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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Control flow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Functions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Tables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metatables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metatables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Metatables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metatables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-oriented_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Object-oriented programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inheritance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Inheritance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C_API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C_API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 C API </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-C_API-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle C API subsection </button> <ul id="toc-C_API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Modules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Derived languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derived_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Derived languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Derived_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages_that_compile_to_Lua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_that_compile_to_Lua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages that compile to Lua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_that_compile_to_Lua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lua (programming language)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="لوا (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوا (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="লুয়া (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুয়া (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Lua (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Lua (мова праграмавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programski_jezik)" title="Lua (programski jezik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lua (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programmeringssprog)" title="Lua (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lua (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programazio_lengoaia)" title="Lua (programazio lengoaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lua (programazio lengoaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A2" title="لوآ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوآ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(linguaxe_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="Lua (linguaxe de programación) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lua (linguaxe de programación)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%95%84_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="루아 (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루아 (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Lua (ծրագրավորման լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Lua (ծրագրավորման լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="लुआ (प्रोग्रामन भाषा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुआ (प्रोग्रामन भाषा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programifo-linguo)" title="Lua (programifo-linguo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lua (programifo-linguo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Lua (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lua (bahasa pemrograman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Lua (linguage de programmation) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lua (linguage de programmation)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" title="Lua (forritunarmál) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lua (forritunarmál)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="לואה (שפת תכנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואה (שפת תכנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ლუა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2_(%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5)" title="ພາສາລວາ (ພາສາໂປຣແກຣມຄອມພິວເຕີ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາລວາ (ພາສາໂປຣແກຣມຄອມພິວເຕີ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(lingua_programmandi)" title="Lua (lingua programmandi) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lua (lingua programmandi)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Lua (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lua (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%85_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="ലൂഅ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂഅ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)" title="Lua (bahasa pengaturcaraan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lua (bahasa pengaturcaraan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programmeertaal)" title="Lua (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lua (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" title="ଲୁଆ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲୁଆ (ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମିଂ ଭାଷା)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਲੂਆ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਆ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="لوا (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوا (پروگرامنگ زبان)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8_Lua" title="ភាសាកម្មវិធី Lua – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាកម្មវិធី Lua" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Lua (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lua (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(limbaj_de_programare)" title="Lua (limbaj de programare) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lua (limbaj de programare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(wakichiy_simi)" title="Lua (wakichiy simi) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lua (wakichiy simi)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_(%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="ලුවා (ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලුවා (ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programski_jezik)" title="Lua (programski jezik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lua (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="لوا (زمانی پرۆگرامسازی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوا (زمانی پرۆگرامسازی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programski_jezik)" title="Lua (programski jezik) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lua (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="லூவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาลูอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลูอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="لوا (پروگرامنگ زبان) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوا (پروگرامنگ زبان)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lightweight programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Lua</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lua-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/121px-Lua-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/182px-Lua-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lua-Logo.svg/242px-Lua-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="947" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png/300px-Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png/450px-Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png/600px-Excerpt_of_Coordinates_module_in_Lua.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="354" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of Lua code from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lua" title="Wikipedia:Lua">Wikipedia Lua module</a> using the <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Scribunto" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Scribunto">Scribunto</a> extension</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>), <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ierusalimschy" title="Roberto Ierusalimschy">Roberto Ierusalimschy</a> Waldemar Celes Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1993; 32 years ago (1993)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.4.7<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-a856f141bd953b6aacf5a1724577abc3018cbce1-v18-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207316?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 25 June 2024; 7 months ago (25 June 2024)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.lua</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lua.org">lua.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207316#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.lua.org/download.html">Lua</a>, <a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//eliasdaler.github.io/luavela/">LuaVela</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moonsharp.org/">MoonSharp</a>,</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nongnu.org/gsl-shell/">GSL Shell</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luau.org">Luau</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/GameMonkey_Script" title="GameMonkey Script">GameMonkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Io_(programming_language)" title="Io (programming language)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_(programming_language)" title="Red (programming language)">Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_(programming_language)" title="Squirrel (programming language)">Squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/C--" title="C--">C--</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roblox_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Roblox Studio">Luau</a>,</td></tr></tbody></table> Lua (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈluːə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LOO-ə</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lua#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:lua">lua</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈlu(w)ɐ]</a> meaning <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_programming_language" title="Lightweight programming language">lightweight</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> designed mainly for <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">embedded use</a> in applications.<a href="#cite_note-luaspe-3">[3]</a> Lua is <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform software</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> is written in <a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C</a>,<a href="#cite_note-luaabout-4">[4]</a> and Lua has a relatively simple C application programming interface (<a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>) to embed it into applications.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Lua originated in 1993 as a language for extending <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">software applications</a> to meet the increasing demand for customization at the time. It provided the basic facilities of most <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural programming</a> languages, but more complicated or <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific</a> features were not included; rather, it included mechanisms for extending the language, allowing programmers to implement such features. As Lua was intended to be a general embeddable extension language, the designers of Lua focused on improving its <a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portability</a>, extensibility and ease-of-use in development. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Lua was created in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ierusalimschy" title="Roberto Ierusalimschy">Roberto Ierusalimschy</a>, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo and Waldemar Celes, members of the Computer Graphics Technology Group (<a href="/wiki/Tecgraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecgraf">Tecgraf</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro">Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. From 1977 until 1992, Brazil had a policy of strong <a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">trade barriers</a> (called a market reserve) for <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, believing that Brazil could and should produce its own hardware and software. In that climate, Tecgraf's clients could not afford, either politically or financially, to buy customized software from abroad; under the market reserve, clients would have to go through a complex bureaucratic process to prove their needs couldn't be met by Brazilian companies. Those reasons led Tecgraf to implement the basic tools it needed from scratch.<a href="#cite_note-hopl2007-6">[6]</a> Lua's predecessors were the data-description/configuration languages Simple Object Language (SOL) and data-entry language (DEL).<a href="#cite_note-luahist2001-7">[7]</a> They had been independently developed at Tecgraf in 1992–1993 to add some flexibility into two different projects (both were interactive graphical programs for engineering applications at <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a> company). There was a lack of any flow-control structures in SOL and DEL, and Petrobras felt a growing need to add full programming power to them. In The Evolution of Lua, the language's authors wrote:<a href="#cite_note-hopl2007-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1993, the only real contender was <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, which had been explicitly designed to be embedded into applications. However, Tcl had unfamiliar syntax, did not offer good support for data description, and ran only on Unix platforms. We did not consider <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">LISP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> because of their unfriendly syntax. <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> was still in its infancy. In the free, do-it-yourself atmosphere that then reigned in Tecgraf, it was quite natural that we should try to develop our own scripting language ... Because many potential users of the language were not professional programmers, the language should avoid cryptic syntax and semantics. The implementation of the new language should be highly portable, because Tecgraf's clients had a very diverse collection of computer platforms. Finally, since we expected that other Tecgraf products would also need to embed a scripting language, the new language should follow the example of SOL and be provided as a library with a C API.</blockquote> Lua 1.0 was designed in such a way that its object constructors, being then slightly different from the current light and flexible style, incorporated the data-description syntax of SOL (hence the name Lua: Sol meaning "Sun" in Portuguese, and Lua meaning "Moon"). Lua <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> for control structures was mostly borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a> (<code>if</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>repeat</code>/<code>until</code>), but also had taken influence from <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a> (multiple assignments and multiple returns from function calls, as a simpler alternative to <a href="/wiki/Call_by_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by reference">reference parameters</a> or explicit <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>), <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> ("neat idea of allowing a <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variable</a> to be declared only where we need it"<a href="#cite_note-hopl2007-6">[6]</a>), <a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative arrays</a>). In an article published in <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>, Lua's creators also state that LISP and Scheme with their single, ubiquitous data-structure mechanism (the <a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">list</a>) were a major influence on their decision to develop the table as the primary data structure of Lua.<a href="#cite_note-ddj96-8">[8]</a> Lua <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> have been increasingly influenced by Scheme over time,<a href="#cite_note-hopl2007-6">[6]</a> especially with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">anonymous functions</a> and full <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)#Lexical_scope_vs._dynamic_scope" title="Scope (computer science)">lexical scoping</a>. Several features were added in new Lua versions. Versions of Lua prior to version 5.0 were released under a license similar to the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD license</a>. From version 5.0 onwards, Lua has been licensed under the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>. Both are <a href="/wiki/Permissive_free_software_licences" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive free software licences">permissive free software licences</a> and are almost identical. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> Lua is commonly described as a "<a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>" language, providing a small set of general features that can be extended to fit different problem types. Lua does not contain explicit support for <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, but allows it to be implemented with <a href="#Metatables">metatables</a>. Similarly, Lua allows programmers to implement <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> and other related features using its single table implementation; <a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a> allow the employment of many techniques from <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> and full <a href="/wiki/Lexical_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical scoping">lexical scoping</a> allows fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">information hiding</a> to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege" title="Principle of least privilege">principle of least privilege</a>. In general, Lua strives to provide simple, flexible <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta-features</a> that can be extended as needed, rather than supply a feature-set specific to one programming paradigm. As a result, the base language is <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_programming_language" title="Lightweight programming language">light</a>; the full reference <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> is only about 247 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kB</a> compiled<a href="#cite_note-luaabout-4">[4]</a> and easily adaptable to a broad range of applications. As a <a href="/wiki/Dynamically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamically typed">dynamically typed</a> language intended for use as an extension language or <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>, Lua is compact enough to fit on a variety of host platforms. It supports only a small number of atomic data structures such as <a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a> values, numbers (double-precision <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> and <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a> by default) and <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>. Typical data structures such as <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">arrays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">sets</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computing)">lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a> can be represented using Lua's single native data structure, the table, which is essentially a heterogeneous <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a>. Lua implements a small set of advanced features such as <a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>, proper <a href="/wiki/Tail_recursion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail recursion">tail calls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_conversion" title="Type conversion">coercion</a> (automatic conversion between string and number values at run time), <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a> (cooperative multitasking) and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_loading" title="Dynamic loading">dynamic module loading</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> The classic <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> can be written as follows, with or without parentheses:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>print("Hello, World!") </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>print "Hello, World!" </pre></div> The declaration of a variable, without a value. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>local variable </pre></div> The declaration of a variable with a value of 10. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>local students = 10 </pre></div> A <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comment</a> in Lua starts with a double-hyphen and runs to the end of the line, similar to <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> and <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>. Multi-line strings and comments are marked with double square brackets. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>-- Single line comment --[[ Multi-line comment --]] </pre></div> The <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> function is implemented in this example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function factorial(n) local x = 1 for i = 2, n do x = x * i end return x end </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_flow">Control flow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Control flow">edit</a>]</div> Lua has one type of <a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">conditional</a> test: <code><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)#If–then(–else)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">if then end</a></code> with optional <code>else</code> and <code>elseif then</code> execution control constructs. The generic <code>if then end</code> statement requires all three keywords: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if condition then --statement body end </pre></div> An example of an <code>if</code> statement <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if x ~= 10 then print(x) end </pre></div> The <code>else</code> keyword may be added with an accompanying statement block to control execution when the <code>if</code> condition evaluates to <code>false</code>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if condition then --statement body else --statement body end </pre></div> An example of an <code>if else</code> statement <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if x == 10 then print(10) else print(x) end </pre></div> Execution may also be controlled according to multiple conditions using the <code>elseif then</code> keywords: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if condition then --statement body elseif condition then --statement body else -- optional --optional default statement body end </pre></div> An example of an <code>if elseif else</code> statement <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if x == y then print("x = y") elseif x == z then print("x = z") else -- optional print("x does not equal any other variable") end </pre></div> Lua has four types of conditional loops: the <a href="/wiki/While_loop" title="While loop"><code>while</code> loop</a>, the <code>repeat</code> loop (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Do_while_loop" title="Do while loop"><code>do while</code> loop</a>), the numeric <a href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop"><code>for</code> loop</a> and the generic <code>for</code> loop. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>--condition = true while condition do --statements end repeat --statements until condition for i = first, last, delta do --delta may be negative, allowing the for loop to count down or up --statements --example: print(i) end </pre></div> This generic <code>for</code> loop would iterate over the table <code>_G</code> using the standard iterator function <code>pairs</code>, until it returns <code>nil</code>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>for key, value in pairs(_G) do print(key, value) end </pre></div> Loops can also be <a href="/wiki/Nesting_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesting (programming)">nested</a> (put inside of another loop). <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>local grid = { { 11, 12, 13 }, { 21, 22, 23 }, { 31, 32, 33 } } for y, row in pairs(grid) do for x, value in pairs(row) do print(x, y, value) end end </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functions">edit</a>]</div> Lua's treatment of functions as <a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class</a> values is shown in the following example, where the print function's behavior is modified: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>do local oldprint = print -- Store current print function as oldprint function print(s) --[[ Redefine print function. The usual print function can still be used through oldprint. The new one has only one argument.]] oldprint(s == "foo" and "bar" or s) end end </pre></div> Any future calls to <code>print</code> will now be routed through the new function, and because of Lua's <a href="/wiki/Scope_(programming)#Lexical_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Scope (programming)">lexical scoping</a>, the old print function will only be accessible by the new, modified print. Lua also supports <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closures</a>, as demonstrated below: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function addto(x) -- Return a new function that adds x to the argument return function(y) --[[ When we refer to the variable x, which is outside the current scope and whose lifetime would be shorter than that of this anonymous function, Lua creates a closure.]] return x + y end end fourplus = addto(4) print(fourplus(3)) -- Prints 7 --This can also be achieved by calling the function in the following way: print(addto(4)(3)) --[[ This is because we are calling the returned function from 'addto(4)' with the argument '3' directly. This also helps to reduce data cost and up performance if being called iteratively.]] </pre></div> A new closure for the variable <code>x</code> is created every time <code>addto</code> is called, so that each new anonymous function returned will always access its own <code>x</code> parameter. The closure is managed by Lua's garbage collector, just like any other object. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tables">Tables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tables">edit</a>]</div> Tables are the most important data structures (and, by design, the only built-in <a href="/wiki/Composite_data_type" title="Composite data type">composite data type</a>) in Lua and are the foundation of all user-created types. They are associative arrays with addition of automatic numeric key and special syntax. A table is a set of key and data pairs, where the data is referenced by key; in other words, it is a <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">hashed</a> heterogeneous associative array. Tables are created using the <code>{}</code> constructor syntax. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>a_table = {} -- Creates a new, empty table </pre></div> Tables are always passed by reference (see <a href="/wiki/Call_by_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by sharing">Call by sharing</a>). A key (index) can be any value except <code>nil</code> and <a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a>, including functions. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>a_table = {x = 10} -- Creates a new table, with one entry mapping "x" to the number 10. print(a_table["x"]) -- Prints the value associated with the string key, in this case 10. b_table = a_table b_table["x"] = 20 -- The value in the table has been changed to 20. print(b_table["x"]) -- Prints 20. print(a_table["x"]) -- Also prints 20, because a_table and b_table both refer to the same table. </pre></div> A table is often used as <a href="/wiki/Object_composition" title="Object composition">structure</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">record</a>) by using <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a> as keys. Because such use is very common, Lua features a special syntax for accessing such fields.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>point = { x = 10, y = 20 } -- Create new table print(point["x"]) -- Prints 10 print(point.x) -- Has exactly the same meaning as line above. The easier-to-read dot notation is just syntactic sugar. </pre></div> By using a table to store related functions, it can act as a namespace. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Point = {} Point.new = function(x, y) return {x = x, y = y} -- return {["x"] = x, ["y"] = y} end Point.set_x = function(point, x) point.x = x -- point["x"] = x; end </pre></div> Tables are automatically assigned a numerical key, enabling them to be used as an <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">array data type</a>. The first automatic index is 1 rather than 0 as it is for many other programming languages (though an explicit index of 0 is allowed). A numeric key <code>1</code> is distinct from a string key <code>"1"</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>array = { "a", "b", "c", "d" } -- Indices are assigned automatically. print(array[2]) -- Prints "b". Automatic indexing in Lua starts at 1. print(#array) -- Prints 4. # is the length operator for tables and strings. array[0] = "z" -- Zero is a legal index. print(#array) -- Still prints 4, as Lua arrays are 1-based. </pre></div> The length of a table <code>t</code> is defined to be any integer index <code>n</code> such that <code>t[n]</code> is not <code>nil</code> and <code>t[n+1]</code> is <code>nil</code>; moreover, if <code>t[1]</code> is <code>nil</code>, <code>n</code> can be zero. For a regular array, with non-nil values from 1 to a given <code>n</code>, its length is exactly that <code>n</code>, the index of its last value. If the array has "holes" (that is, nil values between other non-nil values), then <code>#t</code> can be any of the indices that directly precedes a <code>nil</code> value (that is, it may consider any such nil value as the end of the array).<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>ExampleTable = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8} } print(ExampleTable[1][3]) -- Prints "3" print(ExampleTable[2][4]) -- Prints "8" </pre></div> A table can be an array of objects. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function Point(x, y) -- "Point" object constructor return { x = x, y = y } -- Creates and returns a new object (table) end array = { Point(10, 20), Point(30, 40), Point(50, 60) } -- Creates array of points -- array = { { x = 10, y = 20 }, { x = 30, y = 40 }, { x = 50, y = 60 } }; print(array[2].y) -- Prints 40 </pre></div> Using a hash map to emulate an array is normally slower than using an actual array; however, Lua tables are optimized for use as arrays to help avoid this issue.<a href="#cite_note-lobject_h_array-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metatables">Metatables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metatables">edit</a>]</div> Extensible semantics is a key feature of Lua, and the <a href="#Metatables">metatable</a> concept allows powerful customization of tables. The following example demonstrates an "infinite" table. For any <code>n</code>, <code>fibs[n]</code> will give the <code>n</code>-th <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci number">Fibonacci number</a> using <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming" title="Dynamic programming">dynamic programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memoization" title="Memoization">memoization</a>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>fibs = { 1, 1 } -- Initial values for fibs[1] and fibs[2]. setmetatable(fibs, { __index = function(values, n) --[[__index is a function predefined by Lua, it is called if key "n" does not exist.]] values[n] = values[n - 1] + values[n - 2] -- Calculate and memoize fibs[n]. return values[n] end }) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Object-oriented programming">edit</a>]</div> Although Lua does not have a built-in concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> can be emulated using functions and tables. An object is formed by putting methods and fields in a table. <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">Inheritance</a> (both single and multiple) can be implemented with <a href="#Metatables">metatables</a>, delegating nonexistent methods and fields to a parent object. There is no such concept as "class" with these techniques; rather, <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototypes</a> are used, similar to <a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a> or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. New objects are created either with a <a href="/wiki/Factory_method_pattern" title="Factory method pattern">factory method</a> (that constructs new objects from scratch) or by cloning an existing object. Creating a basic <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometry)">vector</a> object: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>local Vector = {} local VectorMeta = { __index = Vector} function Vector.new(x, y, z) -- The constructor return setmetatable({x = x, y = y, z = z}, VectorMeta) end function Vector.magnitude(self) -- Another method return math.sqrt(self.x^2 + self.y^2 + self.z^2) end local vec = Vector.new(0, 1, 0) -- Create a vector print(vec.magnitude(vec)) -- Call a method (output: 1) print(vec.x) -- Access a member variable (output: 0) </pre></div> Here, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">setmetatable</code> tells Lua to look for an element in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Vector</code> table if it is not present in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">vec</code> table. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">vec.magnitude</code>, which is equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">vec["magnitude"]</code>, first looks in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">vec</code> table for the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">magnitude</code> element. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">vec</code> table does not have a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">magnitude</code> element, but its metatable delegates to the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Vector</code> table for the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">magnitude</code> element when it's not found in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">vec</code> table. Lua provides some <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> to facilitate object orientation. To declare <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">member functions</a> inside a prototype table, one can use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">function table:func(args)</code>, which is equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">function table.func(self, args)</code>. Calling class methods also makes use of the colon: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">object:func(args)</code> is equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">object.func(object, args)</code>. That in mind, here is a corresponding class with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:</code> syntactic sugar: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>local Vector = {} Vector.__index = Vector function Vector:new(x, y, z) -- The constructor -- Since the function definition uses a colon, -- its first argument is "self" which refers -- to "Vector" return setmetatable({x = x, y = y, z = z}, self) end function Vector:magnitude() -- Another method -- Reference the implicit object using self return math.sqrt(self.x^2 + self.y^2 + self.z^2) end local vec = Vector:new(0, 1, 0) -- Create a vector print(vec:magnitude()) -- Call a method (output: 1) print(vec.x) -- Access a member variable (output: 0) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inheritance">Inheritance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inheritance">edit</a>]</div> Lua supports using metatables to give Lua class inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In this example, we allow vectors to have their values multiplied by a constant in a derived class. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>local Vector = {} Vector.__index = Vector function Vector:new(x, y, z) -- The constructor -- Here, self refers to whatever class's "new" -- method we call. In a derived class, self will -- be the derived class; in the Vector class, self -- will be Vector return setmetatable({x = x, y = y, z = z}, self) end function Vector:magnitude() -- Another method -- Reference the implicit object using self return math.sqrt(self.x^2 + self.y^2 + self.z^2) end -- Example of class inheritance local VectorMult = {} VectorMult.__index = VectorMult setmetatable(VectorMult, Vector) -- Make VectorMult a child of Vector function VectorMult:multiply(value) self.x = self.x * value self.y = self.y * value self.z = self.z * value return self end local vec = VectorMult:new(0, 1, 0) -- Create a vector print(vec:magnitude()) -- Call a method (output: 1) print(vec.y) -- Access a member variable (output: 1) vec:multiply(2) -- Multiply all components of vector by 2 print(vec.y) -- Access member again (output: 2) </pre></div> Lua also supports <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a>; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">__index</code> can either be a function or a table.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">Operator overloading</a> can also be done; Lua metatables can have elements such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">__add</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">__sub</code> and so on.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> Lua programs are not <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</a> directly from the textual Lua file, but are <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> into bytecode, which is then run on the Lua <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> (VM). The compiling process is typically invisible to the user and is performed during <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run-time</a>, especially when a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> (JIT) compiler is used, but it can be done offline to increase loading performance or reduce the memory footprint of the host environment by leaving out the compiler. Lua bytecode can also be produced and executed from within Lua, using the <code>dump</code> function from the string library and the <code>load/loadstring/loadfile</code> functions. Lua version 5.3.4 is implemented in approximately 24,000 lines of C code.<a href="#cite_note-luaspe-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-luaabout-4">[4]</a> Like most CPUs, and unlike most virtual machines (which are <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack-based</a>), the Lua VM is <a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">register-based</a>, and therefore more closely resembles most hardware design. The register architecture both avoids excessive copying of values, and reduces the total number of instructions per function. The virtual machine of Lua 5 is one of the first register-based pure VMs to have a wide use.<a href="#cite_note-lua5impl-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parrot_virtual_machine" title="Parrot virtual machine">Parrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a> are two other well-known register-based VMs. PCScheme's VM was also register-based.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> This example is the bytecode listing of the factorial function defined <a href="#Factorial_example">above</a> (as shown by the <code>luac</code> 5.1 compiler):<a href="#cite_note-luavm51instr-20">[19]</a> <pre>function <factorial.lua:1,7> (9 instructions, 36 bytes at 0x8063c60) 1 param, 6 slots, 0 upvalues, 6 locals, 2 constants, 0 functions 1 [2] LOADK 1 -1 ; 1 2 [3] LOADK 2 -2 ; 2 3 [3] MOVE 3 0 4 [3] LOADK 4 -1 ; 1 5 [3] FORPREP 2 1 ; to 7 6 [4] MUL 1 1 5 7 [3] FORLOOP 2 -2 ; to 6 8 [6] RETURN 1 2 9 [7] RETURN 0 1 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C_API">C API</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: C API">edit</a>]</div> Lua is intended to be embedded into other applications, and provides a <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Programming Interface">API</a> for this purpose. The API is divided into two parts: the Lua core and the Lua auxiliary library.<a href="#cite_note-luarefman-21">[20]</a> The Lua API's design eliminates the need for manual <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> (management) in C code, unlike <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>'s API. The API, like the language, is minimalist. Advanced functions are provided by the auxiliary library, which consists largely of <a href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessor</a> <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> which assist with complex table operations. The Lua C API is <a href="/wiki/Stack_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack (data structure)">stack</a> based. Lua provides functions to push and pop most simple C data types (integers, floats, etc.) to and from the stack, and functions to manipulate tables through the stack. The Lua stack is somewhat different from a traditional stack; the stack can be indexed directly, for example. Negative indices indicate offsets from the top of the stack. For example, −1 is the top (most recently pushed value), while positive indices indicate offsets from the bottom (oldest value). <a href="/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)" title="Marshalling (computer science)">Marshalling</a> data between C and Lua functions is also done using the stack. To call a Lua function, arguments are pushed onto the stack, and then the <code>lua_call</code> is used to call the actual function. When writing a C function to be directly called from Lua, the arguments are read from the stack. Here is an example of calling a Lua function from C: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <stdio.h> #include <lua.h> // Lua main library (lua_*) #include <lauxlib.h> // Lua auxiliary library (luaL_*) int main(void) { // create a Lua state lua_State *L = luaL_newstate(); // load and execute a string if (luaL_dostring(L, "function foo (x,y) return x+y end")) { lua_close(L); return -1; } // push value of global "foo" (the function defined above) // to the stack, followed by integers 5 and 3 lua_getglobal(L, "foo"); lua_pushinteger(L, 5); lua_pushinteger(L, 3); lua_call(L, 2, 1); // call a function with two arguments and one return value printf("Result: %d\n", lua_tointeger(L, -1)); // print integer value of item at stack top lua_pop(L, 1); // return stack to original state lua_close(L); // close Lua state return 0; } </pre></div> Running this example gives: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$ cc -o example example.c -llua $ ./example Result: 8 </pre></div> The C API also provides some special tables, located at various "pseudo-indices" in the Lua stack. At <code>LUA_GLOBALSINDEX</code> prior to Lua 5.2<a href="#cite_note-Changes_in_the_API,_Lua_5.2_manual-22">[21]</a> is the globals table, <code>_G</code> from within Lua, which is the main <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespace</a>. There is also a registry located at <code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code> where C programs can store Lua values for later retrieval. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modules">Modules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modules">edit</a>]</div> Besides standard library (core) modules it is possible to write extensions using the Lua API. Extension modules are <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)#Dynamic_linking" title="Library (computing)">shared objects</a> which can be used to extend the functions of the interpreter by providing native facilities to Lua scripts. Lua scripts may load extension modules using <code>require</code>,<a href="#cite_note-luarefman-21">[20]</a> just like modules written in Lua itself, or with <code>package.loadlib</code>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> When a C library is loaded via <a href="/wiki/Foo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foo"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lua mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">require('foo')</code></a> Lua will look for the function <code>luaopen_foo</code> and call it, which acts as any C function callable from Lua and generally returns a table filled with methods. A growing set of modules termed rocks are available through a <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a> named <a href="/wiki/LuaRocks" title="LuaRocks">LuaRocks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> in the spirit of <a href="/wiki/CPAN" title="CPAN">CPAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_eggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Python eggs (page does not exist)">Python eggs</a>. Prewritten Lua <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">bindings</a> exist for most popular programming languages, including other scripting languages.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> For C++, there are a number of template-based approaches and some automatic binding generators. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua" title="List of applications using Lua">List of applications using Lua</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">video game development</a>, Lua is widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>, mainly due to its perceived easiness to embed, fast execution, and short <a href="/wiki/Learning_curve" title="Learning curve">learning curve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Notable games which use Lua include <a href="/wiki/Roblox" title="Roblox">Roblox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garry%27s_Mod" title="Garry's Mod">Garry's Mod</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payday_2" title="Payday 2">Payday 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star_Online_2" title="Phantasy Star Online 2">Phantasy Star Online 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crysis_(video_game)" title="Crysis (video game)">Crysis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and many others. Some games that do not natively support Lua programming or scripting, have this function added by mods, as ComputerCraft does for <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a>. Also, Lua is used in non-video game software, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Lightroom" title="Adobe Lightroom">Adobe Lightroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moho_(software)" title="Moho (software)">Moho</a>, <a href="/wiki/IClone" title="IClone">iClone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a>, and some system software in <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and used as a template scripting language on <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> using the Scribunto extension.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In 2003, a poll conducted by GameDev.net showed Lua was the most popular scripting language for game programming.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> On 12 January 2012, Lua was announced as a winner of the Front Line Award 2011 from the magazine <a href="/wiki/Game_Developer_(magazine)" title="Game Developer (magazine)">Game Developer</a> in the category Programming Tools.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Many non-game applications also use Lua for extensibility, such as <a href="/wiki/LuaTeX" title="LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>, an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> type-setting language, <a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Key-value_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value database">key-value database</a>, <a href="/wiki/ScyllaDB" title="ScyllaDB">ScyllaDB</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">wide-column store</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neovim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neovim">Neovim</a>, a text editor, <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">Nginx</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireshark" title="Wireshark">Wireshark</a>, a network packet analyzer and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a>, a visual audio programming language (through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agraef.github.io/pd-lua/">pdlua</a> extension). Through the Scribunto extension, Lua is available as a server-side scripting language in the <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software that runs <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> and other wikis.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Among its uses are allowing the integration of data from <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> into articles,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> and powering the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Automated_taxobox_system" title="Wikipedia:Automated taxobox system">automated taxobox system</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_languages">Derived languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Derived languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_that_compile_to_Lua">Languages that compile to Lua</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages that compile to Lua">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>MoonScript is a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a>-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, which is compiled into Lua. This means that instead of using <code>do</code> and <code>end</code> (or <code>{</code> and <code>}</code>) to delimit sections of code it uses <a href="/wiki/Line_break_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line break (computing)">line breaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indentation_style" title="Indentation style">indentation style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[35]</a> A notable use of MoonScript is the video game distribution website <a href="/wiki/Itch.io" title="Itch.io">Itch.io</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a> supports compiling to some Lua targets, including Lua 5.1-5.3 and <a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a> 2.0 and 2.1.</li> <li>Fennel, a Lisp dialect that targets Lua.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[35]</a></li> <li>Urn, a <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> dialect built on Lua.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></li> <li>Amulet, an <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> language, which compiler emits Lua files.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li> <li>LunarML, Standard ML compiler that produces Lua/JavaScript<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a>, a just-in-time compiler of Lua 5.1.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roblox#Roblox_Studio" title="Roblox">Luau</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Roblox_Corporation" title="Roblox Corporation">Roblox Corporation</a>, a derivative of Lua 5.1 with <a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">gradual typing</a>, additional features and a focus on performance.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li> <li>Ravi, a JIT-enabled Lua 5.3 language with optional static typing. JIT is guided by type information.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li> <li>Shine, a fork of <a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a> with many extensions, including a module system and a macro system.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li>Glua, a modified version embedded into the game <a href="/wiki/Garry%27s_Mod" title="Garry's Mod">Garry's Mod</a> as its scripting language.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li> <li>Teal, a <a href="/wiki/Type_system#Static_type_checking" title="Type system">statically typed</a> Lua dialect written in Lua.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li></ul> In addition, the Lua users community provides some power patches on top of the reference C implementation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Syntactic sugar, a table construct or literal string following an identifier is a valid function call.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-a856f141bd953b6aacf5a1724577abc3018cbce1-v18-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-a856f141bd953b6aacf5a1724577abc3018cbce1-v18_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/lua-l/c/dOrigcoQin8">"[ANN] Lua 5.4.7 now available"</a>. 25 June 2024. 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GitHub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Ravi+Programming+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fravilang.github.io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHundt2021" class="citation web cs1">Hundt, Richard (22 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/richardhundt/shine">"richardhundt/shine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=richardhundt%2Fshine&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.aulast=Hundt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frichardhundt%2Fshine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.facepunch.com/gmod/">"Garry's Mod Wiki"</a>. wiki.facepunch.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.facepunch.com&rft.atitle=Garry%27s+Mod+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.facepunch.com%2Fgmod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/teal-language/tl">teal-language/tl</a>, Teal language, 23 December 2024, retrieved 23 December 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=teal-language%2Ftl&rft.pub=Teal+language&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fteal-language%2Ftl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518114041/http://lua-users.org/wiki/LuaPowerPatches">"Lua Power Patches"</a>. lua-users.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/LuaPowerPatches">the original</a> on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lua-users.org&rft.atitle=Lua+Power+Patches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flua-users.org%2Fwiki%2FLuaPowerPatches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIerusalimschy2013" class="citation book cs1">Ierusalimschy, R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lua.org/pil/">Programming in Lua</a> (3rd ed.). Lua.org. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-903798-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-903798-5-0"><bdi>978-85-903798-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Lua&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lua.org&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-85-903798-5-0&rft.aulast=Ierusalimschy&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lua.org%2Fpil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> (The 1st ed. is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lua.org/pil/contents.html">online</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutschmidt2003" class="citation book cs1">Gutschmidt, T. (2003). Game Programming with Python, Lua, and Ruby. Course Technology PTR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59200-077-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59200-077-7"><bdi>978-1-59200-077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Programming+with+Python%2C+Lua%2C+and+Ruby&rft.pub=Course+Technology+PTR&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59200-077-7&rft.aulast=Gutschmidt&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuytemaManyen2005" class="citation book cs1">Schuytema, P.; Manyen, M. (2005). Game Development with Lua. Charles River Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58450-404-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58450-404-7"><bdi>978-1-58450-404-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Development+with+Lua&rft.pub=Charles+River+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58450-404-7&rft.aulast=Schuytema&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Manyen%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Jung, K.; Brown, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708015602/https://www.wrox.com/WileyCDA/WroxTitle/productCd-0470069171.html">Beginning Lua Programming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wrox_Press" title="Wrox Press">Wrox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06917-2"><bdi>978-0-470-06917-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrox.com/WileyCDA/WroxTitle/productCd-0470069171.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Lua+Programming&rft.pub=Wrox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06917-2&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Brown%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrox.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWroxTitle%2FproductCd-0470069171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredoCelesIerusalimschy2008" class="citation book cs1">Figueiredo, L. H.; Celes, W.; Ierusalimschy, R., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lua.org/gems/">Lua Programming Gems</a>. Lua.org. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-903798-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-903798-4-3"><bdi>978-85-903798-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lua+Programming+Gems&rft.pub=Lua.org&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-903798-4-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lua.org%2Fgems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhteyev2012" class="citation book cs1">Takhteyev, Yuri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000628/http://codingplaces.net/">Coding Places: Software Practice in a South American City</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01807-4"><bdi>978-0-262-01807-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://codingplaces.net/">the original</a> on 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coding+Places%3A+Software+Practice+in+a+South+American+City&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01807-4&rft.aulast=Takhteyev&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcodingplaces.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> Chapters 6 and 7 are dedicated to Lua, while others look at software in Brazil more broadly.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma2012" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Jayant (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1430246626/lua-docs-20">Learn Lua for iOS Game Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-4662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-4662-6"><bdi>978-1-4302-4662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+Lua+for+iOS+Game+Development&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-4662-6&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Jayant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fexec%2Fobidos%2FASIN%2F1430246626%2Flua-docs-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson,_Ash2003" class="citation web cs1">Matheson, Ash (29 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218104442/http://www.gamedev.net/page/resources/_/technical/game-programming/an-introduction-to-lua-r1932">"An Introduction to Lua"</a>. GameDev.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamedev.net/page/resources/_/technical/game-programming/an-introduction-to-lua-r1932">the original</a> on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameDev.net&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Lua&rft.date=2003-04-29&rft.au=Matheson%2C+Ash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamedev.net%2Fpage%2Fresources%2F_%2Ftechnical%2Fgame-programming%2Fan-introduction-to-lua-r1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2006" class="citation web cs1">Fieldhouse, Keith (16 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060312124121/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/02/16/introducing-lua.html">"Introducing Lua"</a>. ONLamp.com. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/02/16/introducing-lua.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ONLamp.com&rft.atitle=Introducing+Lua&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlamp.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Fonlamp%2F2006%2F02%2F16%2Fintroducing-lua.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreicher2006" class="citation web cs1">Streicher, Martin (28 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702111603/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lua.html">"Embeddable scripting with Lua"</a>. developerWorks. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-lua.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developerWorks&rft.atitle=Embeddable+scripting+with+Lua&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft.aulast=Streicher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Flinux%2Flibrary%2Fl-lua.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Quigley, Joseph (1 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9605">"A Look at Lua"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+Lua&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F9605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Naomi (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708020030/https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/260022/a-z_programming_languages_lua/">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: Lua"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Group" title="International Data Group">IDG</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/260022/a-z_programming_languages_lua/">the original</a> on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+Lua&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com.au%2Farticle%2F260022%2Fa-z_programming_languages_lua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> Interview with Roberto Ierusalimschy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIerusalimschyde_FigueiredoCeles2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ierusalimschy, Roberto; de Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique; Celes, Waldemar (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1978862.1983083">"Passing a Language through the Eye of a Needle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ACM_Queue" title="ACM Queue">ACM Queue</a>. 9 (5): 20–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1978862.1983083">10.1145/1978862.1983083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19484689">19484689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Queue&rft.atitle=Passing+a+Language+through+the+Eye+of+a+Needle&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1978862.1983083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19484689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ierusalimschy&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=de+Figueiredo%2C+Luiz+Henrique&rft.au=Celes%2C+Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F1978862.1983083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> How the embeddability of Lua impacted its design.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIerusalimschyde_FigueiredoCeles2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ierusalimschy, Roberto; de Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique; Celes, Waldemar (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2018/11/232214-a-look-at-the-design-of-lua">"A Look at the Design of Lua"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>. 61 (11): 114–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3186277">10.1145/3186277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53114923">53114923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+the+Design+of+Lua&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3186277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53114923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ierusalimschy&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=de+Figueiredo%2C+Luiz+Henrique&rft.au=Celes%2C+Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcacm.acm.org%2Fmagazines%2F2018%2F11%2F232214-a-look-at-the-design-of-lua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALua+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lua.org/papers.html">Lua papers and theses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lua_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Lua_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Lua Programming">Lua Programming</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Lua at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lua_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Lua (programming language)">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Lua_Programming" class="extiw" title="b:Lua Programming">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Lua" class="extiw" title="v:Lua">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lua.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207316#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lua-users.org/">Lua Users</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216084624/http://lua-users.org/">Archived</a> 16 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luaforum.com">Lua Forum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928172635/https://www.luaforum.com/">Archived</a> 28 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luadist.org">LuaDist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luarocks.org/">Lua Rocks - Package manager</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202005230/http://luaforge.net/">Projects in Lua</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lua_programming_language" title="Template:Lua programming language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lua_programming_language" title="Template talk:Lua programming language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lua_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lua programming language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lua_programming238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lua programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Ports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plua" title="Plua">Plua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%96VE_(game_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="LÖVE (game framework)">LÖVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar2D" title="Solar2D">Solar2D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LuaRocks" title="LuaRocks">LuaRocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Worlds_Entertainment" title="Unknown Worlds Entertainment">Decoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SciTE" title="SciTE">SciTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Applications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenResty" title="OpenResty">OpenResty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(software)" title="Prosody (software)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(machine_learning)" title="Torch (machine learning)">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantool" title="Tarantool">Tarantool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUP_(software)" title="IUP (software)">IUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_applications_using_Lua" title="List of applications using Lua">List of applications using Lua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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