2]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103304htm_Book_III,_Chapter_4,_Section_2]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103304.htm">Book III, Chapter 4, Section 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_7]-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_7]_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103433.htm">Book IV, Chapter 33, Section 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvis201220-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvis201220_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParvis2012">Parvis 2012</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001277-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001277_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2001">McDonald & Sanders 2001</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001280-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001280_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2001">McDonald & Sanders 2001</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001368_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2001">McDonald & Sanders 2001</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001267-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2001267_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2001">McDonald & Sanders 2001</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1965154_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant1965">Grant 1965</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoh1919189–197-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoh1919189–197_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoh1919">Hoh 1919</a>, pp. 189–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell201136-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell201136_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackwell2011">Blackwell 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_8]-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103433htm_Book_IV,_Chapter_33,_Section_8]_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103433.htm">Book IV, Chapter 33, Section 8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epid. 1.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_III,_Chapter_22,_Section_3]_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103322.htm">Book III, Chapter 22, Section 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarol1986172–174-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarol1986172–174_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarol1986">Carol 1986</a>, pp. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_7]_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103318.htm">Book III, Chapter 18, Section 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103321htm_Book_III,_Chapter_21,_Section_9–10]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103321htm_Book_III,_Chapter_21,_Section_9–10]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103321.htm">Book III, Chapter 21, Section 9–10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_V,_Chapter_21,_Section_1]-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103322htm_Book_V,_Chapter_21,_Section_1]_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103322.htm">Book V, Chapter 21, Section 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlager2007462note_158-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlager2007462note_158_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlager2007">Klager 2007</a>, p. 462, note 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014324–325-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014324–325_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwa2014">Litwa 2014</a>, pp. 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197047,_57-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197047,_57_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra1970">Bandstra 1970</a>, pp. 47, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103222.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, II.22 (St. Irenaeus)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Against+Heresies%2C+II.22+%28St.+Irenaeus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103222htm_Book_II,_Chapter_22,_Section_5]_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103222.htm">Book II, Chapter 22, Section 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1920[httpswwwccelorgccelirenaeusdemonstrPage_77html_§77]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1920[httpswwwccelorgccelirenaeusdemonstrPage_77html_§77]_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1920">Irenaeus 1920</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/irenaeus/demonstr/Page_77.html">§77</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_PP-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_PP_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/460341/Pontius-Pilate">"Pontius Pilate"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pontius+Pilate&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F460341%2FPontius-Pilate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lendering-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lendering_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJona_Lendering" class="citation web cs1">Jona Lendering. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503144950/http://www.livius.org/jo-jz/judaea/judaea.htm">"Judaea"</a>. Livius.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/jo-jz/judaea/judaea.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judaea&rft.pub=Livius.org&rft.au=Jona+Lendering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fjo-jz%2Fjudaea%2Fjudaea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1965-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1965_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1965">Bruce 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197048-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197048_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra1970">Bandstra 1970</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:14&version=nrsv">Romans 6:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:18&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_1]_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103318.htm">Book III, Chapter 18, Section 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103319htm_Book_III,_Chapter_19,_Section_1]-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103319htm_Book_III,_Chapter_19,_Section_1]_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103319.htm">Book III, Chapter 19, Section 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:21–22&version=nrsv">1 Cor 15:21–22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:13–4&version=nrsv">Col 2:13–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103502htm_Book_V,_Chapter_2,_Section_2]-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103502htm_Book_V,_Chapter_2,_Section_2]_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103502.htm">Book V, Chapter 2, Section 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakowiecki,_"Irenaeus_and_the_Adam-Christ_Typology_in_the_Gospel_of_John,_Themelios2024[httpswwwthegospelcoalitionorgthemeliosarticleirenaeus-and-the-adam-christ-typology-in-the-gospel-of-john-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakowiecki,_"Irenaeus_and_the_Adam-Christ_Typology_in_the_Gospel_of_John,_Themelios2024[httpswwwthegospelcoalitionorgthemeliosarticleirenaeus-and-the-adam-christ-typology-in-the-gospel-of-john_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakowiecki,_"Irenaeus_and_the_Adam-Christ_Typology_in_the_Gospel_of_John,_Themelios2024">Makowiecki, "Irenaeus and the Adam-Christ Typology in the Gospel of John, Themelios 2024</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/irenaeus-and-the-adam-christ-typology-in-the-gospel-of-john/">[1]</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMakowiecki,_"Irenaeus_and_the_Adam-Christ_Typology_in_the_Gospel_of_John,_Themelios2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103311htm_Book_III,_Chapter_11,_Section_3]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103311htm_Book_III,_Chapter_11,_Section_3]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103311.htm">Book III, Chapter 11, Section 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014312–313-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014312–313_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwa2014">Litwa 2014</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_2]-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_2]_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103516.htm">Book V, Chapter 16, Section 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen196811-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsen196811_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNielsen1968">Nielsen 1968</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_2]-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103318htm_Book_III,_Chapter_18,_Section_2]_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103318.htm">Book III, Chapter 18, Section 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus2012176–177endnote_48-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus2012176–177endnote_48_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus2012">Irenaeus 2012</a>, pp. 176–177, endnote 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197050-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197050_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra1970">Bandstra 1970</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+2:8&version=rsvce">Phil 2:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+3:17&version=rsvce">Gen 3:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_3]-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103516htm_Book_V,_Chapter_16,_Section_3]_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103516.htm">Book V, Chapter 16, Section 3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra197061-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra197061_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra1970">Bandstra 1970</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:54&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103323htm_Book_III,_Chapter_23,_Section_7-8]-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrenaeus1885[httpwwwnewadventorgfathers0103323htm_Book_III,_Chapter_23,_Section_7-8]_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrenaeus1885">Irenaeus 1885</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103323.htm">Book III, Chapter 23, Section 7-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_Thaumaturgus1886-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory_Thaumaturgus1886_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory_Thaumaturgus1886">Gregory Thaumaturgus 1886</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200623-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200623_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2006">Grant 2006</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendzen1908-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendzen1908_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArendzen1908">Arendzen 1908</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014316–317-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014316–317_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwa2014">Litwa 2014</a>, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitwa2014313–316-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitwa2014313–316_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLitwa2014">Litwa 2014</a>, pp. 313–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson" class="citation web cs1">Dickson, Dr. John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydneyanglicans.net/images/uploads/indepth/A_Spectators_Guide_to_the_Gospel_of_Judas.pdf">"A Spectators Guide to the Gospel of Judas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sydneyanglicans.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Spectators+Guide+to+the+Gospel+of+Judas&rft.pub=Sydneyanglicans.net&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Dr.+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneyanglicans.net%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Findepth%2FA_Spectators_Guide_to_the_Gospel_of_Judas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendzen1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arendzen, John P. (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Demiurge"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Demiurge">"Demiurge" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demiurge&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Arendzen&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra1970" class="citation journal cs1">Bandstra, Andrew J. (1970). "Paul and an Ancient Interpreter: A Comparison of the Teaching of Redemption in Paul and Irenaeus". <i>Calvin Theological Journal</i>. <b>5</b>: 43–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calvin+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=Paul+and+an+Ancient+Interpreter%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+Teaching+of+Redemption+in+Paul+and+Irenaeus&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=43-63&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakowiecki2024" class="citation journal cs1">Makowiecki, Mark (2024). "Irenaeus and the Adam-Christ Typology in the Gospel of John". <i>Themelios</i>. <b>49</b>: 323–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Themelios&rft.atitle=Irenaeus+and+the+Adam-Christ+Typology+in+the+Gospel+of+John&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=323-333&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Makowiecki&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2011" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Ben C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDZxSq9nx4IC&pg=PR7"><i>Christosis: Pauline Soteriology in Light of Deification in Irenaeus and Cyril of Alexandria</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151672-6"><bdi>978-3-16-151672-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christosis%3A+Pauline+Soteriology+in+Light+of+Deification+in+Irenaeus+and+Cyril+of+Alexandria&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-16-151672-6&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Ben+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDZxSq9nx4IC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Edward_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Edward Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gk_uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2"><bdi>978-0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgk_uAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> (1965) [1963]. 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Trinity Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937495-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937495-03-2"><bdi>978-0-937495-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Jesus+Christ%3F%3A+Thomistic%2C+Scotistic+and+Conciliatory+Perspectives&rft.pub=Trinity+Communications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-937495-03-2&rft.aulast=Carol&rft.aufirst=Juniper+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRrkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, Frank Leslie</a>; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA852"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1993" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Henry (1993). <i>The Early Church</i> (2nd ed.). Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Glenn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Irenaeus.shtml">"The Development of the Canon of the New Testament – Irenaeus"</a>. <i>ntcanon.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ntcanon.org&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Canon+of+the+New+Testament+%E2%80%93+Irenaeus&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntcanon.org%2FIrenaeus.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89sruQAACAAJ"><i>Caesar and Christ: A History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-11500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-11500-5"><bdi>978-0-671-11500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar+and+Christ%3A+A+History+of+Roman+Civilization+and+of+Christianity+from+Their+Beginnings+to+A.D.+325&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-671-11500-5&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89sruQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm_993/page/n140"><i>Lost Christianities</i></a></span>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchristianiti00ehrm_993%2Fpage%2Fn140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (1890). Philip Schaff; Henry Wace (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm"><i>Church History</i></a>. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. 1. Translated by Arthur Cushman McGiffert. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.series=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Second+Series&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2501.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1997" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, David Hugh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x0DQngEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Saints</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280058-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280058-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280058-9&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=David+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0DQngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Grant_(theologian)" title="Robert M. Grant (theologian)">Grant, Robert McQueen</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cerYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA154"><i>The Formation of the New Testament</i></a>. Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+McQueen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcerYAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Grant_(theologian)" title="Robert M. Grant (theologian)">Grant, Robert M.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox_jaDPt_0YC&pg=PA6"><i>Irenaeus of Lyons</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81518-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81518-0"><bdi>978-1-134-81518-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irenaeus+of+Lyons&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81518-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOx_jaDPt_0YC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Thaumaturgus1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a> (1886). Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson; A. Cleveland Coxe (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0610.htm"><i>On All the Saints</i></a>. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 6. Translated by S.D.F. Salmond. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+All+the+Saints&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.series=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Gregory+Thaumaturgus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0610.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985), <i>Understanding the Bible</i>, Palo Alto: Mayfield</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartog2015" class="citation book cs1">Hartog, Paul A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFanBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christian Contexts: Reconsidering the Bauer Thesis</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-504-9"><bdi>978-1-61097-504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Heresy+in+Early+Christian+Contexts%3A+Reconsidering+the+Bauer+Thesis&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-504-9&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFanBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoh1919" class="citation book cs1">Hoh, J. (1919). <i>Die Lehre des hl. Irenäus uber das Neue Testament</i>. Munster i. W.: Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen. vii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Lehre+des+hl.+Iren%C3%A4us+uber+das+Neue+Testament&rft.place=Munster+i.+W.&rft.pub=Neutestamentliche+Abhandlungen.+vii.&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Hoh&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus1885" class="citation book cs1">Irenaeus (1885). Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson; A. Cleveland Coze (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newadvent.com/fathers/0103.htm"><i>Against Heresies</i></a>. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 1. Translated by Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Co. – via <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Heresies&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.series=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Co.&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Irenaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewadvent.com%2Ffathers%2F0103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus1885a" class="citation book cs1">Irenaeus (1885a). Alexander Roberts; James Donaldson; A. Cleveland Coxe (eds.). <i>Fragments from the Lost Writings of Irenæus</i>. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 1. Translated by Alexander Roberts. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. – via <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+from+the+Lost+Writings+of+Iren%C3%A6us&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.series=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Irenaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus1920" class="citation book cs1">Irenaeus (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/irenaeus/demonstr.preaching_the_demonstration_of_the_apostolic_preaching.html"><i>Demonstration of Apostolic Preaching</i></a>. Translated by Armitage Robinson. <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demonstration+of+Apostolic+Preaching&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Irenaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Firenaeus%2Fdemonstr.preaching_the_demonstration_of_the_apostolic_preaching.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus2012" class="citation book cs1">Irenaeus (2012). Dominic J. Unger (ed.). <i>St Irenaeus of Lyons: Against the Heresies III</i>. Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation. Translated by M.C. Steenberg. New York: The Newman Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Irenaeus+of+Lyons%3A+Against+the+Heresies+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Ancient+Christian+Writers%3A+The+Works+of+the+Fathers+in+Translation&rft.pub=The+Newman+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Irenaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurgens1970" class="citation book cs1">Jurgens, W. A., ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTswAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Faith of the Early Fathers: A Source-book of Theological and Historical Passages from the Christian Writings of the Pre-Nicene and Nicene Eras</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1021-3"><bdi>978-0-8146-1021-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+the+Early+Fathers%3A+A+Source-book+of+Theological+and+Historical+Passages+from+the+Christian+Writings+of+the+Pre-Nicene+and+Nicene+Eras&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-1021-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTswAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlager2007" class="citation book cs1">Klager, Andrew P. (2007). 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"The Wonderous Exchange: Irenaeus and Eastern Valentinians on the Soteriology of Interchange". <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 311–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2014.0029">10.1353/earl.2014.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170888989">170888989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Wonderous+Exchange%3A+Irenaeus+and+Eastern+Valentinians+on+the+Soteriology+of+Interchange&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-340&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2014.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170888989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Litwa&rft.aufirst=M.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost1991" class="citation book cs1">Most, William G. (1991). <i>The Holy Spirit and the Church</i>. Notre Dame Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit+and+the+Church&rft.pub=Notre+Dame+Institute+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2001" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin; Sanders, James A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxW-AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Canon Debate</i></a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4163-4&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft.au=Sanders%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxW-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1968" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, J.T. (1968). <i>Adam and Christ in the Theology of Irenaeus of Lyons: An Examination of the function of the Adam-Christ Typology in the Adversus Haereses of Ireaneus, against the Background of the Gnosticism of His Time</i>. Van Gorcum's Theologische Bibliotheek. Asen, The Netherlands: Koninkliijke Van Gorcum 7 Comp. N.V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adam+and+Christ+in+the+Theology+of+Irenaeus+of+Lyons%3A+An+Examination+of+the+function+of+the+Adam-Christ+Typology+in+the+Adversus+Haereses+of+Ireaneus%2C+against+the+Background+of+the+Gnosticism+of+His+Time&rft.place=Asen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=Van+Gorcum%27s+Theologische+Bibliotheek&rft.pub=Koninkliijke+Van+Gorcum+7+Comp.+N.V.&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2004" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Richard A (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aepYpUVf9OkC&pg=PA47">"Irenaeus of Lyons"</a>. In Frances Young; Lewis Ayres; Andrew Louth (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46083-5"><bdi>978-0-521-46083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irenaeus+of+Lyons&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46083-5&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Richard+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaepYpUVf9OkC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1979" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1979). <i>The Gnostc Gospels</i>. Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostc+Gospels&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels2005" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (2005). <i>Beyond Belief</i>. Pan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvis2012" class="citation book cs1">Parvis, Paul (2012). "Who was Irenaeus? An Introduction to the Man and His Work". In Sara Parvis; Paul Foster (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5CrpwAACAAJ"><i>Irenaeus: Life, Scripture, Legacy</i></a>. Minneanpolis: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9796-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-9796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+was+Irenaeus%3F+An+Introduction+to+the+Man+and+His+Work&rft.btitle=Irenaeus%3A+Life%2C+Scripture%2C+Legacy&rft.place=Minneanpolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9796-9&rft.aulast=Parvis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5CrpwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoncelet1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poncelet, Albert (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Irenaeus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Irenaeus">"St. Irenaeus" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Irenaeus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Poncelet&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2007" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Rodney (2007). <i>Cities of God</i>. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+God&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steenberg, Ireaneus M.C. "The Role of Mary as Co-Recapitulator in St. Irenaeus of Lyons." <i>Vigilae Christianae</i> 58 (2004):117–137.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTixeront1920" class="citation book cs1">Tixeront, Rev. J. (1920). "Section IV: The Opponents of Heresy in the Second Century". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/tixeront/section1-4.html#irenaeus"><i>A Handbook of Patrology</i></a>. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+IV%3A+The+Opponents+of+Heresy+in+the+Second+Century&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Patrology&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.pub=B.+Herder+Book+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Tixeront&rft.aufirst=Rev.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftixeront%2Fsection1-4.html%23irenaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingrenn.d." class="citation cs2">Wingren, Gustaf (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Irenaeus">"Saint Irenaeus"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Irenaeus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Wingren&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Irenaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Irenaeus, <i>Proof of the Apostolic Preaching</i>, trans JP Smith, (ACW 16, 1952)</li> <li>Irenaeus, <i>Proof of the Apostolic Preaching</i>, trans John Behr (PPS, 1997)</li> <li>Irenaeus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm"><i>Against Heresies</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316114638/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm">Archived</a> 16 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, trans. Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, in <i>Ante-Nicene Fathers</i>, vol. 1, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Co., 1885).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxe1885" class="citation book cs1">Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, ed. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antenicenefathe05menzgoog"><i>The Ante-Nicene Fathers</i></a>. Buffalo, NY: The Christian Literature Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802880871" title="Special:BookSources/9780802880871"><bdi>9780802880871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Company&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9780802880871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantenicenefathe05menzgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2009" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9acTl-jAkAC"><i>Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754662914" title="Special:BookSources/9780754662914"><bdi>9780754662914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicity+and+Heresy+in+the+Early+Church&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780754662914&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9acTl-jAkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1932" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius (1932). <i>The Ecclesiastical History</i>. Kirsopp Lake and John E.L. Oulton, trans. New York: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHägglund1968" class="citation book cs1">Hägglund, Bengt (1968). <i>History of Theology</i>. Gene J.Lund, trans. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Theology&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gglund&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinns1994" class="citation book cs1">Minns, Denis (1994). <i>Irenaeus</i>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-553-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87840-553-4"><bdi>0-87840-553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irenaeus&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87840-553-4&rft.aulast=Minns&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Payton Jr., James R. <i>Irenaeus on the Christian Faith: A Condensation of 'Against Heresies</i> (Cambridge, James Clarke and Co Ltd, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuasten1960" class="citation book cs1">Quasten, J. (1960). <i>Patrology: The Beginnings of Patristic Literature</i>. Westminster, MD: Newman Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrology%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Patristic+Literature&rft.place=Westminster%2C+MD&rft.pub=Newman+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Quasten&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1980" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofthechri009648mbp"><i>History of the Christian Church: Ante-Nicene Christianity, A.D. 100–325</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-8047-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-8047-9"><bdi>0-8028-8047-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+Ante-Nicene+Christianity%2C+A.D.+100%E2%80%93325&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich&rft.pub=Wm.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8028-8047-9&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofthechri009648mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson1973" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, Joseph B. (1973). <i>A Study of Early Christianity</i>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfson1970" class="citation book cs1">Wolfson, Henry Austryn (1970). <i>The Philosophy of the Church Fathers: Faith, Trinity, Incarnation</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Church+Fathers%3A+Faith%2C+Trinity%2C+Incarnation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wolfson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Austryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrenaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irenaeus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Irenaeus</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irenaeus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Irenaeus">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Irenaeus" class="extiw" title="q:Irenaeus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Irenaeus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Irenaeus">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/irenaeus.html">Early Christian Writings Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0134.htm">Fragments from his lost works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm">Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut 1885 Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 1. translation of Against Heresies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925041929/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/TOC.htm">A nineteenth-century translation of Irenaeus's work</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/irenaeus/demonstr.toc.html">Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520122853/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-59.htm#P7011_1802900">Book II, ch. 22</a>, where Irenaeus argues his unconventional views about the age of Jesus and the length of his ministry.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/irenaeus.php">EarlyChurch.org.uk</a> Extensive bibliography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+Irenaeus+AND+%28%22St.%22+OR+Saint%29+%29">Works by or about Irenaeus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/824">Works by Irenaeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070328.html">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> on St. Irenaeus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207140719/http://www.revneal.org/Writings/evil.htm">Gregory S. Neal: "The Nature of Evil and the Irenaean Theodicy" <i>Grace Incarnate</i> (1988)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/story/emergence.html">Critique of Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_H._Pagels" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine H. Pagels">Elaine H. Pagels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=43736">Critique of Pagel's article by Paul Mankowski</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0130-0202-_Iraeneus.html">Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/6/281.html">"St. Irenæus, Bishop of Lyons, Martyr"</a>, <i>Butler's Lives of the Saints</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=291">"Catholic Online"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/23500">"Santiebeati"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hH4g-Thmg0"><span class="plainlinks">The First Theologians: Irenaeus and Tertullian</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> a lecture by <a href="/wiki/James_L._Papandrea" title="James L. Papandrea">James L. Papandrea</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pothinus_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pothinus of Lyon">Pothinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">Bishop of Lyon</a> </b><br />2nd century </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Lyon" title="Zechariah of Lyon">Zechariah</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182123#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000038521160X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/70051641">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40149542581100300420">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42154381138530292873">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100134209">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49926/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbCJv47jhWMKRx4QjcF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555766">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80015476">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886606h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886606h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irenaeus <santo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV002915">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35492136">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000042643&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000414107&local_base=nsk10">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=18211">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwx39156m8k70">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546325205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/22871">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007524989505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000109074">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520035806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14115097">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00986856?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/972538">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555766.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118555766">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026659549">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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